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  • Use of double pointer in linux kernel Hash list implementation

    - by bala1486
    Hi, I am trying to understand Linux Kernel implementation of linked list and hash table. A link to the implementation is here. I understood the linked list implementation. But i am little confused of why double pointers is being used in hlist (**pprev). Link for hlist is here. I understand that hlist is used in implementation of hash table since head of the list requires only one pointer and it saves space. Why cant it be done using single pointer (just *prev like the linked list)? Please help me.

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  • How to find which type of system call is used by a program

    - by bala1486
    I am working on x86_64 machine. My linux kernel is also 64 bit kernel. As there are different ways to implement a system call (int 80, syscall, sysenter), i wanted to know what type of system call my machine is using. I am newbie to linux. I have written a demo program. include int main() { getpid(); return 0; } getpid() does one system call. Can anybody give me a method to find which type of system call will be used by my machine for this program.. Thank you....

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  • How the kernel gives seg. fault for a scenario like this?

    - by bala1486
    I have a doubt in accessing some invalid data. How will the OS cause segmentation fault for a scenario like this? Suppose a date segment has some 100 bytes. This will be mapped and a page table entry will be created. But the page size is 4K. Consider the data segment is aligned with this page boundary. So at first consider accessing a valid data within the 100 bytes. So now the page table entry is in TLB. Next if you try to access some invalid data between the 100 and 4K, the entry is there in page table and will it be allowed to access the invalid data??? Thanks, Bala

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  • Doubts in System call mechanism in linux

    - by bala1486
    We transit from ring3 to ring0 using 'int' or the new 'syscall/sysenter' instruction. Does that mean that the page tables and other stuffs that needs to be modified for the kernel is automatically done by the 'int' instruction or the interrupt handler for the 'int 0x80' will do the required stuff and jump to the respective system call. Also when returning from a system call, we again need to go to user space. For this we need to know the instruction address in the user space to continue the user application. Where is that address stored. Does the 'ret' instruction automatically changes the ring from ring3 to ring0 or where/how this ring changing mechanism takes place? Then, i read that changing from ring3 to ring0 is not as costly as changing from ring0 to ring3. Why is this so?? Thanks, Bala

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  • Need help in understanding the mapping of user-space send, sendto, sendmsg to kernel-space sendmsg

    - by bala1486
    Hello, I am trying to implement my own transport layer protocol in Linux for an experiment. I am going to use socket interface and add my protocol using sock_register. For the proto_ops i can see that the parameters for the sendmsg and recvmsg are (struct kiocb *iocb, struct socket *sock, struct msghdr *msg, size_t len, int flags). But there are three types of user api's send, sendto, sendmsg. Of these three only sendmsg contains a parameter for msghdr. I find that the other two api's are incompatible with the parameters supplied by the kernel to my kernel-space sendmsg function. So what happens when we use send and sendto user-space api's? Hope i am clear.. Thanks, Bala

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  • Doubts in executable and relocatable object file

    - by bala1486
    Hello, I have written a simple Hello World program. #include <stdio.h> int main() { printf("Hello World"); return 0; } I wanted to understand how the relocatable object file and executable file look like. The object file corresponding to the main function is 0000000000000000 <main>: 0: 55 push %rbp 1: 48 89 e5 mov %rsp,%rbp 4: bf 00 00 00 00 mov $0x0,%edi 9: b8 00 00 00 00 mov $0x0,%eax e: e8 00 00 00 00 callq 13 <main+0x13> 13: b8 00 00 00 00 mov $0x0,%eax 18: c9 leaveq 19: c3 retq Here the function call for printf is callq 13. One thing i don't understand is why is it 13. That means call the function at adresss 13, right??. 13 has the next instruction, right?? Please explain me what does this mean?? The executable code corresponding to main is 00000000004004cc <main>: 4004cc: 55 push %rbp 4004cd: 48 89 e5 mov %rsp,%rbp 4004d0: bf dc 05 40 00 mov $0x4005dc,%edi 4004d5: b8 00 00 00 00 mov $0x0,%eax 4004da: e8 e1 fe ff ff callq 4003c0 <printf@plt> 4004df: b8 00 00 00 00 mov $0x0,%eax 4004e4: c9 leaveq 4004e5: c3 retq Here it is callq 4003c0. But the binary instruction is e8 e1 fe ff ff. There is nothing that corresponds to 4003c0. What is that i am getting wrong? Thanks. Bala

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  • Avoid copying of data between user and kernel space and vice-versa

    - by bala1486
    Hello, I am developing a active messaging protocol for parallel computation that replaces TCP/IP. My goal is to decrease the latency of a packet. Since the environment is a LAN, i can replace TCP/IP with simpler protocol to reduce the packet latency. I am not writing any device driver and i am just trying to replace the TCP/IP stack with something simpler. Now I wanted to avoid copying of a packet's data from user space to kernel space and vice-versa. I heard of the mmap(). Is it the best way to do this? If yes, it will be nice if you can give links to some examples. I am a linux newbie and i really appreciate your help.. Thank you... Thanks, Bala

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  • debugfs_create_file doesn't create file

    - by bala1486
    Hello, I am trying to create a debugfs file using the debugfs_create_file(...). I have written a sample code for this. static int __init mmapexample_module_init(void) { file1 = debugfs_create_file("mmap_example", 0644, NULL, NULL, &my_fops)\ ; printk(KERN_ALERT "Hello, World\n"); if(file1==NULL) { printk(KERN_ALERT "Error occured\n"); } if(file1==-ENODEV) { printk(KERN_ALERT "ENODEV occured\n"); } return 0; } When i ran insmod i could get the Hello, World message but no the error message. So i think the debugfs_create_file worked fine. However i couldn't find any file in /sys/kernel/debug. The folder is there but it is empty. Can anyone help me with this? Thank you... Thanks, Bala

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