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• What are the real-world applications of huffman coding?

  - by jcyang

  I am told that Huffman coding is used as loseless data compression algorithm but also am told that real data compress software do not employ huffman coding,cause if the keys are not distributed decentralized enough,the compressed file could be even larger than the orignal file. This leave me wondering are there any real-world application of huffman coding? thanks.

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• How to allow for modular development while still running in same JVM?

  - by Marcus

  Our current app runs in a single JVM. We are now splitting up the app into separate logical services where each service runs in its own JVM. The split is being done to allow a single service to be modified and deployed without impacting the entire system. This reduces the need to QA the entire system - just need to QA the interaction with the service being changed. For interservice communication we use a combination of REST, an MQ system bus, and database views. What I don't like about this: REST means we have to marshal data to/from XML DB views couple the systems together which defeats the whole concept of separate services MQ / system bus is added complexity There is inevitably some code duplication between services You have set up n JBoss server configurations, we have to do n number of deployments, n number of set up scripts, etc, etc. Is there a better way to structure an internal application to allow modular development and deployment while allowing the app to run in a single JVM (and achieving the associated benefits)?

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• c# object initializer complexity. best practice

  - by Andrew Florko

  I was too excited when object initializer appeared in C#. MyClass a = new MyClass(); a.Field1 = Value1; a.Field2 = Value2; can be rewritten shorter: MyClass a = new MyClass { Field1 = Value1, Field2 = Value2 } Object initializer code is more obvious but when properties number come to dozen and some of the assignment deals with nullable values it's hard to debug where the "null reference error" is. Studio shows the whole object initializer as error point. Nowadays I use object initializer for straightforward assignment only for error-free properties. How do you use object initializer for complex assignment or it's a bad practice to use dozen of assigments at all? Thank you in advance!

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• WCF Best Practice for "Overloaded" methods

  - by Nate Bross

  What is the best practice for emulating overloaded methods over WCF? Typically I might write an interface like this interface IInterface { MyType ReadMyType(int id); IEnumerable<MyType> ReadMyType(String name); IEnumerable<MyType> ReadMyType(String name, int maxResults); } What would this interface look like after you converted it to WCF?

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• Efficient storage/retrieval method for replayable comet style applications (Google Wave, Etherpad)

  - by Gareth Simpson

  I am considering a web application that would have the same kind of multi user, automatic saving, infinite undo / replay capabilities that you see in Google Wave and Etherpad (albeit on a drastically smaller scale and userbase). Before I go away and reinvent the wheel, is this something that has already been addressed as either a piece of technology or library, or even just a design pattern. I know this isn't necessarily the best Stack Overflow question as there is probably not a "right" answer, but my Google-fu has failed me and I'd just like a reading list! Ordinarily I would be developing under python/django but this is not a firm requirement just a preference :)

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• Name for build option (for "make install") specifying where to install web application

  - by Jakub Narebski

  I want to provide 'install' target for Makefile for web application. I'd like to be able to install it, for example like described below: $ make install \ xxxdir=/var/www/cgi-bin (similarly to how one would use 'bindir' for ordinary programs, and 'mandir' / 'infodir' for documentation). Is there any standard (similar to autotools 'bindir', 'sharedir', etc.) for the name of 'xxxdir' variable in above example? How do you think should such build configuration variable be named?

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• A .Net4 Gem: The ConcurrentDictionary - Tips & Tricks

  - by SDReyes

  Hi guys, I started to use the new ConcurrentDictionary from .Net4 yesterday to implement a simple caching for a threading project. But I'm wondering what I have to take care of/be careful about when using it? What have been your experiences using it?

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• What is the best way to identify which form has been submitted?

  - by Rupert

  Currently, when I design my forms, I like to keep the name of the submit button equal to the id of the form. Then, in my php, I just do if(isset($_POST['submitName'])) in order to check if a form has been submitted and which form has been submitted. Firstly, are there any security problems or design flaws with this method? One problem I have encountered is when I wish to overlay my forms with javascript in order to provide faster validation to the user. For example, whilst I obviously need to retain server side validation, it is more convenient for the user if an error message is displayed inline, upon blurring an input. Additionally, it would be good to provide entire form validation, upon clicking the submit button. Therefore, when the user clicks on the form's submit button, I am stopping the default action, doing my validation, and then attempting to renable the traditional submit functionality, if the validation passes. In order to do this, I am using the form.submit() method but, unfortunately, this doesn't send the submit button variable (as it should be as form.submit() can be called without any button being clicked). This means my PHP script fails to detect that the form has been submitted. What is the correct way to work around this? It seems like the standard solution is to add a hidden field into the form, upon passing validation, which has the name of form's id. Then when form.submit() is called, this is passed along in place of the submit button. However, this solution seems very ungraceful to me and so I am wondering whether I should: a) Use an alternative method to detect which form has been submitted which doesn't rely rely on passing the submit button. If so what alternative is there? Obviously, just having an extra hidden field from the start isn't any better. b) Use an alternative Javascript solution which allows me to retain my non-Javascript design. For example, is there an alternative to form.submit() which allows me to pass in extra data? c) Suck it up and just insert a hidden field using Javascript.

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• Should my internal API classes be all in one package?

  - by Chris

  I'm hard at work packaging up an API for public consumption. As such I'm trying to limit the methods that are exposed to only those that I wish to be public and supportable. Underneath this of course there are a multitude of limited access methods. The trouble is that I have a lot of internal code that needs to access these restricted methods without making those methods public. This creates two issues: I can't create interfaces to communicate between classes as this would make these my internal methods public. I can't access protected or default methods unless I put the majority of my internal classes in the same package. So, I have around 70 or 80 internal classes in cleanly segregated packages BUT with overly permissive access modifiers. Would you say that a single package is the lesser of two evils or is there a better way to be able to mask my internal methods whilst keeping more granular packages? I'd be interested to find out the best practice here. I'm already aware of This

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• Should I use IDisposable for purely managed resources?

  - by John Gietzen

  Here is the scenario: I have an object called a Transaction that needs to make sure that only one entity has permission to edit it at any given time. In order to facilitate a long-lived lock, I have the class generating a token object that can be used to make the edits. You would use it like this: var transaction = new Transaction(); using (var tlock = transaction.Lock()) { transaction.Update(data, tlock); } Now, I want the TransactionLock class to implement IDisposable so that its usage can be clear. But, I don't have any unmanaged resources to dispose. however, the TransctionLock object itself is a sort of "unmanaged resource" in the sense that the CLR doesn't know how to properly finalize it. All of this would be fine and dandy, I would just use IDisposable and be done with it. However, my issue comes when I try to do this in the finalizer: ~TransactionLock() { this.Dispose(false); } I want the finalizer to release the transaction from the lock, if possible. How, in the finalizer, do I detect if the parent transaction (this.transaction) has already been finalized? Is there a better pattern I should be using? The Transaction class looks something like this: public sealed class Transaction { private readonly object lockMutex = new object(); private TransactionLock currentLock; public TransactionLock Lock() { lock (this.lockMutex) { if (this.currentLock != null) throw new InvalidOperationException(/* ... */); this.currentLock = new TransactionLock(this); return this.currentLock; } } public void Update(object data, TransactionLock tlock) { lock (this.lockMutex) { this.ValidateLock(tlock); // ... } } internal void ValidateLock(TransactionLock tlock) { if (this.currentLock == null) throw new InvalidOperationException(/* ... */); if (this.currentLock != tlock) throw new InvalidOperationException(/* ... */); } internal void Unlock(TransactionLock tlock) { lock (this.lockMutex) { this.ValidateLock(tlock); this.currentLock = null; } } }

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• Working with multiple input and output files in Python

  - by Morlock

  I need to open multiple files (2 input and 2 output files), do complex manipulations on the lines from input files and then append results at the end of 2 output files. I am currently using the following approach: in_1 = open(input_1) in_2 = open(input_2) out_1 = open(output_1, "w") out_2 = open(output_2, "w") # Read one line from each 'in_' file # Do many operations on the DNA sequences included in the input files # Append one line to each 'out_' file in_1.close() in_2.close() out_1.close() out_2.close() The files are huge (each potentially approaching 1Go, that is why I am reading through these input files one at a time. I am guessing that this is not a very Pythonic way to do things. :) Would using the following form good? with open("file1") as f1: with open("file2") as f2: # etc. If yes, could I do it while avoiding the highly indented code that would result? Thanks for the insights!

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• How to save objects using Multi-Threading in Core Data?

  - by Konstantin

  I'm getting some data from the web service and saving it in the core data. This workflow looks like this: get xml feed go over every item in that feed, create a new ManagedObject for every feed item download some big binary data for every item and save it into ManagedObject call [managedObjectContext save:] Now, the problem is of course the performance - everything runs on the main thread. I'd like to re-factor as much as possible to another thread, but I'm not sure where I should start. Is it OK to put everything (1-4) to the separate thread?

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• HMVC or PAC - how to handle shared abstractions/models?

  - by fig-gnuton

  In HMVC/PAC, what's the recommended way to code if two or more triads/agents share a common model/abstraction? Do you instantiate a new instance of that model wherever needed, and propogate a change in one to all the other instances via the controllers? Or do instantiate one model at some common upper level, and inject that instance wherever needed? (Or neither if I'm missing something fundamental about these patterns?)

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• Resetting Objects vs. Constructing New Objects

  - by byronh

  Is it considered better practice and/or more efficient to create a 'reset' function for a particular object that clears/defaults all the necessary member variables to allow for further operations, or to simply construct a new object from outside? I've seen both methods employed a lot, but I can't decide which one is better. Of course, for classes that represent database connections, you'd have to use a reset method rather than constructing a new one resulting in needless connecting/disconnecting, but I'm talking more in terms of abstraction classes. Can anyone give me some real-world examples of when to use each method? In my particular case I'm thinking mostly in terms of ORM or the Model in MVC. For example, if I would want to retrieve a bunch of database objects for display and modify them in one operation.

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• IF-block brackets: best practice

  - by MasterPeter

  I am preparing a short tutorial for level 1 uni students learning JavaScript basics. The task is to validate a phone number. The number must not contain non-digits and must be 14 digits long or less. The following code excerpt is what I came up with and I would like to make it as readable as possible. if ( //set of rules for invalid phone number phoneNumber.length == 0 //empty || phoneNumber.length > 14 //too long || /\D/.test(phoneNumber) //contains non-digits ) { setMessageText(invalid); } else { setMessageText(valid); } A simple question I can not quite answer myself and would like to hear your opinions on: How to position the surrounding (outermost) brackets? It's hard to see the difference between a normal and a curly bracket. Do you usually put the last ) on the same line as the last condition? Do you keep the first opening ( on a line by itself? Do you wrap each individual sub-condition in brackets too? Do you align horizontally the first ( with the last ), or do you place the last ) in the same column as the if? Do you keep ) { on a separate line or you place the last ) on the same line with the last sub-condition and then place the opening { on a new line? Or do you just put the ) { on the same line as the last sub-condition? Community wiki.

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• Use database field maxlength as html layout input maxlength best practice. asp.net mvc

  - by Andrew Florko

  Hello everybody, There are string length limitations in database structure (email is declared as nvarchar[30] for instance) There are lots of html forms that has input textbox fields that should be limited in length for that reason. What is the best practice to synchronize database fields and html layout input fields length limitations ? Can it be done automatically (html layout input fields declared the same max length as database data they represent)? Thank you in advance.

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• C# unusual inheritance syntax w/ generics

  - by anon

  I happened upon this in an NHibernate class definition: public class SQLiteConfiguration : PersistenceConfiguration<SQLiteConfiguration> So this class inherits from a base class that is parameterized by... the derived class?   My head just exploded. Can someone explain what this means and how this pattern is useful? (This is NOT an NHibernate-specific question, by the way.)

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• Is this bad Object Oriented Design? (derived class used in base class)

  - by Earlz

  Hello, Can someone tell me if this class structure is bad? class abstract Parent{ public Child Foo(){ return new Child(); } } class Child : Parent{} I've heard that referring to a derived type from a base type is always bad and signs of bad design. Can someone tell me why this is bad or even if it is bad?

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• Passing objects by reference or not in C#

  - by Piku

  Suppose I have a class like this: public class ThingManager { List<SomeClass> ItemList; public void AddToList (SomeClass Item) { ItemList.Add(Item); } public void ProcessListItems() { // go through list one item at a time, get item from list, // modify item according to class' purpose } } Assume "SomeClass" is a fairly large class containing methods and members that are quite complex (List<s and arrays, for example) and that there may be a large quantity of them, so not copying vast amounts of data around the program is important. Should the "AddToList" method have "ref" in it or not? And why? It's like trying to learn pointers in C all over again ;-) (which is probably why I am getting confused, I'm trying to relate these to pointers. In C it'd be "SomeClass *Item" and a list of "SomeClass *" variables)

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• Efficiently Serving Dynamic Content in Google App Engine

  - by awegawef

  My app on google app engine returns content items (just text) and comments on them. It works like this (pseudo-ish code): query: get keys of latest content #query to datastore for each item in content if item_dict in memcache: use item_dict else: build_item_dict(item) #by fetching from datastore store item_dict in memcache send all item_dicts to template Sorry if the code isn't understandable. I get all of the content dictionaries and send them to the template, which uses them to create the webpage. My problem is that if the memcache has expired, for each item I want to display, I have to (1) lookup item in memcache, (2) since no memcache exists I must fetch item from the datastore, and (3) store the item in memcache. These calls build up quickly. I don't set an expire time for the entries to the memcache, so this really only happens once in the morning, but the webpage takes long enough to load (~1 sec) that the browser reports it as not existing. Regularly, my webpages take about 50ms to load. This approach works decently for frequent visits, but it has its flaws as shown above. How can I remedy this? The entries are dynamic enough that I don't think it would be in my best interest to cache my initial request. Thanks in advance

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• Using explicitly numbered repetition instead of question mark, star and plus

  - by polygenelubricants

  I've seen regex patterns that use explicitly numbered repetition instead of ?, * and +, i.e.: Explicit Shorthand (something){0,1} (something)? (something){1} (something) (something){0,} (something)* (something){1,} (something)+ The questions are: Are these two forms identical? What if you add possessive/reluctant modifiers? If they are identical, which one is more idiomatic? More readable? Simply "better"?

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• How to code for Alternate Course AKA Rainy Day Scenary?

  - by janetsmith

  Alternate course is something when user doesn't do what you expected, e.g. key in wrong password, pressing back button, or database error. For any programming project, alternate course accounts for more than 50% of a project timeline. It is important. However, most computer books only focus on Basic Course (when everything goes fine). Basic course is rather simple, compared to Alternate course, because this is normally given by client. Alternate course is what we, as a programmer or Business Analyst needs to take care of. Java has some built-in mechanism (try-catch) to force us to handle those unexpected behavior. The question is, how to handle them? Any pattern to follow? Any guideline or industry practice for handling alternate course?

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• distributing R package with optional S4 syntax sugar

  - by mariotomo

  I've written a small package for logging, I'm distributing it through r-forge, recently I received some very interesting feedback on how to make it easier to use, but this functionality is based on stuff (setRefClass) that was added to R in 2.12. I'd like to keep distributing the package also for R-2.9, so I'm looking for a way to include or exclude the S4 syntactical sugar automatically, and include it when the library is loaded on a R = 2.12 system. one other option I see, that is to write a small S4 package that needs 2.12, imports the simpler logging package and exports the syntactically sugared interface... I don't like it too much, as I'd need to choose a different name for the S4 package.

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• Is it against best practice to throw Exception on most JUnit tests?

  - by Chris Knight

  Almost all of my JUnit tests are written with the following signature: public void testSomething() throws Exception My reasoning is that I can focus on what I'm testing rather than exception handling which JUnit appears to give me for free. But am I missing anything by doing this? Is it against best practice? Would I gain anything by explicitly catching specific exceptions in my test and then fail()'ing on them?

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• Is str.replace(..).replace(..) ad nauseam a standard idiom in Python?

  - by meeselet

  For instance, say I wanted a function to escape a string for use in HTML (as in Django's escape filter): def escape(string): """ Returns the given string with ampersands, quotes and angle brackets encoded. """ return string.replace('&', '&amp;').replace('<', '&lt;').replace('>', '&gt;').replace("'", '&#39;').replace('"', '&quot;') This works, but it gets ugly quickly and appears to have poor algorithmic performance (in this example, the string is repeatedly traversed 5 times). What would be better is something like this: def escape(string): """ Returns the given string with ampersands, quotes and angle brackets encoded. """ # Note that ampersands must be escaped first; the rest can be escaped in # any order. return replace_multi(string.replace('&', '&amp;'), {'<': '&lt;', '>': '&gt;', "'": '&#39;', '"': '&quot;'}) Does such a function exist, or is the standard Python idiom to use what I wrote before?

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