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• In Wireshark's Protocol Hierarchy Statistics screen, is the total byte count of a capture the sum of the Bytes column or just the top line (Frame)?

  - by Howiecamp

  Part 1 - I'm looking at Wireshark's Protocol Hierarchy Statistics screen (sample below), is the total byte count of the capture the sum of the Bytes column or just the top line (Frame)? I'm 99% that it's the latter because of protocol rollup but I wanted to conform. Part 2 - From Wireshark documentation on this screen, "Protocol layers can consist of packets that won't contain any higher layer protocol, so the sum of all higher layer packets may not sum up to the protocols packet count. Example: In the screenshot TCP has 85,83% but the sum of the subprotocols (HTTP, ...) is much less. This may be caused by TCP protocol overhead, e.g. TCP ACK packets won't be counted as packets of the higher layer)." Can you explain this?

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• How does a private intra network connect to the internet?

  - by user24454

  Yesterday I visited the offices of RailTel - a public company in India that provides communication backbone to the Indian Railways, they had a very sophisticated setup of Optical Fiber cables for data transmission. They said that this is a private network for internal use only. Then when I was in the Exchange Office - the main communication office, a place where they actually use those communication channels. They said that we could connect to the Intranet and as well as the Internet! My question is, that how is this possible? How can privately laid optical fibers connect globally? On google, I picked up the term internet exhange? But this has got me confused further, why would a private network want to go to this exchange? Please explain me in very simple terms, how does this all work? If this is just a connection of wires, then why charge so much for little bandwidth? Thanks.

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• Poor disk performance with high disk capacity usage

  - by GoldenNewby

  I've heard numerous times in the web hosting industry that using "too much" disk space on a drive is bad for performance. Is this just a myth? Can someone explain why this is an issue, even in a situation where the amount of IO done to the drive would be the same at 10% as it would be at 90%? I'm especially curious in the case of virtual servers. If I set up 10 Logical volumes as the virtual disks for some VMs, is it going to run better if I "waste" 20% of the disk space?

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• Getting started with server and system adminstration

  - by sid__

  I am web developer and I have been doing a lot of server configurations and system administrative tasks lately I was wondering if someone could recommend books and tutorials that would help understand how things are done the right way. Though I mostly work with Apache and Nginx for configuring and maintaining my applications, my approach has been largely trial and error based with information off google and blogs. Could someone recommend books that explain how to get started with system administrative tasks (preferably in a tutorial fashion so that I may try and understand the workings of the system). I work mostly on Linux systems on EC2 Thanks in advance.

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• Chrome : type in textboxes instead of selecting them

  - by rlb.usa

  Hi guys, not sure what is happening but quite often i go to highlight/doubleclick text in a textbox in Google's Chrome browser, and somehow the textbox itself gets selected. I have to redo my selection so it selects the text inside... It is hard to explain but is it possible that whenever I have a textbox selected, when I type, the text I type goes in the box (instead of nowhere)? It seems like a rather uh, silly/stupid question, but it would save me time and make my browsing more efficient. I can work a mouse and type just as well as anyone else, Chrome is the only browser I have trouble in where it likes to select the textboxes instead of the text inside the textboxes. I love Chrome.

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• Explaining svn / apache permissions error? (I know "how" but not "why")

  - by Neil

  I have the following error occurring on occasion when trying to do an svn switch (have it set up to do via a web request): svn: Can't open file '/root/.subversion/servers': Permission denied This happens after an apache httpd.conf change and corresponding restart. How to fix this? I can get it to fix by doing an apache restart - BUT, it often takes multiple tries. Curious if anybody can explain this. Why did this error go away on my 8th apache restart, but not on the prior ones (with no edits to the conf file)? Basically, I kind of have a "how" in terms of solving this, but I don't have a "why" . . . Thanks!

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• Separate 2 networks with 1 Windows Server

  - by SamuGG

  The situation is: I have 1 router 192.168.1.1, 1 switch, 1 windows server and a basic LAN of devices accessing it. I need to split into 2 separate LANs with full Internet access each, but isolated from each other. Given that, the server is a Windows Server 2008 R2 with 2 NICs: NIC1: 192.168.1.2 NIC2: 192.168.2.2 The router has no dhcp configuration. Please, can anyone explain gracefully, step by step, what do I need to do? What would be the 2 NICs full configuration? What services do I need to install? I don't want devices on either network to see devices on the other network, they must be completely separate. I guess I'm missing the routing procedure step, but I have no idea how is that done. For example: tell the server that devices with gateway 192.168.2.2 must send traffic for internet to 192.168.1.1 router. Thanks in advance.

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• linux system problem

  - by snakec

  very first thanks to u all for Ur support. I'm quite new to Linux .i know how to install software but i don't know 1: how to install library .a or .so files i: how to install tar.gz i use the method like ./configure. make make install but most of the time i got the message nothing to make .in lots of tar.gz there is no installation document no make file no .configure file that make me quite confused how to install them or run them now i got sample source code of cuda i got them in tar.gz form when i extract them i found a folder in folder i found folder like c ,doc,shared etc when i open each folder i found more folder n file like that src, doc common ,lib, in these folder i found source code file header files libraries file make files i don't know how to run this kind of project can the be installed on the system how to run them they don't have .run file or script they don't have configure file can any one explain me how to compile them ,how to run them & how to install them

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• Is it possible to stream music/video from an Apache server?

  - by rphello101

  I'm just starting to get into setting up a server. I've set up a basic Apache server to access some songs and movies. When I click one of the songs though, nothing happens. When I click one of the movies, sometimes it will open a new web page and act as though it is going to start playing, but never does. I know Apache is HTTP, not FTP and read somewhere that that could be a problem, but I'm uncertain of the differences. Anyway, is it possible to click on one of the songs and have it start streaming using, for example, Windows Media Player? If so, might someone either explain how to do so or direct me to where I can find it? Any information on retrieving media from an Apache server at this point would be most appreciated. -Edit- I don't know if it matters, but I'm using Windows 7 and Google Chrome

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• What are the methods of separating network spaces in a LAN?

  - by dash17291

  Please detail me the methods. My thoughts: put the servers in separate (sub)networks the servers are forced to go through the firewall but no NAT is required assign more IP addresses to the internal interface of the server choosing gateway addresses from the clients and servers IP address ranges split DNS Netfilter/{iptables, ipset} could be heavily involved, I'm talking about Linux servers. See for example: Destination NAT Onto the Same Network from internal clients Please do not explain what is NAT or DNS. This is a theoretical question, but my poor English knowledge prevent me to describe it in a fancy fashion.

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• Setting Boot and Mirror Disks correctly at the Solaris OBP

  - by Shaun Dewberry

  I am recovering a domain that was lost due to power outage on an Sun Fire E25K server. I know how to set the appropriate parameters at the openboot prompt using nvalias/devalias, boot etc. However, I do not understand how one gets from the output of show-disks {1a0} ok show-disks a) /pci@1dd,600000/SUNW,qlc@1/fp@0,0/disk b) /pci@1dd,700000/SUNW,qlc@1/fp@0,0/disk c) /pci@1dc,700000/pci@1/pci@1/scsi@2,1/disk d) /pci@1dc,700000/pci@1/pci@1/scsi@2/disk e) /pci@1bd,600000/SUNW,qlc@1/fp@0,0/disk f) /pci@1bd,700000/SUNW,qlc@1/fp@0,0/disk g) /pci@1bc,700000/pci@1/pci@1/scsi@2,1/disk h) /pci@1bc,700000/pci@1/pci@1/scsi@2/disk q) NO SELECTION Enter Selection, q to quit: to the correct full disk path. I know it is basically one of the pci/scsi paths listed above, but in all instruction or examples a string of additional characters is appended to the path to specify Targets and Units but the explanation of the path construction is never given. Could someone please explain how to construct this disk path correctly?

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• Don't understand [0:0] iptable syntax

  - by artaxerxe

  I'm struggling with some iptables rules. I'm a newbie in iptables. I found some resources where I get the following command related to iptables. This is stored in a file that will be executed. [0:0] -A PREROUTING -s 10.1.0.0/24 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 81 -j DNAT --to-destination 10.1.0.6:3128 Can anybody explain me what does [0:0] mean? Also, some link related to this in iptables are welcome. Thanks in advance! P.S. If you need more rules, just let me know.

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• What kind of website traffic can a 10mpbs connection handle?

  - by Blankman

  I need some help understanding firewalls. I played around with Amazon EC2 and it seems to provide a firewall out-of-the-box. When I say firewall, to me that means the ability to block ports from being accessed from the outside world, or to only specific security groups. I'm looking at a dedicated server hosting provider and they provide a hardware firewall for $50/month and it is limited to 10mbps. Can someone explain to me what kind of traffic this correlates to? Are these usually limited to the number of simultaneous connections also?

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• OS X Leopard (10.5) Server -- Unwanted Emails

  - by David

  Our OS X Leopard (10.5) server is sending out an email EVERY DAY for a Disk Full Notification on an external HDD we use for Time Machine backups (which manages it's own disk space, so the disk full notifications are useless). In the Server Admin app, under Settings Notifications, there's this: which is clearly disabled. The email header and message: http://pastebin.com/V5PZ3Phk I've been told to check the mail.log, but it's mostly empty (except for a few logs in 2011 saying "Postfix mail system is not running". I've also been told to check the crontabs, but I'm not sure how to do that on OS X (or any OS for that matter). Can someone explain how to do this? Also, if there's any other suggestions on places/things/etc to look at/for, my ears are all open!

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• VGA passthrough and desktop virtualization

  - by Zacariaz

  In short, my dream is to have one machine with multiple paravirtualized desktop and server guests, one of which has to be a Windows desktop with powerful graphics. As Windows can't be paravirtualized in the normal sense of the word, I was quite happy when I heard about VGA passthrough, but then I read on. As I understand it, such a setup would mean that the Graphics will be dedicated to one particular guest, thus you wouldn't be able to switch between guests. If this is in fact so, would someone please explain to me what the purpose/use of VGA passthrough is? I can think of no real use for it. Yes it's a cool technology, but to me it seems pointless. It's true that it's possible to passthrough individual VMs to separate GPUs, which is also cool, but in the end I should think that two seperate computers would make life a whole lot simpler. Again it seems rather pointless.

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• Mirrored servers in data centers nationwide -- how?

  - by Sysadmin Evstar

  I flubbed my IT interview with Google by getting this question wrong. I thought that in the various metropolitan areas, an "http://google.com" request went to a local DNS server in a geographically nearby datacenter, which then returned an IP address for just one of several nearby http servers, which then rollover'd to the next local server, and I could not explain how or where the nationwide DNS kept its table of the available local servers cached, or how such a rollover happened. Or how they could manually take some server out of rotation, from anywhere. Fail. So, which Wikipedia page should I be looking at now so I can ace this question next time? And, what daemons run on these machines 24/7 to keep the mirrored database disks synchronized?

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• Mirrored servers in data centers nationwide -- how?

  - by Sysadmin Evstar

  Mirrored servers in data centers nationwide -- how? I flunked my IT interview by getting this question wrong. I thought that in the various metropolitan areas, an "http://google.com" request goes to the ISP's DNS server, which somehow returns an IP address for one of several geographically-nearby http servers, and then something internally rolls over to the next available local Google server. But then, I could not explain where the table of available local Google servers is actually cached, or the details of the IP address rollover. Or how they could manually take some server out of the rotation, from anywhere. So, what should I be reading now so I can ace this question next time? Also, what daemons run on these machines 24/7 to keep all those mirrored database disks synchronized?

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• Hard drive self monitoring system

  - by Hoorayo

  I have a 500GB HDD on my desktop, and there are two partitions as C and D. The computer would not start and shows me a error message. Notice - Hard drive self monitoring system has reported that a parameter has exceeded its normal operating range. Dell recommends you that you back up your data regularly. A parameter out of range may or may not indicate a potential hard. So I took the hdd out of the desktop and made a USB external HDD. My laptop recognizes the hard drive as “I” drive and “J” drive. I am able to click “J” and see folders and files. But there is no response when I click “I” while it makes weird clicking sound. Can anyone explain why I drive doesn't work while J drive works on same physical hard drive? Is there anyway that I can fix?

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• Is it possible to put an 8000 series socket-F Opteron into a dual-socket motherboard?

  - by René Kåbis

  Exactly what it says on the Tin. I have a dual-socket, socket-F motherboard in which I am looking to put two high-end quad-core Opterons, but the 2000 series are nearly double the price of the 8000 series on eBay. Can I just drop in a pair of 8000 series processors and be done with it, or are there processor-critical motherboard features that would be present on a quad(+)-socket motherboard that don’t exist on a dual-socket motherboard? Please elaborate or link to resources that can explain this further, as I am not adverse to research (and I am interested in the technical issues involved) I am probably using the wrong search terms, as Google failed to return anything within the first few dozen results.

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• Vmware peaks NFS load every 30 seconds

  - by gtirloni

  We were troubleshooting a performance problem on one of our storage servers and after investigating almost everything in sight we saw that every 30 seconds, Vmware would go from 10k IOPS (NFS) to 30k, 50k, 100k or whatever the server would handle. Most of it were reads. What could cause this raise in NFS operations per second every 30 seconds? The virtual machines are managed by external customers and there isn't much in common between them. While breaking utilization down by filename, we discovered 5-10 virtual machines that contributed more to those peaks but it still doesn't explain why every 30 seconds. There are no other peaks outside that 30 sec period (ie. it stays in an almost constant average). Is there an NFS tweak in Vmware to change that 30 second period? If that's really necessary, we would like to introduce some variation so all that workload isn't dropped all at once. It's causing NFS timeout on the ESX 3.5/4.0 hosts when the storage gets overloaded.

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• Checking that tasks are executed

  - by homer5439

  I'm not sure how to explain this. Once one starts having dozens or hundres of servers, each running some sort of periodic jobs (mostly from cron), there is a problem of making sure (or as sure as possible) that these tasks are actually ran. I mean, I get an email if a job fails fails, and no mail if it succeeds, but also no mail if it doesn't run for whatever reason. Sure, I could change them and have them send a "successfully ran" email, only to be flooded by mails that most of the time I don't want to see. Basically, I want to be notified only if: a task ran and failed a task didn't run at the expected time. Is there a way to do this?

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• How do I stop Mac OS X Snow Leopard from losing the keyboard shortcuts I create in System Preferences?

  - by Philip

  I can't explain it. In OS X 10.6.6 (but also in previous versions; nothing to do w/ latest update), I create some keyboard shortcuts both for individual applications and for "all applications." I use them for a while. Later, sometimes after restart sometimes not, they're gone. Where'd they go?!?! (More importantly, how do I make them stop disappearing? Less ideal solution: how do I back them up and quickly restore them?) Thanks!

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• Can't delete file from windows 7

  - by r.s.mahanti

  I downloaded a torrent file from internet. The problem is it's size is showing 0 bytes. I tried to scan it with antivirus, upload it to virus total, delete it but it's showing the file is not found. I tried to delete it in safe mode also but no success. Can anybody explain me, what can be reason for this and what is the way to delete this file? Thanks in advance. My operating system is windows 7. EDIT : the name of the file is "[Torrentreactor.to] - Site Translator 4.06.torrent."

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• Move email off Small Business Server to Google Apps, retain other SBS functions?

  - by Paul S.

  Recently, an in-house Microsoft Small Business Server 2011 was installed where I work. Unfortunately, our buildings have a bad electrical power supply and we suffer frequent outages. We have a large percentage of staff working off-site. Now when the power goes off here, everyone everywhere loses email functionality. I have been assigned to research the possibility of routing our email to Google Apps while maintaining LAN functions on the SBS. I haven't worked with Microsoft products for several years now, so do not know how SBS is structured. Can anyone here tell me if this is possible, or point me to good resources that explain our options?

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• sticky bit on NFS file system

  - by Kris_R

  I have a system where to the main server (homes, nfs, ntp, queue...) can log-in only root – all the other users use front-end host with NFS-mounted home directories (RW) and all other software directories (read-only). My problem is, that time to time, if root or normal user with sudo makes some administrative works on front-end some homes of normal users getting sticky bits (drwsr-sr-x). If it happens usually the user can't log-in (as long as permission for his home are not changed to drwxr-xr-x). The last time I saw it after compiling some new software (normal user configure;make) and installation from the same directory as root (su and make install or direct as normal user sudo make install). Can somebody explain me why it happens and what should I do to get rid of this problem? p.s. I'm using CentOS 5.7

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