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  • All non-prime factorings

    - by Tony Veijalainen
    Let's say we have numbers factors, for example 1260: >>> factors(1260) [2, 2, 3, 3, 5, 7] Which would be best way to do in Python combinations with every subproduct possible from these numbers, ie all factorings, not only prime factoring, with sum of factors less than max_sum? If I do combinations from the prime factors, I have to refactor remaining part of the product as I do not know the remaining part not in combination. Example results would be: [4, 3, 3, 5, 7] (one replacement) [3, 6, 14, 5] (two replacements)

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  • Is it theoretically possible to emulate a human brain on a computer?

    - by JoelK
    Our brain consists of billions of neurons which basically work with all the incoming data from our senses, handle our consciousness, emotions and creativity as well as our hormone system, etc. So I'm completely new to this topic but doesn't each neuron have a fixed function? E.g.: If a signal of strength x enters, if the last signal was x ms ago, redirect it. From what I've learned in biology about our nerves system which includes our brain because both consist of simple neurons, it seems to me as our brain is one big, complicated computer. Maybe so complicated that things such as intelligence and cognition become possible? As the most complicated things about a neuron pretty much are the chemical aspects on generating an electric singal, keeping itself alive, and eventually segmenting itself, it should be pretty easy emulating some on a computer, or? You won't have to worry about keeping your virtual neuron alive, or? If you can emulate a single neuron on a computer, which shouldn't be too hard, could you theoretically emulate more than 1000 billions of them, recreating intelligence, cognition and maybe even creativity? In my question I'm leaving out the following aspects: Speed of our current (super) computers Actually writing a program for emulating neurons I don't know much about this topic, please tell me if I got anything wrong :) (My secret goal: Make a copy of my brain and store it on some 10 million TB HDD and make someone start it up in the future)

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  • How can I make Church numerals more human readable in lisp?

    - by Jason Baker
    I can define church numerals fairly easy using scheme: > (define f (lambda (x) x)) > (f f) ;0 #<procedure:f> > (f (f f)) ;1 #<procedure:f> However, this doesn't make it very easy to recognize that (f f) is 0 and (f (f f)) is 1. Is there a way that I can make these numerals more readable? What would be ideal is this: > (f f) 0 > (f (f f)) 1 The example is in scheme, but I'll take an answer in any lisp.

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  • Informed TDD &ndash; Kata &ldquo;To Roman Numerals&rdquo;

    - by Ralf Westphal
    Originally posted on: http://geekswithblogs.net/theArchitectsNapkin/archive/2014/05/28/informed-tdd-ndash-kata-ldquoto-roman-numeralsrdquo.aspxIn a comment on my article on what I call Informed TDD (ITDD) reader gustav asked how this approach would apply to the kata “To Roman Numerals”. And whether ITDD wasn´t a violation of TDD´s principle of leaving out “advanced topics like mocks”. I like to respond with this article to his questions. There´s more to say than fits into a commentary. Mocks and TDD I don´t see in how far TDD is avoiding or opposed to mocks. TDD and mocks are orthogonal. TDD is about pocess, mocks are about structure and costs. Maybe by moving forward in tiny red+green+refactor steps less need arises for mocks. But then… if the functionality you need to implement requires “expensive” resource access you can´t avoid using mocks. Because you don´t want to constantly run all your tests against the real resource. True, in ITDD mocks seem to be in almost inflationary use. That´s not what you usually see in TDD demonstrations. However, there´s a reason for that as I tried to explain. I don´t use mocks as proxies for “expensive” resource. Rather they are stand-ins for functionality not yet implemented. They allow me to get a test green on a high level of abstraction. That way I can move forward in a top-down fashion. But if you think of mocks as “advanced” or if you don´t want to use a tool like JustMock, then you don´t need to use mocks. You just need to stand the sight of red tests for a little longer ;-) Let me show you what I mean by that by doing a kata. ITDD for “To Roman Numerals” gustav asked for the kata “To Roman Numerals”. I won´t explain the requirements again. You can find descriptions and TDD demonstrations all over the internet, like this one from Corey Haines. Now here is, how I would do this kata differently. 1. Analyse A demonstration of TDD should never skip the analysis phase. It should be made explicit. The requirements should be formalized and acceptance test cases should be compiled. “Formalization” in this case to me means describing the API of the required functionality. “[D]esign a program to work with Roman numerals” like written in this “requirement document” is not enough to start software development. Coding should only begin, if the interface between the “system under development” and its context is clear. If this interface is not readily recognizable from the requirements, it has to be developed first. Exploration of interface alternatives might be in order. It might be necessary to show several interface mock-ups to the customer – even if that´s you fellow developer. Designing the interface is a task of it´s own. It should not be mixed with implementing the required functionality behind the interface. Unfortunately, though, this happens quite often in TDD demonstrations. TDD is used to explore the API and implement it at the same time. To me that´s a violation of the Single Responsibility Principle (SRP) which not only should hold for software functional units but also for tasks or activities. In the case of this kata the API fortunately is obvious. Just one function is needed: string ToRoman(int arabic). And it lives in a class ArabicRomanConversions. Now what about acceptance test cases? There are hardly any stated in the kata descriptions. Roman numerals are explained, but no specific test cases from the point of view of a customer. So I just “invent” some acceptance test cases by picking roman numerals from a wikipedia article. They are supposed to be just “typical examples” without special meaning. Given the acceptance test cases I then try to develop an understanding of the problem domain. I´ll spare you that. The domain is trivial and is explain in almost all kata descriptions. How roman numerals are built is not difficult to understand. What´s more difficult, though, might be to find an efficient solution to convert into them automatically. 2. Solve The usual TDD demonstration skips a solution finding phase. Like the interface exploration it´s mixed in with the implementation. But I don´t think this is how it should be done. I even think this is not how it really works for the people demonstrating TDD. They´re simplifying their true software development process because they want to show a streamlined TDD process. I doubt this is helping anybody. Before you code you better have a plan what to code. This does not mean you have to do “Big Design Up-Front”. It just means: Have a clear picture of the logical solution in your head before you start to build a physical solution (code). Evidently such a solution can only be as good as your understanding of the problem. If that´s limited your solution will be limited, too. Fortunately, in the case of this kata your understanding does not need to be limited. Thus the logical solution does not need to be limited or preliminary or tentative. That does not mean you need to know every line of code in advance. It just means you know the rough structure of your implementation beforehand. Because it should mirror the process described by the logical or conceptual solution. Here´s my solution approach: The arabic “encoding” of numbers represents them as an ordered set of powers of 10. Each digit is a factor to multiply a power of ten with. The “encoding” 123 is the short form for a set like this: {1*10^2, 2*10^1, 3*10^0}. And the number is the sum of the set members. The roman “encoding” is different. There is no base (like 10 for arabic numbers), there are just digits of different value, and they have to be written in descending order. The “encoding” XVI is short for [10, 5, 1]. And the number is still the sum of the members of this list. The roman “encoding” thus is simpler than the arabic. Each “digit” can be taken at face value. No multiplication with a base required. But what about IV which looks like a contradiction to the above rule? It is not – if you accept roman “digits” not to be limited to be single characters only. Usually I, V, X, L, C, D, M are viewed as “digits”, and IV, IX etc. are viewed as nuisances preventing a simple solution. All looks different, though, once IV, IX etc. are taken as “digits”. Then MCMLIV is just a sum: M+CM+L+IV which is 1000+900+50+4. Whereas before it would have been understood as M-C+M+L-I+V – which is more difficult because here some “digits” get subtracted. Here´s the list of roman “digits” with their values: {1, I}, {4, IV}, {5, V}, {9, IX}, {10, X}, {40, XL}, {50, L}, {90, XC}, {100, C}, {400, CD}, {500, D}, {900, CM}, {1000, M} Since I take IV, IX etc. as “digits” translating an arabic number becomes trivial. I just need to find the values of the roman “digits” making up the number, e.g. 1954 is made up of 1000, 900, 50, and 4. I call those “digits” factors. If I move from the highest factor (M=1000) to the lowest (I=1) then translation is a two phase process: Find all the factors Translate the factors found Compile the roman representation Translation is just a look-up. Finding, though, needs some calculation: Find the highest remaining factor fitting in the value Remember and subtract it from the value Repeat with remaining value and remaining factors Please note: This is just an algorithm. It´s not code, even though it might be close. Being so close to code in my solution approach is due to the triviality of the problem. In more realistic examples the conceptual solution would be on a higher level of abstraction. With this solution in hand I finally can do what TDD advocates: find and prioritize test cases. As I can see from the small process description above, there are two aspects to test: Test the translation Test the compilation Test finding the factors Testing the translation primarily means to check if the map of factors and digits is comprehensive. That´s simple, even though it might be tedious. Testing the compilation is trivial. Testing factor finding, though, is a tad more complicated. I can think of several steps: First check, if an arabic number equal to a factor is processed correctly (e.g. 1000=M). Then check if an arabic number consisting of two consecutive factors (e.g. 1900=[M,CM]) is processed correctly. Then check, if a number consisting of the same factor twice is processed correctly (e.g. 2000=[M,M]). Finally check, if an arabic number consisting of non-consecutive factors (e.g. 1400=[M,CD]) is processed correctly. I feel I can start an implementation now. If something becomes more complicated than expected I can slow down and repeat this process. 3. Implement First I write a test for the acceptance test cases. It´s red because there´s no implementation even of the API. That´s in conformance with “TDD lore”, I´d say: Next I implement the API: The acceptance test now is formally correct, but still red of course. This will not change even now that I zoom in. Because my goal is not to most quickly satisfy these tests, but to implement my solution in a stepwise manner. That I do by “faking” it: I just “assume” three functions to represent the transformation process of my solution: My hypothesis is that those three functions in conjunction produce correct results on the API-level. I just have to implement them correctly. That´s what I´m trying now – one by one. I start with a simple “detail function”: Translate(). And I start with all the test cases in the obvious equivalence partition: As you can see I dare to test a private method. Yes. That´s a white box test. But as you´ll see it won´t make my tests brittle. It serves a purpose right here and now: it lets me focus on getting one aspect of my solution right. Here´s the implementation to satisfy the test: It´s as simple as possible. Right how TDD wants me to do it: KISS. Now for the second equivalence partition: translating multiple factors. (It´a pattern: if you need to do something repeatedly separate the tests for doing it once and doing it multiple times.) In this partition I just need a single test case, I guess. Stepping up from a single translation to multiple translations is no rocket science: Usually I would have implemented the final code right away. Splitting it in two steps is just for “educational purposes” here. How small your implementation steps are is a matter of your programming competency. Some “see” the final code right away before their mental eye – others need to work their way towards it. Having two tests I find more important. Now for the next low hanging fruit: compilation. It´s even simpler than translation. A single test is enough, I guess. And normally I would not even have bothered to write that one, because the implementation is so simple. I don´t need to test .NET framework functionality. But again: if it serves the educational purpose… Finally the most complicated part of the solution: finding the factors. There are several equivalence partitions. But still I decide to write just a single test, since the structure of the test data is the same for all partitions: Again, I´m faking the implementation first: I focus on just the first test case. No looping yet. Faking lets me stay on a high level of abstraction. I can write down the implementation of the solution without bothering myself with details of how to actually accomplish the feat. That´s left for a drill down with a test of the fake function: There are two main equivalence partitions, I guess: either the first factor is appropriate or some next. The implementation seems easy. Both test cases are green. (Of course this only works on the premise that there´s always a matching factor. Which is the case since the smallest factor is 1.) And the first of the equivalence partitions on the higher level also is satisfied: Great, I can move on. Now for more than a single factor: Interestingly not just one test becomes green now, but all of them. Great! You might say, then I must have done not the simplest thing possible. And I would reply: I don´t care. I did the most obvious thing. But I also find this loop very simple. Even simpler than a recursion of which I had thought briefly during the problem solving phase. And by the way: Also the acceptance tests went green: Mission accomplished. At least functionality wise. Now I´ve to tidy up things a bit. TDD calls for refactoring. Not uch refactoring is needed, because I wrote the code in top-down fashion. I faked it until I made it. I endured red tests on higher levels while lower levels weren´t perfected yet. But this way I saved myself from refactoring tediousness. At the end, though, some refactoring is required. But maybe in a different way than you would expect. That´s why I rather call it “cleanup”. First I remove duplication. There are two places where factors are defined: in Translate() and in Find_factors(). So I factor the map out into a class constant. Which leads to a small conversion in Find_factors(): And now for the big cleanup: I remove all tests of private methods. They are scaffolding tests to me. They only have temporary value. They are brittle. Only acceptance tests need to remain. However, I carry over the single “digit” tests from Translate() to the acceptance test. I find them valuable to keep, since the other acceptance tests only exercise a subset of all roman “digits”. This then is my final test class: And this is the final production code: Test coverage as reported by NCrunch is 100%: Reflexion Is this the smallest possible code base for this kata? Sure not. You´ll find more concise solutions on the internet. But LOC are of relatively little concern – as long as I can understand the code quickly. So called “elegant” code, however, often is not easy to understand. The same goes for KISS code – especially if left unrefactored, as it is often the case. That´s why I progressed from requirements to final code the way I did. I first understood and solved the problem on a conceptual level. Then I implemented it top down according to my design. I also could have implemented it bottom-up, since I knew some bottom of the solution. That´s the leaves of the functional decomposition tree. Where things became fuzzy, since the design did not cover any more details as with Find_factors(), I repeated the process in the small, so to speak: fake some top level, endure red high level tests, while first solving a simpler problem. Using scaffolding tests (to be thrown away at the end) brought two advantages: Encapsulation of the implementation details was not compromised. Naturally private methods could stay private. I did not need to make them internal or public just to be able to test them. I was able to write focused tests for small aspects of the solution. No need to test everything through the solution root, the API. The bottom line thus for me is: Informed TDD produces cleaner code in a systematic way. It conforms to core principles of programming: Single Responsibility Principle and/or Separation of Concerns. Distinct roles in development – being a researcher, being an engineer, being a craftsman – are represented as different phases. First find what, what there is. Then devise a solution. Then code the solution, manifest the solution in code. Writing tests first is a good practice. But it should not be taken dogmatic. And above all it should not be overloaded with purposes. And finally: moving from top to bottom through a design produces refactored code right away. Clean code thus almost is inevitable – and not left to a refactoring step at the end which is skipped often for different reasons.   PS: Yes, I have done this kata several times. But that has only an impact on the time needed for phases 1 and 2. I won´t skip them because of that. And there are no shortcuts during implementation because of that.

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  • Creating a retro-style palette swapping effect in OpenGL

    - by Zack The Human
    I'm working on a Megaman-like game where I need to change the color of certain pixels at runtime. For reference: in Megaman when you change your selected weapon then main character's palette changes to reflect the selected weapon. Not all of the sprite's colors change, only certain ones do. This kind of effect was common and quite easy to do on the NES since the programmer had access to the palette and the logical mapping between pixels and palette indices. On modern hardware, though, this is a bit more challenging because the concept of palettes is not the same. All of my textures are 32-bit and do not use palettes. There are two ways I know of to achieve the effect I want, but I'm curious if there are better ways to achieve this effect easily. The two options I know of are: Use a shader and write some GLSL to perform the "palette swapping" behavior. If shaders are not available (say, because the graphics card doesn't support them) then it is possible to clone the "original" textures and generate different versions with the color changes pre-applied. Ideally I would like to use a shader since it seems straightforward and requires little additional work opposed to the duplicated-texture method. I worry that duplicating textures just to change a color in them is wasting VRAM -- should I not worry about that?

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  • Blank Processes (?) in Natty Narwhal

    - by A Hylian Human
    I've noticed that there a seemingly blank processes (no process name, no cmdline info, only an ID), which also appear to cause my CPU to be running like crazy. My fans are going pretty much full speed and I have no idea what to do. Restarting does not help. Whenever I try to kill the process IDs, nothing happens. It's like new blank processes are continuously being created. I am really surprised that I am able to write up this question without Firefox lagging like crazy (and trust me, it's not Firefox causing the issue, as far as I can tell).

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  • Mixed Emotions: Humans React to Natural Language Computer

    - by Applications User Experience
    There was a big event in Silicon Valley on Tuesday, November 15. Watson, the natural language computer developed at IBM Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, New York, and its inventor and principal research investigator, David Ferrucci, were guests at the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California for another round of the television game Jeopardy. You may have read about or watched on YouTube how Watson beat Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter, two top Jeopardy competitors, last February. This time, Watson swept the floor with two Silicon Valley high-achievers, one a venture capitalist with a background  in math, computer engineering, and physics, and the other a technology and finance writer well-versed in all aspects of culture and humanities. Watson is the product of the DeepQA research project, which attempts to create an artificially intelligent computing system through advances in natural language processing (NLP), among other technologies. NLP is a computing strategy that seeks to provide answers by processing large amounts of unstructured data contained in multiple large domains of human knowledge. There are several ways to perform NLP, but one way to start is by recognizing key words, then processing  contextual  cues associated with the keyword concepts so that you get many more “smart” (that is, human-like) deductions,  rather than a series of “dumb” matches.  Jeopardy questions often require more than key word matching to get the correct answer; typically several pieces of information put together, often from vastly different categories, to come up with a satisfactory word string solution that can be rephrased as a question.  Smarter than your average search engine, but is it as smart as a human? Watson was especially fast at descrambling mixed-up state capital names, and recalling and pairing movie titles where one started and the other ended in the same word (e.g., Billion Dollar Baby Boom, where both titles used the word Baby). David said they had basically removed the variable of how fast Watson hit the buzzer compared to human contestants, but frustration frequently appeared on the faces of the contestants beaten to the punch by Watson. David explained that top Jeopardy winners like Jennings achieved their success with a similar strategy, timing their buzz to the end of the reading of the clue,  and “running the board”, being first to respond on about 60% of the clues.  Similar results for Watson. It made sense that Watson would be good at the technical and scientific stuff, so I figured the venture capitalist was toast. But I thought for sure Watson would lose to the writer in categories such as pop culture, wines and foods, and other humanities. Surprisingly, it held its own. I was amazed it could recognize a word definition of a syllogism in the category of philosophy. So what was the audience reaction to all of this? We started out expecting our formidable human contestants to easily run some of their categories; however, they started off on the wrong foot with the state capitals which Watson could unscramble so efficiently. By the end of the first round, contestants and the audience were feeling a little bit, well, …. deflated. Watson was winning by about $13,000, and the humans had gone into negative dollars. The IBM host said he was going to “slow Watson down a bit,” and the humans came back with respectable scores in Double Jeopardy. This was partially thanks to a very sympathetic audience (and host, also a human) providing “group-think” on many questions, especially baseball ‘s most valuable players, which by the way, couldn’t have been hard because even I knew them.  Yes, that’s right, the humans cheated. Since Watson could speak but not hear us (it didn’t have speech recognition capability), it was probably unaware of this. In Final Jeopardy, the single question had to do with law. I was sure Watson would blow this one, but all contestants were able to answer correctly about a copyright law. In a career devoted to making computers more helpful to people, I think I may have seen how a computer can do too much. I’m not sure I’d want to work side-by-side with a Watson doing my job. Certainly listening and empathy are important traits we humans still have over Watson.  While there was great enthusiasm in the packed room of computer scientists and their friends for this standing-room-only show, I think it made several of us uneasy (especially the poor human contestants whose egos were soundly bashed in the first round). This computer system, by the way , only took 4 years to program. David Ferrucci mentioned several practical uses for Watson, including medical diagnoses and legal strategies. Are you “the expert” in your job? Imagine NLP computing on an Oracle database.   This may be the user interface of the future to enable users to better process big data. How do you think you’d like it? Postscript: There were three little boys sitting in front of me in the very first row. They looked, how shall I say it, … unimpressed!

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  • How to create a backpropagation neural network in neurondonet?

    - by Suraj Prakash
    I am doing stock market prediction using ANNs in c#.net. I am using NeuronDotNet for the neural part. I have to give eight inputs to the network, with a hidden layer consisting 8 nodes and a single node output layer. Can anybody please give me some coding ideas for this???? This project was not a AI course assignment, but my major project. I have studied about the stocks and found various factors that affected the future value of stock of a company. Now I have to use these factors as input to the neural network. I am not getting into how to implement these factors in the neural network. I have just decided to use those eight factors as eight nodes in the input layer but things are going complex. My concern is to use these factors as input and train the neural network for output as next day's stock value. What major things should I have to care about??

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  • Inheritance domain classes in Grails

    - by Tomáš
    Hi gurus how can I get Collection of specific Class? I use inheriance: On Planet live Human. Humans are dividing to Men and Women. class Planet{ String name static hasMany = [ humans : Human ] } class Human{ String name static belongsTo = [Planet] } class Man extends Human{ int countOfCar } class Woman extends Human{ int coutOfChildren } now a neet to get only Collection of Man or Collection of Woman: get all humans on planet is simple all = Planet.get(1).humans but what can I get only woman or men? womenLivedOnMars = Planet.get(1).getOnlyWoman menLivedOnJupiter = Planet.get(2).getOnlyMan Thanks for your help Tom

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  • SQL SERVER – Why Do We Need Data Quality Services – Importance and Significance of Data Quality Services (DQS)

    - by pinaldave
    Databases are awesome.  I’m sure my readers know my opinion about this – I have made SQL Server my life’s work after all!  I love technology and all things computer-related.  Of course, even with my love for technology, I have to admit that it has its limits.  For example, it takes a human brain to notice that data has been input incorrectly.  Computer “brains” might be faster than humans, but human brains are still better at pattern recognition.  For example, a human brain will notice that “300” is a ridiculous age for a human to be, but to a computer it is just a number.  A human will also notice similarities between “P. Dave” and “Pinal Dave,” but this would stump most computers. In a database, these sorts of anomalies are incredibly important.  Databases are often used by multiple people who rely on this data to be true and accurate, so data quality is key.  That is why the improved SQL Server features Master Data Management talks about Data Quality Services.  This service has the ability to recognize and flag anomalies like out of range numbers and similarities between data.  This allows a human brain with its pattern recognition abilities to double-check and ensure that P. Dave is the same as Pinal Dave. A nice feature of Data Quality Services is that once you set the rules for the program to follow, it will not only keep your data organized in the future, but go to the past and “fix up” any data that has already been entered.  It also allows you do combine data from multiple places and it will apply these rules across the board, so that you don’t have any weird issues that crop up when trying to fit a round peg into a square hole. There are two parts of Data Quality Services that help you accomplish all these neat things.  The first part is DQL Server, which you can think of as the hardware component of the system.  It is installed on the side of (it needs to install separately after SQL Server is installed) SQL Server and runs quietly in the background, performing all its cleanup services. DQS Client is the user interface that you can interact with to set the rules and check over your data.  There are three main aspects of Client: knowledge base management, data quality projects and administration.  Knowledge base management is the part of the system that allows you to set the rules, or program the “knowledge base,” so that your database is clean and consistent. Data Quality projects are what run in the background and clean up the data that is already present.  The administration allows you to check out what DQS Client is doing, change rules, and generally oversee the entire process.  The whole process is user-friendly and a pleasure to use.  I highly recommend implementing Data Quality Services in your database. Here are few of my blog posts which are related to Data Quality Services and I encourage you to try this out. SQL SERVER – Installing Data Quality Services (DQS) on SQL Server 2012 SQL SERVER – Step by Step Guide to Beginning Data Quality Services in SQL Server 2012 – Introduction to DQS SQL SERVER – DQS Error – Cannot connect to server – A .NET Framework error occurred during execution of user-defined routine or aggregate “SetDataQualitySessions” – SetDataQualitySessionPhaseTwo SQL SERVER – Configuring Interactive Cleansing Suggestion Min Score for Suggestions in Data Quality Services (DQS) – Sensitivity of Suggestion SQL SERVER – Unable to DELETE Project in Data Quality Projects (DQS) Reference: Pinal Dave (http://blog.SQLAuthority.com) Filed under: PostADay, SQL, SQL Authority, SQL Query, SQL Server, SQL Tips and Tricks, T SQL, Technology Tagged: Data Quality Services, DQS

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  • What common interface would be appropriate for these game object classes?

    - by Jefffrey
    Question A component based system's goal is to solve the problems that derives from inheritance: for example the fact that some parts of the code (that are called components) are reused by very different classes that, hypothetically, would lie in a very different branch of the inheritance tree. That's a very nice concept, but I've found out that CBS is often hard to accomplish without using ugly hacks. Implementations of this system are often far from clean. But I don't want to discuss this any further. My question is: how can I solve the same problems a CBS try to solve with a very clean interface? (possibly with examples, there are a lot of abstract talks about the "perfect" design already). Context Here's an example I was going for before realizing I was just reinventing inheritance again: class Human { public: Position position; Movement movement; Sprite sprite; // other human specific components }; class Zombie { Position position; Movement movement; Sprite sprite; // other zombie specific components }; After writing that I realized I needed an interface, otherwise I would have needed N containers for N different types of objects (or to use boost::variant to gather them all together). So I've thought of polymorphism (move what systems do in a CBS design into class specific functions): class Entity { public: virtual void on_event(Event) {} // not pure virtual on purpose virtual void on_update(World) {} virtual void on_draw(Window) {} }; class Human : public Entity { private: Position position; Movement movement; Sprite sprite; public: virtual void on_event(Event) { ... } virtual void on_update(World) { ... } virtual void on_draw(Window) { ... } }; class Zombie : public Entity { private: Position position; Movement movement; Sprite sprite; public: virtual void on_event(Event) { ... } virtual void on_update(World) { ... } virtual void on_draw(Window) { ... } }; Which was nice, except for the fact that now the outside world would not even be able to know where a Human is positioned (it does not have access to its position member). That would be useful to track the player position for collision detection or if on_update the Zombie would want to track down its nearest human to move towards him. So I added const Position& get_position() const; to both the Zombie and Human classes. And then I realized that both functionality were shared, so it should have gone to the common base class: Entity. Do you notice anything? Yes, with that methodology I would have a god Entity class full of common functionality (which is the thing I was trying to avoid in the first place). Meaning of "hacks" in the implementation I'm referring to I'm talking about the implementations that defines Entities as simple IDs to which components are dynamically attached. Their implementation can vary from C-stylish: int last_id; Position* positions[MAX_ENTITIES]; Movement* movements[MAX_ENTITIES]; Where positions[i], movements[i], component[i], ... make up the entity. Or to more C++-style: int last_id; std::map<int, Position> positions; std::map<int, Movement> movements; From which systems can detect if an entity/id can have attached components.

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  • Php: Overriding abstract method goes wrong

    - by Lu4
    Hi! I think there is a problem in php's OOP implementation. EDIT: Consider more illustrative example: abstract class Animal { public $name; // public function Communicate(Animal $partner) {} // Works public abstract function Communicate(Animal $partner); // Gives error } class Panda extends Animal { public function Communicate(Panda $partner) { echo "Hi {$partner->name} I'm a Panda"; } } class Human extends Animal { public function Communicate(Human $partner) { echo "Hi {$partner->name} I'm a Human"; } } $john = new Human(); $john->name = 'John'; $mary = new Human(); $mary->name = 'Mary'; $john->Communicate($mary); // should be ok $zuzi = new Panda(); $zuzi->name = 'Zuzi'; $zuzi->Communicate($john); // should give error The problem is that when Animal::Communicate is an abstract method, php tells that the following methods are illegal: "public function Communicate(Panda $partner)" "public function Communicate(Human $partner)" but when Animal::Communicate is non-abstract but has zero-implementation Php thinks that these methods are legal. So in my opinion it's not right because we are doing override in both cases, and these both cases are equal, so it seems like it's a bug... Older part of the post: Please consider the following code: Framework.php namespace A { class Component { ... } abstract class Decorator { public abstract function Decorate(\A\Component $component); } } Implementation.php namespace B { class MyComponent extends \A\Component { ... } } MyDecorator.php namespace A { class MyDecorator extends Decorator { public function Decorate(\B\MyComponent $component) { ... } } } The following code gives error in MyDecorator.php telling Fatal error: Declaration of MyDecorator::Decorate() must be compatible with that of A\Decorator::Decorate() in MyDecorator.php on line ... But when I change the Framework.php::Decorator class to the following implementation: abstract class Decorator { public function Decorate(\A\Component $component) {} } the problem disappears.

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  • floating point equality in Python and in general

    - by eric.frederich
    I have a piece of code that behaves differently depending on whether I go through a dictionary to get conversion factors or whether I use them directly. The following piece of code will print 1.0 == 1.0 -> False But if you replace factors[units_from] with 10.0 and factors[units_to ] with 1.0 / 2.54 it will print 1.0 == 1.0 -> True #!/usr/bin/env python base = 'cm' factors = { 'cm' : 1.0, 'mm' : 10.0, 'm' : 0.01, 'km' : 1.0e-5, 'in' : 1.0 / 2.54, 'ft' : 1.0 / 2.54 / 12.0, 'yd' : 1.0 / 2.54 / 12.0 / 3.0, 'mile' : 1.0 / 2.54 / 12.0 / 5280, 'lightyear' : 1.0 / 2.54 / 12.0 / 5280 / 5.87849981e12, } # convert 25.4 mm to inches val = 25.4 units_from = 'mm' units_to = 'in' base_value = val / factors[units_from] ret = base_value * factors[units_to ] print ret, '==', 1.0, '->', ret == 1.0 Let me first say that I am pretty sure what is going on here. I have seen it before in C, just never in Python but since Python in implemented in C we're seeing it. I know that floating point numbers will change values going from a CPU register to cache and back. I know that comparing what should be two equal variables will return false if one of them was paged out while the other stayed resident in a register. Questions What is the best way to avoid problems like this?... In Python or in general. Am I doing something completely wrong? Side Note This is obviously part of a stripped down example but what I'm trying to do is come with with classes of length, volume, etc that can compare against other objects of the same class but with different units. Rhetorical Questions If this is a potentially dangerous problem since it makes programs behave in an undetermanistic matter, should compilers warn or error when they detect that you're checking equality of floats Should compilers support an option to replace all float equality checks with a 'close enough' function? Do compilers already do this and I just can't find the information.

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  • Integers not properly returned from a property list (plist) array in Objective-C

    - by Gaurav
    In summary, I am having a problem where I read what I expect to be an NSNumber from an NSArray contained in a property list and instead of getting a number such as '1', I get what looks to be a memory address (i.e. '61879840'). The numbers are clearly correct in the property list. Below is my process for creating the property list and reading it back. Creating the property list I have created a simple Objective-C property list with arrays of integers within one root array: <array> <array> <integer>1</integer> <integer>2</integer> </array> <array> <integer>1</integer> <integer>2</integer> <integer>5</integer> </array> ... more arrays with integers ... </array> The arrays are NSArray objects and the integers are NSNumber objects. The property list has been created and serialized using the following code: // factorArray is an NSArray that contains NSArrays of NSNumbers as described above // serialize and compress factorArray as a property list, Factors-bin.plist NSString *error; NSString *rootPath = [NSSearchPathForDirectoriesInDomains(NSDocumentDirectory, NSUserDomainMask, YES) objectAtIndex:0]; NSString *plistPath = [rootPath stringByAppendingPathComponent:@"Factors-bin.plist"]; NSData *plistData = [NSPropertyListSerialization dataFromPropertyList:factorArray format:NSPropertyListBinaryFormat_v1_0 errorDescription:&error]; Inspecting the created plist, all values and types are correct. Reading the property list The property list is read in as Data and then converted to an NSArray: NSString *path = [[NSBundle mainBundle] pathForResource:@"Factors" ofType:@"plist"]; NSData *plistData = [[NSData alloc] initWithContentsOfFile:path]; NSPropertyListFormat format; NSString *error = nil; NSArray *factorData = (NSArray *)[NSPropertyListSerialization propertyListFromData:plistData mutabilityOption:NSPropertyListImmutable format:&format errorDescription:&error]; Cycling through factorData to see what it contains is where I see the erroneous integers: for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { NSArray *factorList = (NSArray *)[factorData objectAtIndex:i]; NSLog(@"Factors of %d\n", i + 1); for (int j = 0; j < [factorList count]; j++) { NSLog(@" %d\n", (NSNumber *)[factorList objectAtIndex:j]); } } I see all the correct number of values, but the values themselves are incorrect, i.e.: Factors of 3 61879840 (should be 1) 61961200 (should be 3) Factors of 4 61879840 (should be 1) 61943472 (should be 2) 61943632 (should be 4) Factors of 5 61879840 (should be 1) 61943616 (should be 5)

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  • Linux tools to choose suitable Cisco ASA 5500

    - by linuxcore
    I have a linux webhosting server which affects a high DDOS. I want to use Cisco ASA 5500 Series Adaptive Security Appliances to protect the linux server from this DDOS. I know there are many factors should you know before you choose the suitable hardware firewall like the amount of this DDOS and pps ..etc Please suggest a linux tools to measure those factors and to help me collect the required informations ( pps - amount of DDOS - concurrent connections and other factors ) Regards,

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  • Is “Application Programming Interface” a bad name?

    - by Taylor Hawkes
    Application programming interface seems like a bad name for what it is. Is there a reason it was named such? I understand that people used to call them Advanced Programming Interfaces and then renamed to Application Programming Interface. Is that why it is poorly named? Why is it not named Application (to) Programmer Interface. I guess I'm just confused of the meaning behind that name? I write more about my confusion around the name here: BREAKING DOWN THE WORD “APPLICATION PROGRAMMING INTERFACE” This is a very confusing word. We mostly understand what the word Interface means, but “Application Programming”, what even is that. Honestly I'm confused. Is that suppose to be two words like “Application”, “Programming” and then the “Interface” is suppose to mean between the two? Like would a “Computer Human Interface” be an interface between a “Computer” and a “Human” (monitor , keyboard, mouse ) or is a “Computer Human” a real thing - perhaps the terminator. So a CHI is our boy Kyle Reese who is the only way we are able to work with the computer human. I think more likely “Application Programming Interface” was simply poorly named and doesn't really make sense. It was originally called an “Advanced Programming Interface” , but perhaps being a bit to ostentatious merged into the now wildly accepted “Application Programming Interface”. So now, not wanting to change an acronym has confused the living heck out everyone.... Any thoughts or clarification would be great, I'm giving a lecture on this topic in a month, so I would prefer not to BS my way through it.

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  • Domain Specific Software Engineering (DSSE)

    Domain Specific Software Engineering (DSSE) believes that creating every application from nothing is not advantageous when existing systems can be leveraged to create the same application in less time and with less cost.  This belief is founded in the idea that forcing applications to recreate exiting functionality is unnecessary. Why would we build a better wheel when we already have four really good and proven wheels? DSSE suggest that we take an existing wheel and just modify it to fit an existing need of a system. This allows developers to leverage existing codebases so that more time and expense are focused on creating more usable functionality compared to just creating more functionality. As an example, how many functions do we need to create to send an email when one can be created and used by all other applications within the existing domain? Key Factors of DSSE Domain Technology Business A Domain in DSSE is used to control the problem space for a project. This control allows for applications to be developed within specific constrains that focus development is to a specific direction.Technology in DSSE offers a variety of technological solutions to be applied within a domain. Technology Examples: Tools Patterns Architectures & Styles Legacy Systems Business is the motivator for any originations to use DSSE in there software development process. Business reason to use DSSE: Minimize Costs Maximize market and Profits When these factors are used in combination additional factors and benefits can be found. Result of combining Key Factors of DSSE Domain + Business  = Corporate Core Competencies Domain expertise improved by market and business expertise Domain + Technology = Application Family Architectures All possible technological solutions to problems in a domain without any business constraints.  Business + Technology =  Domain independent infrastructure Tools and techniques for building systems  independent of all domains  Domain + Business + Technology = Domain-specific software engineering Applies technology to domain related goals in the context of business and market expertise

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  • How customers view and interact with a company

    The Harvard Business Review article written by Rayport and Jaworski is aptly titled “Best Face Forward” because it sheds light on how customers view and interact with a company. In the past most business interaction between customers was performed in a face to face meeting where one party would present an item for sale and then the other would decide whether to purchase the item. In addition, if there was a problem with a purchased item then they would bring the item back to the person who sold the item for resolution. One of my earliest examples of witnessing this was when I was around 6 or 7 years old and I was allowed to spend the summer in Tennessee with my Grandparents. My Grandfather had just written a book about the local history of his town and was selling them to his friends and local bookstores. I still remember he offered to pay me a small commission for every book I helped him sell because I was carrying the books around for him. Every sale he made was face to face with his customers which allowed him to share his excitement for the book with everyone. In today’s modern world there is less and less human interaction as the use of computers and other technologies allow us to communicate within seconds even though both parties may be across the globe or just next door. That being said, customers view a company through multiple access points called faces that represent the ability to interact without actually seeing a human face. As a software engineer this is a good and a bad thing because direct human interaction and technology based interaction have both good and bad attributes based on the customer. How organizations coordinate business and IT functions, to provide quality service varies based on each individual business and the goals and directives put in place by its management. According to Rayport and Jaworski, the type of interaction used through a particular access point may lend itself to be people-dominate, machine-dominate, or a combination of both. The method by which a company communicates information through an access point is a strategic choice that relates costs and customer outcomes. To simplify this, the choice is based on what can give the customer the best experience interacting with the company when the cost of the interaction is also a factor. I personally see examples of this every day at work. The company website is machine-dominate with people updating and maintaining information, our groups department is people dominate because most of the customer interaction is done at the customers location and is backed up by machine based data sources, and our sales/member service department is a hybrid because employees work in tandem with machines in order for them to assist customers with signing up or any other issue they may have. The positive and negative aspects of human and machine interfaces are a key aspect in deciding which interface to use when allowing customers to access a company or a combination of the two. Rayport and Jaworski also used MIT professor Erik Brynjolfsson preliminary catalog of human and machine strengths. He stated that humans outperform machines in judgment, pattern recognition, exception processing, insight, and creativity. I have found this to be true based on the example of how sales and member service reps at my company handle a multitude of questions and various situations with a lot of unknown variables. A machine interface could never effectively be able to handle these scenarios because there are too many variables to consider and would not have the built-in logic to process each customer’s claims and needs. In addition, he also stated that machines outperform humans in collecting, storing, transmitting and routine processing. An example of this would be my employer’s website. Customers can simply go online and purchase a product without even talking to a sales or member services representative. The information is then stored in a database so that the customer can always go back and review there order, and access their selected services. A human, no matter how smart they are would never be able to keep track of hundreds of thousands of customers let alone know what they purchased or how much they paid. In today’s technology driven economy every company must offer their customers multiple methods of accessibly in order to survive. The more of an opportunity a company has to create a positive experience for their customers, in my opinion, they more likely the customer will return to that company again. I have noticed this with my personal shopping habits and experiences. References Rayport, J., & Jaworski, B. (2004). Best Face Forward. Harvard Business Review, 82(12), 47-58. Retrieved from Business Source Complete database.

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  • Passing class names or objects?

    - by nischayn22
    I have a switch statement switch ( $id ) { case 'abc': return 'Animal'; case 'xyz': return 'Human'; //many more } I am returning class names,and use them to call some of their static functions using call_user_func(). Instead I can also create a object of that class, return that and then call the static function from that object as $object::method($param) switch ( $id ) { case 'abc': return new Animal; case 'xyz': return new Human; //many more } Which way is efficient? To make this question broader : I have classes that have mostly all static methods right now, putting them into classes is kind of a grouping idea here (for example the DB table structure of Animal is given by class Animal and so for Human class). I need to access many functions from these classes so the switch needs to give me access to the class

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  • Resource Monitor (resmon) in Windows Server 2008 R2

    - by Clever Human
    In Windows Server 2008 R2's Resource Monitor, is there a way to set the scale of the various graphs to be constant values instead of variable based on data? It seems to me that the utility of a graph is to get a quick overview glance at the values those graphs are showing. So if I look at the CPU graph and the line is up near the top, I can know immediately that something is using all my CPU and go investigate what. I don't really care if the CPU is jumping between .01% and 2%. Or if the network usage monitor is up near the top, I will know that all my bandwidth is being used up, and go figure out what. But the way things are now, the graphs are meaningless because the scales constantly shift. If you look at the network usage graph in one second it might have a scale out of 100kbps, and the next second have a scale based on 1mbps! So... is there a registry key or something that will peg the scale of these graphs to logical maximums? (the graph on the right hand side of the screenshot below):

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  • Fixed Resource Monitor Graph Scale in Windows Server 2008 R2

    - by Clever Human
    In Windows Server 2008 R2's Resource Monitor, is there a way to set the scale of the various graphs to be constant values instead of variable based on data? It seems to me that the utility of a graph is to get a quick overview glance at the values those graphs are showing. So if I look at the CPU graph and the line is up near the top, I can know immediately that something is using all my CPU and go investigate what. I don't really care if the CPU is jumping between .01% and 2%. Or if the network usage monitor is up near the top, I will know that all my bandwidth is being used up, and go figure out what. But the way things are now, the graphs are meaningless because the scales constantly shift. If you look at the network usage graph in one second it might have a scale out of 100kbps, and the next second have a scale based on 1mbps! So... is there a registry key or something that will peg the scale of these graphs to logical maximums?

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  • Cannot Install Windows 7 SP1 (64-bit)

    - by Clever Human
    I have tried every way I know how to get Windows 7 SP1 to install. It fails every time. Below is what looks like the relevant contents of the CBS.Log file. If there are further details that would help or more information I can gather, I will get it. 2011-08-15 10:32:52, Info CBS Startup: Package: Package_for_KB976902~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~~6.1.1.17514 completed startup processing, new state: Installed, original: Installed, targeted: Installed. hr = 0x80070490 2011-08-15 10:32:52, Info CBS WER: Generating failure report for package: Package_for_KB976932~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~~6.1.1.17514, status: 0x80070490, failure source: CBS Other, start state: Partially Installed, target state: Installed, client id: SP Coordinater Engine 2011-08-15 10:32:52, Info CBS Failed to query DisableWerReporting flag. Assuming not set... [HRESULT = 0x80070002 - ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND] 2011-08-15 10:32:52, Info CBS Failed to add %windir%\winsxs\pending.xml to WER report because it is missing. Continuing without it... 2011-08-15 10:32:52, Info CBS Failed to add %windir%\winsxs\pending.xml.bad to WER report because it is missing. Continuing without it... 2011-08-15 10:32:52, Info CBS SQM: Reporting package change completion for package: Package_for_KB976932~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~~6.1.1.17514, current: Partially Installed, original: Partially Installed, target: Installed, status: 0x80070490, failure source: CBS Other, failure details: "(null)", client id: SP Coordinater Engine, initiated offline: False, execution sequence: 517, first merged sequence: 517 2011-08-15 10:32:52, Info CBS SQM: Upload requested for report: PackageChangeEnd_Package_for_KB976932~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~~6.1.1.17514, session id: 101457924, sample type: Standard 2011-08-15 10:32:52, Info CBS SQM: Ignoring upload request because the sample type is not enabled: Standard I have downloaded the service pack and ran it from the EXE, I have installed it from Windows Update, I have ran all the "troubleshooting" trouble shots I could find. Nothing has worked so far. Any advice would be appreciated.

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  • Python: divisors of a number [closed]

    - by kame
    Possible Duplicate: What is the best way to get all the divisors of a number? The most part of this code was written by an other programmer, but I cant run his code. Please show me where the mistake is. I was searching a long time. I get the error 'NoneType' object is not iterable (in divisorGen(n)). from __future__ import division #calculate the divisors #this is fast-working-code from: #http://stackoverflow.com/questions/171765/what-is-the-best-way-to-get-all-the-divisors-of-a-number def factorGenerator(n): for x in range(1,n): n = n * 1.0 r = n / x if r % 1 == 0: yield x # edited def divisorGen(n): factors = list(factorGenerator(n)) nfactors = len(factors) f = [0] * nfactors while True: yield reduce(lambda x, y: x*y, [factors[x][0]**f[x] for x in range(nfactors)], 1) i = 0 while True: f[i] += 1 if f[i] <= factors[i][1]: break f[i] = 0 i += 1 if i >= nfactors: return for n in range(100): for i in divisorGen(n): print i

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  • How can I extract paragaphs and selected lines with Perl?

    - by neversaint
    I have a text where I need to: to extract the whole paragraph under the section "Aceview summary" until the line that starts with "Please quote" (not to be included). to extract the line that starts with "The closest human gene". to store them into array with two elements. The text looks like this (also on pastebin): AceView: gene:1700049G17Rik, a comprehensive annotation of human, mouse and worm genes with mRNAs or ESTsAceView. <META NAME="title" CONTENT=" AceView: gene:1700049G17Rik a comprehensive annotation of human, mouse and worm genes with mRNAs or EST"> <META NAME="keywords" CONTENT=" AceView, genes, Acembly, AceDB, Homo sapiens, Human, nematode, Worm, Caenorhabditis elegans , WormGenes, WormBase, mouse, mammal, Arabidopsis, gene, alternative splicing variant, structure, sequence, DNA, EST, mRNA, cDNA clone, transcript, transcription, genome, transcriptome, proteome, peptide, GenBank accession, dbest, RefSeq, LocusLink, non-coding, coding, exon, intron, boundary, exon-intron junction, donor, acceptor, 3'UTR, 5'UTR, uORF, poly A, poly-A site, molecular function, protein annotation, isoform, gene family, Pfam, motif ,Blast, Psort, GO, taxonomy, homolog, cellular compartment, disease, illness, phenotype, RNA interference, RNAi, knock out mutant expression, regulation, protein interaction, genetic, map, antisense, trans-splicing, operon, chromosome, domain, selenocysteine, Start, Met, Stop, U12, RNA editing, bibliography"> <META NAME="Description" CONTENT= " AceView offers a comprehensive annotation of human, mouse and nematode genes reconstructed by co-alignment and clustering of all publicly available mRNAs and ESTs on the genome sequence. Our goals are to offer a reliable up-to-date resource on the genes, their functions, alternative variants, expression, regulation and interactions, in the hope to stimulate further validating experiments at the bench "> <meta name="author" content="Danielle Thierry-Mieg and Jean Thierry-Mieg, NCBI/NLM/NIH, [email protected]"> <!-- var myurl="av.cgi?db=mouse" ; var db="mouse" ; var doSwf="s" ; var classe="gene" ; //--> However I am stuck with the following script logic. What's the right way to achieve that? #!/usr/bin/perl -w my $INFILE_file_name = $file; # input file name open ( INFILE, '<', $INFILE_file_name ) or croak "$0 : failed to open input file $INFILE_file_name : $!\n"; my @allsum; while ( <INFILE> ) { chomp; my $line = $_; my @temp1 = (); if ( $line =~ /^ AceView summary/ ) { print "$line\n"; push @temp1, $line; } elsif( $line =~ /Please quote/) { push @allsum, [@temp1]; @temp1 = (); } elsif ($line =~ /The closest human gene/) { push @allsum, $line; } } close ( INFILE ); # close input file # Do something with @allsum There are many files like that I need to process.

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  • Overflow exception while performing parallel factorization using the .NET Task Parallel Library (TPL

    - by Aviad P.
    Hello, I'm trying to write a not so smart factorization program and trying to do it in parallel using TPL. However, after about 15 minutes of running on a core 2 duo machine, I am getting an aggregate exception with an overflow exception inside it. All the entries in the stack trace are part of the .NET framework, the overflow does not come from my code. Any help would be appreciated in figuring out why this happens. Here's the commented code, hopefully it's simple enough to understand: class Program { static List<Tuple<BigInteger, int>> factors = new List<Tuple<BigInteger, int>>(); static void Main(string[] args) { BigInteger theNumber = BigInteger.Parse( "653872562986528347561038675107510176501827650178351386656875178" + "568165317809518359617865178659815012571026531984659218451608845" + "719856107834513527"); Stopwatch sw = new Stopwatch(); bool isComposite = false; sw.Start(); do { /* Print out the number we are currently working on. */ Console.WriteLine(theNumber); /* Find a factor, stop when at least one is found (using the Any operator). */ isComposite = Range(theNumber) .AsParallel() .Any(x => CheckAndStoreFactor(theNumber, x)); /* Of the factors found, take the one with the lowest base. */ var factor = factors.OrderBy(x => x.Item1).First(); Console.WriteLine(factor); /* Divide the number by the factor. */ theNumber = BigInteger.Divide( theNumber, BigInteger.Pow(factor.Item1, factor.Item2)); /* Clear the discovered factors cache, and keep looking. */ factors.Clear(); } while (isComposite); sw.Stop(); Console.WriteLine(isComposite + " " + sw.Elapsed); } static IEnumerable<BigInteger> Range(BigInteger squareOfTarget) { BigInteger two = BigInteger.Parse("2"); BigInteger element = BigInteger.Parse("3"); while (element * element < squareOfTarget) { yield return element; element = BigInteger.Add(element, two); } } static bool CheckAndStoreFactor(BigInteger candidate, BigInteger factor) { BigInteger remainder, dividend = candidate; int exponent = 0; do { dividend = BigInteger.DivRem(dividend, factor, out remainder); if (remainder.IsZero) { exponent++; } } while (remainder.IsZero); if (exponent > 0) { lock (factors) { factors.Add(Tuple.Create(factor, exponent)); } } return exponent > 0; } } Here's the exception thrown: Unhandled Exception: System.AggregateException: One or more errors occurred. --- > System.OverflowException: Arithmetic operation resulted in an overflow. at System.Linq.Parallel.PartitionedDataSource`1.ContiguousChunkLazyEnumerator.MoveNext(T& currentElement, Int32& currentKey) at System.Linq.Parallel.AnyAllSearchOperator`1.AnyAllSearchOperatorEnumerator`1.MoveNext(Boolean& currentElement, Int32& currentKey) at System.Linq.Parallel.StopAndGoSpoolingTask`2.SpoolingWork() at System.Linq.Parallel.SpoolingTaskBase.Work() at System.Linq.Parallel.QueryTask.BaseWork(Object unused) at System.Linq.Parallel.QueryTask.<.cctor>b__0(Object o) at System.Threading.Tasks.Task.InnerInvoke() at System.Threading.Tasks.Task.Execute() --- End of inner exception stack trace --- at System.Linq.Parallel.QueryTaskGroupState.QueryEnd(Boolean userInitiatedDispose) at System.Linq.Parallel.SpoolingTask.SpoolStopAndGo[TInputOutput,TIgnoreKey](QueryTaskGroupState groupState, PartitionedStream`2 partitions, SynchronousChannel`1[] channels, TaskScheduler taskScheduler) at System.Linq.Parallel.DefaultMergeHelper`2.System.Linq.Parallel.IMergeHelper<TInputOutput>.Execute() at System.Linq.Parallel.MergeExecutor`1.Execute[TKey](PartitionedStream`2 partitions, Boolean ignoreOutput, ParallelMergeOptions options, TaskScheduler taskScheduler, Boolean isOrdered, CancellationState cancellationState, Int32 queryId) at System.Linq.Parallel.PartitionedStreamMerger`1.Receive[TKey](PartitionedStream`2 partitionedStream) at System.Linq.Parallel.AnyAllSearchOperator`1.WrapPartitionedStream[TKey](PartitionedStream`2 inputStream, IPartitionedStreamRecipient`1 recipient, BooleanpreferStriping, QuerySettings settings) at System.Linq.Parallel.UnaryQueryOperator`2.UnaryQueryOperatorResults.ChildResultsRecipient.Receive[TKey](PartitionedStream`2 inputStream) at System.Linq.Parallel.ScanQueryOperator`1.ScanEnumerableQueryOperatorResults.GivePartitionedStream(IPartitionedStreamRecipient`1 recipient) at System.Linq.Parallel.UnaryQueryOperator`2.UnaryQueryOperatorResults.GivePartitionedStream(IPartitionedStreamRecipient`1 recipient) at System.Linq.Parallel.QueryOperator`1.GetOpenedEnumerator(Nullable`1 mergeOptions, Boolean suppressOrder, Boolean forEffect, QuerySettings querySettings) at System.Linq.Parallel.QueryOpeningEnumerator`1.OpenQuery() at System.Linq.Parallel.QueryOpeningEnumerator`1.MoveNext() at System.Linq.Parallel.AnyAllSearchOperator`1.Aggregate() at System.Linq.ParallelEnumerable.Any[TSource](ParallelQuery`1 source, Func`2 predicate) at PFact.Program.Main(String[] args) in d:\myprojects\PFact\PFact\Program.cs:line 34 Any help would be appreciated. Thanks!

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