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• Howto make a diff of a bios or backup/ restore all bios settings

  - by sfonck

  Hi, I'm using an Dell M90 Precision Laptop which has a NVidia Quadro FX 2500M graphics card and is running Windows XP. Laptop has been running fine - but a few weeks ago screen went 'white' - restarted computer- bios and startup screens show weird green dots and stripes, normal startup only shows a black screen... only VGA mode works to display something. I've been trying to remove and reinstall the correct drivers downloaded from Dell's website - no solution. I gave up and reinstalled XP - everything was working perfect again. 2 weeks later - again the white screen - tried everything again (flashin new bios also - nothing works) Reinstalled XP - everyhting was working again, so I made a DriveSnapShot of the partition. Today - again the 'white screen'. Ok, no problem ...I was thinking all I needed to do was to restore the DriveSnapShot backup... Few minutes later the backup is restored ... but guess what: video driver does not work correctly... As the DriveSnapShot restored the complete partition, as it was at the time everything was working perfectly, this would mean my driver problems are due to 'settings' in the bios or on the graphics-card itself + these 'settings' can get overridden by doing a new XP-install.... I'm out of options, can somebody help me to find a solution for this problem: Is there some way to backup and restore a bios after seeing some problems? Is there some way to know what is causing this problem like a bios diff utility? Thanks!

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• BIOS upgrade lowers CPU temperature

  - by N.N.

  Setup I've got a system with an Asus P8Z68-V PRO motherboard and an Intel Core i7-2600K CPU running at stock speed (no overlocking) which I cool with a Noctua NH-U12P. On the heatsink I've got the two included fans connected via the included Low-Noise Adapters (L.N.A.) 1100 RPM, 16.9 dB(A). In the BIOS settings I've set the CPU and chassis fan profile to silent. Issue Yesterday I upgraded from BIOS version 0501 to 0606. After the upgrade I checked the temperatures in the BIOS monitor and was surprised to see that the CPU temperature was slightly ~30°C. Before the upgrade the CPU temperature was ~50°C with the same BIOS settings (see the following heading for details on temperatures). How can this be? It seems a bit odd that a BIOS upgrade can lower the CPU temperature by 20°C and it also seems odd that the CPU temperature is lower than the chassis temperature. Temperatures When I've checked temperatures the room temperature has been ~23°C. I haven't changed the placement of the computer nor the hardware or cooling setup between BIOS versions. BIOS version 0501 BIOS monitor: CPU: ~50°C Chassis: ~33°C I haven't got any temperature measures from lm-sensors or the like for version 0501 because I only discovered the issue after upgrading to version 0606 and the BIOS updater utility won't let me downgrade to version 0501 (it says "outdated image" when I try to load version 0501). BIOS version 0606 BIOS monitor: CPU: ~30°C Chassis: ~33°C lm-sensors in Ubuntu 11.04 Desktop 64-bit (sudo sensors after an uptime of 4 h 52 min and a load average of 0.22, 0.18, 0.15): coretemp-isa-0000 Adapter: ISA adapter Core 0: +32.0°C (high = +80.0°C, crit = +98.0°C) coretemp-isa-0001 Adapter: ISA adapter Core 1: +35.0°C (high = +80.0°C, crit = +98.0°C) coretemp-isa-0002 Adapter: ISA adapter Core 2: +29.0°C (high = +80.0°C, crit = +98.0°C) coretemp-isa-0003 Adapter: ISA adapter Core 3: +36.0°C (high = +80.0°C, crit = +98.0°C) The BIOS monitor temperatures was checked directly after the lm-sensors temperatures was checked. BIOS version 0706, 0801, 1101 and 3203 I get the same kind of temperatures both in the BIOS monitor and with lm-sensors in BIOS version 0706, 0801, 1101 and 3203 as in 0606. Information from Asus The 0606 changelog mentions nothing explicitly about CPU temperature (but item 3., as indicated by sidran32, might affect temperatures): P8Z68-V PRO 0606 BIOS with IRST 10.6.0.1002 Enable the support of Intel Rapid Storage Technology version 10.6.0.1002 Release Improve DRAM compatibility Improve System stability Improve compatibility with some Raid card model Increase IGD share memory size to 512MB However the following FAQ might give a hint: FAQs I find that the CPU temperature reading in BIOS is about 10~20 degrees centigrade hotter than the reading in OS. Is it normal? Page Tools Solution That is normal as BIOS does not send idle command to the CPU, making most of the power saving features useless. You should be getting similar reading if you disable EIST/C1E/CPU C3 Report/CPU C6 Report in BIOS.

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• Flashing the BIOS - what is it?

  - by studiohack23

  What does "Flashing the BIOS" mean? Are there benefits to flashing it? Is safe? Should it be done inside or outside of an OS, say my current Win7 installation? Thanks!

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• Attempting to dual boot Ubuntu and Windows 7 on Sony Vaio with Insyde H2O BIOS

  - by zach

  My situation is the same that is addressed here Sony VAIO with Insyde H2O EFI bios will not boot into GRUB EFI and here http://www.hackourlife.com/sony-vaio-with-insyde-h2o-efi-bios-ubuntu-12-04-dual-boot I tried to install Ubuntu 12.04 from the Live CD alongside my current Windows 7. I have to switch my BIOS to legacy mode in order to boot from CD. If I were to do a normal installation and remain in legacy mode, the BIOS will display "operating system not found". If I switch back then the BIOS just boots to windows. To solve the problem, I tried following the steps in the previous two articles. My drive is partitioned as: sda1 FAT32 Location of Windows EFI files (flagged as boot in Ubuntu install) sda2 unknown sda3 NFTS Windows C: sda4 ext4 Ubuntu root sda5 swap sda6 ext4 Ubuntu home I was a little confused by the requirement in the second article to "be careful to install Grub bootloader in /dev/sda3" In my case, the relevant partition is sda1. I have tried three things: setting the sda1 mount point as /boot, as /boot/efi, and as the special reserved grub partition. In each install I indicated that grub should be installed in sda1. After each install I reboot to the live CD and look in the sda1. I see EFI/Boot and EFI/Windows, but no EFI/Ubuntu and consequently no grubx64.efi. I understand the recommended procedure of moving grubx64.efi into the EFI/Boot directory and replacing the present bootx64.efi file, but I see no grubx64.efi and I don't know where it should be.

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• Kubuntu - Roccat keyboard does not work under GRUB and works partially in BIOS

  - by Donald_W

  The system specification GRUB boot loader OS: Windows 7 / Kubuntu 12.04 LTS Keyboard: Roccat Isku Motherboard: MSI Z77 MPower with the latest BIOS SSD/HDD: Kingston HyperX 3K (AHCI in BIOS enabled), 2 other HDDs I will provide more specific configuration if needed. The problem As stated in the topic I cannot navigate in the GRUB menu using mentioned keyboard (there is no problem when I use Logitech K360). I have tried both USB 2.0 and USB 3.0 ports. I cannot enter BIOS menu as well, however if I enter it using other keyboard, Roccat seems to work and I can navigate in the BIOS menu without any issues. Any ideas how can I fix that problem?

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• Hard drive and DVD drive are not being detected by the BIOS

  - by Shah Nsd

  My hard drive and DVD drive are not being detected by the BIOS when I go in to the boot option menu by pressing F12. When I put the hard drive in a different computer it's being detected. I am assuming it's either the mother board or the BIOS. Since the HDD is not being detected I have installed Ubuntu on a flash drive, but even that has become so slow, that it takes around 5 minutes for it to boot. I want to flash the BIOS before I think of changing the motherboard. I have downloaded the updated file and it has a flash.bat and a afudos.exe. I have to run the .bat file. I downloaded the Dos in a box and went to the DOS directory where the .bat file is and tried to run it, but it gives me the error message "This program cannot run under this operating system" Any help would be appreciated

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• Will this bios update fix DSDT problem?

  - by rsjethani

  Usually is is said that if you are not having any problems do not update your bios. When I'm running windows everything is fine. But for Linux I think the DSDT is broken. According to this this updating your bios should be preferred before messing with DSDT. This is the link for a bios update for my laptop but details section says that it fixes some 'start-up' problem. So, should I use this update or not? thanks.

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• No BIOS, no video after ubuntu updates

  - by chubbysilk

  Hello, I am running Ubuntu 10.04 on a Dell Precision T3500 Desktop machine. Last week, when I ran the regular updates, upon restart my video disappeared. I could not even see the Dell startup screen or enter the BIOS. When I swapped out the video card (for an older one I had around), the system worked again. So Dell sent me a replacement video card. I put that in and everything appeared to be working again. Then, I ran updates again, and the same thing happened. Replacement video card appears to be broken. No startup messages, no BIOS, no video at all. Does anyone know how Ubuntu updates might be ruining the video cards? The card that keeps "breaking" is an FirePro MV2260. Thanks, RC

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• Cannot access BIOS on a Lenovo U410

  - by Michael

  I recently took a step into Linux on my Lenovo Idea pad U410; after a couple hours I managed to get it installed with the drivers. However now I no longer have the ability to access the BIOS. I tried the usual FN+F2, F2,F1,Del,Tab,F12,F11; all to no avail. I was wondering is there something different to be done running Ubuntu? I know that the BIOS would generally not be affected by the OS. Does anyone have any suggestions?

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• Laptop won't boot or enter BIOS after deleting partition in Windows 7

  - by user111649

  I dual boot my computer and later decided to delete one of the Ubuntu partitions while using Windows 7. After my computer hibernated and I tried restarting my ASUS laptop it stopped at the logo and preventing me from entering the BIOS. When I take out my hard dive it allows me to enter the BIOS. It does not boot from a CD if the hard drive is still attached to the computer. After taking the hard drive out then it boots from the CD. Can someone please help?

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• BIOS Always Freezes Instantly

  - by Louis

  I'm not sure if this is necessarily a Ubuntu question, but I've only had the problem since I installed 12.10. When I turn my computer on, the BIOS screen comes up as usual and... nothing else. When I press any key, I hear a loud beep and there's no response. I've tried looking for similar problems, but in most cases people are at least able to interact with their BIOS even if their OS doesn't load. It seems as though it's just completely freezing as soon as I turn it on.

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• Computer hanged in the middle of bios flashing process

  - by Stalker

  I have a laptop: Toshiba Satellite c660-17j, today I decided to update BIOS. I've downloaded bios updater from manufacturer's web site, and in the middle of flashing process computer hanged. I was waiting more than 30 minutes, but nothing was changed on the screen, i've tryed to PRESS MORE BUTTONS, but there were no reactions, so i've turned it off by removing battery (all other methods failed, even pressing power button for ~10 secs). After that computer can't start. I understand, that there's MESS in BIOS chip, and it's possible to re-flash it with hardware programmer, but I don't have it. I remember, that on some PCs (even on my eeepc) there was possibility to re-flash bios by inserting usb flash-disk (with .dat file on it, which contained BIOS), and power on PC, while holding some keys combination, then PC was switching to BIOS programming mode and re-flashed BIOS, after that it was possible to boot up normaly. Is there a way to recover computer without hardware programming BIOS chip? p.s. sorry for my english.

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• What Does My BIOS Do After Booting?

  - by Jason Fitzpatrick

  Once your computer finishes the boot process and you’re firmly inside the operating system buzzing along, is there anything left for the BIOS to do? Today’s Question & Answer session comes to us courtesy of SuperUser—a subdivision of Stack Exchange, a community-drive grouping of Q&A web sites. How To Create a Customized Windows 7 Installation Disc With Integrated Updates How to Get Pro Features in Windows Home Versions with Third Party Tools HTG Explains: Is ReadyBoost Worth Using?

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• Dell bios nightmare on optiplex

  - by Minster

  I own a Dell optiplex gx260 pc and I got bios revision a03 and want to go higher like a09 I tried the Dell support page using the Wine program down loader after a little configuring and set up on Install Shield Wizard I get the message "unable to obtain required information about your system..setup cannot complete" the pc doesn't have a floppy diskette drive any more and the other option using download manager is only executable via Windows Internet explorer I don't blame wine or anybody else but this is frustrating.

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• Looking for updated BIOS for '99 Gateway in order to format/recognize >127 GB HD

  - by Jeff

  I have a '99 Gateway that's apparently too old for even Gateway to acknowledge it exists. Want to use it as a media hub and put in a 320GB HD, but it will not format above 127GB even running Win XP SP3. Read somewhere that upgrading the BIOS may do the trick, but I can't find the correct BIOS, and GW has been no help. Hoping I can just upgrade the BIOS, which is 11 years old. Any help would be much appreciated! I don't know where to look, and searches have been fruitless. System info: OS Name Microsoft Windows XP Home Edition Version 5.1.2600 Service Pack 3 Build 2600 OS Manufacturer Microsoft Corporation System Name xxxx System Manufacturer Gateway System Model TABOR_II System Type X86-based PC Processor x86 Family 6 Model 7 Stepping 3 GenuineIntel ~596 Mhz BIOS Version/Date Intel Corp. 4W4SB0X0.15A.0015.P10, 9/28/1999 SMBIOS Version 2.1 BIOS info (from a free app I located): BIOS Type: Phoenix BIOS Date: September 28th 1999 BIOS ID: 4W4SB0X0.15A.0015.P10.9909281445-None BIOS OEM: 4W4SB0X0.15A.0015.P10 Chipset: Intel 440BX/ZX rev 3 SuperIO: SMC 70x or 80x rev 0 at port 0370 Manufacturer: Gateway Motherboard: WS440BX

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• BIOS unable to boot CD or Hard Drive

  - by Gabriel

  Motherboard Intel DQ35MP. HDD Caviar Green 1TB. I'm having problems with my BIOS and/or hard drive/disc drive. Came back from a trip, booted my computer, and realized that the BIOS wasn't booting anymore, just a black screen with no beep sounds. Only fans and lights on. Then I thought it might be caused by the video card, I removed it, and still no BIOS screen. Then I removed the hard drive and voila BIOS screen is back again. If the hard drive is defective then I can check that with a Rescue Disk. I inserted the CD on the Disc Tray but the computer did not respond to it, the screen freezes in black with an "E7" string at the bottom right corner just after the BIOS screen, this happens with or without discs. BIOS settings are set to default, and CD reading is on top of the boot device list. EDIT I removed the BIOS battery, rebooted the CPU, the BIOS screen showed up, and then it freezed in E7. Placed the BIOS batttery, rebooted and same thing, we are stuck with the E7 string. I uploaded a video to illustrate the problem http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=13jPdBcIrBU

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• unable to enter bios

  - by fraz

  I have an asus desktop ( amd phenom X6 processor) which was preinstalled with windows 7. I wanted to install ubuntu on it (dual boot) but am unable to do so because of the boot order. So I thought of changing boot order thru bios. But it turns out, if I press any key while the computer is starting, it just doesnt boots. I can see that the keyboard and mouse are booted up. (the lights are on) but the monitor is in standby mode.. I tried tab, f2,f10, delete key. But nothing is working.. Is there a software or other alternate on how can I change boot order ? Thanks

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• Have I bricked my Sun V20z?

  - by David Mackintosh

  I have a small pile of Sun V20z computers. I was trying to update the SP and BIOS firmwares in order to bring them all up to the same standard -- mostly to get the updated (ie actually useful) SP functionality, and figured that I would just do the BIOS while I was at it. For three of the four computers, it worked perfectly. However after the BIOS update, the fourth system won't boot. I did this: batch05-mgmt $ sp get mounts Local Remote /mnt 10.16.0.8:/export/v20z batch05-mgmt $ platform set os state update-bios /mnt/sw_images/platform/firmware/bios/V1.35.3.2/bios.sp This command may take several minutes. Please be patient. Bios started Bios Flash Transmit Started Bios Flash Transmit Complete Bios Flash update Progress: 7 Bios Flash update Progress: 6 Bios Flash update Progress: 5 Bios Flash update Progress: 4 Bios Flash update Progress: 3 Bios Flash update Progress: 2 Bios Flash update Progress: 1 Bios Flash update complete batch05-mgmt $ platform set power state on This command may take several minutes. Please be patient. After an hour of waiting, it still won't start. The chassis powers on, but beyond the fans spinning up and the hardware POST of the drives, nothing appears to happen. So if I try to re-flash the BIOS (on the theory that maybe something went wrong): batch05-mgmt $ platform set os state update-bios /mnt/sw_images/platform/firmware/bios/V1.35.3.2/bios.sp This command may take several minutes. Please be patient. Bios started Error. The operation timed out. Have I bricked it?

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• Update BIOS on Sun Fire X4150 server

  - by Massimo

  I have some Sun Fire X4150 servers with a very old BIOS release (1ADQW015), which seems to have some compatibility problems with WMware ESX Server 3.5 and Windows 2008 R2 virtual machines; so I want to update the BIOS on them. The problem: according to this page, if your servers run ELOM (mine do), you first need to update to the latest ELOM release, then to the interim transition release, then finally you can update to the latest one. Ok, I'm willing to do that... but it looks like Sun (now Oracle) will happily let you download the latest firmware DVD (3.3.0), but it will not let you download the transition release (2.0) if you don't have a support contract. Well, I actuall don't care at all about the servers' management controllers (we don't even use them), so upgrading from ELOM to ILOM is totally irrelevant to me; but I need to update the servers' BIOS. So my question is: can I update the servers' BIOS to the latest version without doing the full ELOM-to-ILOM migration, or will this not work (or even make the servers unusable)? Do BIOS versions and SP ones need to be matched, or can one be updated without bothering with the other? Bonus question: if this whole ELOM-to-ILOM thing actually is needed in order to update the BIOS, can that 2.0 CD-ROM be obtained without having a support contract with Sun/Oracle (which we are definitely not going to sign, being that quite old hardware)? Update: I tried upgrading only the BIOS on one of the servers, and it didn't boot anymore. So it really looks like a full firmware upgrade is needed, and the management controller and BIOS versions should be kept in sync. So... where can I find that *&!£%$% 2.0 CD-ROM? Or at least the transition firmware that can be found on it?

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• Update BIOS on Sun Fire X4150 server

  - by Massimo

  I have some Sun Fire X4150 servers with a very old BIOS release (1ADQW015), which seems to have some compatibility problems with WMware ESX Server 3.5 and Windows 2008 R2 virtual machines; so I want to update the BIOS on them. The problem: according to this page, if your servers run ELOM (mine do), you first need to update to the latest ELOM release, then to the interim transition release, then finally you can update to the latest one. Ok, I'm willing to do that... but it looks like Sun (now Oracle) will happily let you download the latest firmware DVD (3.3.0), but it will not let you download the transition release (2.0) if you don't have a support contract. Well, I actuall don't care at all about the servers' management controllers (we don't even use them), so upgrading from ELOM to ILOM is totally irrelevant to me; but I need to update the servers' BIOS. So my question is: can I update the servers' BIOS to the latest version without doing the full ELOM-to-ILOM migration, or will this not work (or even make the servers unusable)? Do BIOS versions and SP ones need to be matched, or can one be updated without bothering with the other? Bonus question: if this whole ELOM-to-ILOM thing actually is needed in order to update the BIOS, can that 2.0 CD-ROM be obtained without having a support contract with Sun/Oracle (which we are definitely not going to sign, being that quite old hardware)? Update: I tried upgrading only the BIOS on one of the servers, and it didn't boot anymore. So it really looks like a full firmware upgrade is needed, and the management controller and BIOS versions should be kept in sync. So... where can I find that *&!£%$% 2.0 CD-ROM? Or at least the transition firmware that can be found on it?

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• Viewing and deleting partitions using the BIOS?

  - by cluelesscoder

  I have an M4A785TD-M EVO Asus motherboard which uses Asus Express Gate for its motherboard (says American Megatrends, Inc at the bottom). I activate it by pressing Del; also says Tab activates BIOS Post but that doesn't seem to do anything. I went into this expecting to see a breakdown of the partitions. I have a 300GB hard-drive separated into 3 partitions. While it does show SATA for my main hard-drive and my disk drive, it doesn't show the partitions. Is this typical? Do I have to us an OS-based tool to delete the partitions or can I delete using my BIOS? I tried updating the BIOS through Asus's Update utility but it appears to be broken (connects/disconnects repeatedly). I used HWiNFO32 to get some information: BIOS Date: 06/30/10 BIOS Version: 2103 EFI BIOS: Not Capable Tried to update but it directs me to biosagentsplus.com which wants $30 for the download (another question would be how to avoid them).

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• FastGate A20 Line And Himem.sys Issue With Updating BIOS

  - by Boris_yo

  I have been persistent with a thought to perform my first BIOS update ever through MS-DOS but have been postponing this task until today. Despite people telling me any bootable ISO will do it either through CD-ROM or RAMDRIVE, I am still having problems. First is the problem with CD-ROM driver trying to make it work with 4 driver files (cd1.SYS, cd2.SYS, cd3.SYS, cd4.SYS) as well as starting RAMDISK proved to be failure: CD-ROM XMS Allocation Error RAMDISK XMS Allocaton Error (X: and R: drives not working) This A20 line seemed to be the obstacle which then after a couple of searches pointed me to this article on Microsoft website. It seems that FastGate is the culprit which takes over A20 line and conflicts with himem.sys which should be handling it causing the driver to be unable to allocate memory resources. Albeit article suggests 2 workarounds which is disabling FastGate option or adding switch, I read that the former workaround could cause problems which involves later tinkering BIOS, disabling shadow copy etc. while the latter workaround can just hang system as stated in the link above. I assume it just hangs the boot process from image file though. Summing up the above, I am cautious and think it is risky to follow both workarounds because disabling FastGate or trying adding switch by trying available switches from 1-14 or 16, could crash the BIOS update process by itself. I could do this without the need for himem.sys with bootable USB thumbdrive by making it to be seen as USB-HDD, but some time ago I read that it is never a good idea to update BIOS from hard drive so even thought it is simulation, who knows... Maybe it will deactivate hard drive in the middle of the BIOS update process or even USB thumbdrive per se? One forum discussion was about updating BIOS and somebody suggested to not load himem.sys for some reason, but now that I think of it, what if BIOS update needs upper memory?

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• what determines the bios you can use

  - by andy

  I have a Compaq sr5710f with a MCP61PM-HM (Iris8) motherboard and loaded a Geforce6100sm-m bios on to it. It works fine and opened up some options, but I want to give my comp am3 socket support. So my question is if I go looking for a bios that will do that for me what do I need to pay attention to. Is it only the chip set which is geforce 6150se nforce 405 or are there more things I should be looking at. If anyone thinks they might know a bios that will help me out that would be good to. I am looking for a retail bios though. I do not want to load any of the experimental ones you can find on the net. Also I would need it to support ddr2 800 ram, and would like to keep am2 support to. I know my bios is data that is downloaded onto my motherboard, or for lack of a better word a program. I am currently running a bios that is not for my motherboard, so I know it can be done. What I need is what do I need to pay attention to when looking for compatible bios programs, that is not for my motherboard.

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• Win/Bios showing wrong RAM in Gateway Netbook?

  - by Ael

  I've seen similar problems, but this seems slightly unique, maybe... I have a Gateway LT21 netbook, Win7. I've upgraded RAM from 1gb to 2gb. It didn't work. So I updated to the latest Bios 1.25, then it worked. 2gb was recognized in the Bios and in Windows. Every was fine. Now today it seemed slow and, to my surprise, both the Bios and Win show only 1gb. :/ I've run memory diagnostic, no error. I entered bios and hit Exit and Save. Still 1gb. I took out the ram, put it back. Still 1gb. :/ CPU-Z shows 2048mb/2gb of RAM. Further testing: if i put in the old 1gb ram, turn on, then put in the new 2gb ram again, the Bios and Win show 2gb of ram. BUT, once restarted at all (even from Bios) it seems to go back to showing incorrect 1gb ram again. :// (There are very few options in the bios, none appear memory-related.) Any ideas?

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• Bios Memory settings and Virtualization + Ubuntu (Unofficial Answers Welcome) [closed]

  - by TardisGuy

  Attempting to optimize my (Main Windowless) Ubuntu system for my uses I will detail questions below, I understand this might be the wrong place to ask these questions. If so, my apologies and I thank you so much for your patience. Thanks to all the volenteers that have helped me learn ubuntu over the years (Since 5.10) This is a "short" list of questions I have been trying to figure out for some time. If you feel you can answer one but not another, that's already more than I could ask for. I have wrote this up in a format for easy navigation to important points Hopefully to less annoy your eyes. You're welcome :) or i'm sorry i annoy you. :( If you would be so kind, Please format answers as follows: question 1: _ _ _ _ _ or question 1-a: _ _ _ _ _ If you want to simply link me to relevant information, rather than type up something really detailed; that would be more than awesome! Memory Specific Questions Goal: Maximizing memory bandwith to better perform in Virtualization, and Large file compression. (Possible conflict?) Ganged vs Unganged "which is better?"** is relative, i know. But what about ganged vs unganged - With or without Bank/channel interleaving? a: Speculation - If i understand correctly, "channel interleaving has something to do with using both channels to read or write in a kind of "striping" pattern, as opposed to a standard half duplex operation.(probably wrong) but wouldn't ganged channels make this irrelevant? Memory Interleaving(bank). Does it have a down side? Does it require a ratio of clocks? (If I run 4x4gig ddr3) a. If im reading correctly(trying to learn), this is designed to spread operations between latency cycles to work around the higher latency of "normal" operation. b. However it seems to me that it has to be: divisible by fractions of a master clock? So if i run memory at 1333mhz, then the mean between 2 (physical) banks would operate every (roughly) 600Mhz? Warning! Possibly utter nonsense: (1333/2 interleaving to act like 1 memory module per 2 sticks of a total of 4 sticks, meaning 2x channels@4) c. which makes me wonder if there would be left over clock cycles the system would have to... "truncate/balance" or something? But I'm certain theres a feature somewhere i don't understand. Virtualization Questions AMD-V - Option of IOMMU Turned it on, why do i have extra option of "64MB"? If IOMMU is on, but "64MB" is "disabled", Is it on? (have scoured google, I still dont know) a. I think i understand that its supposed to (kind of) "set aside" a part of ram to act as a faster interactive zone for "stuff" (usb, Graphics, and... what?) b. I am using Nvidia graphics on AMD (Used kernel option "iommu=pt iommu=1, pt "passthrough"? No idea what they do, found it on google to solve boot up issue) c. Will this option help me use low latency sound hardware, like my midi keyboard? Can you recommend any additional tweaks? a. sysctl settings? b. swap settings? Grats, youve reached the end. Thanks for Reading.

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