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• Core-Plot: Unknown class CPLayerHostingView in Interface Builder file

  - by Snej

  Using core-plot does not seem to be an easy integration task. Header path are already setup. In Interface-Builder I create an CPLayerHostingView which belongs to a View Controller which is instantiated by Interface Builder. When the nib file is loaded I get the message: Unknown class CPLayerHostingView in Interface Builder file

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• Spring 3 DI using generic DAO interface

  - by Peders

  I'm trying to use @Autowired annotation with my generic Dao interface like this: public interface DaoContainer<E extends DomainObject> { public int numberOfItems(); // Other methods omitted for brevity } I use this interface in my Controller in following fashion: @Configurable public class HelloWorld { @Autowired private DaoContainer<Notification> notificationContainer; @Autowired private DaoContainer<User> userContainer; // Implementation omitted for brevity } I've configured my application context with following configuration <context:spring-configured /> <context:component-scan base-package="com.organization.sample"> <context:exclude-filter expression="org.springframework.stereotype.Controller" type="annotation" /> </context:component-scan> <tx:annotation-driven /> This works only partially, since Spring creates and injects only one instance of my DaoContainer, namely DaoContainer. In other words, if I ask userContainer.numberOfItems(); I get the number of notificationContainer.numberOfItems() I've tried to use strongly typed interfaces to mark the correct implementation like this: public interface NotificationContainer extends DaoContainer<Notification> { } public interface UserContainer extends DaoContainer<User> { } And then used these interfaces like this: @Configurable public class HelloWorld { @Autowired private NotificationContainer notificationContainer; @Autowired private UserContainer userContainer; // Implementation omitted... } Sadly this fails to BeanCreationException: org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Could not autowire field: private com.organization.sample.dao.NotificationContainer com.organization.sample.HelloWorld.notificationContainer; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException: No matching bean of type [com.organization.sample.NotificationContainer] found for dependency: expected at least 1 bean which qualifies as autowire candidate for this dependency. Dependency annotations: {@org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired(required=true)} Now, I'm a little confused how should I proceed or is using multiple Dao's even possible. Any help would be greatly appreciated :)

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• Storing Interface type in ASP.NET Profile

  - by NathanD

  In my ASP.NET website all calls into the data layer return entities as interfaces and the website does not need to know what the concrete type is. This works fine, but I have run into a problem when trying to store one of those types into the user Profile. My interface implements ISerializable, like the following: public interface IInsured : IPerson, IEntity, ISerializable and the concrete type in the datalayer does implement ISerializable. My Profile property in web.config is: <add name="ActiveInsured" type="FacadeInterfaces.IInsured" serializeAs="Binary" defaultValue="[null]"/> It compiles just fine, but I get a runtime error on Profile.Save() saying that the interface cannot be serialized. I have also tried it with serializeAs="Xml". I thought that if my interface implemented ISerializable it would work. Anybody had this problem before or know of a workaround?

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• Java: why is declaration not sufficient in interface?

  - by HH

  Big class contains Format-interfcase and Format-class. The Format-class contains the methods and the interface has the values of the fields. I could have the fields in the class Format but the goal is with Interface. So do I just create dummy-vars to get the errors away, design issue or something ELSE? KEY: Declaration VS Initialisation Explain by the terms, why you have to init in interface. What is the logic behind it? To which kind of problems it leads the use of interface? Sample Code having the init-interface-problem import java.util.*; import java.io.*; public class FormatBig { private static class Format implements Format { private static long getSize(File f){return f.length();} private static long getTime(File f){return f.lastModified();} private static boolean isFile(File f){if(f.isFile()){return true;}} private static boolean isBinary(File f){return Match.isBinary(f);} private static char getType(File f){return Match.getTypes(f);} private static String getPath(File f){return getNoErrPath(f);} //Java API: isHidden, --- SYSTEM DEPENDED: toURI, toURL Format(File f) { // PUZZLE 0: would Stack<Object> be easier? size=getSize(f); time=getTime(f); isfile=isFile(f); isBinary=isBinary(f); type=getType(f); path=getPath(f); //PUZZLE 1: how can simplify the assignment? values.push(size); values.push(time); values.push(isfile); values.push(isBinary); values.push(type); values.push(path); } } public static String getNoErrPath(File f) { try{return f.getCanonicalPath(); }catch(Exception e){e.printStackTrace();} } public static final interface Format { //ERR: IT REQUIRES "=" public long size; public long time; public boolean isFile=true; //ERROR goes away if I initialise wit DUMMY public boolean isBinary; public char type; public String path; Stack<Object> values=new Stack<Object>(); } public static void main(String[] args) { Format fm=new Format(new File(".")); for(Object o:values){System.out.println(o);} } }

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• Delphi interface cast using TValue

  - by conciliator

  I've recently experimented extensively with interfaces and D2010 RTTI. I don't know at runtime the actual type of the interface; although I will have access to it's qualified name using a string. Consider the following: program rtti_sb_1; {$APPTYPE CONSOLE} uses SysUtils, Rtti, TypInfo, mynamespace in 'mynamespace.pas'; var ctx: TRttiContext; InterfaceType: TRttiType; Method: TRttiMethod; ActualParentInstance: IParent; ChildInterfaceValue: TValue; ParentInterfaceValue: TValue; begin ctx := TRttiContext.Create; // Instantiation ActualParentInstance := TChild.Create as IParent; {$define WORKAROUND} {$ifdef WORKAROUND} InterfaceType := ctx.GetType(TypeInfo(IParent)); InterfaceType := ctx.GetType(TypeInfo(IChild)); {$endif} // Fetch interface type InterfaceType := ctx.FindType('mynamespace.IParent'); // This cast is OK and ChildMethod is executed (ActualParentInstance as IChild).ChildMethod(100); // Create a TValue holding the interface TValue.Make(@ActualParentInstance, InterfaceType.Handle, ParentInterfaceValue); InterfaceType := ctx.FindType('mynamespace.IChild'); // This cast doesn't work if ParentInterfaceValue.TryCast(InterfaceType.Handle, ChildInterfaceValue) then begin Method := InterfaceType.GetMethod('ChildMethod'); if (Method <> nil) then begin Method.Invoke(ChildInterfaceValue, [100]); end; end; ReadLn; end. The contents of mynamespace.pas is as follows: {$M+} IParent = interface ['{2375F59E-D432-4D7D-8D62-768F4225FFD1}'] procedure ParentMethod(const Id: integer); end; {$M-} IChild = interface(IParent) ['{6F89487E-5BB7-42FC-A760-38DA2329E0C5}'] procedure ChildMethod(const Id: integer); end; TParent = class(TInterfacedObject, IParent) public procedure ParentMethod(const Id: integer); end; TChild = class(TParent, IChild) public procedure ChildMethod(const Id: integer); end; For completeness, the implementation goes as procedure TParent.ParentMethod(const Id: integer); begin WriteLn('ParentMethod executed. Id is ' + IntToStr(Id)); end; procedure TChild.ChildMethod(const Id: integer); begin WriteLn('ChildMethod executed. Id is ' + IntToStr(Id)); end; The reason for {$define WORKAROUND} may be found in this post. Question: is there any way for me to make the desired type cast using RTTI? In other words: is there a way for me to invoke IChild.ChildMethod from knowing 1) the qualified name of IChild as a string, and 2) a reference to the TChild instance as a IParent interface? (After all, the hard-coded cast works fine. Is this even possible?) Thanks!

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• Hardware for .NET Micro Framework

  - by MicTech

  I would like start with .NET Micro Framework as my hobby project. What hardware devices would you recommend for that? Is there something like list of all hardware with support .NET Micro Framework?

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• How to add member variable to an interface in c#

  - by Nassign

  I know this may be basic but I cannot seem to add a member variable to an interface. I tried inheriting the interface to an abstract class and add member variable to the abstract class but it still does not work. Here is my code: public interface IBase { void AddData(); void DeleteData(); } public abstract class AbstractBase : IBase { string ErrorMessage; abstract AddData(); abstract DeleteData(); }

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• Creating Mock object of Interface with type-hint in method fails on PHPUnit

  - by Mark

  I created the following interface: <?php interface Action { public function execute(\requests\Request $request, array $params); } Then I try to make a Mock object of this interface with PHPUnit 3.4, but I get the following error: Fatal error: Declaration of Mock_Action_b389c0b1::execute() must be compatible with that of Action::execute() in D:\Xampp\xampp\php\PEAR\PHPUnit\Framework\TestCase.php(1121) : eval()'d code on line 2 I looked through the stack trace I got from PHPUnit and found that it creates a Mock object that implements the interface Action, but creates the execute method in the following way: <?php public function execute($request, array $params) As you can see, PHPUnit takes over the array type-hint, but forgets about \requests\Request. Which obviously leads to an error. Does anyone knows a workaround for this error? I also tried it without namespaces, but I still get the same error.

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• Interface for classes that have nothing in common

  - by Tomek Tarczynski

  Lets say I want to make few classes to determine behaviour of agents. The good practice would be to make some common interface for them, such interface (simplified) could look like this: interface IModel { void UpdateBehaviour(); } All , or at least most, of such model would have some parameters, but parameters from one model might have nothing in common with parameters of other model. I would like to have some common way of loading parameters. Question What is the best way to do that? Is it maybe just adding method void LoadParameters(object parameters) to the IModel? Or creating empty interface IParameters and add method void LoadParameters(IParameters parameters)? That are two ideas I came up with, but I don't like either of them.

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• Constructor in a Interface?

  - by Sebi

  I know its not possible to define a constructor in a interface. But im wondering why, because i think i could be very useful. So you could be sure that some fields in a class are defined for every implementaiton of this interface. For example consider the following message class: public class MyMessage { public MyMessage(String receiver) { this.receiver = receiver; } private String receiver; public void send() { //some implementation for sending the mssage to the receiver } } If a define a Interface for this class so that i can have more classes which implement the message interface, i can only define the send method and not the constructor. So how can i assure that every implementation of this class really has an receiver setted? If i use a method like setReceiver(String receiver) i can't be sure that this method is really called. In the constructor i could assure it.

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• VS2010 Implement Generic Interface expansion doesn't use specified type

  - by TJB

  Using the release version of Visual Studio 2010 I think there's a difference in the "Implement Interface" expansion from VS2008 If I speicify an interface and implement it in a class as so: public interface IRepository<T> where T : IModel { T Get<T>(int id); void Update<T>(); int Add<T>(T item); } public class MockRepository : IRepository<MockUser> { // ... } Then use the "Implement Interface" expansion and get this: public class MockRepository : IRepository<MockUser> { public T Get<T>(int id) { throw new NotImplementedException(); } public void Update<T>() { throw new NotImplementedException(); } public int Add<T>(T item) { throw new NotImplementedException(); } } Instead of what I expected public class MockRepository : IRepository<MockUser> { public MockUser Get<MockUser>(int id) { throw new NotImplementedException(); } public void Update<MockUser>() { throw new NotImplementedException(); } public int Add<MockUser>(MockUser item) { throw new NotImplementedException(); } } The IDE uses the type variable name from the generic interface definition T instead of the specified concrete type MockUser. Is this a bug? Or is something new just for VS2010 / .Net 4.0?

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• C# naming convention for extension methods for interface

  - by Sarah Vessels

  I typically name my C# interfaces as IThing. I'm creating an extension method class for IThing, but I don't know what to name it. On one hand, calling it ThingExtensions seems to imply it is an extension class to some Thing class instead of to the IThing interface. It also makes the extension class be sorted away from the interface it extends, when viewing files alphabetically. On the other hand, naming it IThingExtensions makes it look like it is an interface itself, instead of an extension class for an interface. What would you suggest?

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• Implementing few methods of a interface class-C#

  - by Jankhana

  Is it possible in C# to have a class that implement an interface that has 10 methods declared but implementing only 5 methods i.e defining only 5 methods of that interface??? Actually I have an interface that is implemented by 3 class and not all the methods are used by all the class so if I could exclude any method???

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• How to get interface basetype via reflection?

  - by Kevin Driedger

  public interface IBar {} public interface IFoo : IBar {} typeof(IFoo).BaseType == null How can I get IBar?

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• iPhone: Interface Builder leaks memory?

  - by Stefan Klumpp

  I have been working on an iPhone project, where we created all the user interface programmatically in code. Now I'm going to start a new iPhone project and thinking of using Interface Builder instead, because it has been recommended to me as being a very useful tool, creating less headache than writing everything in code and in general much faster (regarding development time). However, my team members have some concerns due to previous problems with using Interface Builder and resulting memory leaks. Therefor they suggest building everything in code again. I don't know where these concerns come from, but maybe someone with more experience than we have can give some insight on that topic. Doing a simple Google search doesn't really provide any information proofing that there are any problems with memory leaks created by the Interface Builder itself.

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• HFT strategy coding on hardware

  - by bsobaid

  Hardware accelaration and embedded programming has mostly been used so far to parse datafeed and/or to route orders to exchange. Have there been attempts to write simpler HFT strategies such as equity market-making in hardware? Have they been successful? Which companies are doing this and what kind of programming model is used?

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• Interface injection in Spring Framework

  - by Aubergine

  There is article in here, however I am still in doubt, as some people keep confusing me. Doesn't Spring really support Interface injection at all? So what I want to clarify: setSomething(somethingInterface something); // this IS NOT interface injection, IT IS setter injection? Interface injection is when you just write `implements someExportedModuleInterface' and it configures it automatically? Could you please give an example of how this interface injection is done with Spring 'aware' interfaces? I am writing dissertation and I want to be sure what I am saying is not lie and correct.

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• How to define colors in XCodes' Interface Builder?

  - by favo

  Hi, I would like to copy colors between elements in the interface builder or define them using RGB values. I.e. copy the background color of a button to another button without duplicating the button. Or: Enter an exact RGB code using the interface builder. Currently I can do this only programmatically but the interface builder is meant to design the GUI, so there must be such possibilities. Thank you all in advance for your answers.

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• 6 Prominent Features of New GMail User Interface

  - by Gopinath

  GMail’s user interface has got a big make over today and the new user interface is available to everyone. We can switch to the new user interface by click on “Switch to the new look” link available at the bottom right of GMail (If you are on IE 6 or similar type of bad browsers, you will not see the option!). I switched to the new user interface as soon I noticed the link and played with it for sometime. In this post I want to share the prominent features of all new GMail interface. 1. All New Conversations Interface GMail’s threaded conversations is a game changing feature when it was first introduced by Google. For  a long time we have not seen much updates to the threaded conversation views. In the new GMail interface, threaded conversation sports a great new look – conversations are always visible in a horizontal fashion as opposed to stack interface of earlier version. When you open a conversation, you get a quick glance of individual thread without expanding the thread. Readability is improved a lot now.  Check image after the break 2. Sender Profile Photos In Email Threads Did you observe the above screenshot of conversations view? It has profile images of the participants in the thread. Identifying person of a thread is much more easy. 3. Advanced Search Box Search is the heart of Google’s business and it’s their flagship technology. GMail’s search interface is enhanced to let you quickly find the required e-mails. Also you can create mail filters from the search box without leaving the screen or opening up a new popup. 4. Gmail Automatically Resizing To Fit Multiple Devices There is no doubt that this is post PC era where people started using more of tablets and big screen smartphones than ever. The new user interface of GMail automatically resizes itself to fit the size of screen seamlessly. 5. HD Images For Your Themes, Sourced from iStockphoto Are you bored with minimalistic GMail interface and the few flashy themes? Here comes GMail HD themes backed by stock photographs sourced from iStockPhoto website. If you have a widescreen HD monitor then decorate your inbox with beautiful themes. 6. Resize Labels & Chat Panels Now you got a splitter between Labels & Chat panel that lets resize their height as you prefer. Also Label panel auto expands its height when you mouse over to show you hidden labels if any. Video – overview of new GMail features This article titled,6 Prominent Features of New GMail User Interface, was originally published at Tech Dreams. Grab our rss feed or fan us on Facebook to get updates from us.

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• Sun Ray Hardware Last Order Dates & Extension of Premier Support for Desktop Virtualization Software

  - by Adam Hawley

  In light of the recent announcement  to end new feature development for Oracle Virtual Desktop Infrastructure Software (VDI), Oracle Sun Ray Software (SRS), Oracle Virtual Desktop Client (OVDC) Software, and Oracle Sun Ray Client hardware (3, 3i, and 3 Plus), there have been questions and concerns regarding what this means in terms of customers with new or existing deployments.  The following updates clarify some of these commonly asked questions. Extension of Premier Support for Software Though there will be no new feature additions to these products, customers will have access to maintenance update releases for Oracle Virtual Desktop Infrastructure and Sun Ray Software, including Oracle Virtual Desktop Client and Sun Ray Operating Software (SROS) until Premier Support Ends.  To ensure that customer investments for these products are protected, Oracle  Premier Support for these products has been extended by 3 years to following dates: Sun Ray Software - November 2017 Oracle Virtual Desktop Infrastructure - March 2017 Note that OVDC support is also extended to the above dates since OVDC is licensed by default as part the SRS and VDI products.   As a reminder, this only affects the products listed above.  Oracle Secure Global Desktop and Oracle VM VirtualBox will continue to be enhanced with new features from time-to-time and, as a result, they are not affected by the changes detailed in this message. The extension of support means that customers under a support contract will still be able to file service requests through Oracle Support, and Oracle will continue to provide the utmost level of support to our customers as expected,  until the published Premier Support end date.  Following the end of Premier Support, Sustaining Support remains an 'indefinite' period of time.   Sun Ray 3 Series Clients - Last Order Dates For Sun Ray Client hardware, customers can continue to purchase Sun Ray Client devices until the following last order dates: Product Marketing Part Number Last Order Date Last Ship Date Sun Ray 3 Plus TC3-P0Z-00, TC3-PTZ-00 (TAA) September 13, 2013 February 28, 2014 Sun Ray 3 Client TC3-00Z-00 February 28, 2014 August 31, 2014 Sun Ray 3i Client TC3-I0Z-00 February 28, 2014 August 31, 2014 Payflex Smart Cards X1403A-N, X1404A-N February 28, 2014 August 31, 2014 Note the difference in the Last Order Date for the Sun Ray 3 Plus (September 13, 2013) compared to the other products that have a Last Order Date of February 28, 2014. The rapidly approaching date for Sun Ray 3 Plus is due to a supplier phasing-out production of a key component of the 3 Plus.   Given September 13 is unfortunately quite soon, we strongly encourage you to place your last time buy as soon as possible to maximize Oracle's ability fulfill your order. Keep in mind you can schedule shipments to be delivered as late as the end of February 2014, but the last day to order is September 13, 2013. Customers wishing to purchase other models - Sun Ray 3 Clients and/or Sun Ray 3i Clients - have additional time (until February 28, 2014) to assess their needs and to allow fulfillment of last time orders.  Please note that availability of supply cannot be absolutely guaranteed up to the last order dates and we strongly recommend placing last time buys as early as possible.  Warranty replacements for Sun Ray Client hardware for customers covered by Oracle Hardware Systems Support contracts will be available beyond last order dates, per Oracle's policy found on Oracle.com here.  Per that policy, Oracle intends to provide replacement hardware for up to 5 years beyond the last ship date, but hardware may not be available beyond the 5 year period after the last ship date for reasons beyond Oracle's control. In any case, by design, Sun Ray Clients have an extremely long lifespan  and mean time between failures (MTBF) - much longer than PCs, and over the years we have continued to see first- and second generations of Sun Rays still in daily use.  This is no different for the Sun Ray 3, 3i, and 3 Plus.   Because of this, and in addition to Oracle's continued support for SRS, VDI, and SROS, Sun Ray and Oracle VDI deployments can continue to expand and exist as a viable solution for some time in the future. Continued Availability of Product Licenses and Support Oracle will continue to offer all existing software licenses, and software and hardware support including: Product licenses and Premier Support for Sun Ray Software and Oracle Virtual Desktop Infrastructure Premier Support for Operating Systems (for Sun Ray Operating Software maintenance upgrades/support)  Premier Support for Systems (for Sun Ray Operating Software maintenance upgrades/support and hardware warranty) Support renewals For More Information For more information, please refer to the following documents for specific dates and policies associated with the support of these products: Document 1478170.1 - Oracle Desktop Virtualization Software and Hardware Lifetime Support Schedule Document 1450710.1 - Sun Ray Client Hardware Lifetime schedule Document 1568808.1 - Document Support Policies for Discontinued Oracle Virtual Desktop Infrastructure, Sun Ray Software and Hardware and Oracle Virtual Desktop Client Development For Sales Orders and Questions Please contact your Oracle Sales Representative or Saurabh Vijay ([email protected])

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• Interface contracts – forcing code contracts through interfaces

  - by DigiMortal

  Sometimes we need a way to make different implementations of same interface follow same rules. One option is to duplicate contracts to all implementation but this is not good option because we have duplicated code then. The other option is to force contracts to all implementations at interface level. In this posting I will show you how to do it using interface contracts and contracts class. Using code from previous example about unit testing code with code contracts I will go further and force contracts at interface level. Here is the code from previous example. Take a careful look at it because I will talk about some modifications to this code soon. public interface IRandomGenerator {     int Next(int min, int max); }   public class RandomGenerator : IRandomGenerator {     private Random _random = new Random();       public int Next(int min, int max)     {         return _random.Next(min, max);     } }    public class Randomizer {     private IRandomGenerator _generator;       private Randomizer()     {         _generator = new RandomGenerator();     }       public Randomizer(IRandomGenerator generator)     {         _generator = generator;     }       public int GetRandomFromRangeContracted(int min, int max)     {         Contract.Requires<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(             min < max,             "Min must be less than max"         );           Contract.Ensures(             Contract.Result<int>() >= min &&             Contract.Result<int>() <= max,             "Return value is out of range"         );           return _generator.Next(min, max);     } } If we look at the GetRandomFromRangeContracted() method we can see that contracts set in this method are applicable to all implementations of IRandomGenerator interface. Although we can write new implementations as we want these implementations need exactly the same contracts. If we are using generators somewhere else then code contracts are not with them anymore. To solve the problem we will force code contracts at interface level. NB! To make the following code work you must enable Contract Reference Assembly building from project settings. Interface contracts and contracts class Interface contains no code – only definitions of members that implementing type must have. But code contracts must be defined in body of member they are part of. To get over this limitation, code contracts are defined in separate contracts class. Interface is bound to this class by special attribute and contracts class refers to interface through special attribute. Here is the IRandomGenerator with contracts and contracts class. Also I write simple fake so we can test contracts easily based only on interface mock. [ContractClass(typeof(RandomGeneratorContracts))] public interface IRandomGenerator {     int Next(int min, int max); }   [ContractClassFor(typeof(IRandomGenerator))] internal sealed class RandomGeneratorContracts : IRandomGenerator {     int IRandomGenerator.Next(int min, int max)     {         Contract.Requires<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(                 min < max,                 "Min must be less than max"             );           Contract.Ensures(             Contract.Result<int>() >= min &&             Contract.Result<int>() <= max,             "Return value is out of range"         );           return default(int);     } }   public class RandomFake : IRandomGenerator {     private int _testValue;       public RandomGen(int testValue)     {         _testValue = testValue;     }       public int Next(int min, int max)     {         return _testValue;     } } To try out these changes use the following code. var gen = new RandomFake(3);   try {     gen.Next(10, 1); } catch(Exception ex) {     Debug.WriteLine(ex.Message); }   try {     gen.Next(5, 10); } catch(Exception ex) {     Debug.WriteLine(ex.Message); } Now we can force code contracts to all types that implement our IRandomGenerator interface and we must test only the interface to make sure that contracts are defined correctly.

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• Is UPS necessary to have for PC?

  - by Jitendra vyas

  Can my computer components ( Monitor, Motherboard, RAM, HDD, CPU, SMPS) become damaged due to a sudden power flux. It's only needed to shut down Windows properly. Can I solve both Hardware and Software problems without UPS?

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• Is U.P.S necessary to have for PC?

  - by Jitendra vyas

  otherwise can my PC component ( Monitor, Motherboard, RAM, HDD, CPU, SMPS) get damage dues to suddenly power gone and come and due to power fluctuation. or it's only needed to shut down windows Properly. Can i face both Hardware and Software problems without UPS?

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• Problems with the colors on my screen. How can I check if it's a hardware problem?

  - by Ingo Gerth

  On my EEE PC netbook some colors are not displayed properly. Specifically, dark gradients such as in the window title do not look very smooth, but rather look like a sequence of a couple of different colors. This is especially visible when opening a menu, for example the "File" menu in Firefox. As you know this one is black, and it looks terrible on my screen. It is not just black, but the colors look really graded and far from a smooth gradient or anything. Now I am wondering: Is this a hardware or software issue? And how can I check this? If it should be a fixable problem I think it would be worth another question. Note that I am using Natty. If my problem description is not good enough I can try to take a photo.

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• The term "interface" in C++

  - by Flexo

  Java makes a clear distinction between class and interface. (I believe C# does also, but I have no experience with it). When writing C++ however there is no language enforced distinction between class and interface. Consequently I've always viewed interface as a workaround for the lack of multiple inheritance in Java. Making such a distinction feels arbitrary and meaningless in C++. I've always tended to go with the "write things in the most obvious way" approach, so if in C++ I've got what might be called an interface in Java, e.g.: class Foo { public: virtual void doStuff() = 0; ~Foo() = 0; }; and I then decided that most implementers of Foo wanted to share some common functionality I would probably write: class Foo { public: virtual void doStuff() = 0; ~Foo() {} protected: // If it needs this to do its thing: int internalHelperThing(int); // Or if it doesn't need the this pointer: static int someOtherHelper(int); }; Which then makes this not an interface in the Java sense anymore. Instead C++ has two important concepts, related to the same underlying inheritance problem: virtual inhertiance Classes with no member variables can occupy no extra space when used as a base "Base class subobjects may have zero size" Reference Of those I try to avoid #1 wherever possible - it's rare to encounter a scenario where that genuinely is the "cleanest" design. #2 is however a subtle, but important difference between my understanding of the term "interface" and the C++ language features. As a result of this I currently (almost) never refer to things as "interfaces" in C++ and talk in terms of base classes and their sizes. I would say that in the context of C++ "interface" is a misnomer. It has come to my attention though that not many people make such a distinction. Do I stand to lose anything by allowing (e.g. protected) non-virtual functions to exist within an "interface" in C++? (My feeling is the exactly the opposite - a more natural location for shared code) Is the term "interface" meaningful in C++ - does it imply only pure virtual or would it be fair to call C++ classes with no member variables an interface still?

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