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• How a router decides destination of packet?

  - by user58859

  I have basic networking question. Scenario : Two pc's are communicating on a wan. Both the pc's ate behind routers or modems. My question : Both the pc's have public IP of each other. That public IP is most of the time is either of the router or of the modem. There can be more then one pc's behind those routers and modems. Then how the pc's are communicating. I can understand the packets can reach upto those routers or modems. But what after that. In the packet , destination IP is public IP. Then how the router or modem decides where to send the packet? Can anybody explain me this please. Thanks in advance.

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• dpkg -S not showing all files in package

  - by dimadima

  I've been using dpkg -S <package_name> to list the contents of a package. Sometimes I pipe to grep bin to quickly scan for executables. I just ran into a case where this didn't work out for me: $ which virtualenv $ sudo apt-get install python-virtualenv Reading package lists... Done ... Setting up python-virtualenv (1.7.1.2-1) ... $ which virtualenv /usr/bin/virtualenv $ dpkg -S /usr/bin/virtualenv python-virtualenv: /usr/bin/virtualenv $ dpkg -S python-virtualenv | grep bin $ /usr/bin/virtualenv seems to be provided by python-virtualenv, but isn't listed in the package contents provided by dpkg -S. All the while, passing /usr/bin/virtualenv to dpkg -S returns that the file comes from python-virtualenv. Can you all explain this?

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• Choosing a Linux distribution

  - by Luke Puplett

  Dangerous territory with this question so please try to be impartial and instead focus on what to look for when choosing a Linux distribution. I'm completely new to Linux. I thought it'd never happen but I need to have a Linux box to play with and I have a spare fanless Atom PC (32-bit only). I'll be using the machine as a non-commercial hobby server, the trouble is, I don't even know how to compare Linux distributions and why people pick one over another. If anything, I want to have an easy install from USB stick. My question is: what do you look for when choosing a (free?) Linux distribution for a server? If you can, please explain what sorts of things actually differ between one and another without saying which you think is better, just the facts. The way I see it, Linux as a server is just an SSH console and I find it hard to imagine what could be different between one and another.

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• Why some recovery tools are still able to find deleted files after I purge Recycle Bin, defrag the disk and zero-fill free space?

  - by Ivan

  As far as I understand, when I delete (without using Recycle Bin) a file, its record is removed from the file system table of contents (FAT/MFT/etc...) but the values of the disk sectors which were occupied by the file remain intact until these sectors are reused to write something else. When I use some sort of erased files recovery tool, it reads those sectors directly and tries to build up the original file. In this case, what I can't understand is why recovery tools are still able to find deleted files (with reduced chance of rebuilding them though) after I defragment the drive and overwrite all the free space with zeros. Can you explain this? I thought zero-overwritten deleted files can be only found by means of some special forensic lab magnetic scan hardware and those complex wiping algorithms (overwriting free space multiple times with random and non-random patterns) only make sense to prevent such a physical scan to succeed, but practically it seems that plain zero-fill is not enough to wipe all the tracks of deleted files. How can this be?

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• What is the best IP/Subnet set up strategy for a multi-server webhosting setup?

  - by Roy Andre

  Sorry for the mixed-up title, but let me try to explain better: We run a hosting solution, which until now has supported shared hosting and VPSes. Easy enough. We are now getting larger clients which require a more complex setup. We have more or less settled the server-setup itself, which will consist of: 1-2 Frontend Proxy/Load balancing servers 2+ Application servers 1 Database server 1 optional Memcached server The issue we are dealing with is to agree on a flexible and easy-to-maintain IP setup. So far we've been into VLAN'ing the internal servers in its own subnet, we've though of assigning an official IP to each server, and so on. What will be the best approach here? Any best practices? Using one official IP on the Frontend server, and then just set up an internal subnet for the servers behind that? We could then just NAT in any eventual sources required to access for instance the DB server directly over 3306.

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• No internet access on Windows 7 - part 2

  - by Vnuk

  This is a continuation of my previous question. The problems started when I turned on my wireless connection for the first time. Since then, every time I boot my Windows 7, my LAN connection does not have internet access. In my previous question, I got a key answer (route delete). Now my procedure to get LAN internet connectivity (local network works fine) when I boot looks like this: Power on WLAN Disconnect LAN cable Power off WLAN Execute route delete 0.0.0.0 if 11 Connect LAN cable Now my LAN connection has internet access. Another behavior that I can't explain - while my LAN connection has no internet access, Network and Sharing center refers to it as Unknown network, with a public icon. When I go through the fore mentioned procedure, it is referred to with my home WLAN network name, with status connected, and the Unknown network disappears.

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• ideal memory configuration 4 bank, ddr3, AM3+ FX - 1 vs 2 vs 4 dimms?

  - by TardisGuy

  Ok, so ive been looking around, trying to learn and understand the way that ram works. Ive gotten one answer that said "The addressing is best for 2 sticks, and when you use 4; it slows down" Another answer said something like: Theres bank/channel interleave that makes the memory read like one stick Also I read something about the memory density also being a factor. I dug further and found out that theres a higher speed limit on my board for 2 sticks vs 4, so now im trying to put an image in my head of how and why, and... pfft. Can anyone explain, or recommend a resource that would answer these questions?

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• What could be wrong with my CD drive and how do you fix it?

  - by Jamie

  My CD drive hasn't worked in about 8 months. I was burning CDs in a hurry and pulled it out because it was taking too long (probably an average amount of time). Im running a laptop (Toshiba Satellite A505-6965) that uses a slot drive. Now my computer doesn't accept CDs. It used to pull them in but it doesn't anymore. Ive heard it make odd noises a few times but thats it. The slot is these spongey things and Ive managed to peek into the drive with a flashlight and theres nothing in the way, really. Could someone explain the mechanics of what happened and if it would be possible to fix it? If itd be possible to fix it through Linux that would be great since I keep getting the BSOD (0x0000007B) and am going to try reinstalling Windows 7. But I can't really do that since I don't have a USB drive larger than 2 GB (Windows is about 4 GB) so Im relying on Linux ATM.

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• MySQL Unions/Subselects not utilizing keys from associated tables

  - by Brett

  I've noticed by doing EXPLAINs that when a MySQL union between two tables is used, mysql creates a temporary table, but the temp table does not use keys, so queries are slowed considerably. Here is an example: SELECT * FROM ( SELECT `part_number`, `part_manufacturer_clean`, `part_number_clean`, `part_heci`, `part_manufacturer`, `part_description` FROM `new_products` AS `a` UNION SELECT `part` as `part_number`, `manulower` as `part_manufacturer_clean`, `partdeluxe` as `part_number_clean`, `heci` as `part_heci`, `manu` as `part_manufacturer`, `description` as `part_description` FROM `warehouse` AS `b` ) AS `c` WHERE `part_manufacturer_clean` = 'adc' EXPLAIN yields this: id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra 1 PRIMARY <derived2> ALL (NULL) (NULL) (NULL) (NULL) 17206 Using where 2 DERIVED a ALL (NULL) (NULL) (NULL) (NULL) 17743 3 UNION b ALL (NULL) (NULL) (NULL) (NULL) 5757 (NULL) UNION RESULT <union2,3> ALL (NULL) (NULL) (NULL) (NULL) (NULL) In this case, part_manufacturer_clean and manulower are keys in both tables. When I don't use the subselects and union, and just use one table, everything works fine. I'm not sure if the issue is with the union or with the subselects. Is there any way to union two tables and still use keys/indexes for performance?

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• Needing to concatenate between cells that change daily. I want to be able to automate this vs manual

  - by Harold

  I use concatenate to pull data together from different cells in my spreadsheet. Since my data changes daily, I want the formula to also change daily without having to manually input the new cell in the concatenate formula. I am looking for a way to do this but not sure how. Can anyone out there help me out please!? I appreciate the assistance in advance! Maybe this will help to explain what I need. I have a row of data from D4:AH4 that I insert daily based on the new day. When I use the concatenate and us the following formula: =CONCATENATE(TEXT('Raw Data'!B4,"m/d")," ",TEXT('Raw Data'!C4,"")," ",TEXT('Raw Data'!E4,"0.0%"))... E4 being the cell that changes daily where next day would be F4, G4, etc... All other parts of the formula will stay the same. I hope this helps! Thanks! :)

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• For how long do I need to store the logs?

  - by mindas

  I will soon be running an internet-based public service which will physically be hosted in the UK on a virtual server. The virtual server is provided by the ISP. I was wondering if there is/are any legal requirement(s) to keep access logs, and if yes - for how long? There is a Wikipedia article that touches this subject but I'm afraid my brain just can't grasp the legislative gibberish. I believe there's EU law and there's UK law; and I do need to comply to both, right? Can somebody explain this in pure layman's terms?

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• Which firewall ports do I need to open in order for a domain trust to work?

  - by Massimo

  I have two Active Directory domains in two different forests; each domain has two DCs (all of them Windows Server 2008 R2). The domains are also in different networks, with a firewall connecting them. I need to create a two-way forest trust between the two domains and forest. How do I configure the firewall to allow this? I found this article, but it doesn't explain very clearly which traffic is required between DCs, and which traffic (if any) in needed instead between domain computers in one domain and DCs for the other one. I'm allowed to permit all traffic between the DCs, but allowing computers in one network to access DCs in the other one would be a little more difficult.

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• Hosts file in Apache keep changing for OS Linux Redhat [on hold]

  - by jack f

  I have installed Apache server. Two clients ex client_1 and client_2. The operation that we are performing on client_1 reflecting to client_2. We have etc/hosts file in our software install location which is keep on changing for client_2 with client_1 IP address. If I correct the entries in hosts file to client_2 also in the next few minuets it is changing automatically to the client_1(if we start the client_1 service). Please explain the use of hosts file and where and when it will change by Apache service. The hosts file in the location /etc/hosts/ for the both clients are same ============================================= Do not remove the following line, or various programs that require network functionality will fail. 127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost Local LAN 190.0.0.1 client_1.Example.com client_1 190.0.0.2 client_2.Example.com client_2 HR LAN 10.1.74.2 client_1hr peer 10.1.74.3 client_2hr ESP LAN 10.69.69.1 client_1esp 10.69.69.2 client_2esp Any help will be appreciated. Thanks in advance, Jack F

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• After a period of time, nslookup still works, but pinging, and an auto-refeshed website, fails.

  - by Mark Hurd

  Contrary to this SO question this is for a dotted name (gw.localnet.au), and it doesn't happen straight away. Only after some period of time (quite a long time, possibly days). In fact this is for my ADSL router and its internal IP address which I have named within the router itself and in my Windows Server 2003 Domain Controller DNS Service. Specifically, localnet.au is a Active-Directory-backed primary domain. In fact, an ipconfig /flushdns may fix the problem, but only after a while (about the time it took me to type in this question :-) ). That doesn't explain the root cause though... Manually transferred from stackoverflow.com

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• Pages partially load on rapid refresh

  - by user101570

  I recently set up a VPS slice with 256MB to run a LAMP stack (Ubuntu 11.04, Apache2, Mysql, PHP5). So far I'm only running a simple Wordpress site on an IP-based virtual host I set up. The performance is excellent, but I've noticed that if I send multiple HTTP requests from the same IP in a short time period, only partial pages are rendered. Then if I wait a bit and refresh the page, the entire page loads again. I noticed this behaviour when accessing the site from two browsers from my office desktop, but it also presents itself if I quickly navigate the site from a single browser (any browser). I'm guessing this is an Apache phenomenon, as the pages are rendered correctly except under the conditions above, but perhaps I'm wrong here. Could it be my hosting company with some kind of DOS protection in place? As a relative Linux/server noob, I'd really appreciate any insight into what settings in Apache could explain this behaviour, and how I might go about changing it.

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• Amazon EC2 hostnames

  - by Firefly

  I'm currently trying to setup a Tigase cluster on Amazon EC2 instances in a VPC and I'm having troubles getting it to work due to the hostnames of the instances not being "full DNS names". According to the Tigase documentation: Please note the proper DNS configuration is critical for the cluster to work correctly. Make sure the 'hostname' command returns a full DNS name on each cluster node. Can anyone explain what a full DNS name is and how I can set my instances to use one? Currently my instances get a default hostname of the form "ip-10-0-0-20".

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• Logical and Physical network topologies

  - by t.thielemans

  I'm trying to understand the difference between logical and physical topologies but it's a bit confusing to me. Cisco states these as logical topologies, but from my understanding these should be physical topologies? This is what I understand so far: Physical PtP: desktop directly connected to a desktop Multiaccess: several desktops connected to a medium with access to each other (Cisco Ring image, how should I view this in a live situation?) Ring: several desktops directly connected to each other creating a loop? Logical PtP: two desktops (virtually) connected to each other with intermediairy devices in between MultiAccess: (don't have a clue) Ring: (don't have a clue) Could anyone help me out and perhaps explain the difference a bit more detailed? Online I can't find any useful topics. I am using the Cisco Network Fundamentals book.

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• Apache user owns git project root, with git-http-backend setup, but still having permissions problems

  - by Luke

  I've setup git-http-backend on my vps server (CentOS), under one of its users. The apache user owns the git project root directory - /home/theuser/git/, as below: drwxrwxr-x 3 apache apache The apache user also owns everything inside that directory. But I'm still getting the following error in git when trying to push: error: unpack failed: unpack-objects abnormal exit The apache error log shows the following error: error: insufficient permission for adding an object to repository database ./objects I've tried every combination of user permissions and enabled read/write access, but not getting anywhere. Should the git user own this folder? Can someone explain exactly what user should own this folder, or what steps I might take to fix this problem?

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• Router won't connect to computer over cable

  - by yyy

  I have a Thompson 784 router that connects to the Internet. It works nicely enough. What is wrong is that I have a shielded Cat 5e cable that goes from my room to the router that's in a another room (~30 metres). Both ends are the same; both ends are done nicely; I've tested it with a cable tester and every wire connects. However, when i connect my computer to my router neither one will find the other. So would anyone be nice and please explain what is wrong. p.s.: I have tried many different cable ends (currently it on standard/A), the cable is tested both ways (as it should be) and yes I'm at my wit's end =(

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• Web Development - How to access custom host, defined in my hosts file, from another device in the same network

  - by Neara

  Ok, I hope i'll be able to explain the issue im experiencing. I'm working on a project, that has 2 parts: one takes all requests from usual localhost, the other handles requests from myhost.local. While trying to access both addresses from my computer, it works ok. But now i need to test myhost.local on mobile devices, connected to the same network. Usually i would just run server from my computer ip in the network: python manage.py runserver 10.0.0.8:8000 And then from any device, going to 10.0.0.8:8000 would show the project im working on. However, now accessing that ip address routes me straight to localhost. So, my question is how to access myhost.local from another device in same network? I don't want to change router settings, if that can be avoided, cos sometimes i work from places where i can't access router admin. Is there any network settings on my computer, that i can change to fix the routing to myhost.local w.o losing access to localhost as well?

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• Use HAProxy or Nginx to Load Balance between VPS

  - by xperator

  I want to load balance + failover backup multiple vps webservers hosted on different providers. I heard that for HAProxy you need multiple server under the same subnet, plus a shared (virtual) ip address between load balancers. But it's not possible in my case cause every VPS is on different node/network. Is there a way to use HAProxy in this kind of setup ? ( Please explain how briefly, I don't want to hear your "YES" answer ) What about NginX? Is it possible to achieve same result with Nginx ? (when servers are located on different nets) I know about Round Rubin DNS, but it doesn't provide a real failover solution, neither a load balance between servers.

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• Host CPID, Geast CPUID and UserCPUID / what are they?

  - by amir.csco

  i found out that there are some IDs associated to the CPUIDs in vmx file of each virtual machine, these IDs are; hostCPUID.{Num} hostCPUID.80000001 guestCPUID.{Num} guestCPUID.80000001 userCPUID.{Num} userCPUID.80000001 i had some examination and search and i found out that guestCPUID and userCPUID are the same but hostCPUID always is different, Also i realized that these IDs are 32 hexadecimal characters that contains EDX, EAX, ECX and EDX i just want to know why hostCPUID is different from two other IDs?? and what is the different between these format of IDs and another format that explain in VMware documents ( cpuid.{Num}.edx or cpuid.{Num}.eax ) that written in binary codes not hexadecimal?? also i need to know why there are no CPUIDs in vmx file of some virtual appliance that often are available in OVF/OVA format and we can just deploy it?? Best Regards,

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• How is it possible for SSD's drives to have such a good latency?

  - by tigrou

  First time i read some information about SSD's, i was surprised to learn they internally use NAND flash chips. This kind of memory is generally slow (low bandwidth) and have high latency while SSD's are just the opposite. But here is how it works : SSD drives increase their bandwidth by using several NAND flash chips in parallel. In other words, they do some data striping (aka RAID0) across several chips (done by the controller). What i don't understand is how SSD's drives have such a low latency, whereas they are using NAND chips? (or at least lot better than what a typical single NAND chip would do) EDIT: I think under-estimate NAND chip capabilities. USB drives, while powered by NAND's are mostly limited by USB protocol (which have a pretty high latency) and the USB controller. That explain their poor performance in some cases.

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• Close lid option "Do nothing" absent

  - by Jaap

  I just unpacked my new Sony Vaio, with windows 8 pro installed. Everything is nice, so I tried setting my power management options. The "When I close the lid" option only list: Hibernate Sleep Shutdown The "Do nothing" option is not present. I've seen loads of stuff on google where people ask or explain how to set this option to "Do nothing", but in all my power plans this option is absent... Can I use a tool to prevent this, or is there a way to force windows to show me this option (and that it actually works)? UPDATE powercf /q guid gives me this output: Subgroup GUID: 4f971e89-eebd-4455-a8de-9e59040e7347 (Power buttons and lid) GUID Alias: SUB_BUTTONS Power Setting GUID: 5ca83367-6e45-459f-a27b-476b1d01c936 (Lid close action) GUID Alias: LIDACTION Possible Setting Index: 000 Possible Setting Friendly Name: Sleep Possible Setting Index: 001 Possible Setting Friendly Name: Hibernate Possible Setting Index: 002 Possible Setting Friendly Name: Shut down Current AC Power Setting Index: 0x00000000 Current DC Power Setting Index: 0x00000000 Other sections have different enumerations where 000 stands for No action

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• How to setup guest-os raid 1 with vmware esxi?

  - by jM2.me

  In my last questions I didn't make myself clear, so I will do my best to explain it. I have a server with esxi 5 installed on it. I am not able to setup hardware raid atm, and need a workaround. From previous question I have been told to setup a raid for guest-os (don't confuse with hardware/software raid for/on host). I wasn't able to find any information about this, nor found any option in guest-os bios. Help appreciated. Edit: I have two drives setup as datastores. Each drive/datastore will host one image file for guest os

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