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• Void* array casting to float, int32, int16, etc.

  - by Griffin

  Hey guys, I've got an array of PCM data, it could be 16 bit, 24 bit packed, 32 bit, etc.. It could be signed, or unsigned, and it could be 32 or 64 bit floating point. It is currently stored as a "void**" matrix, indexed by channel, then by frame. The goal is to allow my library to take in any PCM format and buffer it, without requiring manipulation of the data to fit a designated structure. If the A/D converter spits out 24 bit packed arrays of interleaved PCM, I need to accept it gracefully. I also need to support 16 bit non interleaved, as well as any permutation of the above formats. I know the bit depth and other information at runtime, and I'm trying to code efficiently while not duplicating code. What I need is an effective way to cast the matrix, put PCM data into the matrix, and then pull it out later. I can cast the matrix to int32_t, or int16_t for the 32 and 16 bit signed PCM respectively, I'll probably have to store the 24 bit PCM in an int32_t for 32 bit, 8 bit byte systems as well. Can anyone recommend a good way to put data into this array, and pull it out later? I'd like to avoid large sections of code which look like: switch( mFormat ) { case 1: // unsigned 8 bit for( int i = 0; i < mChannels; i++ ) framesArray = (uint8_t*)pcm[i]; break; case 2: // signed 8 bit for( int i = 0; i < mChannels; i++ ) framesArray = (int8_t*)pcm[i]; break; case 3: // unsigned 16 bit ... Limitations: I'm working in C/C++, no templates, no RTTI, no STL. Think embedded. Things get trickier when I have to port this to a DSP with 16 bit bytes. Does anybody have any useful macros they might be willing to share? Thanks, -Griff

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• What are the C# equivalent of these C++ structs

  - by Otake

  typedef union _Value { signed char c; unsigned char b; signed short s; unsigned short w; signed long l; unsigned long u; float f; double *d; char *p; } Value; typedef struct _Field { WORD nFieldId; BYTE bValueType; Value Value; } Field; typedef struct _Packet { WORD nMessageType; WORD nSecurityType; BYTE bExchangeId; BYTE bMarketCenter; int iFieldCount; char cSymbol[20]; Field FieldArr[1]; } Packet; What are the C# equivalent of these C++ structs? I am migrating some code from C++ to C# and having problems to migrate these structures. I had tried a few things but I always ended up having marshalling problems.

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• Cisco SR520w FE - WAN Port Stops Working

  - by Mike Hanley

  I have setup a Cisco SR520W and everything appears to be working. After about 1-2 days, it looks like the WAN port stops forwarding traffic to the Internet gateway IP of the device. If I unplug and then plug in the network cable connecting the WAN port of the SR520W to my Comcast Cable Modem, traffic startings flowing again. Also, if I restart the SR520W, the traffic will flow again. Any ideas? Here is the running config: Current configuration : 10559 bytes ! version 12.4 no service pad no service timestamps debug uptime service timestamps log datetime msec no service password-encryption ! hostname hostname.mydomain.com ! boot-start-marker boot-end-marker ! logging message-counter syslog no logging rate-limit enable secret 5 <removed> ! aaa new-model ! ! aaa authentication login default local aaa authorization exec default local ! ! aaa session-id common clock timezone PST -8 clock summer-time PDT recurring ! crypto pki trustpoint TP-self-signed-334750407 enrollment selfsigned subject-name cn=IOS-Self-Signed-Certificate-334750407 revocation-check none rsakeypair TP-self-signed-334750407 ! ! crypto pki certificate chain TP-self-signed-334750407 certificate self-signed 01 <removed> quit dot11 syslog ! dot11 ssid <removed> vlan 75 authentication open authentication key-management wpa guest-mode wpa-psk ascii 0 <removed> ! ip source-route ! ! ip dhcp excluded-address 172.16.0.1 172.16.0.10 ! ip dhcp pool inside import all network 172.16.0.0 255.240.0.0 default-router 172.16.0.1 dns-server 10.0.0.15 10.0.0.12 domain-name mydomain.com ! ! ip cef ip domain name mydomain.com ip name-server 68.87.76.178 ip name-server 66.240.48.9 ip port-map user-ezvpn-remote port udp 10000 ip ips notify SDEE ip ips name sdm_ips_rule ! ip ips signature-category category all retired true category ios_ips basic retired false ! ip inspect log drop-pkt no ipv6 cef ! multilink bundle-name authenticated parameter-map type inspect z1-z2-pmap audit-trail on password encryption aes ! ! username admin privilege 15 secret 5 <removed> ! crypto key pubkey-chain rsa named-key realm-cisco.pub key-string <removed> quit ! ! ! ! ! ! crypto ipsec client ezvpn EZVPN_REMOTE_CONNECTION_1 connect auto group EZVPN_GROUP_1 key <removed> mode client peer 64.1.208.90 virtual-interface 1 username admin password <removed> xauth userid mode local ! ! archive log config logging enable logging size 600 hidekeys ! ! ! class-map type inspect match-any SDM_AH match access-group name SDM_AH class-map type inspect match-any SDM-Voice-permit match protocol sip class-map type inspect match-any SDM_ESP match access-group name SDM_ESP class-map type inspect match-any SDM_EASY_VPN_REMOTE_TRAFFIC match protocol isakmp match protocol ipsec-msft match class-map SDM_AH match class-map SDM_ESP match protocol user-ezvpn-remote class-map type inspect match-all SDM_EASY_VPN_REMOTE_PT match class-map SDM_EASY_VPN_REMOTE_TRAFFIC match access-group 101 class-map type inspect match-any Easy_VPN_Remote_VT match access-group 102 class-map type inspect match-any sdm-cls-icmp-access match protocol icmp match protocol tcp match protocol udp class-map type inspect match-any sdm-cls-insp-traffic match protocol cuseeme match protocol dns match protocol ftp match protocol h323 match protocol https match protocol icmp match protocol imap match protocol pop3 match protocol netshow match protocol shell match protocol realmedia match protocol rtsp match protocol smtp extended match protocol sql-net match protocol streamworks match protocol tftp match protocol vdolive match protocol tcp match protocol udp class-map type inspect match-any L4-inspect-class match protocol icmp class-map type inspect match-all sdm-invalid-src match access-group 100 class-map type inspect match-all dhcp_out_self match access-group name dhcp-resp-permit class-map type inspect match-all dhcp_self_out match access-group name dhcp-req-permit class-map type inspect match-all sdm-protocol-http match protocol http ! ! policy-map type inspect sdm-permit-icmpreply class type inspect dhcp_self_out pass class type inspect sdm-cls-icmp-access inspect class class-default pass policy-map type inspect sdm-permit_VT class type inspect Easy_VPN_Remote_VT pass class class-default drop policy-map type inspect sdm-inspect class type inspect SDM-Voice-permit pass class type inspect sdm-cls-insp-traffic inspect class type inspect sdm-invalid-src drop log class type inspect sdm-protocol-http inspect z1-z2-pmap class class-default pass policy-map type inspect sdm-inspect-voip-in class type inspect SDM-Voice-permit pass class class-default drop policy-map type inspect sdm-permit class type inspect SDM_EASY_VPN_REMOTE_PT pass class type inspect dhcp_out_self pass class class-default drop ! zone security ezvpn-zone zone security out-zone zone security in-zone zone-pair security sdm-zp-in-ezvpn1 source in-zone destination ezvpn-zone service-policy type inspect sdm-permit_VT zone-pair security sdm-zp-out-ezpn1 source out-zone destination ezvpn-zone service-policy type inspect sdm-permit_VT zone-pair security sdm-zp-ezvpn-out1 source ezvpn-zone destination out-zone service-policy type inspect sdm-permit_VT zone-pair security sdm-zp-self-out source self destination out-zone service-policy type inspect sdm-permit-icmpreply zone-pair security sdm-zp-out-in source out-zone destination in-zone service-policy type inspect sdm-inspect-voip-in zone-pair security sdm-zp-ezvpn-in1 source ezvpn-zone destination in-zone service-policy type inspect sdm-permit_VT zone-pair security sdm-zp-out-self source out-zone destination self service-policy type inspect sdm-permit zone-pair security sdm-zp-in-out source in-zone destination out-zone service-policy type inspect sdm-inspect ! bridge irb ! ! interface FastEthernet0 switchport access vlan 75 ! interface FastEthernet1 switchport access vlan 75 ! interface FastEthernet2 switchport access vlan 75 ! interface FastEthernet3 switchport access vlan 75 ! interface FastEthernet4 description $FW_OUTSIDE$ ip address 75.149.48.76 255.255.255.240 ip nat outside ip ips sdm_ips_rule out ip virtual-reassembly zone-member security out-zone duplex auto speed auto crypto ipsec client ezvpn EZVPN_REMOTE_CONNECTION_1 ! interface Virtual-Template1 type tunnel no ip address ip virtual-reassembly zone-member security ezvpn-zone tunnel mode ipsec ipv4 ! interface Dot11Radio0 no ip address ! encryption vlan 75 mode ciphers aes-ccm ! ssid <removed> ! speed basic-1.0 basic-2.0 basic-5.5 6.0 9.0 basic-11.0 12.0 18.0 24.0 36.0 48.0 54.0 station-role root ! interface Dot11Radio0.75 encapsulation dot1Q 75 native ip virtual-reassembly bridge-group 75 bridge-group 75 subscriber-loop-control bridge-group 75 spanning-disabled bridge-group 75 block-unknown-source no bridge-group 75 source-learning no bridge-group 75 unicast-flooding ! interface Vlan1 no ip address ip virtual-reassembly bridge-group 1 ! interface Vlan75 no ip address ip virtual-reassembly bridge-group 75 bridge-group 75 spanning-disabled ! interface BVI1 no ip address ip nat inside ip virtual-reassembly ! interface BVI75 description $FW_INSIDE$ ip address 172.16.0.1 255.240.0.0 ip nat inside ip ips sdm_ips_rule in ip virtual-reassembly zone-member security in-zone crypto ipsec client ezvpn EZVPN_REMOTE_CONNECTION_1 inside ! ip forward-protocol nd ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 75.149.48.78 2 ! ip http server ip http authentication local ip http secure-server ip http timeout-policy idle 60 life 86400 requests 10000 ip nat inside source list 1 interface FastEthernet4 overload ! ip access-list extended SDM_AH remark SDM_ACL Category=1 permit ahp any any ip access-list extended SDM_ESP remark SDM_ACL Category=1 permit esp any any ip access-list extended dhcp-req-permit remark SDM_ACL Category=1 permit udp any eq bootpc any eq bootps ip access-list extended dhcp-resp-permit remark SDM_ACL Category=1 permit udp any eq bootps any eq bootpc ! access-list 1 remark SDM_ACL Category=2 access-list 1 permit 172.16.0.0 0.15.255.255 access-list 100 remark SDM_ACL Category=128 access-list 100 permit ip host 255.255.255.255 any access-list 100 permit ip 127.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 any access-list 100 permit ip 75.149.48.64 0.0.0.15 any access-list 101 remark SDM_ACL Category=128 access-list 101 permit ip host 64.1.208.90 any access-list 102 remark SDM_ACL Category=1 access-list 102 permit ip any any ! ! ! ! snmp-server community <removed> RO ! control-plane ! bridge 1 protocol ieee bridge 1 route ip bridge 75 route ip banner login ^CSR520 Base Config - MFG 1.0 ^C ! line con 0 no modem enable line aux 0 line vty 0 4 transport input telnet ssh ! scheduler max-task-time 5000 end I also ran some diagnostics when the WAN port stopped working: 1. show interface fa4 FastEthernet4 is up, line protocol is up Hardware is PQUICC_FEC, address is 0026.99c5.b434 (bia 0026.99c5.b434) Description: $FW_OUTSIDE$ Internet address is 75.149.48.76/28 MTU 1500 bytes, BW 100000 Kbit/sec, DLY 100 usec, reliability 255/255, txload 1/255, rxload 1/255 Encapsulation ARPA, loopback not set Keepalive set (10 sec) Full-duplex, 100Mb/s, 100BaseTX/FX ARP type: ARPA, ARP Timeout 04:00:00 Last input 01:08:15, output 00:00:00, output hang never Last clearing of "show interface" counters never Input queue: 0/75/23/0 (size/max/drops/flushes); Total output drops: 0 Queueing strategy: fifo Output queue: 0/40 (size/max) 5 minute input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec 5 minute output rate 1000 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec 336446 packets input, 455403158 bytes Received 23 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants, 37 throttles 41 input errors, 0 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 41 ignored 0 watchdog 0 input packets with dribble condition detected 172529 packets output, 23580132 bytes, 0 underruns 0 output errors, 0 collisions, 2 interface resets 0 unknown protocol drops 0 babbles, 0 late collision, 0 deferred 0 lost carrier, 0 no carrier 0 output buffer failures, 0 output buffers swapped out 2. show ip route Gateway of last resort is 75.149.48.78 to network 0.0.0.0 C 192.168.75.0/24 is directly connected, BVI75 64.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets S 64.1.208.90 [1/0] via 75.149.48.78 S 192.168.10.0/24 is directly connected, BVI75 75.0.0.0/28 is subnetted, 1 subnets C 75.149.48.64 is directly connected, FastEthernet4 S* 0.0.0.0/0 [2/0] via 75.149.48.78 3. show ip arp Protocol Address Age (min) Hardware Addr Type Interface Internet 75.149.48.65 69 001e.2a39.7b08 ARPA FastEthernet4 Internet 75.149.48.76 - 0026.99c5.b434 ARPA FastEthernet4 Internet 75.149.48.78 93 0022.2d6c.ae36 ARPA FastEthernet4 Internet 192.168.75.1 - 0027.0d58.f5f0 ARPA BVI75 Internet 192.168.75.12 50 7c6d.62c7.8c0a ARPA BVI75 Internet 192.168.75.13 0 001b.6301.1227 ARPA BVI75 4. sh ip cef Prefix Next Hop Interface 0.0.0.0/0 75.149.48.78 FastEthernet4 0.0.0.0/8 drop 0.0.0.0/32 receive 64.1.208.90/32 75.149.48.78 FastEthernet4 75.149.48.64/28 attached FastEthernet4 75.149.48.64/32 receive FastEthernet4 75.149.48.65/32 attached FastEthernet4 75.149.48.76/32 receive FastEthernet4 75.149.48.78/32 attached FastEthernet4 75.149.48.79/32 receive FastEthernet4 127.0.0.0/8 drop 192.168.10.0/24 attached BVI75 192.168.75.0/24 attached BVI75 192.168.75.0/32 receive BVI75 192.168.75.1/32 receive BVI75 192.168.75.12/32 attached BVI75 192.168.75.13/32 attached BVI75 192.168.75.255/32 receive BVI75 224.0.0.0/4 drop 224.0.0.0/24 receive 240.0.0.0/4 drop 255.255.255.255/32 receive Thanks in advance, -Mike

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• Cisco 891w multiple VLAN configuration

  - by Jessica

  I'm having trouble getting my guest network up. I have VLAN 1 that contains all our network resources (servers, desktops, printers, etc). I have the wireless configured to use VLAN1 but authenticate with wpa2 enterprise. The guest network I just wanted to be open or configured with a simple WPA2 personal password on it's own VLAN2. I've looked at tons of documentation and it should be working but I can't even authenticate on the guest network! I've posted this on cisco's support forum a week ago but no one has really responded. I could really use some help. So if anyone could take a look at the configurations I posted and steer me in the right direction I would be extremely grateful. Thank you! version 15.0 service timestamps debug datetime msec service timestamps log datetime msec no service password-encryption ! hostname ESI ! boot-start-marker boot-end-marker ! logging buffered 51200 warnings ! aaa new-model ! ! aaa authentication login userauthen local aaa authorization network groupauthor local ! ! ! ! ! aaa session-id common ! ! ! clock timezone EST -5 clock summer-time EDT recurring service-module wlan-ap 0 bootimage autonomous ! crypto pki trustpoint TP-self-signed-3369945891 enrollment selfsigned subject-name cn=IOS-Self-Signed-Certificate-3369945891 revocation-check none rsakeypair TP-self-signed-3369945891 ! ! crypto pki certificate chain TP-self-signed-3369945891 certificate self-signed 01 (cert is here) quit ip source-route ! ! ip dhcp excluded-address 192.168.1.1 ip dhcp excluded-address 192.168.1.5 ip dhcp excluded-address 192.168.1.2 ip dhcp excluded-address 192.168.1.200 192.168.1.210 ip dhcp excluded-address 192.168.1.6 ip dhcp excluded-address 192.168.1.8 ip dhcp excluded-address 192.168.3.1 ! ip dhcp pool ccp-pool import all network 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 default-router 192.168.1.1 dns-server 10.171.12.5 10.171.12.37 lease 0 2 ! ip dhcp pool guest import all network 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 default-router 192.168.3.1 dns-server 10.171.12.5 10.171.12.37 ! ! ip cef no ip domain lookup no ipv6 cef ! ! multilink bundle-name authenticated license udi pid CISCO891W-AGN-A-K9 sn FTX153085WL ! ! username ESIadmin privilege 15 secret 5 $1$g1..$JSZ0qxljZAgJJIk/anDu51 username user1 password 0 pass ! ! ! class-map type inspect match-any ccp-cls-insp-traffic match protocol cuseeme match protocol dns match protocol ftp match protocol h323 match protocol https match protocol icmp match protocol imap match protocol pop3 match protocol netshow match protocol shell match protocol realmedia match protocol rtsp match protocol smtp match protocol sql-net match protocol streamworks match protocol tftp match protocol vdolive match protocol tcp match protocol udp class-map type inspect match-all ccp-insp-traffic match class-map ccp-cls-insp-traffic class-map type inspect match-any ccp-cls-icmp-access match protocol icmp class-map type inspect match-all ccp-invalid-src match access-group 100 class-map type inspect match-all ccp-icmp-access match class-map ccp-cls-icmp-access class-map type inspect match-all ccp-protocol-http match protocol http ! ! policy-map type inspect ccp-permit-icmpreply class type inspect ccp-icmp-access inspect class class-default pass policy-map type inspect ccp-inspect class type inspect ccp-invalid-src drop log class type inspect ccp-protocol-http inspect class type inspect ccp-insp-traffic inspect class class-default drop policy-map type inspect ccp-permit class class-default drop ! zone security out-zone zone security in-zone zone-pair security ccp-zp-self-out source self destination out-zone service-policy type inspect ccp-permit-icmpreply zone-pair security ccp-zp-in-out source in-zone destination out-zone service-policy type inspect ccp-inspect zone-pair security ccp-zp-out-self source out-zone destination self service-policy type inspect ccp-permit ! ! crypto isakmp policy 1 encr 3des authentication pre-share group 2 ! crypto isakmp client configuration group 3000client key 67Nif8LLmqP_ dns 10.171.12.37 10.171.12.5 pool dynpool acl 101 ! ! crypto ipsec transform-set myset esp-3des esp-sha-hmac ! crypto dynamic-map dynmap 10 set transform-set myset ! ! crypto map clientmap client authentication list userauthen crypto map clientmap isakmp authorization list groupauthor crypto map clientmap client configuration address initiate crypto map clientmap client configuration address respond crypto map clientmap 10 ipsec-isakmp dynamic dynmap ! ! ! ! ! interface FastEthernet0 ! ! interface FastEthernet1 ! ! interface FastEthernet2 ! ! interface FastEthernet3 ! ! interface FastEthernet4 ! ! interface FastEthernet5 ! ! interface FastEthernet6 ! ! interface FastEthernet7 ! ! interface FastEthernet8 ip address dhcp ip nat outside ip virtual-reassembly duplex auto speed auto ! ! interface GigabitEthernet0 description $FW_OUTSIDE$$ES_WAN$ ip address 10...* 255.255.254.0 ip nat outside ip virtual-reassembly zone-member security out-zone duplex auto speed auto crypto map clientmap ! ! interface wlan-ap0 description Service module interface to manage the embedded AP ip unnumbered Vlan1 arp timeout 0 ! ! interface Wlan-GigabitEthernet0 description Internal switch interface connecting to the embedded AP switchport trunk allowed vlan 1-3,1002-1005 switchport mode trunk ! ! interface Vlan1 description $ETH-SW-LAUNCH$$INTF-INFO-FE 1$$FW_INSIDE$ ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 ip nat inside ip virtual-reassembly zone-member security in-zone ip tcp adjust-mss 1452 crypto map clientmap ! ! interface Vlan2 description guest ip address 192.168.3.1 255.255.255.0 ip access-group 120 in ip nat inside ip virtual-reassembly zone-member security in-zone ! ! interface Async1 no ip address encapsulation slip ! ! ip local pool dynpool 192.168.1.200 192.168.1.210 ip forward-protocol nd ip http server ip http access-class 23 ip http authentication local ip http secure-server ip http timeout-policy idle 60 life 86400 requests 10000 ! ! ip dns server ip nat inside source list 23 interface GigabitEthernet0 overload ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.165.0.1 ! access-list 23 permit 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 access-list 100 remark CCP_ACL Category=128 access-list 100 permit ip host 255.255.255.255 any access-list 100 permit ip 127.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 any access-list 100 permit ip 10.165.0.0 0.0.1.255 any access-list 110 permit ip 192.168.0.0 0.0.5.255 any access-list 120 remark ESIGuest Restriction no cdp run ! ! ! ! ! ! control-plane ! ! alias exec dot11radio service-module wlan-ap 0 session Access point version 12.4 no service pad service timestamps debug datetime msec service timestamps log datetime msec no service password-encryption ! hostname ESIRouter ! no logging console enable secret 5 $1$yEH5$CxI5.9ypCBa6kXrUnSuvp1 ! aaa new-model ! ! aaa group server radius rad_eap server 192.168.1.5 auth-port 1812 acct-port 1813 ! aaa group server radius rad_acct server 192.168.1.5 auth-port 1812 acct-port 1813 ! aaa authentication login eap_methods group rad_eap aaa authentication enable default line enable aaa authorization exec default local aaa authorization commands 15 default local aaa accounting network acct_methods start-stop group rad_acct ! aaa session-id common clock timezone EST -5 clock summer-time EDT recurring ip domain name ESI ! ! dot11 syslog dot11 vlan-name one vlan 1 dot11 vlan-name two vlan 2 ! dot11 ssid one vlan 1 authentication open eap eap_methods authentication network-eap eap_methods authentication key-management wpa version 2 accounting rad_acct ! dot11 ssid two vlan 2 authentication open guest-mode ! dot11 network-map ! ! username ESIadmin privilege 15 secret 5 $1$p02C$WVHr5yKtRtQxuFxPU8NOx. ! ! bridge irb ! ! interface Dot11Radio0 no ip address no ip route-cache ! encryption vlan 1 mode ciphers aes-ccm ! broadcast-key vlan 1 change 30 ! ! ssid one ! ssid two ! antenna gain 0 station-role root ! interface Dot11Radio0.1 encapsulation dot1Q 1 native no ip route-cache bridge-group 1 bridge-group 1 subscriber-loop-control bridge-group 1 block-unknown-source no bridge-group 1 source-learning no bridge-group 1 unicast-flooding bridge-group 1 spanning-disabled ! interface Dot11Radio0.2 encapsulation dot1Q 2 no ip route-cache bridge-group 2 bridge-group 2 subscriber-loop-control bridge-group 2 block-unknown-source no bridge-group 2 source-learning no bridge-group 2 unicast-flooding bridge-group 2 spanning-disabled ! interface Dot11Radio1 no ip address no ip route-cache shutdown ! encryption vlan 1 mode ciphers aes-ccm ! broadcast-key vlan 1 change 30 ! ! ssid one ! antenna gain 0 dfs band 3 block channel dfs station-role root ! interface Dot11Radio1.1 encapsulation dot1Q 1 native no ip route-cache bridge-group 1 bridge-group 1 subscriber-loop-control bridge-group 1 block-unknown-source no bridge-group 1 source-learning no bridge-group 1 unicast-flooding bridge-group 1 spanning-disabled ! interface GigabitEthernet0 description the embedded AP GigabitEthernet 0 is an internal interface connecting AP with the host router no ip address no ip route-cache ! interface GigabitEthernet0.1 encapsulation dot1Q 1 native no ip route-cache bridge-group 1 no bridge-group 1 source-learning bridge-group 1 spanning-disabled ! interface GigabitEthernet0.2 encapsulation dot1Q 2 no ip route-cache bridge-group 2 no bridge-group 2 source-learning bridge-group 2 spanning-disabled ! interface BVI1 ip address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0 no ip route-cache ! ip http server no ip http secure-server ip http help-path http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/779/smbiz/prodconfig/help/eag access-list 10 permit 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 radius-server host 192.168.1.5 auth-port 1812 acct-port 1813 key ***** bridge 1 route ip

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• Sign out of Windows Live Messenger remotely

  - by justinhj

  I just upgraded Windows Live Messenger at home. I'm logged into my machine at work so I have a Live session active there too. Now the fun part. This new version of messenger is signing me out after about 2 minutes, and saying "You were signed out from here because you signed in to a version of Messenger that doesn't let you sign in at more than on place" Ok, so I went into the options on my home machine and selected "Sign me out at all other locations". Is there another way I can force my office machine to logout remotely, as either this option does not work, or the machine in my office just keeps reconnecting. Version 2009 14.0.8089.726 EDIT: Actually this problem went away after a few hours; I guess some kind of server side timeout kicked in.

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• Inbound SIP calls through Cisco 881 NAT hang up after a few seconds

  - by MasterRoot24

  I've recently moved to a Cisco 881 router for my WAN link. I was previously using a Cisco Linksys WAG320N as my modem/router/WiFi AP/NAT firewall. The WAG320N is now running in bridged mode, so it's simply acting as a modem with one of it's LAN ports connected to FE4 WAN on my Cisco 881. The Cisco 881 get's a DHCP provided IP from my ISP. My LAN is part of default Vlan 1 (192.168.1.0/24). General internet connectivity is working great, I've managed to setup static NAT rules for my HTTP/HTTPS/SMTP/etc. services which are running on my LAN. I don't know whether it's worth mentioning that I've opted to use NVI NAT (ip nat enable as opposed to the traditional ip nat outside/ip nat inside) setup. My reason for this is that NVI allows NAT loopback from my LAN to the WAN IP and back in to the necessary server on the LAN. I run an Asterisk 1.8 PBX on my LAN, which connects to a SIP provider on the internet. Both inbound and outbound calls through the old setup (WAG320N providing routing/NAT) worked fine. However, since moving to the Cisco 881, inbound calls drop after around 10 seconds, whereas outbound calls work fine. The following message is logged on my Asterisk PBX: [Dec 9 15:27:45] WARNING[27734]: chan_sip.c:3641 retrans_pkt: Retransmission timeout reached on transmission [email protected] for seqno 1 (Critical Response) -- See https://wiki.asterisk.org/wiki/display/AST/SIP+Retransmissions Packet timed out after 6528ms with no response [Dec 9 15:27:45] WARNING[27734]: chan_sip.c:3670 retrans_pkt: Hanging up call [email protected] - no reply to our critical packet (see https://wiki.asterisk.org/wiki/display/AST/SIP+Retransmissions). (I know that this is quite a common issue - I've spend the best part of 2 days solid on this, trawling Google.) I've done as I am told and checked https://wiki.asterisk.org/wiki/display/AST/SIP+Retransmissions. Referring to the section "Other SIP requests" in the page linked above, I believe that the hangup to be caused by the ACK from my SIP provider not being passed back through NAT to Asterisk on my PBX. I tried to ascertain this by dumping the packets on my WAN interface on the 881. I managed to obtain a PCAP dump of packets in/out of my WAN interface. Here's an example of an ACK being reveived by the router from my provider: 689 21.219999 193.x.x.x 188.x.x.x SIP 502 Request: ACK sip:[email protected] | However a SIP trace on the Asterisk server show's that there are no ACK's received in response to the 200 OK from my PBX: http://pastebin.com/wwHpLPPz In the past, I have been strongly advised to disable any sort of SIP ALGs on routers and/or firewalls and the many posts regarding this issue on the internet seem to support this. However, I believe on Cisco IOS, the config command to disable SIP ALG is no ip nat service sip udp port 5060 however, this doesn't appear to help the situation. To confirm that config setting is set: Router1#show running-config | include sip no ip nat service sip udp port 5060 Another interesting twist: for a short period of time, I tried another provider. Luckily, my trial account with them is still available, so I reverted my Asterisk config back to the revision before I integrated with my current provider. I then dialled in to the DDI associated with the trial trunk and the call didn't get hung up and I didn't get the error above! To me, this points at the provider, however I know, like all providers do, will say "There's no issues with our SIP proxies - it's your firewall." I'm tempted to agree with this, as this issue was not apparent with the old WAG320N router when it was doing the NAT'ing. I'm sure you'll want to see my running-config too: ! ! Last configuration change at 15:55:07 UTC Sun Dec 9 2012 by xxx version 15.2 no service pad service tcp-keepalives-in service tcp-keepalives-out service timestamps debug datetime msec localtime show-timezone service timestamps log datetime msec localtime show-timezone no service password-encryption service sequence-numbers ! hostname Router1 ! boot-start-marker boot-end-marker ! ! security authentication failure rate 10 log security passwords min-length 6 logging buffered 4096 logging console critical enable secret 4 xxx ! aaa new-model ! ! aaa authentication login local_auth local ! ! ! ! ! aaa session-id common ! memory-size iomem 10 ! crypto pki trustpoint TP-self-signed-xxx enrollment selfsigned subject-name cn=IOS-Self-Signed-Certificate-xxx revocation-check none rsakeypair TP-self-signed-xxx ! ! crypto pki certificate chain TP-self-signed-xxx certificate self-signed 01 quit no ip source-route no ip gratuitous-arps ip auth-proxy max-login-attempts 5 ip admission max-login-attempts 5 ! ! ! ! ! no ip bootp server ip domain name dmz.merlin.local ip domain list dmz.merlin.local ip domain list merlin.local ip name-server x.x.x.x ip inspect audit-trail ip inspect udp idle-time 1800 ip inspect dns-timeout 7 ip inspect tcp idle-time 14400 ip inspect name autosec_inspect ftp timeout 3600 ip inspect name autosec_inspect http timeout 3600 ip inspect name autosec_inspect rcmd timeout 3600 ip inspect name autosec_inspect realaudio timeout 3600 ip inspect name autosec_inspect smtp timeout 3600 ip inspect name autosec_inspect tftp timeout 30 ip inspect name autosec_inspect udp timeout 15 ip inspect name autosec_inspect tcp timeout 3600 ip cef login block-for 3 attempts 3 within 3 no ipv6 cef ! ! multilink bundle-name authenticated license udi pid CISCO881-SEC-K9 sn ! ! username xxx privilege 15 secret 4 xxx username xxx secret 4 xxx ! ! ! ! ! ip ssh time-out 60 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! interface FastEthernet0 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet1 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet2 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet3 switchport access vlan 2 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet4 ip address dhcp no ip redirects no ip unreachables no ip proxy-arp ip nat enable duplex auto speed auto ! interface Vlan1 ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 no ip redirects no ip unreachables no ip proxy-arp ip nat enable ! interface Vlan2 ip address 192.168.0.2 255.255.255.0 ! ip forward-protocol nd ip http server ip http access-class 1 ip http authentication local ip http secure-server ip http timeout-policy idle 60 life 86400 requests 10000 ! ! no ip nat service sip udp port 5060 ip nat source list 1 interface FastEthernet4 overload ip nat source static tcp x.x.x.x 80 interface FastEthernet4 80 ip nat source static tcp x.x.x.x 443 interface FastEthernet4 443 ip nat source static tcp x.x.x.x 25 interface FastEthernet4 25 ip nat source static tcp x.x.x.x 587 interface FastEthernet4 587 ip nat source static tcp x.x.x.x 143 interface FastEthernet4 143 ip nat source static tcp x.x.x.x 993 interface FastEthernet4 993 ip nat source static tcp x.x.x.x 1723 interface FastEthernet4 1723 ! ! logging trap debugging logging facility local2 access-list 1 permit 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 access-list 1 permit 192.168.0.0 0.0.0.255 no cdp run ! ! ! ! control-plane ! ! banner motd Authorized Access only ! line con 0 login authentication local_auth length 0 transport output all line aux 0 exec-timeout 15 0 login authentication local_auth transport output all line vty 0 1 access-class 1 in logging synchronous login authentication local_auth length 0 transport preferred none transport input telnet transport output all line vty 2 4 access-class 1 in login authentication local_auth length 0 transport input ssh transport output all ! ! end ...and, if it's of any use, here's my Asterisk SIP config: [general] context=default ; Default context for calls allowoverlap=no ; Disable overlap dialing support. (Default is yes) udpbindaddr=0.0.0.0 ; IP address to bind UDP listen socket to (0.0.0.0 binds to all) ; Optionally add a port number, 192.168.1.1:5062 (default is port 5060) tcpenable=no ; Enable server for incoming TCP connections (default is no) tcpbindaddr=0.0.0.0 ; IP address for TCP server to bind to (0.0.0.0 binds to all interfaces) ; Optionally add a port number, 192.168.1.1:5062 (default is port 5060) srvlookup=yes ; Enable DNS SRV lookups on outbound calls ; Note: Asterisk only uses the first host ; in SRV records ; Disabling DNS SRV lookups disables the ; ability to place SIP calls based on domain ; names to some other SIP users on the Internet ; Specifying a port in a SIP peer definition or ; when dialing outbound calls will supress SRV ; lookups for that peer or call. directmedia=no ; Don't allow direct RTP media between extensions (doesn't work through NAT) externhost=<MY DYNDNS HOSTNAME> ; Our external hostname to resolve to IP and be used in NAT'ed packets localnet=192.168.1.0/24 ; Define our local network so we know which packets need NAT'ing qualify=yes ; Qualify peers by default dtmfmode=rfc2833 ; Set the default DTMF mode disallow=all ; Disallow all codecs by default allow=ulaw ; Allow G.711 u-law allow=alaw ; Allow G.711 a-law ; ---------------------- ; SIP Trunk Registration ; ---------------------- ; Orbtalk register => <MY SIP PROVIDER USER NAME>:[email protected]/<MY DDI> ; Main Orbtalk number ; ---------- ; Trunks ; ---------- [orbtalk] ; Main Orbtalk trunk type=peer insecure=invite host=sipgw3.orbtalk.co.uk nat=yes username=<MY SIP PROVIDER USER NAME> defaultuser=<MY SIP PROVIDER USER NAME> fromuser=<MY SIP PROVIDER USER NAME> secret=xxx context=inbound I really don't know where to go with this. If anyone can help me find out why these calls are being dropped off, I'd be grateful if you could chime in! Please let me know if any further info is required.

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• Print driver installs failing

  - by Kasius

  All of the Windows 7 64-bit Enterprise machines in my organization are failing to install a good number of printer drivers that previously installed without issue. This only happens with printer drivers. And not with all printer drivers. Just some. Network drivers, video drivers, etc. have had no problems. Here is part of setupapi.dev.log for a Dymo LabelWriter printer driver that is failing to install: dvi: {Plug and Play Service: Device Install for USBPRINT\DYMOLABELWRITER_450_TURBO\6&538F51D&0&USB001} ump: Creating Install Process: DrvInst.exe 09:36:58.071 ndv: Infpath=C:\Windows\INF\oem0.inf ndv: DriverNodeName=dymo.inf:DYMO.NTamd64.6.0:LW_450_TURBO_VISTA:8.1.0.363:usbprint\dymolabelwriter_450_aa08 ndv: DriverStorepath=C:\Windows\System32\DriverStore\FileRepository\dymo.inf_amd64_neutral_3a631b118b7a5828\dymo.inf ndv: Building driver list from driver node strong name... dvi: Searching for hardware ID(s): dvi: usbprint\dymolabelwriter_450_aa08 dvi: dymolabelwriter_450_aa08 inf: Opened PNF: 'C:\Windows\System32\DriverStore\FileRepository\dymo.inf_amd64_neutral_3a631b118b7a5828\dymo.inf' ([strings]) dvi: Selected driver installs from section [LW_450_TURBO_VISTA] in 'c:\windows\system32\driverstore\filerepository\dymo.inf_amd64_neutral_3a631b118b7a5828\dymo.inf'. dvi: Class GUID of device changed to: {4d36e979-e325-11ce-bfc1-08002be10318}. dvi: Set selected driver complete. ndv: {Core Device Install} 09:36:58.133 inf: Opened INF: 'C:\Windows\INF\oem0.inf' ([strings]) inf: Saved PNF: 'C:\Windows\INF\oem0.PNF' (Language = 0409) dvi: {DIF_ALLOW_INSTALL} 09:36:58.164 dvi: Using exported function 'ClassInstall32' in module 'C:\Windows\system32\ntprint.dll'. dvi: Class installer == ntprint.dll,ClassInstall32 dvi: No CoInstallers found dvi: Class installer: Enter 09:36:58.164 dvi: Class installer: Exit dvi: Default installer: Enter 09:36:58.180 dvi: Default installer: Exit dvi: {DIF_ALLOW_INSTALL - exit(0xe000020e)} 09:36:58.180 ndv: Installing files... dvi: {DIF_INSTALLDEVICEFILES} 09:36:58.180 dvi: Class installer: Enter 09:36:58.180 inf: Opened INF: 'C:\Windows\System32\DriverStore\FileRepository\dymo.inf_amd64_neutral_3a631b118b7a5828\dymo.inf' ([strings]) inf: Opened INF: 'C:\Windows\System32\DriverStore\FileRepository\dymo.inf_amd64_neutral_3a631b118b7a5828\dymo.inf' ([strings]) !!! dvi: Class installer: failed(0x00000490)! !!! dvi: Error 1168: Element not found. dvi: {DIF_INSTALLDEVICEFILES - exit(0x00000490)} 09:37:22.063 ndv: Device install status=0x00000490 ndv: Performing device install final cleanup... ! ndv: Queueing up error report since device installation failed... ndv: {Core Device Install - exit(0x00000490)} 09:37:22.063 dvi: {DIF_DESTROYPRIVATEDATA} 09:37:22.063 dvi: Class installer: Enter 09:37:22.063 dvi: Class installer: Exit dvi: Default installer: Enter 09:37:22.063 dvi: Default installer: Exit dvi: {DIF_DESTROYPRIVATEDATA - exit(0xe000020e)} 09:37:22.063 ump: Server install process exited with code 0x00000490 09:37:22.063 ump: {Plug and Play Service: Device Install exit(00000490)} Notice these lines in particular: !!! dvi: Class installer: failed(0x00000490)! !!! dvi: Error 1168: Element not found. dvi: {DIF_INSTALLDEVICEFILES - exit(0x00000490)} 09:37:22.063 ndv: Device install status=0x00000490 From what I have read, the "Element not found" error should be accompanied by an event describing what element was not found. The error that appears in Device Manager is "The driver cannot be installed because it is either not digitally signed or not signed in the appropriate manner." It appears to be signed fine though. It has an accompanying .CAT file and worked previously. And when installing, the following messages are logged in setupapi.dev.log: sto: {DRIVERSTORE_IMPORT_NOTIFY_VALIDATE} 09:36:56.277 inf: Opened INF: 'C:\Windows\System32\DriverStore\Temp\{272e2305-961c-7942-9ede-966f01047043}\dymo.inf' ([strings]) sig: {_VERIFY_FILE_SIGNATURE} 09:36:56.292 sig: Key = dymo.inf sig: FilePath = C:\Windows\System32\DriverStore\Temp\{272e2305-961c-7942-9ede-966f01047043}\dymo.inf sig: Catalog = C:\Windows\System32\DriverStore\Temp\{272e2305-961c-7942-9ede-966f01047043}\DYMO.CAT sig: Success: File is signed in catalog. sig: {_VERIFY_FILE_SIGNATURE exit(0x00000000)} 09:36:56.355 sto: Validating driver package files against catalog 'DYMO.CAT'. sto: Driver package is valid. sto: {DRIVERSTORE_IMPORT_NOTIFY_VALIDATE exit(0x00000000)} 09:36:56.402 sto: Verified driver package signature: sto: Digital Signer Score = 0x0D000005 sto: Digital Signer Name = Microsoft Windows Hardware Compatibility Publisher Now here's where it gets strange. If I take it off the domain, it installs fine. But it doesn't seem to have anything to do with Group Policy. I moved the machine to an OU that blocks inheritance, ran a gpupdate, ran rsop.msc to verify, and tried again. And it still didn't work. Likewise, I removed a machine from the domain, manually set all of the domain Group Policy settings in gpedit.msc, and tried that way, and it worked fine. So it seems like the Group Policy settings are irrelevant. What other domain-related issue could be causing this though? Any ideas on what to try next would be greatly appreciated. I'm not sure where to go from here. Thanks!

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• What is the impact of Windows 8 with UEFI on normal users?

  - by Sam

  I am a normal man-in-the-street computer user and so do not really understand what this is about, but I want to. Can someone please explain to me if: The Windows 8/UEFI secure boot thing will make it impossible to run normal/legacy applications in Windows 8 (as they will be unsigned)? It will turn Windows into an Apple-like system where only Microsoft approved applications can be run? As I say, I'm a normal user, and that is the overall impression I have from reading all the blogs, etc about it. If, on the other hand, all it does is make sure the system is booting a signed OS, how does this prevent malware (which is what at least two Microsoft blogs that I read seemed to be saying), given that most malware is not part of the boot process? The only way I can see this making sense is if it is ensuring that all OS components are signed. Is that it? Like I say, I'm a mortal, so please don't get technical on me, but rather explain how it will affect me, the user.

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• email arrival notifier

  - by srish

  How can I get an alert in my local system when I got a mail even though I haven't signed in?

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• Unable to PPTP through NAT on Cisco 881

  - by MasterRoot24

  I'm trying to connect to a PPTP server which is sat behind a Cisco 881 NAT router. The server is running Ubuntu Server 12.04 and is running Poptop pptpd as the PPTP daemon listening for connections. As discussed in my other question, I'm trying to setup a Cisco 881 router to replace my old Linksys WAG320N. This same server and WAN connection worked fine with the WAG320N with no special configuration, other than allowing 1723 in through the firewall. On the Cisco 881, I'm using the newer ip nat enable or NAT NVI to setup static routes in through the firewall for the services running behind the router. My reason being that I can't run another copy of my live DNS domains internally with local IP addresses in. For the purposes of this question, though, I have rebuilt the router with ip nat inside/outside style NAT'ing, but this issue is still apparent. HTTP/SMTP/IMAP etc. all work ok from both the WAN and LAN interfaces of the router. I'm only having issues with SIP (see other question) and PPTP. My issue is that the GRE doesn't appear to be passing through NAT correctly and one end of the connection is not receiving GRE traffic when it should be, so the server hangs up the connection. Here's an example of /var/log/syslog with debug enabled in /etc/pptpd.conf: Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: MGR: Launching /usr/sbin/pptpctrl to handle client Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: local address = 192.168.1.50 Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: remote address = 192.168.1.51 Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: pppd options file = /etc/ppp/pptpd-options Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: Client 82.132.248.216 control connection started Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: Received PPTP Control Message (type: 1) Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: Made a START CTRL CONN RPLY packet Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: I wrote 156 bytes to the client. Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: Sent packet to client Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: Received PPTP Control Message (type: 7) Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: Set parameters to 100000000 maxbps, 64 window size Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: Made a OUT CALL RPLY packet Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: Starting call (launching pppd, opening GRE) Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: pty_fd = 6 Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: tty_fd = 7 Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: I wrote 32 bytes to the client. Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: Sent packet to client Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22627]: CTRL (PPPD Launcher): program binary = /usr/sbin/pppd Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22627]: CTRL (PPPD Launcher): local address = 192.168.1.50 Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22627]: CTRL (PPPD Launcher): remote address = 192.168.1.51 Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pppd[22627]: Plugin /usr/lib/pptpd/pptpd-logwtmp.so loaded. Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pppd[22627]: pppd 2.4.5 started by root, uid 0 Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pppd[22627]: Using interface ppp0 Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pppd[22627]: Connect: ppp0 <--> /dev/pts/3 Dec 11 21:06:30 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: GRE: Bad checksum from pppd. Dec 11 21:06:31 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: Received PPTP Control Message (type: 15) Dec 11 21:06:31 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: Got a SET LINK INFO packet with standard ACCMs Dec 11 21:07:00 <HOSTNAME> pppd[22627]: LCP: timeout sending Config-Requests Dec 11 21:07:00 <HOSTNAME> pppd[22627]: Connection terminated. Dec 11 21:07:00 <HOSTNAME> avahi-daemon[1042]: Withdrawing workstation service for ppp0. Dec 11 21:07:00 <HOSTNAME> pppd[22627]: Modem hangup Dec 11 21:07:00 <HOSTNAME> pppd[22627]: Exit. Dec 11 21:07:00 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: GRE: read(fd=6,buffer=6075a0,len=8196) from PTY failed: status = -1 error = Input/output error, usually caused by unexpected termination of pppd, check option syntax and pppd logs Dec 11 21:07:00 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: PTY read or GRE write failed (pty,gre)=(6,7) Dec 11 21:07:00 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: Reaping child PPP[22627] Dec 11 21:07:00 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: Client 82.132.248.216 control connection finished Dec 11 21:07:00 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[22626]: CTRL: Exiting now Dec 11 21:07:00 <HOSTNAME> pptpd[5803]: MGR: Reaped child 22626 As far as Cisco are concerned, all I need is ip nat source static tcp <SERVER LAN IP> 1723 interface FastEthernet4 1723 but of course this doesn't seem to the be helping the GRE traffic through as it should. Trying the connection to the LAN IP of the server from the same LAN as the server (behind the router), the PPTP connection works fine, so I'm confident that the server's config is ok. Furthermore, all I needed on my WAG320N was to open 1723 in the firewall. Here's my current router config: ! ! Last configuration change at 20:20:15 UTC Tue Dec 11 2012 by xxx version 15.2 no service pad service timestamps debug datetime msec service timestamps log datetime msec service password-encryption ! hostname xxx ! boot-start-marker boot-end-marker ! ! enable secret 4 xxxx ! aaa new-model ! ! aaa authentication login local_auth local ! ! ! ! ! aaa session-id common ! memory-size iomem 10 ! crypto pki trustpoint TP-self-signed-xxx enrollment selfsigned subject-name cn=IOS-Self-Signed-Certificate-xxx revocation-check none rsakeypair TP-self-signed-xxx ! ! crypto pki certificate chain TP-self-signed-xxx certificate self-signed 01 xxx quit ip gratuitous-arps ip auth-proxy max-login-attempts 5 ip admission max-login-attempts 5 ! ! ! ! ! ip domain list dmz.xxx.local ip domain list xxx.local ip domain name dmz.xxx.local ip name-server 192.168.1.x ip cef login block-for 3 attempts 3 within 3 no ipv6 cef ! ! multilink bundle-name authenticated license udi pid CISCO881-SEC-K9 sn xxx ! ! username admin privilege 15 secret 4 xxx username joe secret 4 xxx ! ! ! ! ! ip ssh time-out 60 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! interface FastEthernet0 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet1 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet2 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet3 switchport access vlan 2 no ip address ! interface FastEthernet4 ip address dhcp ip nat enable duplex auto speed auto ! interface Vlan1 ip address 192.168.1.x 255.255.255.0 no ip redirects no ip unreachables no ip proxy-arp ip nat enable ! interface Vlan2 ip address 192.168.0.x 255.255.255.0 ! ip forward-protocol nd ip http server ip http access-class 1 ip http authentication local ip http secure-server ! ! ip nat source list 1 interface FastEthernet4 overload ip nat source list 2 interface FastEthernet4 overload ip nat source static tcp 192.168.1.x 1723 interface FastEthernet4 1723 ! ! access-list 1 permit 192.168.0.0 0.0.0.255 access-list 2 permit 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 ! ! ! ! control-plane ! ! banner motd Authorized Access only ! line con 0 exec-timeout 15 0 login authentication local_auth line aux 0 exec-timeout 15 0 login authentication local_auth line vty 0 4 access-class 2 in login authentication local_auth length 0 transport input all ! ! end UPDATE 16/12/2012: The only progress that I have been able to make on this issue is that I'm confident that the issue is caused by the GRE tunnels (which are required for the PPTP connection to complete) are being blocked. When attempting a connection, I can see in show ip nat nvi translations that both a TCP translation on 1723 is setup and also a GRE translation is setup also. I appear to be able to see GRE related packets on the LAN that the server is on, so I am lead to believe that the server is sending(?) GRE packets, however running Wireshark on a client PC when attempting a connection shows absolutely no GRE packets. Whilst there are no configuration directives in my config posted above (that I can pin point) which would specifically block them, it would appear that the GRE packets are not being allowed in/out of the router's firewall, even though a NAT translation entry is setup to the server's LAN address. Would anyone be able to provide me with some help to ensure that GRE packets are not blocked by the router's firewall, so that this can be ruled out as a possible issue please?

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• Windows 7 will not install a root certificate

  - by Farseeker

  I have a web service that uses a self-signed certificate, so I need to install the certificate as a Trusted Root so that I can avoid all the security errors that having a self-signed certificate brings with it. Using Windows 7, I'm going to: Start > Internet Explorer > Run as Administrator > Tools > Internet Options > Content > Certificates > Trusted Root Certification Authorities > Import > (select file) > Next > OK, and Windows reports Import Successful However, the import is NOT successful. The certificate does not show in the list of trusted roots, and certificate errors still show up. If I import the certificate into the Trusted Publishers container, it imports correctly, but this does not solve my security errors. Any ideas?

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• What are the advantages of DKIM?

  - by duff

  After making my server sign outgoing email I started to wonder what the benefits are. This is the opposite of a previously asked question. Naively I see two benefits: We can throw away all emails which don’t carry a valid signature: Wrong! Mail forwarders (like Mailman) will produce emails from someone at «domain which signs» which are not signed correctly (in their forwarded shape). We can skip spam checking on signed email: Wrong! A spammer can send a single email through e.g. gmail.com and then resend that email as-is (w/o changing headers) to a million people. So what are the selling points of DKIM?

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• SoX on Windows 7 64-Bit Outfile Missing

  - by Christian

  I have come across the strangest problem when trying to run sox.exe on my Windows 7 installation. Whenever I try and record audio it works without any issues but it will not output an audio file. The crazy thing is that when I use the play command it successfully plays what I just recorded. Has anyone ever heard of this happening? Here are the commands (and output) that I'm using: C:\Program Files (x86)\Vox\sox-14-4-0>sox -d test.wav trim 0 00:05 Input File : 'default' (waveaudio) Channels : 2 Sample Rate : 48000 Precision : 16-bit Sample Encoding: 16-bit Signed Integer PCM In:0.00% 00:00:05.03 [00:00:00.00] Out:240k [ | ] Clip:0 Done. C:\Program Files (x86)\Vox\sox-14-4-0>play test.wav test.wav: File Size: 960k Bit Rate: 1.54M Encoding: Signed PCM Channels: 2 @ 16-bit Samplerate: 48000Hz Replaygain: off Duration: 00:00:05.00 In:100% 00:00:05.00 [00:00:00.00] Out:240k [ | ] Clip:0 Done. Am I losing my mind or is something up here?

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• How to secure both root domain and wildcard subdomains with one SSL cert?

  - by Question Overflow

  I am trying to generate a self-signed SSL certificate to secure both example.com and *.example.com. Looking at the answers to this and this questions, there seems to be an equal number of people agreeing and disagreeing whether this could be done. However, the website from a certification authority seems to suggest that it could be done. Currently, these are the changes added to my openssl configuration file: [req] req_extensions = v3_req [req_distinguished_name] commonName = example.com [v3_req] subjectAltName = @alt_names [alt_names] DNS.1 = example.com DNS.2 = *.example.com I tried the above configuration and generated a certificate. When navigating to https://example.com, it produces the usual warning that the cert is "self-signed". After acceptance, I navigate to https://abc.example.com and an additional warning is produced, saying that the certificate is only valid for example.com. The certificate details only listed example.com in the certificate hierarchy with no signs of any wildcard subdomain being present. I am not sure whether this is due to a misconfiguration or that the common name should have a wildcard or that this could not be done.

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• SSL certs or intermediate for DMZ

  - by rex

  I've been tasked with deploying and managing load balancers covering internal servers and DMZ servers. I have no experience with this, and this is a first for my organization as well. Balancers are up, running, legit. Currently we are using a self-signed cert for Exchange/OWA. I know that we should have a cert signed by a CA, but the balancer has options for SSL cert or intermediate cert, and I'm unclear on the difference, or on which we need. We will be hosting Lync, Exchange and some custom apps in the DMZ. disclaimer: Apologies up front, I'm desktop support. I recently passed my Net+. It seems that has made me the network engineer in this organization.

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• Error When Trying to Exchange Encrypted Emails with Sender Outside Domain

  - by LucidLuniz

  I have an end user who is trying to exchange encrypted messages with a person outside of our company domain. When receiving emails from the user they receive a message that says: Signed By: (There were errors displaying the signers of this message, click on the signature icon for more details.) However, when you click on the signature icon it says: The digital signature on this message is Valid and Trusted. Then when you look at the "Message Security Properties" it shows two layers, each with a green checkmark beside them. The layers are presented as below: Subject: Digital Signature Layer It also has: Description: OK: Signed message The end result with all of this is that when the user on my side tries to send this user an encrypted message it says: Microsoft Outlook had problems encrypting this message because the following recipients had missing or invalid certificates, or conflicting or unsupported encryption capabilities: Continue will encrypt and send the message but the listed recipients may not be able to read it. However, the only options you are actually given is "Send Unencrypted" and "CanceL" (Continue is grayed out). If anybody can assist I would greatly appreciate it!

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• Eliminate default SSL certificate

  - by microchasm

  I'm setting up a server for local access. I created a CA and have SSL certs signed and working on other domains. The problem is I'm trying to create a cert for a domain name that is the same as the host name? I copied the steps to make the cert for the other domain, but when I create and sign this cert, and modify httpd.conf with the path to the cert and key, the localhost.localdomain cert seems to be taking precedence. In other words, when I view the cert in firefox, it is the localhost.localdomain cert instead of the one I just created. I looked at ssl.conf, and tried to change the default path to the one issued, and I tried to comment out the VirtualHost, but neither worked. How can I override the servers default certificate with the one I issued and signed? Thanks.

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• How to generate new CSRs for TLS use in sendmail?

  - by Mikey B

  SendMail 8.13.8 | CentOS 5.x Hi Guys, I'm using ca-signed TLS certificates on my sendmail server and they are up for renewal soon. Our new CA doesn't like our old CSR so I need to generate a new CSR. Can someone point me to the procedure for doing this (without affecting the production certs that are already in use)? I'm paranoid of overwriting the old TLS certs in the process of generating a CSR. Most of the instructions I've found are for implementing self-signed TLS certs -- which isn't an option for me at this time. I'm thinking it would something like: openssl req -new -nodes -out new-tls.csr -keyout new-tls-private.key But I wasn't sure if I was missing some options there such as the -x509 option... -M

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• "Countersigning" a CA with openssl

  - by Tom O'Connor

  I'm pretty used to creating the PKI used for x509 authentication for whatever reason, SSL Client Verification being the main reason for doing it. I've just started to dabble with OpenVPN (Which I suppose is doing the same things as Apache would do with the Certificate Authority (CA) certificate) We've got a whole bunch of subdomains, and applicances which currently all present their own self-signed certificates. We're tired of having to accept exceptions in Chrome, and we think it must look pretty rough for our clients having our address bar come up red. For that, I'm comfortable to buy a SSL Wildcard CN=*.mycompany.com. That's no problem. What I don't seem to be able to find out is: Can we have our Internal CA root signed as a child of our wildcard certificate, so that installing that cert into guest devices/browsers/whatever doesn't present anything about an untrusted root? Also, on a bit of a side point, why does the addition of a wildcard double the cost of certificate purchase?

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• Windows 8 account and MSN

  - by win8user

  I've installed windows 8 and during setup it wanted my email. I provided an alternative email (let's call it email_1) for the installation to complete. Then I've installed windows live (msn only), for which I use another email (email_2). Now, every time I start windows and open msn, I'm signed in with email_1. I selected "forget me" for email_1 address in the msn login window, but I'm somehow always signed in with email_1. Is there any way to completely remove email_1 from the msn?

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• Could a DNSSEC at level n manipulate a zone at level n+2?

  - by jroith

  With some people wondering how DNSSEC could affect global censorship, I'd like to know if DNSSEC could protect a zone from being partially modified by a grandparent zone. (The point of this question is not to suggest that ICANN or it's members are not be trusted, but to figure out how DNSSEC affects the power they could exercise in theory.) For example: ICANN owns the root zone The .de zone is delegated to DENIC, Germany. Assume example.de is delegated to some 3rd party. Now, assuming DENIC does not remove example.de from their zone, would it be possible for them to redirect the subdomain abc.example.de elsewhere by returning signed records from the .de servers for abc.example.de ? Similarly, would it be possible for the DNS root to easily return signed fake records of a third-level domain xy.z while the second-level zone z is not participating in this and is not affected otherwise?

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• New Secure Website with Apache Reverse Proxy

  - by jtnire

  I wish to set up a new website that will be accessed by users using HTTPS. I think it is good practise to put the "real" web server in a seperate subnet, and then install an Apache Reverse Proxy in a DMZ. My question is, where should I put the SSL cert(s)? Should I a) Use a self-signed cert on the "real" web server, and a proper cert on the reverse proxy? b) Use 2 real certs on both the "real" web server and the reverse proxy? c) Don't use any cert on the "real" web server, and use a proper cert on the reverse proxy? I'd like to use a) or c), if possible. I also don't want anyone's browser complaining of a self-signed cert. Thanks

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• Installing OpenVPN on Windows7

  - by Darcara

  It seems I cannot install the current version of OpenVPN (2.1.2) because the TAP driver is not signed and therefore windows 7 x64 refuses to install it. It shows up in the device manager, but with a yellow exclamation mark. It's a fresh system, and OpenVPN was never installed before. When I start the OpenVPN client it seems to connect fine, but then it stops with CreateFile failed on TAP device: ... All TAP-Win32 adapters on this system are currently in use. How can I install the unsigned drivers, or are there signed drivers available somewhere ?

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• How to send emails without getting into Spam Act trouble?

  - by Jason

  Lets say I have a database of 60,000 emails. I would like to send them an email notifying them of a new related service (similar to what they've signed up) which adds value to what they already signed up to. I know most of them would welcome it but they did not opt-in for this new related service. I don't want to send out the email invite only to find out I got into some Spam Act trouble. What is a friendly way to reach these targetted audience?

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• Is it possible to implement bitwise operators using integer arithmetic?

  - by Statement

  Hello World! I am facing a rather peculiar problem. I am working on a compiler for an architecture that doesn't support bitwise operations. However, it handles signed 16 bit integer arithmetics and I was wondering if it would be possible to implement bitwise operations using only: Addition (c = a + b) Subtraction (c = a - b) Division (c = a / b) Multiplication (c = a * b) Modulus (c = a % b) Minimum (c = min(a, b)) Maximum (c = max(a, b)) Comparisons (c = (a < b), c = (a == b), c = (a <= b), et.c.) Jumps (goto, for, et.c.) The bitwise operations I want to be able to support are: Or (c = a | b) And (c = a & b) Xor (c = a ^ b) Left Shift (c = a << b) Right Shift (c = a b) (All integers are signed so this is a problem) Signed Shift (c = a b) One's Complement (a = ~b) (Already found a solution, see below) Normally the problem is the other way around; how to achieve arithmetic optimizations using bitwise hacks. However not in this case. Writable memory is very scarce on this architecture, hence the need for bitwise operations. The bitwise functions themselves should not use a lot of temporary variables. However, constant read-only data & instruction memory is abundant. A side note here also is that jumps and branches are not expensive and all data is readily cached. Jumps cost half the cycles as arithmetic (including load/store) instructions do. On other words, all of the above supported functions cost twice the cycles of a single jump. Some thoughts that might help: I figured out that you can do one's complement (negate bits) with the following code: // Bitwise one's complement b = ~a; // Arithmetic one's complement b = -1 - a; I also remember the old shift hack when dividing with a power of two so the bitwise shift can be expressed as: // Bitwise left shift b = a << 4; // Arithmetic left shift b = a * 16; // 2^4 = 16 // Signed right shift b = a >>> 4; // Arithmetic right shift b = a / 16; For the rest of the bitwise operations I am slightly clueless. I wish the architects of this architecture would have supplied bit-operations. I would also like to know if there is a fast/easy way of computing the power of two (for shift operations) without using a memory data table. A naive solution would be to jump into a field of multiplications: b = 1; switch (a) { case 15: b = b * 2; case 14: b = b * 2; // ... exploting fallthrough (instruction memory is magnitudes larger) case 2: b = b * 2; case 1: b = b * 2; } Or a Set & Jump approach: switch (a) { case 15: b = 32768; break; case 14: b = 16384; break; // ... exploiting the fact that a jump is faster than one additional mul // at the cost of doubling the instruction memory footprint. case 2: b = 4; break; case 1: b = 2; break; }

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