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  • How to find whole graph coverage path in dynamic state-flow diagram?

    - by joseph
    Hello, As I've been researching algorithms for path finding in graph, I found interesting problem. Definition of situation: 1)State diagram can have p states, and s Boolean Fields, and z Int Fields 2)Every state can have q ingoing and r outgoing transitions, and h Int fields (h belongs to z - see above) 3)Every transition can have only 1 event, and only 1 action 4)every action can change n Boolean Fields, and x Int Fields 5)every event can have one trigger from combination of any count of Boolean Fields in diagram 6)Transition can be in OPEN/CLOSED form. If the transition is open/closed depends on trigger2 compounded from 0..c Boolean fields. 7) I KNOW algorithm for finding shortest paths from state A to state B. 8) I KNOW algorithm for finding path that covers all states and transitions of whole state diagram, if all transitions are OPEN. Now, what is the goal: I need to find shortest path that covers all states and transitions in dynamically changing state diagram described above. When an action changes some int field, the algorithm should go through all states that have changed int field. The algorithm should also be able to open and close transition (by going through transitions that open and close another transitions by action) in the way that the founded path will be shortest and covers all transitions and states. Any idea how to solve it? I will be really pleased for ANY idea. Thanks for answers.

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  • SRAM Cell Diagram - Can someone explain this a bit more clearly? ( From COMP1917 @ UNSW: Lecture 2 o

    - by Kristina
    I've begun watching a series of first year lectures from the University of New South Wales (UNSW) in Australia, and I'm a bit perplexed by the instructors explanation of how an SRAM gate works. I realize this isn't exactly "programming-related" but since it comes from a series of lectures relating to computing and programming, I thought StackOverflow may be able to help (reddit failed me entirely). In this lecture beginning at around 32:12, Richard (the lecturer) tries to explain how a "latch gate" works within SRAM. Although his students seem to keep up, I feel I'm missing something crucial which is preventing the concept from really "clicking" in my brain. For convenience, I've added the image from the video below: Thanks in advance for any help you can provide, but if this question doesn't fit your view of "programming-related" could you please provide an alternate forum for this in a comment when you cast your close vote? Thanks!

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  • Big-O for Eight Year Olds?

    - by Jason Baker
    I'm asking more about what this means to my code. I understand the concepts mathematically, I just have a hard time wrapping my head around what they mean conceptually. For example, if one were to perform an O(1) operation on a data structure, I understand that the amount of operations it has to perform won't grow because there are more items. And an O(n) operation would mean that you would perform a set of operations on each element. Could somebody fill in the blanks here? Like what exactly would an O(n^2) operation do? And what the heck does it mean if an operation is O(n log(n))? And does somebody have to smoke crack to write an O(x!)?

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  • Step by Step / Deep explain: The Power of (Co)Yoneda (preferably in scala) through Coroutines

    - by Mzk
    some background code /** FunctorStr: ? F[-]. (? A B. (A -> B) -> F[A] -> F[B]) */ trait FunctorStr[F[_]] { self => def map[A, B](f: A => B): F[A] => F[B] } trait Yoneda[F[_], A] { yo => def apply[B](f: A => B): F[B] def run: F[A] = yo(x => x) def map[B](f: A => B): Yoneda[F, B] = new Yoneda[F, B] { def apply[X](g: B => X) = yo(f andThen g) } } object Yoneda { implicit def yonedafunctor[F[_]]: FunctorStr[({ type l[x] = Yoneda[F, x] })#l] = new FunctorStr[({ type l[x] = Yoneda[F, x] })#l] { def map[A, B](f: A => B): Yoneda[F, A] => Yoneda[F, B] = _ map f } def apply[F[_]: FunctorStr, X](x: F[X]): Yoneda[F, X] = new Yoneda[F, X] { def apply[Y](f: X => Y) = Functor[F].map(f) apply x } } trait Coyoneda[F[_], A] { co => type I def fi: F[I] def k: I => A final def map[B](f: A => B): Coyoneda.Aux[F, B, I] = Coyoneda(fi)(f compose k) } object Coyoneda { type Aux[F[_], A, B] = Coyoneda[F, A] { type I = B } def apply[F[_], B, A](x: F[B])(f: B => A): Aux[F, A, B] = new Coyoneda[F, A] { type I = B val fi = x val k = f } implicit def coyonedaFunctor[F[_]]: FunctorStr[({ type l[x] = Coyoneda[F, x] })#l] = new CoyonedaFunctor[F] {} trait CoyonedaFunctor[F[_]] extends FunctorStr[({type l[x] = Coyoneda[F, x]})#l] { override def map[A, B](f: A => B): Coyoneda[F, A] => Coyoneda[F, B] = x => apply(x.fi)(f compose x.k) } def liftCoyoneda[T[_], A](x: T[A]): Coyoneda[T, A] = apply(x)(a => a) } Now I thought I understood yoneda and coyoneda a bit just from the types – i.e. that they quantify / abstract over map fixed in some type constructor F and some type a, to any type B returning F[B] or (Co)Yoneda[F, B]. Thus providing map fusion for free (? is this kind of like a cut rule for map ?). But I see that Coyoneda is a functor for any type constructor F regardless of F being a Functor, and that I don't fully grasp. Now I'm in a situation where I'm trying to define a Coroutine type, (I'm looking at https://www.fpcomplete.com/school/to-infinity-and-beyond/pick-of-the-week/coroutines-for-streaming/part-2-coroutines for the types to get started with) case class Coroutine[S[_], M[_], R](resume: M[CoroutineState[S, M, R]]) sealed trait CoroutineState[S[_], M[_], R] object CoroutineState { case class Run[S[_], M[_], R](x: S[Coroutine[S, M, R]]) extends CoroutineState[S, M, R] case class Done[R](x: R) extends CoroutineState[Nothing, Nothing, R] class CoroutineStateFunctor[S[_], M[_]](F: FunctorStr[S]) extends FunctorStr[({ type l[x] = CoroutineState[S, M, x]})#l] { override def map[A, B](f : A => B) : CoroutineState[S, M, A] => CoroutineState[S, M, B] = { ??? } } } and I think that if I understood Coyoneda better I could leverage it to make S & M type constructors functors way easy, plus I see Coyoneda potentially playing a role in defining recursion schemes as the functor requirement is pervasive. So how could I use coyoneda to make type constructors functors like for example coroutine state? or something like a Pause functor ?

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  • Enumerating all hamiltonian paths from start to end vertex in grid graph

    - by Eric
    Hello, I'm trying to count the number of Hamiltonian paths from a specified start vertex that end at another specified vertex in a grid graph. Right now I have a solution that uses backtracking recursion but is incredibly slow in practice (e.g. O(n!) / 3 hours for 7x7). I've tried a couple of speedup techniques such as maintaining a list of reachable nodes, making sure the end node is still reachable, and checking for isolated nodes, but all of these slowed my solution down. I know that the problem is NP-complete, but it seems like some reasonable speedups should be achievable in the grid structure. Since I'm trying to count all the paths, I'm sure that the search must be exhaustive, but I'm having trouble figuring out how to prune out paths that aren't promising. Does anyone have some suggestions for speeding the search up? Or an alternate search algorithm?

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  • circles and triangles problem

    - by Faken
    Hello everyone, I have an interesting problem here I've been trying to solve for the last little while: I have 3 circles on a 2D xy plane, each with the same known radius. I know the coordinates of each of the three centers (they are arbitrary and can be anywhere). What is the largest triangle that can be drawn such that each vertice of the triangle sits on a separate circle, what are the coordinates of those verticies? I've been looking at this problem for hours and asked a bunch of people but so far only one person has been able to suggest a plausible solution (though i have no way of proving it). The solution that we have come up with involves first creating a triangle about the three circle centers. Next we look at each circle individually and calculate the equation of a line that passes through the circle's center and is perpendicular to the opposite edge. We then calculate two intersection points of the circle. This is then done for the next two circles with a result of 6 points. We iterate over the 8 possible 3 point triangles that these 6 points create (the restriction is that each point of the big triangle must be on a separate circle) and find the maximum size. The results look reasonable (at least when drawn out on paper) and it passes the special case of when the centers of the circles all fall on a straight line (gives a known largest triangle). Unfortunate i have no way of proving this is correct or not. I'm wondering if anyone has encountered a problem similar to this and if so, how did you solve it? Note: I understand that this is mostly a math question and not programming, however it is going to be implemented in code and it must be optimized to run very fast and efficient. In fact, I already have the above solution in code and tested to be working, if you would like to take a look, please let me know, i chose not to post it because its all in vector form and pretty much impossible to figure out exactly what is going on (because it's been condensed to be more efficient). Lastly, yes this is for school work, though it is NOT a homework question/assignment/project. It's part of my graduate thesis (abet a very very small part, but still technically is part of it). Thanks for your help.

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  • The limits of parallelism

    - by psihodelia
    Is it possible to solve a problem of O(n!) complexity within a reasonable time given infinite number of processing units and infinite space? The typical example of O(n!) problem is brute-force search: trying all permutations (ordered combinations).

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  • Getting tree construction with ANTLR

    - by prosseek
    As asked and answered in http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2999755/removing-left-recursion-in-antlr , I could remove the left recursion E - E + T|T T - T * F|F F - INT | ( E ) After left recursion removal, I get the following one E - TE' E' - null | + TE' T - FT' T' - null | * FT' Then, how to make the tree construction with the modified grammar? With the input 1+2, I want to have a tree ^('+' ^(INT 1) ^(INT 2)). Or similar. grammar T; options { output=AST; language=Python; ASTLabelType=CommonTree; } start : e - e ; e : t ep - ??? ; ep : | '+' t ep - ??? ; t : f tp - ??? ; tp : | '*' f tp - ??? ; f : INT | '(' e ')' - e ; INT : '0'..'9'+ ; WS: (' '|'\n'|'\r')+ {$channel=HIDDEN;} ;

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  • Is it possible to "learn" a regular expression by user-provided examples?

    - by DR
    Is it possible to "learn" a regular expression by user-provided examples? To clarify: I do not want to learn regular expressions. I want to create a program which "learns" a regular expression from examples which are interactively provided by a user, perhaps by selecting parts from a text or selecting begin or end markers. Is it possible? Are there algorithms, keywords, etc. which I can Google for? EDIT: Thank you for the answers, but I'm not interested in tools which provide this feature. I'm looking for theoretical information, like papers, tutorials, source code, names of algorithms, so I can create something for myself.

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  • Fast path cache generation for a connected node graph

    - by Sukasa
    I'm trying to get a faster pathfinding mechanism in place in a game I'm working on for a connected node graph. The nodes are classed into two types, "Networks" and "Routers." In this picture, the blue circles represent routers and the grey rectangles networks. Each network keeps a list of which routers it is connected to, and vice-versa. Routers cannot connect directly to other routers, and networks cannot connect directly to other networks. Networks list which routers they're connected to Routers do the same I need to get an algorithm that will map out a path, measured in the number of networks crossed, for each possible source and destination network excluding paths where the source and destination are the same network. I have one right now, however it is unusably slow, taking about two seconds to map the paths, which becomes incredibly noticeable for all connected players. The current algorithm is a depth-first brute-force search (It was thrown together in about an hour to just get the path caching working) which returns an array of networks in the order they are traversed, which explains why it's so slow. Are there any algorithms that are more efficient? As a side note, while these example graphs have four networks, the in-practice graphs have 55 networks and about 20 routers in use. Paths which are not possible also can occur, and as well at any time the network/router graph topography can change, requiring the path cache to be rebuilt. What approach/algorithm would likely provide the best results for this type of a graph?

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  • Purpose of singletons in programming

    - by thecoshman
    This is admittedly a rather loose question. My current understanding of singletons is that they are a class that you set up in such a way that only one instance is ever created. This sounds a lot like a static class to me. The main differnce being that with a static class you don't / can't instance it, you just use it such as Math.pi(). With a singletong class, you would still need to do something like singleton mySingleton = new singleton(); mysingleton.set_name("foo"); singleton otherSingleton = new singleton(); // correct me if i am wrong, but mysingleton == othersingleton right now, yes? // this the following should happen? otherSingleston.set_name("bar"); mysingleton.report_name(); // will output "bar" won't it? Please note, I am asking this language independently, more about the concept. So I am not so worried about actually how to coed such a class, but more why you would wan't to and what thing you would need to consider.

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  • Nested loop with dependent bounds trip count

    - by aaa
    hello. just out of curiosity I tried to do the following, which turned out to be not so obvious to me; Suppose I have nested loops with runtime bounds, for example: t = 0 // trip count for l in 0:N for k in 0:N for j in max(l,k):N for i in k:j+1 t += 1 t is loop trip count is there a general algorithm/way (better than N^4 obviously) to calculate loop trip count? I am working on the assumption that the iteration bounds depend only on constant or previous loop variables.

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  • Why should "miter" joints be slower than others?

    - by Hanno Fietz
    I'm having a graphics problem on drawing lines in Flash Player, where two lines drawn on top of each other with different thickness don't align properly if I use any other JointStyle than MITER. For pictures of the effect, and for the graphics oriented part of the question, see my post over on doctype. However, there's also a second angle on this problem, which is: why should drawing the "mitered" joints be so much slower than others? This seems to be a problem since at least FP 8, but I couldn't find any detailed info on what the problem might be. Is this just an ordinary bug that didn't get fixed yet, or is there something inherently slower about drawing these joints? For example, they seem to have something to do with square roots, but I seriously lack understanding of what this joint style thing is all about, technically. It just looks like some minor detail a graphic designer might worry about. I'm asking because I'm wondering if I can do something to mitergate, er, mitigate, the problem.

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  • Using a user-defined type as a primary key

    - by Chris Kaminski
    Suppose I have a system where I have metadata such as: table: ====== key name address ... Then suppose I have a user-defined type described as so: datasource datasource-key A) are there systems where it's possible to have keys based on user-defined types? B) if so, how do you decompose the keys into a form suitable for querying? C) is this a case where I'm just better off with a composite primary key?

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  • Is a server an infinite loop running as a background process?

    - by Tony
    Is a server essentially a background process running an infinite loop listening on a port? For example: while(1){ command = read(127.0.0.1:xxxx); if(command){ execute(command); } } When I say server, I obviously am not referring to a physical server (computer). I am referring to a MySQL server, or Apache, etc. Full disclosure - I haven't had time to poke through any source code. Actual code examples would be great!

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  • do you call them functions, procedures or methods?

    - by lowlyintern
    consider a standard c# 'function' public void foo() { //some code } In c or c++ this is called a 'function' - even if taking no parameters and returning no value. In another language maybe it would be a 'procedure'. In object orientation speak it would be called a 'method' if a class member. What would be the correct term to use in c#?

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  • Will a source-removal sort always return a maximal cycle?

    - by Jason Baker
    I wrote a source-removal algorithm to sort some dependencies between tables in our database, and it turns out we have a cycle. For simplicity, let's say we have tables A, B, C, and D. The edges are like this: (A, B) (B, A) (B, C) (C, D) (D, A) As you can see, there are two cycles here. One is between A and B and another is between all four of them. Will this type of sort always choke on the largest cycle? Or is that not necessarily the case?

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  • What areas of computer science are particularly relevant to mobile development?

    - by MalcomTucker
    This isn't a platform specific question - rather I'm interested in the general platform independent areas of computer science that are particularly relevant to mobile applications development. For example, things like compression techniques, distributed synchronisation algorithims etc.. what theoretical concepts have you found relevant, useful or enabling when building mobile apps?

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  • Floating point computer - Trouble with getting back correct results

    - by Francisco P.
    Having trouble with a challenge. Let's say I have a theoretical, base 10, floating point calculator with the following characteristics Only 3 digits for mantissa 1 digit for exponent Sign for mantissa and exponent How would this machine compute the following? 300 + \sum_{i=1}^{100} 0.2 The correct result is 320. The machine's result is 300. But why? Can't get where the 20 goes goes missing... Thanks for your time.

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  • The Cash or Credit problem

    - by Josh K
    If you go to a store and ask "Cash or Credit?" they might simply say "Yes." This doesn't tell you anything as you posed an OR statement. if(cash || credit) With humans it's possible that they might respond "Both" to that question, or "Only {cash | credit}." Is there a way (or operator) to force the a statement to return the TRUE portions of a statement? For example: boolean cash = true; boolean credit = true; boolean cheque = false; if(cash || credit || cheque ) { // In here you would have an array with cash and credit in it because both of those are true }

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