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  • Rails: Easiest way to provide file downloads?

    - by Schroedinger
    G'day guys, currently have almost finished writing a rails application that allows a CSV download of the database. This is generated when the index is first viewed. Is there an easy way to insert a link to a helper that returns a CSV document? That is to say is it easy to insert links to helpers? This would make a lot of problems I've been having much easier

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  • Rails 3 Abstract Class vs Inherited Class

    - by R. Yanchuleff
    In my rails 3 model, I have two classes: Product, Service. I want both to be of type InventoryItem because I have another model called Store and Store has_many :InventoryItems This is what I'm trying to get to, but I'm not sure how to model this in my InventoryItem model and my Product and Service models. Should InventoryItem just be a parent class that Product and Service inherit from, or should InventoryItem be modeled as a class abstract of which Product and Service extend from. Thanks in advance for the advice!

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  • Rails time zones

    - by Bob
    I'm calling an external web service API that returns a timezone as listed in the Olson timezones database (e.g. "America/New_York"). However some of the values the API returned are "US/Pacific", "US/Eastern" and apparently don't match any of the Olson timezones in Rails 2.3.2. Can anyone shed some light on this? Thanks in advance for your help.

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  • Using build with a has_one association in rails.

    - by espinet
    This is a really noob question but im having trouble finding the answer, is there a way in rails to have 0 or 1 association? For example, I create a user with no objects, than later on create an object for that user. I tried using build with a 'has_one' association but that blew up... The only way I see this working is using 'has_many'. The user is suppose to only have at most one of these objects, is there any way to do this?

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  • Rails Application Hosting

    - by deb
    Where do you host your rails applications? I've tried Heroku (shared) and Slicehost (dedicated). I thought I would ask you, the knowledgeable guys here at stack-overflow, for hosting recommendations. Thanks in advance -- Deb

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  • Rails Plugin Installation Problem

    - by Steve
    When I tried to install the openid plugin, I do not get any confirmation msg about the installation.Even I specify some random .git plugin name, It does not give out any error. Can someone please tell me what about to do to rectify the problem? I used the following syntax ruby script/plugin install git://github.com/rails/open_id_authentication.git

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  • train wreck. Rails requires RubyGems >= 1.3.2

    - by JZ
    I recently upgraded ruby to ruby 1.8.7 (2009-06-12 patchlevel 174) [i686-darwin10] and I think I broke rails. When I attempt to load rails. I get an odd message. Please help! $ ruby script/server Rails requires RubyGems = 1.3.2. Please install RubyGems and try again: http://rubygems.rubyforge.org $ rails -v Rails 3.0.0.beta $ gem -v 1.3.6 $ which gem /usr/bin/gem $ whereis gem /usr/bin/gem $ which rails /usr/bin/rails $ whereis rails /usr/bin/rails $ /usr/bin/gem -v 1.3.6 $ /usr/bin/rails -v Rails 3.0.0.beta $ ruby script/console Rails requires RubyGems >= 1.3.2. Please install RubyGems and try again: http://rubygems.rubyforge.org $ gem list rails *** LOCAL GEMS *** rails (3.0.0.beta, 2.3.5, 2.2.2, 1.2.6) $ gem list *** LOCAL GEMS *** abstract (1.0.0) actionmailer (3.0.0.beta, 2.3.5, 2.2.2, 1.3.6) actionpack (3.0.0.beta, 2.3.5, 2.2.2, 1.13.6) actionwebservice (1.2.6) activemerchant (1.4.1) activemodel (3.0.0.beta) activerecord (3.0.0.beta, 2.3.5, 2.2.2, 1.15.6) activerecord-tableless (0.1.0) activeresource (3.0.0.beta, 2.3.5, 2.2.2) activesupport (3.0.0.beta, 2.3.5, 2.2.2, 1.4.4) acts_as_ferret (0.4.3) arel (0.2.pre) authlogic (2.1.3) builder (2.1.2) bundler (0.9.3) calendar_date_select (1.15) capistrano (2.5.2) cgi_multipart_eof_fix (2.5.0) chronic (0.2.3) columnize (0.3.1) compass (0.8.17) daemons (1.0.10) dnssd (0.6.0) erubis (2.6.5) fastercsv (1.5.0) fastthread (1.0.1) fcgi (0.8.7) ferret (0.11.6) flay (1.4.0) flog (2.4.0) gbarcode (0.98.16) gem_plugin (0.2.3) git (1.2.5) haml (2.2.15) haml-edge (2.3.100) highline (1.5.0) hoe (2.4.0) hpricot (0.6.164) i18n (0.3.3) javan-whenever (0.3.7) jeweler (1.4.0) jscruggs-metric_fu (1.1.5) json_pure (1.2.0) libxml-ruby (1.1.2) linecache (0.43) mail (2.1.2) mechanize (0.9.3) memcache-client (1.7.8) mime-types (1.16) mislav-will_paginate (2.3.11) mocha (0.9.7) mojombo-chronic (0.3.0) mongrel (1.1.5) needle (1.3.0) net-scp (1.0.1) net-sftp (2.0.1, 1.1.1) net-ssh (2.0.4, 1.1.4) net-ssh-gateway (1.0.0) nifty-generators (0.3.0) nokogiri (1.4.0) openrain-action_mailer_tls (1.1.3) passenger (2.2.5) polyglot (0.2.9) prawn (0.6.3) prawn-core (0.6.3) prawn-format (0.2.3) prawn-layout (0.3.2) prawn-security (0.1.1) rack (1.1.0, 1.0.1) rack-mount (0.4.5) rack-test (0.5.3) rails (3.0.0.beta, 2.3.5, 2.2.2, 1.2.6) railties (3.0.0.beta) rake (0.8.7, 0.8.3) rake-compiler (0.6.0) RedCloth (4.1.1) reek (1.2.6) relevance-rcov (0.9.2.1) rmagick (2.12.2) roodi (2.1.0) rsl-stringex (1.0.3) rspec (1.2.9) rspec-rails (1.2.9) ruby-debug (0.10.3) ruby-debug-base (0.10.3) ruby-openid (2.1.2) ruby-yadis (0.3.4) ruby2ruby (1.2.4) ruby_parser (2.0.4) rubyforge (2.0.3) rubygems-update (1.3.6, 1.3.5) rubynode (0.1.5) searchlogic (2.3.9) sexp_processor (3.0.3) spree (0.9.4) sqlite3-ruby (1.2.5, 1.2.4) termios (0.9.4) test-unit (2.0.5) text-format (1.0.0) text-hyphen (1.0.0) thor (0.13.0) tlsmail (0.0.1) topfunky-gruff (0.3.5) treetop (1.4.3) tzinfo (0.3.16) xmpp4r (0.4)

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  • Rails learn's confusion

    - by Steve
    This is a beginner's rails learning confusion. When I learn rails, from time to time, I feel frustrated on rails' principle "Convention over Configuration". Rails uses heavily on conventions. A lot of them are just naming conventions. If I forget a convention, I will either use the wrong naming and get unexpected result or get things magically done but don't understand how. Sometimes, I think of configuration. At least configuration lists everything clearly and nothing is in fog. In rails, there seems a hidden, dark contract between you and the machine. If you follow the contract, you communicate well. But a beginner usually forgets items listed on the contract and this usually leads to confusion. That's why when I first pick up rails, I feel like it is somehow difficult to learn. Besides, there are many other things that could be new to a learner, such as using git, using plugins from community, using RESTful routing style, using RSpec. All these are new and come together in learning ruby and rails. This definitely adds up difficulties for a beginner. In contrast, if you learn php, it wouldn't be that bad. You can forget many things and focus on learning php itself. You don't need to learn database handling if you know SQL already(in rails, you need to learn a whole new concept migration), you don't have to learn a new decent unit test(in rails, usually they teach RSpec along the way because rails is agile and you should learn test-driven development in the early learning stage), you don't have to learn a new version control(in rails, you will be taught about git anyway), you don't have to use complicated plugins(in rails, they usually use third-party plugins in textbook examples! what the hell? why not teach how to do a simplified similar thing in rails?), you don't have to worry RESTful style. All in all, when I learn php, I learn it quick and soon I start to write things myself. Learning php is similar to learning C/java. It tastes like those traditional languages. When I learn rails, it is more difficult. And I need to learn ruby as well (I believe many of you learn ruby just because of rails). Does anyone have the similar feeling as I have? How do you overcome it and start to master rails? Hints will be welcomed. Thank you.

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  • rails log rotation behaves weird (rails version 2.3.5)

    - by robodo
    I'm trying to setup log rotation in rails. I have put this in my environment/development.rb: config.logger = Logger.new("#{RAILS_ROOT}/log/#{ENV['RAILS_ENV']}.log", 1, 5*1048576) 2 files are created :-) but it looks like rails is writing to them randomly and at the same time as well. This creates messy log files :-( what am I missing?

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  • Refactoring a Single Rails Model with large methods & long join queries trying to do everything

    - by Kelseydh
    I have a working Ruby on Rails Model that I suspect is inefficient, hard to maintain, and full of unnecessary SQL join queries. I want to optimize and refactor this Model (Quiz.rb) to comply with Rails best practices, but I'm not sure how I should do it. The Rails app is a game that has Missions with many Stages. Users complete Stages by answering Questions that have correct or incorrect Answers. When a User tries to complete a stage by answering questions, the User gets a Quiz entry with many Attempts. Each Attempt records an Answer submitted for that Question within the Stage. A user completes a stage or mission by getting every Attempt correct, and their progress is tracked by adding a new entry to the UserMission & UserStage join tables. All of these features work, but unfortunately the Quiz.rb Model has been twisted to handle almost all of it exclusively. The callbacks began at 'Quiz.rb', and because I wasn't sure how to leave the Quiz Model during a multi-model update, I resorted to using Rails Console to have the @quiz instance variable via self.some_method do all the heavy lifting to retrieve every data value for the game's business logic; resulting in large extended join queries that "dance" all around the Database schema. The Quiz.rb Model that Smells: class Quiz < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :user has_many :attempts, dependent: :destroy before_save :check_answer before_save :update_user_mission_and_stage accepts_nested_attributes_for :attempts, :reject_if => lambda { |a| a[:answer_id].blank? }, :allow_destroy => true #Checks every answer within each quiz, adding +1 for each correct answer #within a stage quiz, and -1 for each incorrect answer def check_answer stage_score = 0 self.attempts.each do |attempt| if attempt.answer.correct? == true stage_score += 1 elsif attempt.answer.correct == false stage_score - 1 end end stage_score end def winner return true end def update_user_mission_and_stage ####### #Step 1: Checks if UserMission exists, finds or creates one. #if no UserMission for the current mission exists, creates a new UserMission if self.user_has_mission? == false @user_mission = UserMission.new(user_id: self.user.id, mission_id: self.current_stage.mission_id, available: true) @user_mission.save else @user_mission = self.find_user_mission end ####### #Step 2: Checks if current UserStage exists, stops if true to prevent duplicate entry if self.user_has_stage? @user_mission.save return true else ####### ##Step 3: if step 2 returns false: ##Initiates UserStage creation instructions #checks for winner (winner actions need to be defined) if they complete last stage of last mission for a given orientation if self.passed? && self.is_last_stage? && self.is_last_mission? create_user_stage_and_update_user_mission self.winner #NOTE: The rest are the same, but specify conditions that are available to add badges or other actions upon those conditions occurring: ##if user completes first stage of a mission elsif self.passed? && self.is_first_stage? && self.is_first_mission? create_user_stage_and_update_user_mission #creates user badge for finishing first stage of first mission self.user.add_badge(5) self.user.activity_logs.create(description: "granted first-stage badge", type_event: "badge", value: "first-stage") #If user completes last stage of a given mission, creates a new UserMission elsif self.passed? && self.is_last_stage? && self.is_first_mission? create_user_stage_and_update_user_mission #creates user badge for finishing first mission self.user.add_badge(6) self.user.activity_logs.create(description: "granted first-mission badge", type_event: "badge", value: "first-mission") elsif self.passed? create_user_stage_and_update_user_mission else self.passed? == false return true end end end #Creates a new UserStage record in the database for a successful Quiz question passing def create_user_stage_and_update_user_mission @nu_stage = @user_mission.user_stages.new(user_id: self.user.id, stage_id: self.current_stage.id) @nu_stage.save @user_mission.save self.user.add_points(50) end #Boolean that defines passing a stage as answering every question in that stage correct def passed? self.check_answer >= self.number_of_questions end #Returns the number of questions asked for that stage's quiz def number_of_questions self.attempts.first.answer.question.stage.questions.count end #Returns the current_stage for the Quiz, routing through 1st attempt in that Quiz def current_stage self.attempts.first.answer.question.stage end #Gives back the position of the stage relative to its mission. def stage_position self.attempts.first.answer.question.stage.position end #will find the user_mission for the current user and stage if it exists def find_user_mission self.user.user_missions.find_by_mission_id(self.current_stage.mission_id) end #Returns true if quiz was for the last stage within that mission #helpful for triggering actions related to a user completing a mission def is_last_stage? self.stage_position == self.current_stage.mission.stages.last.position end #Returns true if quiz was for the first stage within that mission #helpful for triggering actions related to a user completing a mission def is_first_stage? self.stage_position == self.current_stage.mission.stages_ordered.first.position end #Returns true if current user has a UserMission for the current stage def user_has_mission? self.user.missions.ids.include?(self.current_stage.mission.id) end #Returns true if current user has a UserStage for the current stage def user_has_stage? self.user.stages.include?(self.current_stage) end #Returns true if current user is on the last mission based on position within a given orientation def is_first_mission? self.user.missions.first.orientation.missions.by_position.first.position == self.current_stage.mission.position end #Returns true if current user is on the first stage & mission of a given orientation def is_last_mission? self.user.missions.first.orientation.missions.by_position.last.position == self.current_stage.mission.position end end My Question Currently my Rails server takes roughly 500ms to 1 sec to process single @quiz.save action. I am confident that the slowness here is due to sloppy code, not bad Database ERD design. What does a better solution look like? And specifically: Should I use join queries to retrieve values like I did here, or is it better to instantiate new objects within the model instead? Or am I missing a better solution? How should update_user_mission_and_stage be refactored to follow best practices? Relevant Code for Reference: quizzes_controller.rb w/ Controller Route Initiating Callback: class QuizzesController < ApplicationController before_action :find_stage_and_mission before_action :find_orientation before_action :find_question def show end def create @user = current_user @quiz = current_user.quizzes.new(quiz_params) if @quiz.save if @quiz.passed? if @mission.next_mission.nil? && @stage.next_stage.nil? redirect_to root_path, notice: "Congratulations, you have finished the last mission!" elsif @stage.next_stage.nil? redirect_to [@mission.next_mission, @mission.first_stage], notice: "Correct! Time for Mission #{@mission.next_mission.position}", info: "Starting next mission" else redirect_to [@mission, @stage.next_stage], notice: "Answer Correct! You passed the stage!" end else redirect_to [@mission, @stage], alert: "You didn't get every question right, please try again." end else redirect_to [@mission, @stage], alert: "Sorry. We were unable to save your answer. Please contact the admministrator." end @questions = @stage.questions.all end private def find_stage_and_mission @stage = Stage.find(params[:stage_id]) @mission = @stage.mission end def find_question @question = @stage.questions.find_by_id params[:id] end def quiz_params params.require(:quiz).permit(:user_id, :attempt_id, {attempts_attributes: [:id, :quiz_id, :answer_id]}) end def find_orientation @orientation = @mission.orientation @missions = @orientation.missions.by_position end end Overview of Relevant ERD Database Relationships: Mission - Stage - Question - Answer - Attempt <- Quiz <- User Mission - UserMission <- User Stage - UserStage <- User Other Models: Mission.rb class Mission < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :orientation has_many :stages has_many :user_missions, dependent: :destroy has_many :users, through: :user_missions #SCOPES scope :by_position, -> {order(position: :asc)} def stages_ordered stages.order(:position) end def next_mission self.orientation.missions.find_by_position(self.position.next) end def first_stage next_mission.stages_ordered.first end end Stage.rb: class Stage < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :mission has_many :questions, dependent: :destroy has_many :user_stages, dependent: :destroy has_many :users, through: :user_stages accepts_nested_attributes_for :questions, reject_if: :all_blank, allow_destroy: true def next_stage self.mission.stages.find_by_position(self.position.next) end end Question.rb class Question < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :stage has_many :answers, dependent: :destroy accepts_nested_attributes_for :answers, :reject_if => lambda { |a| a[:body].blank? }, :allow_destroy => true end Answer.rb: class Answer < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :question has_many :attempts, dependent: :destroy end Attempt.rb: class Attempt < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :answer belongs_to :quiz end User.rb: class User < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :school has_many :activity_logs has_many :user_missions, dependent: :destroy has_many :missions, through: :user_missions has_many :user_stages, dependent: :destroy has_many :stages, through: :user_stages has_many :orientations, through: :school has_many :quizzes, dependent: :destroy has_many :attempts, through: :quizzes def latest_stage_position self.user_missions.last.user_stages.last.stage.position end end UserMission.rb class UserMission < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :user belongs_to :mission has_many :user_stages, dependent: :destroy end UserStage.rb class UserStage < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :user belongs_to :stage belongs_to :user_mission end

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  • Routing tables don't show ppp0 after 12.04 kernel upgrade to 3.5.0: Haier CE682 modem configuration

    - by ubunsteve
    I'm trying to get my Haier CE682 EVDO modem, model number 201e:1022 to work in ubuntu 12.04 kernel 3.5.0-030500-generic #201207211835 . I had it working in a previous 12.04 kernel, using compat-wireless and these instructions http://zulkhamsyahmh.blogspot.com/2012/05/install-smartfren-haier-ce682-on-ubuntu.html, and to get it working had to edit the routing tables so that there was a ppp0 showing up, as suggested at http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/slackware-14/wvdial-is-connecting-but-im-unable-to-do-anything-714861/ Network manager doesn't work with this modem, so I use either wvdial or gpppon to connect to it, both which work (after I run the command sudo modprobe usbserial vendor=0x201e product=0x1022 ) This is the output of when I connect with gpppon to the modem: Using interface ppp0 Connect: ppp0 <-- /dev/ttyUSB0 sent [LCP ConfReq id=0x1 ] rcvd [LCP ConfAck id=0x1 ] rcvd [LCP ConfReq id=0x2 ] sent [LCP ConfAck id=0x2 ] sent [LCP EchoReq id=0x0 magic=0x819c86db] rcvd [CHAP Challenge id=0x1 <1ac8f12799e953967a3cc222c9254690, name = ""] sent [CHAP Response id=0x1 <6f12a903dc40915ca2761c17b87f8fbd, name = "smart"] rcvd [LCP EchoRep id=0x0 magic=0x0] rcvd [CHAP Success id=0x1 ""] CHAP authentication succeeded CHAP authentication succeeded sent [CCP ConfReq id=0x1 ] sent [IPCP ConfReq id=0x1 ] rcvd [IPCP ConfReq id=0x1 ] sent [IPCP ConfAck id=0x1 ] rcvd [CCP ConfReq id=0x1] sent [CCP ConfAck id=0x1] rcvd [CCP ConfRej id=0x1 ] sent [CCP ConfReq id=0x2] rcvd [IPCP ConfRej id=0x1 ] sent [IPCP ConfReq id=0x2 ] rcvd [CCP ConfAck id=0x2] rcvd [IPCP ConfNak id=0x2 ] sent [IPCP ConfReq id=0x3 ] rcvd [IPCP ConfAck id=0x3 ] not replacing existing default route via 192.168.3.1 local IP address 10.191.248.154 remote IP address 10.17.95.25 primary DNS address 10.17.3.244 secondary DNS address 10.17.3.245 as you can see there is a problem with "not replacing existing default route via 192.168.3.1" This it the out put of route Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface default 192.168.3.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 wlan0 link-local * 255.255.0.0 U 1000 0 0 wlan0 192.168.3.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 2 0 0 wlan0 I had tried these commands, which had previously worked in the earlier kernel: route del default route add default ppp0 but that broke my wireless internet connection. I then added the default routing as shown above with sudo route add default gw 192.168.3.1 wlan0 So it seems I need to add or change the routing to show a ppp0 connection, but I don't know how to do that.

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  • W7 routing - traffic not going to default gateway

    - by Ian Macintosh
    I have a really strange Windows 7 IPv4 routing issue that I can't get to the bottom of. The summary of the issue is that the default gateway is set to 192.168.254.253, but that it is actually using a default gateway of 192.168.254.254. Here's a network diagram: .-,( ),-. .-( )-. .-----( internet )----.--------------------------. | '-( ).-' | | | '-.( ).-' | | v v v .------------. .------. .------. | 10mb Fibre | | ADSL | | ADSL | '------------' '------' '------' | | | | | | v v v .---------------------. .--------------------. .--------------------. | Juniper Box | | Draytek DSL Router | | Draytek DSL Router | |---------------------| |--------------------| |--------------------| | (public IP address) | | 172.16.0.x | | 172.16.0.x | '---------------------' '--------------------' '--------------------' | | | | | .-------------------' | v v v .-------------------------. .-----------------. | Draytek Dual WAN Router | | Untangle GW | |-------------------------| |-----------------| | 192.168.254.254 | | 192.168.254.253 | '-------------------------' '-----------------' | | | | | v v =================================== LAN =================================== | | | | v v .----------------. .----------------. | Windows 7 W/S | | Windows 7 W/S | |----------------| |----------------| | 192.168.254.38 | | 192.168.254.77 | '----------------' '----------------' This is a recently (a few weeks ago) converted fibre site with the original 2 DSL lines still attached and running. An Untangle (firewall) was installed with the fibre line. Here is the affected PC network configuration: C:\>ipconfig /allcompartments /all Windows IP Configuration ============================================================================== Network Information for Compartment 1 (ACTIVE) ============================================================================== Host Name . . . . . . . . . . . . : COMP36 Primary Dns Suffix . . . . . . . : XXXXXX.local Node Type . . . . . . . . . . . . : Broadcast IP Routing Enabled. . . . . . . . : No WINS Proxy Enabled. . . . . . . . : No DNS Suffix Search List. . . . . . : XXXXXX.local Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection 2: Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : XXXXXX.local Description . . . . . . . . . . . : Realtek PCIe GBE Family Controller #2 Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : C8-9C-DC-33-F1-65 DHCP Enabled. . . . . . . . . . . : Yes Autoconfiguration Enabled . . . . : Yes Link-local IPv6 Address . . . . . : fe80::3925:86a5:7066:ab92%15(Preferred) IPv4 Address. . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.254.38(Preferred) Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0 Lease Obtained. . . . . . . . . . : 22 August 2012 10:20:32 Lease Expires . . . . . . . . . . : 30 August 2012 10:20:31 Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.254.253 DHCP Server . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.254.200 DHCPv6 IAID . . . . . . . . . . . : 315137244 DHCPv6 Client DUID. . . . . . . . : 00-01-00-01-14-4A-17-8D-10-78-D2-74-2F-8A DNS Servers . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.254.200 Primary WINS Server . . . . . . . : 192.168.254.200 NetBIOS over Tcpip. . . . . . . . : Enabled Tunnel adapter isatap.XXXXXX.local: Media State . . . . . . . . . . . : Media disconnected Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : XXXXXX.local Description . . . . . . . . . . . : Microsoft ISATAP Adapter Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : 00-00-00-00-00-00-00-E0 DHCP Enabled. . . . . . . . . . . : No Autoconfiguration Enabled . . . . : Yes Tunnel adapter Teredo Tunneling Pseudo-Interface: Media State . . . . . . . . . . . : Media disconnected Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : Description . . . . . . . . . . . : Teredo Tunneling Pseudo-Interface Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : 00-00-00-00-00-00-00-E0 DHCP Enabled. . . . . . . . . . . : No Autoconfiguration Enabled . . . . : Yes The routing table: C:\>route print =========================================================================== Interface List 15...c8 9c dc 33 f1 65 ......Realtek PCIe GBE Family Controller #2 1...........................Software Loopback Interface 1 10...00 00 00 00 00 00 00 e0 Microsoft ISATAP Adapter 11...00 00 00 00 00 00 00 e0 Teredo Tunneling Pseudo-Interface =========================================================================== IPv4 Route Table =========================================================================== Active Routes: Network Destination Netmask Gateway Interface Metric 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.254.253 192.168.254.38 10 127.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 On-link 127.0.0.1 306 127.0.0.1 255.255.255.255 On-link 127.0.0.1 306 127.255.255.255 255.255.255.255 On-link 127.0.0.1 306 192.168.254.0 255.255.255.0 On-link 192.168.254.38 266 192.168.254.38 255.255.255.255 On-link 192.168.254.38 266 192.168.254.255 255.255.255.255 On-link 192.168.254.38 266 224.0.0.0 240.0.0.0 On-link 127.0.0.1 306 224.0.0.0 240.0.0.0 On-link 192.168.254.38 266 255.255.255.255 255.255.255.255 On-link 127.0.0.1 306 255.255.255.255 255.255.255.255 On-link 192.168.254.38 266 =========================================================================== Persistent Routes: None IPv6 Route Table =========================================================================== Active Routes: If Metric Network Destination Gateway 1 306 ::1/128 On-link 15 266 fe80::/64 On-link 15 266 fe80::3925:86a5:7066:ab92/128 On-link 1 306 ff00 ::/8 On-link 15 266 ff00::/8 On-link =========================================================================== Persistent Routes: None And the strange routing as demonstrated by tracert: C:\>tracert -d www.bbc.co.uk Tracing route to www.bbc.net.uk [212.58.246.95] over a maximum of 30 hops: 1 1 ms 1 ms <1 ms 192.168.254.254 2 1 ms 1 ms 1 ms 172.16.0.254 3 17 ms 18 ms 16 ms XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 4 18 ms 19 ms 19 ms XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 5 22 ms 22 ms 22 ms XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 6 22 ms 21 ms 22 ms XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 7 21 ms 21 ms 22 ms 217.41.169.109 8 30 ms 32 ms 57 ms 109.159.251.227 9 46 ms 39 ms 35 ms 109.159.251.137 10 27 ms 66 ms 30 ms 109.159.254.116 ^C However, when done from another Windows 7 workstation: C:\Users\administrator>ipconfig /allcompartments /all Windows IP Configuration ============================================================================== Network Information for Compartment 1 (ACTIVE) ============================================================================== Host Name . . . . . . . . . . . . : PABX-BACKUP Primary Dns Suffix . . . . . . . : XXXXXX.local Node Type . . . . . . . . . . . . : Broadcast IP Routing Enabled. . . . . . . . : No WINS Proxy Enabled. . . . . . . . : No DNS Suffix Search List. . . . . . : XXXXXX.local Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection: Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : XXXXXX.local Description . . . . . . . . . . . : Realtek PCIe GBE Family Controller Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : 8C-89-A5-94-43-84 DHCP Enabled. . . . . . . . . . . : Yes Autoconfiguration Enabled . . . . : Yes Link-local IPv6 Address . . . . . : fe80::9479:1c11:6f9f:ae0b%11(Preferred) IPv4 Address. . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.254.77(Preferred) Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0 Lease Obtained. . . . . . . . . . : 15 August 2012 08:27:18 Lease Expires . . . . . . . . . . : 27 August 2012 08:27:31 Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.254.253 DHCP Server . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.254.200 DHCPv6 IAID . . . . . . . . . . . : 244091301 DHCPv6 Client DUID. . . . . . . . : 00-01-00-01-16-C2-79-BE-8C-89-A5-94-43-84 DNS Servers . . . . . . . . . . . : 192.168.254.200 Primary WINS Server . . . . . . . : 192.168.254.200 NetBIOS over Tcpip. . . . . . . . : Enabled Tunnel adapter isatap.XXXXXX.local: Media State . . . . . . . . . . . : Media disconnected Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : XXXXXX.local Description . . . . . . . . . . . : Microsoft ISATAP Adapter Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : 00-00-00-00-00-00-00-E0 DHCP Enabled. . . . . . . . . . . : No Autoconfiguration Enabled . . . . : Yes Tunnel adapter Local Area Connection* 9: Media State . . . . . . . . . . . : Media disconnected Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : Description . . . . . . . . . . . : Microsoft 6to4 Adapter Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : 00-00-00-00-00-00-00-E0 DHCP Enabled. . . . . . . . . . . : No Autoconfiguration Enabled . . . . : Yes Tunnel adapter Teredo Tunneling Pseudo-Interface: Media State . . . . . . . . . . . : Media disconnected Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : Description . . . . . . . . . . . : Teredo Tunneling Pseudo-Interface Physical Address. . . . . . . . . : 00-00-00-00-00-00-00-E0 DHCP Enabled. . . . . . . . . . . : No Autoconfiguration Enabled . . . . : Yes C:\Users\administrator> And finally, doing a tracert from the 2nd workstation yields expected results: C:\Users\administrator>tracert -d www.bbc.co.uk Tracing route to www.bbc.net.uk [212.58.244.67] over a maximum of 30 hops: 1 <1 ms <1 ms <1 ms 192.168.254.253 2 1 ms 1 ms 1 ms 141.0.xxx.xxx 3 2 ms 2 ms 2 ms 141.0.xxx.xxx 4 7 ms 2 ms 2 ms 109.204.xxx.xxx 5 2 ms 2 ms 2 ms 95.177.0.7 6 3 ms 2 ms 2 ms 95.177.0.9 7 30 ms 2 ms 2 ms 95.177.0.2 8 2 ms 2 ms 2 ms 195.66.224.103 9 ^C As expected, it is routing via .253, and the 2nd hop is the inside interface of the Juniper NTU. I've not inspected the traffic yet. In particular, I was going to look for ICMP redirects, though why there would be an ICMP redirect at all is not really sensible? .254 used to be the default gateway before the fibre was installed. Any ideas? Doesn't make sense to me why there should be this routing issue :( The Draytek Dual WAN Router was rebooted, the PC was rebooted. The PC had the network disabled and then re-enabled. All the standard stuff when Windows looses the plot. Hopefully somebody recognises the symptoms! PS: Sorry for the long post, but I didn't want to leave something potentially relevant out. PPS: No iSCSI involved on/at this or any other workstation so Windows 7 routing traffic through the gateway for local addresses isn't the issue.

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  • Routing static IP traffic on a Comcast Business Class IP Gateway (SMCD3G-CCR)

    - by Jakobud
    We are in the process of replacing our firewall, which is currently the only thing connected to our Comcast Business Class modem. Comcast gives us 5 static IP addresses. Currently, all traffic to all 5 static IPs goes directly to the existing firewall. Eventually, obviously all traffic will goto the new firewall, once the old firewall is removed from the network. But in the meantime, as we will have two firewalls plugged into the same Comcast modem, I need to route certain traffic to the new firewall instead of the old one. The firewall switchover is going to be slow and gradual as I am testing it, so I can't simply unplug the existing firewall and plug in the new one. So my question is, how do I tell the modem to route all traffic that goes to a specific IP to goto the new firewall instead of the old one? I've logged into the web interface for the modem, but the available options aren't very clear. There is a 1-to-1 NAT option (which I can't seem to get the interface for it to work properly) but I also see a "Static Routing" section. I always understood Static Routing to refer to routing data within the LAN though, so I'm not sure if that's what I'm looking for or not. Keep in mind, I'm not looking to do simple port forwarding. I'm wanting 100% of traffic to certain public static IPs to go to the specified connected firewall (I'll deal with service policies there). The modem is an SMC SMCD3G-CCR and is labeled as a Comcast Business Class Business IP Gateway. Any help or direction would be greatly appreciated.

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  • IP address spoofing using Source Routing

    - by iamrohitbanga
    With IP options we can specify the route we want an IP packet to take while connecting to a server. If we know that a particular server provides some extra functionality based on the IP address can we not utilize this by spoofing an IP packet so that the source IP address is the privileged IP address and one of the hosts on the Source Routing is our own. So if the privileged IP address is x1 and server IP address is x2 and my own IP address is x3. I send a packet from x1 to x2 which is supposed to pass through x3. x1 does not actually send the packet. It is just that x2 thinks the packet came from x1 via x3. Now in response if x2 uses the same routing policy (as a matter of courtesy to x1) then all packets would be received by x3. Will the destination typically use the same IP address sequences as specified in the routing header so that packets coming from the server pass through my IP where I can get the required information? Can we not spoof a TCP connection in the above case? Is this attack used in practice?

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  • Configure IPv6 routing

    - by godlark
    I've got IPv6 addresses from SIXXS. My host is connected with SIXXS network over a AICCU tunnel ("sixxs" interface). My host address is 2001:::2, the host on the end has address 2001:::1. On my host IPv6 is fully accessible. I have problem with configuring IPv6 network on VMs. I use VirtualBox, the VM (Ubuntu) uses tap1 (on the host bridged by br0) #!/bin/sh PATH=/sbin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin # create a tap tunctl -t tap1 ip link set up dev tap1 # create the bridge brctl addbr br0 brctl addif br0 tap1 # set the IP address and routing ip link set up dev br0 ip -6 route del 2001:6a0:200:172::/64 dev sixxs ip -6 route add 2001:6a0:200:172::1 dev sixxs ip -6 addr add 2001:6a0:200:172::2/64 dev br0 ip -6 route add 2001:6a0:200:172::2/64 dev br0 Host: routing table: 2001:6a0:200:172::1 dev sixxs metric 1024 2001:6a0:200:172::/64 dev br0 proto kernel metric 256 2001:6a0:200:172::/64 dev br0 metric 1024 2000::/3 dev sixxs metric 1024 fe80::/64 dev eth0 proto kernel metric 256 fe80::/64 dev sixxs proto kernel metric 256 fe80::/64 dev br0 proto kernel metric 256 fe80::/64 dev tap1 proto kernel metric 256 default via 2001:6a0:200:172::1 dev sixxs metric 1024 Guest: interface eth1 (it is connected with tap1): auto eth1 iface eth1 inet6 static address 2001:6a0:200:172::3 netmask 64 gateway 2001:6a0:200:172::2 Guest: routing table 2001:6a0:200:172::/64 dev eth1 proto kernel metric 256 fe80::/64 dev eth0 proto kernel metric 256 fe80::/64 dev eth1 proto kernel metric 256 default via 2001:6a0:200:172::2 dev eth1 metric 1024 The guest pings to the host, the host pings to the guest, the host pings to 2001:6a0:200:172::1, but the guest doesn't ping to 2001:6a0:200:172::1. The guest tries to ping, on the host (by tcdump) I can capture its packets, but the host doesn't send them to 2001:6a0:200:172::1. What have I missed in configuration?

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  • InterVLAN routing on a HP V1910 series switch

    - by tintix
    Recently bought a HP V1910-16G switch (former 3com 29??) with IPv4 routing capabilities. After unpacking I did a firmware upgrade to the latest 5.20 Release 1513P06. I did set up additional VLANs (#2 and #3) and VLAN interfaces for those. The problem is that connected PCs on different VLAN's can't ping each other. Looks like VLAN routing doesn't even work. So here's my setup: VLAN ID VLAN interface 1 10.0.0.21/24 2 10.0.5.1/24 3 10.0.6.1/24 Have one PC connected to VLAN 2 (IP address 10.0.5.2, default gateway 10.0.5.1) and a second PC connected to VLAN 3 (IP address 10.0.6.2, default gateway 10.0.6.1) Routing table: Destination IP Mask Next Hop 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.0.0.1 10.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.21 10.0.0.21 255.255.255.255 127.0.0.1 10.0.5.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.5.1 10.0.5.1 255.255.255.255 127.0.0.1 10.0.6.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.6.1 10.0.6.1 255.255.255.255 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 127.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 255.255.255.255 127.0.0.1 The first PC can't ping the second PC one and vice versa. They only can ping their own gateways and that's all. What I'm doing wrong?

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  • Need Routing help (tagged/untagged)

    - by TheCleaner
    I really need some help trying to figure some "basic" routing. My brain is fried from being sick for a week and I'm not thinking clearly. Picture below describes my "setup". I'm trying to accomplish routing a user from their workstation to the Juniper SSG520 and then "OUT" through the internet connection. I can't move the connection as it is physically located where the user's switch is. Here's what I CAN do at this point: I can ping from the Juniper SSG520 eth3/3 to 6x.xxx.253.116 from 6x.xxx.253.114 I can ping from the x450 in the top right to 6x.xxx.253.112 from 6x.xxx.253.116 What I CANNOT DO: I cannot ping from the SSG520 eth3/3 to 6x.xxx.253.112 from 6x.xxx.253.114 (basically from the Juniper box to the gateway. I've tried changing port 1 in the x450 VLAN 666 as tagged but when I do that then I can't even ping from the Juniper SSG520 eth3/3 to the VLAN on the x450 (6x.xxx.253.116). I need to route traffic out the eth3/3 interface on the SSG520 THROUGH the 2 x450 Switches and out the internet connection. The caveat is that the 2 x450 switches are connected via fiber over distance and have tagged VLANs in them for the routing. Thoughts? http://img251.imageshack.us/img251/7752/drawing1.jpg

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  • Routing WIFI and LAN for specific traffic

    - by jakebird451
    I have two network devices aboard my macbook pro: WIFI (en1): Used for general traffic. Connects to an ip of 192.168.19.* via DHCP LAN (en0): Used for specific traffic. Connects to an ip of 192.168.2.10 as a static IP. Does not connect to a router, only a switch for direct routing connection. I have 4 IP addresses I need to access on the LAN: 192.168.2.1 192.168.2.21 192.168.2.20 192.168.2.30 The rest of the traffic needs to go to WIFI. I have tried setting up a routing table for the specific ip addresses, but I only managed to mess up my network. I do not venture out into the world of networking too often, but this was the latest command I have been trying: sudo route add -host 192.168.2.30 -interface en0 This command killed my ability to use ping. It told me that ping could not allocate memory (is that even possible)? It also killed my wifi access. Logging out and back in fixed the issue. I really do not mind to make this solution permanent, so I am fine with a temporary routing.

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  • Custom ASP.NET Routing to an HttpHandler

    - by Rick Strahl
    As of version 4.0 ASP.NET natively supports routing via the now built-in System.Web.Routing namespace. Routing features are automatically integrated into the HtttpRuntime via a few custom interfaces. New Web Forms Routing Support In ASP.NET 4.0 there are a host of improvements including routing support baked into Web Forms via a RouteData property available on the Page class and RouteCollection.MapPageRoute() route handler that makes it easy to route to Web forms. To map ASP.NET Page routes is as simple as setting up the routes with MapPageRoute:protected void Application_Start(object sender, EventArgs e) { RegisterRoutes(RouteTable.Routes); } void RegisterRoutes(RouteCollection routes) { routes.MapPageRoute("StockQuote", "StockQuote/{symbol}", "StockQuote.aspx"); routes.MapPageRoute("StockQuotes", "StockQuotes/{symbolList}", "StockQuotes.aspx"); } and then accessing the route data in the page you can then use the new Page class RouteData property to retrieve the dynamic route data information:public partial class StockQuote1 : System.Web.UI.Page { protected StockQuote Quote = null; protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e) { string symbol = RouteData.Values["symbol"] as string; StockServer server = new StockServer(); Quote = server.GetStockQuote(symbol); // display stock data in Page View } } Simple, quick and doesn’t require much explanation. If you’re using WebForms most of your routing needs should be served just fine by this simple mechanism. Kudos to the ASP.NET team for putting this in the box and making it easy! How Routing Works To handle Routing in ASP.NET involves these steps: Registering Routes Creating a custom RouteHandler to retrieve an HttpHandler Attaching RouteData to your HttpHandler Picking up Route Information in your Request code Registering routes makes ASP.NET aware of the Routes you want to handle via the static RouteTable.Routes collection. You basically add routes to this collection to let ASP.NET know which URL patterns it should watch for. You typically hook up routes off a RegisterRoutes method that fires in Application_Start as I did in the example above to ensure routes are added only once when the application first starts up. When you create a route, you pass in a RouteHandler instance which ASP.NET caches and reuses as routes are matched. Once registered ASP.NET monitors the routes and if a match is found just prior to the HttpHandler instantiation, ASP.NET uses the RouteHandler registered for the route and calls GetHandler() on it to retrieve an HttpHandler instance. The RouteHandler.GetHandler() method is responsible for creating an instance of an HttpHandler that is to handle the request and – if necessary – to assign any additional custom data to the handler. At minimum you probably want to pass the RouteData to the handler so the handler can identify the request based on the route data available. To do this you typically add  a RouteData property to your handler and then assign the property from the RouteHandlers request context. This is essentially how Page.RouteData comes into being and this approach should work well for any custom handler implementation that requires RouteData. It’s a shame that ASP.NET doesn’t have a top level intrinsic object that’s accessible off the HttpContext object to provide route data more generically, but since RouteData is directly tied to HttpHandlers and not all handlers support it it might cause some confusion of when it’s actually available. Bottom line is that if you want to hold on to RouteData you have to assign it to a custom property of the handler or else pass it to the handler via Context.Items[] object that can be retrieved on an as needed basis. It’s important to understand that routing is hooked up via RouteHandlers that are responsible for loading HttpHandler instances. RouteHandlers are invoked for every request that matches a route and through this RouteHandler instance the Handler gains access to the current RouteData. Because of this logic it’s important to understand that Routing is really tied to HttpHandlers and not available prior to handler instantiation, which is pretty late in the HttpRuntime’s request pipeline. IOW, Routing works with Handlers but not with earlier in the pipeline within Modules. Specifically ASP.NET calls RouteHandler.GetHandler() from the PostResolveRequestCache HttpRuntime pipeline event. Here’s the call stack at the beginning of the GetHandler() call: which fires just before handler resolution. Non-Page Routing – You need to build custom RouteHandlers If you need to route to a custom Http Handler or other non-Page (and non-MVC) endpoint in the HttpRuntime, there is no generic mapping support available. You need to create a custom RouteHandler that can manage creating an instance of an HttpHandler that is fired in response to a routed request. Depending on what you are doing this process can be simple or fairly involved as your code is responsible based on the route data provided which handler to instantiate, and more importantly how to pass the route data on to the Handler. Luckily creating a RouteHandler is easy by implementing the IRouteHandler interface which has only a single GetHttpHandler(RequestContext context) method. In this method you can pick up the requestContext.RouteData, instantiate the HttpHandler of choice, and assign the RouteData to it. Then pass back the handler and you’re done.Here’s a simple example of GetHttpHandler() method that dynamically creates a handler based on a passed in Handler type./// <summary> /// Retrieves an Http Handler based on the type specified in the constructor /// </summary> /// <param name="requestContext"></param> /// <returns></returns> IHttpHandler IRouteHandler.GetHttpHandler(RequestContext requestContext) { IHttpHandler handler = Activator.CreateInstance(CallbackHandlerType) as IHttpHandler; // If we're dealing with a Callback Handler // pass the RouteData for this route to the Handler if (handler is CallbackHandler) ((CallbackHandler)handler).RouteData = requestContext.RouteData; return handler; } Note that this code checks for a specific type of handler and if it matches assigns the RouteData to this handler. This is optional but quite a common scenario if you want to work with RouteData. If the handler you need to instantiate isn’t under your control but you still need to pass RouteData to Handler code, an alternative is to pass the RouteData via the HttpContext.Items collection:IHttpHandler IRouteHandler.GetHttpHandler(RequestContext requestContext) { IHttpHandler handler = Activator.CreateInstance(CallbackHandlerType) as IHttpHandler; requestContext.HttpContext.Items["RouteData"] = requestContext.RouteData; return handler; } The code in the handler implementation can then pick up the RouteData from the context collection as needed:RouteData routeData = HttpContext.Current.Items["RouteData"] as RouteData This isn’t as clean as having an explicit RouteData property, but it does have the advantage that the route data is visible anywhere in the Handler’s code chain. It’s definitely preferable to create a custom property on your handler, but the Context work-around works in a pinch when you don’t’ own the handler code and have dynamic code executing as part of the handler execution. An Example of a Custom RouteHandler: Attribute Based Route Implementation In this post I’m going to discuss a custom routine implementation I built for my CallbackHandler class in the West Wind Web & Ajax Toolkit. CallbackHandler can be very easily used for creating AJAX, REST and POX requests following RPC style method mapping. You can pass parameters via URL query string, POST data or raw data structures, and you can retrieve results as JSON, XML or raw string/binary data. It’s a quick and easy way to build service interfaces with no fuss. As a quick review here’s how CallbackHandler works: You create an Http Handler that derives from CallbackHandler You implement methods that have a [CallbackMethod] Attribute and that’s it. Here’s an example of an CallbackHandler implementation in an ashx.cs based handler:// RestService.ashx.cs public class RestService : CallbackHandler { [CallbackMethod] public StockQuote GetStockQuote(string symbol) { StockServer server = new StockServer(); return server.GetStockQuote(symbol); } [CallbackMethod] public StockQuote[] GetStockQuotes(string symbolList) { StockServer server = new StockServer(); string[] symbols = symbolList.Split(new char[2] { ',',';' },StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries); return server.GetStockQuotes(symbols); } } CallbackHandler makes it super easy to create a method on the server, pass data to it via POST, QueryString or raw JSON/XML data, and then retrieve the results easily back in various formats. This works wonderful and I’ve used these tools in many projects for myself and with clients. But one thing missing has been the ability to create clean URLs. Typical URLs looked like this: http://www.west-wind.com/WestwindWebToolkit/samples/Rest/StockService.ashx?Method=GetStockQuote&symbol=msfthttp://www.west-wind.com/WestwindWebToolkit/samples/Rest/StockService.ashx?Method=GetStockQuotes&symbolList=msft,intc,gld,slw,mwe&format=xml which works and is clear enough, but also clearly very ugly. It would be much nicer if URLs could look like this: http://www.west-wind.com//WestwindWebtoolkit/Samples/StockQuote/msfthttp://www.west-wind.com/WestwindWebtoolkit/Samples/StockQuotes/msft,intc,gld,slw?format=xml (the Virtual Root in this sample is WestWindWebToolkit/Samples and StockQuote/{symbol} is the route)(If you use FireFox try using the JSONView plug-in make it easier to view JSON content) So, taking a clue from the WCF REST tools that use RouteUrls I set out to create a way to specify RouteUrls for each of the endpoints. The change made basically allows changing the above to: [CallbackMethod(RouteUrl="RestService/StockQuote/{symbol}")] public StockQuote GetStockQuote(string symbol) { StockServer server = new StockServer(); return server.GetStockQuote(symbol); } [CallbackMethod(RouteUrl = "RestService/StockQuotes/{symbolList}")] public StockQuote[] GetStockQuotes(string symbolList) { StockServer server = new StockServer(); string[] symbols = symbolList.Split(new char[2] { ',',';' },StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries); return server.GetStockQuotes(symbols); } where a RouteUrl is specified as part of the Callback attribute. And with the changes made with RouteUrls I can now get URLs like the second set shown earlier. So how does that work? Let’s find out… How to Create Custom Routes As mentioned earlier Routing is made up of several steps: Creating a custom RouteHandler to create HttpHandler instances Mapping the actual Routes to the RouteHandler Retrieving the RouteData and actually doing something useful with it in the HttpHandler In the CallbackHandler routing example above this works out to something like this: Create a custom RouteHandler that includes a property to track the method to call Set up the routes using Reflection against the class Looking for any RouteUrls in the CallbackMethod attribute Add a RouteData property to the CallbackHandler so we can access the RouteData in the code of the handler Creating a Custom Route Handler To make the above work I created a custom RouteHandler class that includes the actual IRouteHandler implementation as well as a generic and static method to automatically register all routes marked with the [CallbackMethod(RouteUrl="…")] attribute. Here’s the code:/// <summary> /// Route handler that can create instances of CallbackHandler derived /// callback classes. The route handler tracks the method name and /// creates an instance of the service in a predictable manner /// </summary> /// <typeparam name="TCallbackHandler">CallbackHandler type</typeparam> public class CallbackHandlerRouteHandler : IRouteHandler { /// <summary> /// Method name that is to be called on this route. /// Set by the automatically generated RegisterRoutes /// invokation. /// </summary> public string MethodName { get; set; } /// <summary> /// The type of the handler we're going to instantiate. /// Needed so we can semi-generically instantiate the /// handler and call the method on it. /// </summary> public Type CallbackHandlerType { get; set; } /// <summary> /// Constructor to pass in the two required components we /// need to create an instance of our handler. /// </summary> /// <param name="methodName"></param> /// <param name="callbackHandlerType"></param> public CallbackHandlerRouteHandler(string methodName, Type callbackHandlerType) { MethodName = methodName; CallbackHandlerType = callbackHandlerType; } /// <summary> /// Retrieves an Http Handler based on the type specified in the constructor /// </summary> /// <param name="requestContext"></param> /// <returns></returns> IHttpHandler IRouteHandler.GetHttpHandler(RequestContext requestContext) { IHttpHandler handler = Activator.CreateInstance(CallbackHandlerType) as IHttpHandler; // If we're dealing with a Callback Handler // pass the RouteData for this route to the Handler if (handler is CallbackHandler) ((CallbackHandler)handler).RouteData = requestContext.RouteData; return handler; } /// <summary> /// Generic method to register all routes from a CallbackHandler /// that have RouteUrls defined on the [CallbackMethod] attribute /// </summary> /// <typeparam name="TCallbackHandler">CallbackHandler Type</typeparam> /// <param name="routes"></param> public static void RegisterRoutes<TCallbackHandler>(RouteCollection routes) { // find all methods var methods = typeof(TCallbackHandler).GetMethods(BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Public); foreach (var method in methods) { var attrs = method.GetCustomAttributes(typeof(CallbackMethodAttribute), false); if (attrs.Length < 1) continue; CallbackMethodAttribute attr = attrs[0] as CallbackMethodAttribute; if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(attr.RouteUrl)) continue; // Add the route routes.Add(method.Name, new Route(attr.RouteUrl, new CallbackHandlerRouteHandler(method.Name, typeof(TCallbackHandler)))); } } } The RouteHandler implements IRouteHandler, and its responsibility via the GetHandler method is to create an HttpHandler based on the route data. When ASP.NET calls GetHandler it passes a requestContext parameter which includes a requestContext.RouteData property. This parameter holds the current request’s route data as well as an instance of the current RouteHandler. If you look at GetHttpHandler() you can see that the code creates an instance of the handler we are interested in and then sets the RouteData property on the handler. This is how you can pass the current request’s RouteData to the handler. The RouteData object also has a  RouteData.RouteHandler property that is also available to the Handler later, which is useful in order to get additional information about the current route. In our case here the RouteHandler includes a MethodName property that identifies the method to execute in the handler since that value no longer comes from the URL so we need to figure out the method name some other way. The method name is mapped explicitly when the RouteHandler is created and here the static method that auto-registers all CallbackMethods with RouteUrls sets the method name when it creates the routes while reflecting over the methods (more on this in a minute). The important point here is that you can attach additional properties to the RouteHandler and you can then later access the RouteHandler and its properties later in the Handler to pick up these custom values. This is a crucial feature in that the RouteHandler serves in passing additional context to the handler so it knows what actions to perform. The automatic route registration is handled by the static RegisterRoutes<TCallbackHandler> method. This method is generic and totally reusable for any CallbackHandler type handler. To register a CallbackHandler and any RouteUrls it has defined you simple use code like this in Application_Start (or other application startup code):protected void Application_Start(object sender, EventArgs e) { // Register Routes for RestService CallbackHandlerRouteHandler.RegisterRoutes<RestService>(RouteTable.Routes); } If you have multiple CallbackHandler style services you can make multiple calls to RegisterRoutes for each of the service types. RegisterRoutes internally uses reflection to run through all the methods of the Handler, looking for CallbackMethod attributes and whether a RouteUrl is specified. If it is a new instance of a CallbackHandlerRouteHandler is created and the name of the method and the type are set. routes.Add(method.Name,           new Route(attr.RouteUrl, new CallbackHandlerRouteHandler(method.Name, typeof(TCallbackHandler) )) ); While the routing with CallbackHandlerRouteHandler is set up automatically for all methods that use the RouteUrl attribute, you can also use code to hook up those routes manually and skip using the attribute. The code for this is straightforward and just requires that you manually map each individual route to each method you want a routed: protected void Application_Start(objectsender, EventArgs e){    RegisterRoutes(RouteTable.Routes);}void RegisterRoutes(RouteCollection routes) { routes.Add("StockQuote Route",new Route("StockQuote/{symbol}",                     new CallbackHandlerRouteHandler("GetStockQuote",typeof(RestService) ) ) );     routes.Add("StockQuotes Route",new Route("StockQuotes/{symbolList}",                     new CallbackHandlerRouteHandler("GetStockQuotes",typeof(RestService) ) ) );}I think it’s clearly easier to have CallbackHandlerRouteHandler.RegisterRoutes() do this automatically for you based on RouteUrl attributes, but some people have a real aversion to attaching logic via attributes. Just realize that the option to manually create your routes is available as well. Using the RouteData in the Handler A RouteHandler’s responsibility is to create an HttpHandler and as mentioned earlier, natively IHttpHandler doesn’t have any support for RouteData. In order to utilize RouteData in your handler code you have to pass the RouteData to the handler. In my CallbackHandlerRouteHandler when it creates the HttpHandler instance it creates the instance and then assigns the custom RouteData property on the handler:IHttpHandler handler = Activator.CreateInstance(CallbackHandlerType) as IHttpHandler; if (handler is CallbackHandler) ((CallbackHandler)handler).RouteData = requestContext.RouteData; return handler; Again this only works if you actually add a RouteData property to your handler explicitly as I did in my CallbackHandler implementation:/// <summary> /// Optionally store RouteData on this handler /// so we can access it internally /// </summary> public RouteData RouteData {get; set; } and the RouteHandler needs to set it when it creates the handler instance. Once you have the route data in your handler you can access Route Keys and Values and also the RouteHandler. Since my RouteHandler has a custom property for the MethodName to retrieve it from within the handler I can do something like this now to retrieve the MethodName (this example is actually not in the handler but target is an instance pass to the processor): // check for Route Data method name if (target is CallbackHandler) { var routeData = ((CallbackHandler)target).RouteData; if (routeData != null) methodToCall = ((CallbackHandlerRouteHandler)routeData.RouteHandler).MethodName; } When I need to access the dynamic values in the route ( symbol in StockQuote/{symbol}) I can retrieve it easily with the Values collection (RouteData.Values["symbol"]). In my CallbackHandler processing logic I’m basically looking for matching parameter names to Route parameters: // look for parameters in the routeif(routeData != null){    string parmString = routeData.Values[parameter.Name] as string;    adjustedParms[parmCounter] = ReflectionUtils.StringToTypedValue(parmString, parameter.ParameterType);} And with that we’ve come full circle. We’ve created a custom RouteHandler() that passes the RouteData to the handler it creates. We’ve registered our routes to use the RouteHandler, and we’ve utilized the route data in our handler. For completeness sake here’s the routine that executes a method call based on the parameters passed in and one of the options is to retrieve the inbound parameters off RouteData (as well as from POST data or QueryString parameters):internal object ExecuteMethod(string method, object target, string[] parameters, CallbackMethodParameterType paramType, ref CallbackMethodAttribute callbackMethodAttribute) { HttpRequest Request = HttpContext.Current.Request; object Result = null; // Stores parsed parameters (from string JSON or QUeryString Values) object[] adjustedParms = null; Type PageType = target.GetType(); MethodInfo MI = PageType.GetMethod(method, BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.NonPublic); if (MI == null) throw new InvalidOperationException("Invalid Server Method."); object[] methods = MI.GetCustomAttributes(typeof(CallbackMethodAttribute), false); if (methods.Length < 1) throw new InvalidOperationException("Server method is not accessible due to missing CallbackMethod attribute"); if (callbackMethodAttribute != null) callbackMethodAttribute = methods[0] as CallbackMethodAttribute; ParameterInfo[] parms = MI.GetParameters(); JSONSerializer serializer = new JSONSerializer(); RouteData routeData = null; if (target is CallbackHandler) routeData = ((CallbackHandler)target).RouteData; int parmCounter = 0; adjustedParms = new object[parms.Length]; foreach (ParameterInfo parameter in parms) { // Retrieve parameters out of QueryString or POST buffer if (parameters == null) { // look for parameters in the route if (routeData != null) { string parmString = routeData.Values[parameter.Name] as string; adjustedParms[parmCounter] = ReflectionUtils.StringToTypedValue(parmString, parameter.ParameterType); } // GET parameter are parsed as plain string values - no JSON encoding else if (HttpContext.Current.Request.HttpMethod == "GET") { // Look up the parameter by name string parmString = Request.QueryString[parameter.Name]; adjustedParms[parmCounter] = ReflectionUtils.StringToTypedValue(parmString, parameter.ParameterType); } // POST parameters are treated as methodParameters that are JSON encoded else if (paramType == CallbackMethodParameterType.Json) //string newVariable = methodParameters.GetValue(parmCounter) as string; adjustedParms[parmCounter] = serializer.Deserialize(Request.Params["parm" + (parmCounter + 1).ToString()], parameter.ParameterType); else adjustedParms[parmCounter] = SerializationUtils.DeSerializeObject( Request.Params["parm" + (parmCounter + 1).ToString()], parameter.ParameterType); } else if (paramType == CallbackMethodParameterType.Json) adjustedParms[parmCounter] = serializer.Deserialize(parameters[parmCounter], parameter.ParameterType); else adjustedParms[parmCounter] = SerializationUtils.DeSerializeObject(parameters[parmCounter], parameter.ParameterType); parmCounter++; } Result = MI.Invoke(target, adjustedParms); return Result; } The code basically uses Reflection to loop through all the parameters available on the method and tries to assign the parameters from RouteData, QueryString or POST variables. The parameters are converted into their appropriate types and then used to eventually make a Reflection based method call. What’s sweet is that the RouteData retrieval is just another option for dealing with the inbound data in this scenario and it adds exactly two lines of code plus the code to retrieve the MethodName I showed previously – a seriously low impact addition that adds a lot of extra value to this endpoint callback processing implementation. Debugging your Routes If you create a lot of routes it’s easy to run into Route conflicts where multiple routes have the same path and overlap with each other. This can be difficult to debug especially if you are using automatically generated routes like the routes created by CallbackHandlerRouteHandler.RegisterRoutes. Luckily there’s a tool that can help you out with this nicely. Phill Haack created a RouteDebugging tool you can download and add to your project. The easiest way to do this is to grab and add this to your project is to use NuGet (Add Library Package from your Project’s Reference Nodes):   which adds a RouteDebug assembly to your project. Once installed you can easily debug your routes with this simple line of code which needs to be installed at application startup:protected void Application_Start(object sender, EventArgs e) { CallbackHandlerRouteHandler.RegisterRoutes<StockService>(RouteTable.Routes); // Debug your routes RouteDebug.RouteDebugger.RewriteRoutesForTesting(RouteTable.Routes); } Any routed URL then displays something like this: The screen shows you your current route data and all the routes that are mapped along with a flag that displays which route was actually matched. This is useful – if you have any overlap of routes you will be able to see which routes are triggered – the first one in the sequence wins. This tool has saved my ass on a few occasions – and with NuGet now it’s easy to add it to your project in a few seconds and then remove it when you’re done. Routing Around Custom routing seems slightly complicated on first blush due to its disconnected components of RouteHandler, route registration and mapping of custom handlers. But once you understand the relationship between a RouteHandler, the RouteData and how to pass it to a handler, utilizing of Routing becomes a lot easier as you can easily pass context from the registration to the RouteHandler and through to the HttpHandler. The most important thing to understand when building custom routing solutions is to figure out how to map URLs in such a way that the handler can figure out all the pieces it needs to process the request. This can be via URL routing parameters and as I did in my example by passing additional context information as part of the RouteHandler instance that provides the proper execution context. In my case this ‘context’ was the method name, but it could be an actual static value like an enum identifying an operation or category in an application. Basically user supplied data comes in through the url and static application internal data can be passed via RouteHandler property values. Routing can make your application URLs easier to read by non-techie types regardless of whether you’re building Service type or REST applications, or full on Web interfaces. Routing in ASP.NET 4.0 makes it possible to create just about any extensionless URLs you can dream up and custom RouteHanmdler References Sample ProjectIncludes the sample CallbackHandler service discussed here along with compiled versionsof the Westwind.Web and Westwind.Utilities assemblies.  (requires .NET 4.0/VS 2010) West Wind Web Toolkit includes full implementation of CallbackHandler and the Routing Handler West Wind Web Toolkit Source CodeContains the full source code to the Westwind.Web and Westwind.Utilities assemblies usedin these samples. Includes the source described in the post.(Latest build in the Subversion Repository) CallbackHandler Source(Relevant code to this article tree in Westwind.Web assembly) JSONView FireFoxPluginA simple FireFox Plugin to easily view JSON data natively in FireFox.For IE you can use a registry hack to display JSON as raw text.© Rick Strahl, West Wind Technologies, 2005-2011Posted in ASP.NET  AJAX  HTTP  

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