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  • Getting an Error Trying to Create an Object in Python

    - by Nick Rogers
    I am trying to create an object from a class in python but I am getting an Error, "e_tank = EnemyTank() TypeError: 'Group' object is not callable" I am not sure what this means, I have tried Google but I couldn't get a clear answer on what is causing this error. Does anyone understand why I am unable to create an object from my EnemyTank Class? Here is my code: #Image Variables bg = 'bg.jpg' bunk = 'bunker.png' enemytank = 'enemy-tank.png' #Import Pygame Modules import pygame, sys from pygame.locals import * #Initializing the Screen pygame.init() screen = pygame.display.set_mode((640,360), 0, 32) background = pygame.image.load(bg).convert() bunker_x, bunker_y = (160,0) class EnemyTank(pygame.sprite.Sprite): e_tank = pygame.image.load(enemytank).convert_alpha() def __init__(self, startpos): pygame.sprite.Sprite.__init__(self, self.groups) self.pos = startpos self.image = EnemyTank.image self.rect = self.image.get_rect() def update(self): self.rect.center = self.pos class Bunker(pygame.sprite.Sprite): bunker = pygame.image.load(bunk).convert_alpha() def __init__(self, startpos): pygame.spriter.Sprite.__init__(self, self.groups) self.pos = startpos self.image = Bunker.image self.rect = self.image.get_rect() def getCollisionObjects(self, EnemyTank): if (EnemyTank not in self._allgroup, False): return False self._allgroup.remove(EnemyTank) result = pygame.sprite.spritecollide(EnemyTank, self._allgroup, False) self._allgroup.add(EnemyTank) def update(self): self.rect.center = self.pos #Setting Up The Animation x = 0 clock = pygame.time.Clock() speed = 250 allgroup = pygame.sprite.Group() EnemyTank = allgroup Bunker = allgroup e_tank = EnemyTank() bunker = Bunker()5 #Main Loop while True: for event in pygame.event.get(): if event.type == QUIT: pygame.quit() sys.exit() screen.blit(background, (0,0)) screen.blit(bunker, (bunker_x, bunker_y)) screen.blit(e_tank, (x, 0)) pygame.display.flip() #Animation milli = clock.tick() seconds = milli/1000. dm = seconds*speed x += dm if x>640: x=0 #Update the Screen pygame.display.update()

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  • Need help understanding "TypeError: default __new__ takes no parameters" error in python

    - by Gordon Fontenot
    For some reason I am having trouble getting my head around __init__ and __new__. I have a bunch of code that runs fine from the terminal, but when I load it as a plugin for Google Quick Search Box, I get the error TypeError: default __new__ takes no parameters. I have been reading about the error, and it's kind of making my brain spin. As it stands I have 3 classes, with no sub-classes, each class has it's own defs. I never use def __init__ or def __new__, but I have gotten the distinct feeling that these are the functions (or the lack thereof) that would be giving me the error. I have no idea how to summarize the code down to a snippet that would be helpful here, since I'm a bit over my head, but the entire script can be found at github. Not expecting anyone to bugfix my code for me, I am just at my wit's end on this. A simple (plain english, not the quote from the python docs which I have read 20 times and still don't really understand) explination of why this error would pop up, or why I should be, or not be, using the __init__ and/or __new__ functions would be seriously appreciated. Thanks for any help you can give in advance.

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  • OpenCV Python HoughCircles error

    - by Dan
    Hi, I'm working on a program that detects circular shapes in images. I decided a Hough Transform would be the best, and I found one in the OpenCV library. The problem is that when I try to use it I get an error that I have no idea how to fix. Is OpenCV for Python not fully implemented? Is there a fix to the library I need for the program to work? Here's the code: import cv #cv.NamedWindow("camera", 1) capture = cv.CaptureFromCAM(0) while True: img = cv.QueryFrame(capture) gray = cv.CreateImage(cv.GetSize(img), 8, 1) edges = cv.CreateImage(cv.GetSize(img), 8, 1) cv.CvtColor(img, gray, cv.CV_BGR2GRAY) cv.Canny(gray, edges, 50, 200, 3) cv.Smooth(gray, gray, cv.CV_GAUSSIAN, 9, 9) storage = cv.CreateMat(1, 2, cv.CV_32FC3) #This is the line that throws the error cv.HoughCircles(edges, storage, cv.CV_HOUGH_GRADIENT, 2, gray.height/4, 200, 100) #cv.ShowImage("camera", img) if cv.WaitKey(10) == 27: break And here is the error I'm getting: OpenCV Error: Null pinter () in unknown function, file ..\..\..\..\ocv\openc\src\cxcore\cxdatastructs.cpp, line 408 Traceback (most recent call last): File "ellipse-detect-webcam.py", line 20, in cv.HoughCircles(edges, storage, cv.CV_HOUGH_GRADIENT, 2, gray.height/4, 200, 100) cv.error Thanks in advance for the help.

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  • Annoying Twisted Python problem

    - by Kalmi
    I'm trying to answer the following question out of personal interest: What is the fastest way to send 100,000 HTTP requests in Python? And this is what I have came up so far, but I'm experiencing something very stange. When installSignalHandlers is True, it just hangs. I can see that the DelayedCall instances are in reactor._newTimedCalls, but processResponse never gets called. When installSignalHandlers is False, it throws an error and works. from twisted.internet import reactor from twisted.web.client import Agent from threading import Semaphore, Thread import time concurrent = 100 s = Semaphore(concurrent) reactor.suggestThreadPoolSize(concurrent) t=Thread( target=reactor.run, kwargs={'installSignalHandlers':True}) t.daemon=True t.start() agent = Agent(reactor) def processResponse(response,url): print response.code, url s.release() def processError(response,url): print "error", url s.release() def addTask(url): req = agent.request('HEAD', url) req.addCallback(processResponse, url) req.addErrback(processError, url) for url in open('urllist.txt'): addTask(url.strip()) s.acquire() while s._Semaphore__value!=concurrent: time.sleep(0.1) reactor.stop() And here is the error that it throws when installSignalHandlers is True: (Note: This is the expected behaviour! The question is why it doesn't work when installSignalHandlers is False.) Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/twisted/internet/base.py", line 396, in fireEvent DeferredList(beforeResults).addCallback(self._continueFiring) File "/usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/twisted/internet/defer.py", line 224, in addCallback callbackKeywords=kw) File "/usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/twisted/internet/defer.py", line 213, in addCallbacks self._runCallbacks() File "/usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/twisted/internet/defer.py", line 371, in _runCallbacks self.result = callback(self.result, *args, **kw) --- <exception caught here> --- File "/usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/twisted/internet/base.py", line 409, in _continueFiring callable(*args, **kwargs) File "/usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/twisted/internet/base.py", line 1165, in _reallyStartRunning self._handleSignals() File "/usr/lib/python2.6/dist-packages/twisted/internet/base.py", line 1105, in _handleSignals signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, self.sigInt) exceptions.ValueError: signal only works in main thread What am I doing wrong and what is the right way? I'm new to twisted.

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  • Webdriver with Python

    - by vishal kharge
    I had written a scipt in Java with Webdriver and it worked fine and below is the code for the sample import org.junit.After; import org.junit.AfterClass; import org.junit.Before; import org.junit.BeforeClass; import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver; import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriverBackedSelenium; import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver; import com.thoughtworks.selenium.Selenium; import java.util.*; import java.lang.Thread.*; public class Login { @BeforeClass public static void setUpBeforeClass() throws Exception { } @AfterClass public static void tearDownAfterClass() throws Exception { } @Before public void setUp() throws Exception { } @After public void tearDown() throws Exception { } public static void main(String[] args) { WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver(); Selenium selenium = new WebDriverBackedSelenium(driver, "http://192.168.10.10:8080/"); selenium.open("/"); selenium.keyPress("name=user_id", "admin"); } } } But my requirement is to implement the same in python with webdriver, can you please let me know how this can be done with the above example and webdriver binaries and how to do setup for the same

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  • Classes, methods, and polymorphism in Python

    - by Morlock
    I made a module prototype for building complex timer schedules in python. The classe prototypes permit to have Timer objects, each with their waiting times, Repeat objects that group Timer and other Repeat objects, and a Schedule class, just for holding a whole construction or Timers and Repeat instances. The construction can be as complex as needed and needs to be flexible. Each of these three classes has a .run() method, permitting to go through the whole schedule. Whatever the Class, the .run() method either runs a timer, a repeat group for a certain number of iterations, or a schedule. Is this polymorphism-oriented approach sound or silly? What are other appropriate approaches I should consider to build such a versatile utility that permits to put all building blocks together in as complex a way as desired with simplicity? Thanks! Here is the module code: ##################### ## Importing modules from time import time, sleep ##################### ## Class definitions class Timer: """ Timer object with duration. """ def __init__(self, duration): self.duration = duration def run(self): print "Waiting for %i seconds" % self.duration wait(self.duration) chime() class Repeat: """ Repeat grouped objects for a certain number of repetitions. """ def __init__(self, objects=[], rep=1): self.rep = rep self.objects = objects def run(self): print "Repeating group for %i times" % self.rep for i in xrange(self.rep): for group in self.objects: group.run() class Schedule: """ Groups of timers and repetitions. Maybe redundant with class Repeat. """ def __init__(self, schedule=[]): self.schedule = schedule def run(self): for group in self.schedule: group.run() ######################## ## Function definitions def wait(duration): """ Wait a certain number of seconds. """ time_end = time() + float(duration) #uncoment for minutes# * 60 time_diff = time_end - time() while time_diff > 0: sleep(1) time_diff = time_end - time() def chime(): print "Ding!"

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  • Make Python Socket Server More Efficient

    - by BenMills
    I have very little experience working with sockets and multithreaded programming so to learn more I decided to see if I could hack together a little python socket server to power a chat room. I ended up getting it working pretty well but then I noticed my server's CPU usage spiked up over 100% when I had it running in the background. Here is my code in full: http://gist.github.com/332132 I know this is a pretty open ended question so besides just helping with my code are there any good articles I could read that could help me learn more about this? My full code: import select import socket import sys import threading from daemon import Daemon class Server: def __init__(self): self.host = '' self.port = 9998 self.backlog = 5 self.size = 1024 self.server = None self.threads = [] self.send_count = 0 def open_socket(self): try: self.server = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET6, socket.SOCK_STREAM) self.server.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1) self.server.bind((self.host,self.port)) self.server.listen(5) print "Server Started..." except socket.error, (value,message): if self.server: self.server.close() print "Could not open socket: " + message sys.exit(1) def remove_thread(self, t): t.join() def send_to_children(self, msg): self.send_count = 0 for t in self.threads: t.send_msg(msg) print 'Sent to '+str(self.send_count)+" of "+str(len(self.threads)) def run(self): self.open_socket() input = [self.server,sys.stdin] running = 1 while running: inputready,outputready,exceptready = select.select(input,[],[]) for s in inputready: if s == self.server: # handle the server socket c = Client(self.server.accept(), self) c.start() self.threads.append(c) print "Num of clients: "+str(len(self.threads)) self.server.close() for c in self.threads: c.join() class Client(threading.Thread): def __init__(self,(client,address), server): threading.Thread.__init__(self) self.client = client self.address = address self.size = 1024 self.server = server self.running = True def send_msg(self, msg): if self.running: self.client.send(msg) self.server.send_count += 1 def run(self): while self.running: data = self.client.recv(self.size) if data: print data self.server.send_to_children(data) else: self.running = False self.server.threads.remove(self) self.client.close() """ Run Server """ class DaemonServer(Daemon): def run(self): s = Server() s.run() if __name__ == "__main__": d = DaemonServer('/var/servers/fserver.pid') if len(sys.argv) == 2: if 'start' == sys.argv[1]: d.start() elif 'stop' == sys.argv[1]: d.stop() elif 'restart' == sys.argv[1]: d.restart() else: print "Unknown command" sys.exit(2) sys.exit(0) else: print "usage: %s start|stop|restart" % sys.argv[0] sys.exit(2)

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  • Extending Python and Objective-C

    - by chpwn
    I'm a fan of clean code. I like my languages to be able to express what I'm trying to do, but I like the syntax to mirror that too. For example, I work on a lot of programs in Objective-C for jailbroken iPhones, which patch other code using the method_setImplementation() function of the runtime. Or, in PyObjC, I have to use the syntax UIView.initWithFrame_(), which is also pretty awful and unreadable with the way the method names are structured. In both cases, the language does not support this in syntax. I've found three basic ways that this is done: Insane macros. Take a look at this "CaptainHook", it does what I'm looking for in a usable way, but it isn't quite clean and is a major hack. There's also "Logos", which implements a very nice syntax, but is written in Perl parsing my code with a ton of regular expressions. This scares me. I like the idea of adding a %hook ClassName, but not by using regular expressions to parse C or Objective-C. Finally, there is Cycript. This is an extension to JavaScript which interfaces with the Objective-C runtime and allows you to use Objective-C style code in your JavaScript, and inject that into other processes. This is likely the cleanest as it actually uses a parser for the JavaScript, but I'm not a huge fan of that language in general. Should, and how should, I create an extension to Python and Objective-C to allow me to do this? Is it worth writing a parser for my language to transform the syntax into something nicer, if it is only in a very specialized niche like this? Should I just live with the horrible syntax of the default Objective-C hooking or PyObjC?

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  • Python + QT + Gstreamer

    - by Ptterb
    Hi everyone, I'm working with PyQt and trying to get video from a webcam to play within a QT widget. I've found tutorials for C and Qt, and for python and gtk, but NOTHING for this combo of pyQt and gstreamer. Anybody get this working? This plays the video fine, but in a separate window: self.gcam = gst.parse_launch('v4l2src device=/dev/video0 ! autovideosink') self.gcam.set_state(gst.STATE_PLAYING) what I need is to get the overlay working so it's displayed within a widget on my GUI. Thanks, Gurus of the internet! ok, so I've gotten a lot farther, but still in need of some help. I'm actually writing this for Maemo, but the following code works fine on my linux laptop: class Vid: def __init__(self, windowId): self.player = gst.Pipeline("player") self.source = gst.element_factory_make("v4l2src", "vsource") self.sink = gst.element_factory_make("autovideosink", "outsink") self.source.set_property("device", "/dev/video0") self.scaler = gst.element_factory_make("videoscale", "vscale") self.window_id = None self.windowId = windowId self.player.add(self.source, self.scaler, self.sink) gst.element_link_many(self.source,self.scaler, self.sink) bus = self.player.get_bus() bus.add_signal_watch() bus.enable_sync_message_emission() bus.connect("message", self.on_message) bus.connect("sync-message::element", self.on_sync_message) def on_message(self, bus, message): t = message.type if t == gst.MESSAGE_EOS: self.player.set_state(gst.STATE_NULL) elif t == gst.MESSAGE_ERROR: err, debug = message.parse_error() print "Error: %s" % err, debug self.player.set_state(gst.STATE_NULL) def on_sync_message(self, bus, message): if message.structure is None: return message_name = message.structure.get_name() if message_name == "prepare-xwindow-id": win_id = self.windowId assert win_id imagesink = message.src imagesink.set_property("force-aspect-ratio", True) imagesink.set_xwindow_id(win_id) def startPrev(self): self.player.set_state(gst.STATE_PLAYING) print "should be playing" vidStream = Vid(wId) vidStream.startPrev() where wId is the window id of the widget im trying to get to display the output in. When I run this on the N900, the screen goes black and blinks. Any ideas? I'm dying here!

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  • Python class variables not defined with called from outside module

    - by Jimmy
    I am having some issues with calling a function outside of a module. The scenario is I have a small class library that is using turtle to do some drawing, the function within the module calls the classes also within the module and draws things, etc. This all works fine and dandy when I call the function from within the same file, but if I have another file and call myLib.scene() I get variable undefined errors. Code examples: a class class Rectangle(object): def __init__(self, pen, height=100, width=100, fillcolor=''): self.pen = pen self.height = height self.width = width self.fillcolor = fillcolor def draw(self, x, y): '''draws the rectangle at coordinates x and y''' self.pen.goto(x, y) if self.fillcolor: self.pen.fillcolor(self.fillcolor) self.pen.fill(True) self.pen.down() for i in range(0,4): self.pen.forward(self.height if i%2 else self.width) self.pen.left(90) and the calling function is this def scene(pen): rect = Rectangle(pen) rect.draw(100,100) when I put the line scene(turtle.Turtle()) into the same file I have no issues, the rectangle is drawn and everyone goes home happy. However, if I try to call it from a separate python file like so: myLib.scene(turtle.Turtle()) I get an error: NameError: global name 'pen' is not defined, in the for loop of my draw method. Even if the line above is in the same file it still bombs out. What is going on?

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  • FancyURLOpener failing since moving to python 3.1.2

    - by Andrew Shepherd
    I had an application that was downloading a .CSV file from a password-protected website then processing it futher. I was using FancyURLOpener, and simply hardcoding the username and password. (Obviously, security is not a high priority in this particular instance). Since downloading Python 3.1.2, this code has stopped working. Does anyone know of the changes that have happened to the implementation? Here is a cut down version of the code: import urllib.request; class TracOpener (urllib.request.FancyURLopener) : def prompt_user_passwd(self, host, realm) : return ('andrew_ee', '_my_unenctryped_password') csvUrl='http://mysite/report/19?format=csv@USER=fred_nukre' opener = TracOpener(); f = opener.open(csvUrl); s = f.read(); f.close(); s; For the sake of completeness, here's the entire call stack: Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:\reporting\download_csv_file.py", line 12, in <module> f = opener.open(csvUrl); File "C:\Program Files\Python31\lib\urllib\request.py", line 1454, in open return getattr(self, name)(url) File "C:\Program Files\Python31\lib\urllib\request.py", line 1628, in open_http return self._open_generic_http(http.client.HTTPConnection, url, data) File "C:\Program Files\Python31\lib\urllib\request.py", line 1624, in _open_generic_http response.status, response.reason, response.msg, data) File "C:\Program Files\Python31\lib\urllib\request.py", line 1640, in http_error result = method(url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers) File "C:\Program Files\Python31\lib\urllib\request.py", line 1878, in http_error_401 return getattr(self,name)(url, realm) File "C:\Program Files\Python31\lib\urllib\request.py", line 1950, in retry_http_basic_auth return self.open(newurl) File "C:\Program Files\Python31\lib\urllib\request.py", line 1454, in open return getattr(self, name)(url) File "C:\Program Files\Python31\lib\urllib\request.py", line 1628, in open_http return self._open_generic_http(http.client.HTTPConnection, url, data) File "C:\Program Files\Python31\lib\urllib\request.py", line 1590, in _open_generic_http auth = base64.b64encode(user_passwd).strip() File "C:\Program Files\Python31\lib\base64.py", line 56, in b64encode raise TypeError("expected bytes, not %s" % s.__class__.__name__) TypeError: expected bytes, not str

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  • Automatically support new changes with Python.

    - by Zachary Brown
    I was working on a program,that I need to support new additions. Hmmm. Let me give you some background on the program. It is an educational software program that has quizzes for the user to take, just to gain odd knowledge. Now, It currently supports 6 subjects, all organized with directores on the HDD ( i.e. the Science directory is called science. ) and the way you launch the subject to see what quizzes you have to take is by pushing a button on the home screen. This sort of thing prevents easy subject additions. I want to be able to add a subject later on without having to recode the home screen and re organize all the buttons. I would use a Listbox and os.listdir(...), but I was kind of wanting something prettier than a Listbox. I am using Tkinter on Windows. The Python version I am using is 2.6 Is there a "fancy" listbox sort of thing that can be styled to work with the background?

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  • Sorting HTML table (with anchor tags and data in cells) in Python

    - by AJ
    I have a necessity to sort a given HTML table of the following structure, in Python. <table> <tr> <td><a href="#">ABCD</a></td> <td>A23BND</td> <td><a title="ABCD">345345</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="#">EFG</a></td> <td>Add4D</td> <td><a title="EFG">3432</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="#">HG</a></td> <td>GJJ778</td> <td><a title="HG">2341333</td> </tr> </table> I am doing something like this: container = tree.findall("tr") strOut = "" data = [] for elem in container: key = elem.findtext(colName) data.append((key, elem)) data.sort() The problem is that it sorts by the text inside the . I want to be able to sort by the anchor value and not href. What can I do to achieve that? Thanks a lot.

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  • Efficient Context-Free Grammar parser, preferably Python-friendly

    - by Max Shawabkeh
    I am in need of parsing a small subset of English for one of my project, described as a context-free grammar with (1-level) feature structures (example) and I need to do it efficiently . Right now I'm using NLTK's parser which produces the right output but is very slow. For my grammar of ~450 fairly ambiguous non-lexicon rules and half a million lexical entries, parsing simple sentences can take anywhere from 2 to 30 seconds, depending it seems on the number of resulting trees. Lexical entries have little to no effect on performance. Another problem is that loading the (25MB) grammar+lexicon at the beginning can take up to a minute. From what I can find in literature, the running time of the algorithm used to parse such a grammar (Earley or CKY) should be linear to the size of the grammar and cubic to the size of the input token list. My experience with NLTK indicates that ambiguity is what hurts the performance most, not the absolute size of the grammar. So now I'm looking for a CFG parser to replace NLTK. I've been considering PLY but I can't tell whether it supports feature structures in CFGs, which are required in my case, and the examples I've seen seem to be doing a lot of procedural parsing rather than just specifying a grammar. Can anybody show me an example of PLY both supporting feature structs and using a declarative grammar? I'm also fine with any other parser that can do what I need efficiently. A Python interface is preferable but not absolutely necessary.

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  • python / sqlite - database locked despite large timeouts

    - by Chris Phillips
    Hi, I'm sure I'm missing something pretty obvious, but I can't for the life of me stop my pysqlite scripts crashing out with a database is locked error. I have two scripts, one to load data into the database, and one to read data out, but both will frequently, and instantly, crash depending on what the other is doing with the database at any given time. I've got the timeout on both scripts set to 30 seconds: cx = sqlite.connect("database.sql", timeout=30.0) and think I can see some evidence of the timeouts in that i get what appears to be a timing stamp (e.g 0.12343827e-06 0.1 - and how do I stop that being printed?) dumped occasionally in the middle of my curses formatted output screen, but no delay that ever gets remotely near the 30 second timeout, but still one of the other keeps crashing again and again from this. I'm running RHEL5.4 on a 64 bit 4 cpu HS21 IBM blade, and have heard some mention about issues about multi-threading and am not sure if this might be relevant. Packages in use are sqlite-3.3.6-5 and python-sqlite-1.1.7-1.2.1, and upgrading to newer versions outside of RedHat's official provisions is not a great option for me. Possible, but not desirable due to the environment in general. I have had autocommit=1 on previously on both scripts, but have since disabled on both, and am now cx.commit()ing on the inserting script and not committing on the select script. Ultimately as I only ever have one script actually making any modifications, I don't really see why this locking should ever ever happen. I have noticed that this is significantly worse over time when the database has gotten larger. It was recently at 13mb with 3 equal sized tables, which was about 1 day's worth of data. creating a new file has significantly improved this, which seems understandable, but the timeout ultimately just doesn't seem to be being obeyed. Any pointers very much appreciated. Thanks Chris

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  • Python TypeError: an integer is required

    - by kartiku
    import scipy,array def try_read_file(): def line_reader(lines): for l in lines: i = l.find('#') if i != -1: l = l[:i] l = l.strip() if l: yield l def column_counter(): inputer = (line.split() for line in line_reader(file('/home/kartik/Downloads/yahoo_dataset/set1.train.txt'.strip()))) loopexit = 0 for line in inputer: feature_tokens = (token.split(':') for token in line[6:]) feature_ids = array.array('I') for t in feature_tokens: feature_ids.append(int (t[0])) tmpLength = feature_ids[-1] print feature_ids loopexit = loopexit + 1 if loopexit > 0: break return tmpLength def line_counter(): inputer = (line.split() for line in line_reader(file('/home/kartik/Downloads/yahoo_dataset/set1.train.txt'.strip()))) noOfRows = 0 for line in inputer: noOfRows = noOfRows + 1 return noOfRows inputer = (line.split() for line in line_reader(file('/home/kartik/Downloads/yahoo_dataset/set1.train.txt'.strip()))) feature_id_list = [] feature_value_list = [] relevance_list = [] noOfRows = line_counter() noOfCols = column_counter() print noOfRows print noOfCols # line 52 #Create the feature array feature_array = scipy.zeros((noOfRows,noOfCols), float) rowCounter = 1; for line in inputer: feature_tokens = (token.split(':') for token in line[6:]) feature_ids = array.array('I') feature_values = array.array('f') for t in feature_tokens: feature_ids.append(int(t[0])) if (t[0]!=colCounter): feature_array[rowCounter,colCounter] = 0 else: feature_array[rowCounter,colCounter] = t[1] feature_values.append(float(t[1])) colCounter = colCounter + 1; label = float(line[0]) assert(line[1].startswith('qid:')) query_id = int(line[1][4:]) feature_id_list.append(feature_ids) feature_value_list.append(feature_values) relevance_list.append(label) rowCounter = rowCounter + 1; return feature_array Error: Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#97>", line 1, in <module> try_read_file() File "/home/kartik/Python/prelim_read.py", line 52, in try_read_file print noOfCols TypeError: an integer is required What is the problem, i couldn't figure it out? I tried to debug it, but it doesnt really go inside those methods. It gives me an address in place of those variables.

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  • Python: combining making two scripts into one

    - by Alex
    I have two separately made python scripts one that makes a sine wave sound based off time, and another that produces a sine wave graph that is based off the same time factors. I need help combining them into one running file. Here's the first: from struct import pack from math import sin, pi import time def au_file(name, freq, freq1, dur, vol): fout = open(name, 'wb') # header needs size, encoding=2, sampling_rate=8000, channel=1 fout.write('.snd' + pack('>5L', 24, 8*dur, 2, 8000, 1)) factor = 2 * pi * freq/8000 factor1 = 2 * pi * freq1/8000 # write data for seg in range(8 * dur): # sine wave calculations sin_seg = sin(seg * factor) + sin(seg * factor1) fout.write(pack('b', vol * 64 * sin_seg)) fout.close() t = time.strftime("%S", time.localtime()) ti = time.strftime("%M", time.localtime()) tis = float(t) tis = tis * 100 tim = float(ti) tim = tim * 100 if __name__ == '__main__': au_file(name='timeSound.au', freq=tim, freq1=tis, dur=1000, vol=1.0) import os os.startfile('timeSound.au') and the second is this: from Tkinter import * import math import time t = time.strftime("%S", time.localtime()) ti = time.strftime("%M", time.localtime()) tis = float(t) tis = tis / 100 tim = float(ti) tim = tim / 100 root = Tk() root.title("This very moment") width = 400 height = 300 center = height//2 x_increment = 1 # width stretch x_factor1 = tis x_factor2 = tim # height stretch y_amplitude = 50 c = Canvas(width=width, height=height, bg='black') c.pack() str1 = "sin(x)=white" c.create_text(10, 20, anchor=SW, text=str1) center_line = c.create_line(0, center, width, center, fill='red') # create the coordinate list for the sin() curve, have to be integers xy1 = [] xy2 = [] for x in range(400): # x coordinates xy1.append(x * x_increment) xy2.append(x * x_increment) # y coordinates xy1.append(int(math.sin(x * x_factor1) * y_amplitude) + center) xy2.append(int(math.sin(x * x_factor2) * y_amplitude) + center) sinS_line = c.create_line(xy1, fill='white') sinM_line = c.create_line(xy2, fill='yellow') root.mainloop()

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  • Beginner problems with references to arrays in python 3.1.1

    - by Protean
    As part of the last assignment in a beginner python programing class, I have been assigned a traveling sales man problem. I settled on a recursive function to find each permutation and the sum of the distances between the destinations, however, I am have a lot of problems with references. Arrays in different instances of the Permute and Main functions of TSP seem to be pointing to the same reference. from math import sqrt class TSP: def __init__(self): self.CartisianCoordinates = [['A',[1,1]], ['B',[2,2]], ['C',[2,1]], ['D',[1,2]], ['E',[3,3]]] self.Array = [] self.Max = 0 self.StoredList = ['',0] def Distance(self, i1, i2): x1 = self.CartisianCoordinates[i1][1][0] y1 = self.CartisianCoordinates[i1][1][1] x2 = self.CartisianCoordinates[i2][1][0] y2 = self.CartisianCoordinates[i2][1][1] return sqrt(pow((x2 - x1), 2) + pow((y2 - y1), 2)) def Evaluate(self): temparray = [] Data = [] for i in range(len(self.CartisianCoordinates)): Data.append([]) for i1 in range(len(self.CartisianCoordinates)): for i2 in range(len(self.CartisianCoordinates)): if i1 != i2: temparray.append(self.Distance(i1, i2)) else: temparray.append('X') Data[i1] = temparray temparray = [] self.Array = Data self.Max = len(Data) def Permute(self,varray,index,vcarry,mcarry): #Problem Class array = varray[:] carry = vcarry[:] for i in range(self.Max): print ('ARRAY:', array) print (index,i,carry,array[index][i]) if array[index][i] != 'X': carry[0] += self.CartisianCoordinates[i][0] carry[1] += array[index][i] if len(carry) != self.Max: temparray = array[:] for j in range(self.Max):temparray[j][i] = 'X' index = i mcarry += self.Permute(temparray,index,carry,mcarry) else: return mcarry print ('pass',mcarry) return mcarry def Main(self): out = [] self.Evaluate() for i in range(self.Max): array = self.Array[:] #array appears to maintain the same reference after each copy, resulting in an incorrect array being passed to Permute after the first iteration. print (self.Array[:]) for j in range(self.Max):array[j][i] = 'X' print('I:', i, array) out.append(self.Permute(array,i,[str(self.CartisianCoordinates[i][0]),0],[])) return out SalesPerson = TSP() print(SalesPerson.Main()) It would be greatly appreciated if you could provide me with help in solving the reference problems I am having. Thank you.

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  • Unexpected Blank lines in python output

    - by Martlark
    I have a bit of code that runs through a dictionary and outputs the values from it in a CSV format. Strangely I'm getting a couple of blank lines where all the output of all of the dictionary entries is blank. I've read the code and can't understand has anything except lines with commas can be output. The blank line should have values in it, so extra \n is not the cause. Can anyone advise why I'd be getting blank lines? Other times I run the missing line appears. Missing line: 6415, 6469, -4.60, clerical, 2, ,,,joe,030193027org,joelj,030155640dup Using python 2.6.5 Bit of code: tfile = file(path, 'w') tfile.write('Rec_ID_A, Rec_ID_B, Weight, Assigned, Run, By, On, Comment\n') rec_num_a = 0 while (rec_num_a <= max_rec_num_a): try: value = self.dict['DA'+str(rec_num_a)] except: value = [0,0,0,'rejected'] if (value[3]!='rejected'): weightValue = "%0.2f" % value[2] line = value[0][1:] + ', ' + value[1][1:] + ', ' + weightValue \ + ', ' + str(value[3]) + ', ' + str(value[4]) if (len(value)>5): line = line + ', ' + value[5] + ',' + value[6] + ',' + value[7] (a_pkey, b_pkey) = self.derive_pkeys(value) line = line + a_pkey + b_pkey tfile.write( line + '\n') rec_num_a +=1 Sample output 6388, 2187, 76.50, clerical, 1, ,,,cameron,030187639org,cameron,030187639org 6398, 2103, 70.79, clerical, 1, ,,,caleb,030189225org,caldb,030189225dup 6402, 2205, 1.64, clerical, 2, ,,,jenna,030190334org,cameron,020305169dup 6409, 7892, 79.09, clerical, 1, ,,,liam,030191863org,liam,030191863org 6416, 11519, 79.09, clerical, 1, ,,,thomas,030193156org,thomas,030193156org 6417, 8854, 6.10, clerical, 2, ,,,ruby,030193713org,mia,020160397org 6421, 2864, -0.84, clerical, 2, ,,,kristin,030194394org,connou,020023478dup 6423, 413, 75.63, clerical, 1, ,,,adrian,030194795org,adriah,030194795dup

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  • Newbie python error in regards to import

    - by TylerW
    Hello. I'm a python newbie and starting out with using the Bottle web framework on Google App Engine. I've been messing with the super small, super easy Hello World sample and have already ran into problems. Heh. I finally got the code to work with this... import bottle from bottle import route from google.appengine.ext.webapp import util @route('/hello') def hello(): return "Hello World!" util.run_wsgi_app(bottle.default_app()) My question is, I thought I could just go 'import bottle' without the second line. But if I take the second line out, I get a NameError. Or if I do 'from bottle import *', I still get the error. bottle is just a single file called 'bottle.py' in my site's root directory. So neither of these work.... import bottle from google.appengine.ext.webapp import util @route('/hello') def hello(): return "Hello World!" util.run_wsgi_app(bottle.default_app()) Or from bottle import * from google.appengine.ext.webapp import util @route('/hello') def hello(): return "Hello World!" util.run_wsgi_app(bottle.default_app()) The error message I get is... Traceback (most recent call last): File "/Applications/GoogleAppEngineLauncher.app/Contents/Resources/GoogleAppEngine-default.bundle/Contents/Resources/google_appengine/google/appengine/tools/dev_appserver.py", line 3180, in _HandleRequest self._Dispatch(dispatcher, self.rfile, outfile, env_dict) File "/Applications/GoogleAppEngineLauncher.app/Contents/Resources/GoogleAppEngine-default.bundle/Contents/Resources/google_appengine/google/appengine/tools/dev_appserver.py", line 3123, in _Dispatch base_env_dict=env_dict) File "/Applications/GoogleAppEngineLauncher.app/Contents/Resources/GoogleAppEngine-default.bundle/Contents/Resources/google_appengine/google/appengine/tools/dev_appserver.py", line 515, in Dispatch base_env_dict=base_env_dict) File "/Applications/GoogleAppEngineLauncher.app/Contents/Resources/GoogleAppEngine-default.bundle/Contents/Resources/google_appengine/google/appengine/tools/dev_appserver.py", line 2382, in Dispatch self._module_dict) File "/Applications/GoogleAppEngineLauncher.app/Contents/Resources/GoogleAppEngine-default.bundle/Contents/Resources/google_appengine/google/appengine/tools/dev_appserver.py", line 2292, in ExecuteCGI reset_modules = exec_script(handler_path, cgi_path, hook) File "/Applications/GoogleAppEngineLauncher.app/Contents/Resources/GoogleAppEngine-default.bundle/Contents/Resources/google_appengine/google/appengine/tools/dev_appserver.py", line 2188, in ExecuteOrImportScript exec module_code in script_module.dict File "/Users/tyler/Dropbox/sites/dietgrid/code2.py", line 4, in @route('/hello') NameError: name 'route' is not defined So am I wrong in thinking it should be able to work the other ways or no?

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  • Bitbucket API authentication with Python's HTTPBasicAuthHandler

    - by jbochi
    I'm trying to get the list of issues on a private repository using bitbucket's API. I have confirmed that HTTP Basic authentication works with hurl, but I am unable to authenticate in Python. Adapting the code from this tutorial, I have written the following script. import cookielib import urllib2 class API(): api_url = 'http://api.bitbucket.org/1.0/' def __init__(self, username, password): self._opener = self._create_opener(username, password) def _create_opener(self, username, password): cj = cookielib.LWPCookieJar() cookie_handler = urllib2.HTTPCookieProcessor(cj) password_manager = urllib2.HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm() password_manager.add_password(None, self.api_url, username, password) auth_handler = urllib2.HTTPBasicAuthHandler(password_manager) opener = urllib2.build_opener(cookie_handler, auth_handler) return opener def get_issues(self, username, repository): query_url = self.api_url + 'repositories/%s/%s/issues/' % (username, repository) try: handler = self._opener.open(query_url) except urllib2.HTTPError, e: print e.headers raise e return handler.read() api = API(username='my_username', password='XXXXXXXX') api.get_issues('my_username', 'my_repository') results in: >>> Server: nginx/0.7.62 Date: Mon, 19 Apr 2010 16:15:06 GMT Content-Type: text/plain Connection: close Vary: Authorization,Cookie Content-Length: 9 Traceback (most recent call last): File "C:/USERS/personal/bitbucket-burndown/bitbucket-api.py", line 29, in <module> print api.get_issues('my_username', 'my_repository') File "C:/USERS/personal/bitbucket-burndown/bitbucket-api.py", line 25, in get_issues raise e HTTPError: HTTP Error 401: UNAUTHORIZED api.get_issues('jespern', 'bitbucket') works like a charm. What's wrong with my code?

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  • Yahoo BOSS Python Library, ExpatError

    - by Wraith
    I tried to install the Yahoo BOSS mashup framework, but am having trouble running the examples provided. Examples 1, 2, 5, and 6 work, but 3 & 4 give Expat errors. Here is the output from ex3.py: gpython examples/ex3.py examples/ex3.py:33: Warning: 'as' will become a reserved keyword in Python 2.6 Traceback (most recent call last): File "examples/ex3.py", line 27, in <module> digg = db.select(name="dg", udf=titlef, url="http://digg.com/rss_search?search=google+android&area=dig&type=both&section=news") File "/usr/lib/python2.5/site-packages/yos/yql/db.py", line 214, in select tb = create(name, data=data, url=url, keep_standards_prefix=keep_standards_prefix) File "/usr/lib/python2.5/site-packages/yos/yql/db.py", line 201, in create return WebTable(name, d=rest.load(url), keep_standards_prefix=keep_standards_prefix) File "/usr/lib/python2.5/site-packages/yos/crawl/rest.py", line 38, in load return xml2dict.fromstring(dl) File "/usr/lib/python2.5/site-packages/yos/crawl/xml2dict.py", line 41, in fromstring t = ET.fromstring(s) File "/usr/lib/python2.5/xml/etree/ElementTree.py", line 963, in XML parser.feed(text) File "/usr/lib/python2.5/xml/etree/ElementTree.py", line 1245, in feed self._parser.Parse(data, 0) xml.parsers.expat.ExpatError: syntax error: line 1, column 0 It looks like both examples are failing when trying to query Digg.com. Here is the query that is constructed in ex3.py's code: diggf = lambda r: {"title": r["title"]["value"], "diggs": int(r["diggCount"]["value"])} digg = db.select(name="dg", udf=diggf, url="http://digg.com/rss_search?search=google+android&area=dig&type=both&section=news") Any help is appreciated. Thanks!

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  • GAE python database object design for simple list of values

    - by Joey
    I'm really new to database object design so please forgive any weirdness in my question. Basically, I am use Google AppEngine (Python) and contructing an object to track user info. One of these pieces of data is 40 Achievement scores. Do I make a list of ints in the User object for this? Or do I make a separate entity with my user id, the achievement index (0-39) and the score and then do a query to grab these 40 items every time I want to get the user data in total? The latter approach seems more object oriented to me, and certainly better if I extend it to have more than just scores for these 40 achievements. However, considering that I might not extend it, should I even consider just doing a simple list of 40 ints in my user data? I would then forgo doing a query, getting the sorted list of achievements, reading the score from each one just to process a response etc. Is doing this latter approach just such a common practice and hand-waved as not even worth batting an eyelash at in terms of thinking it might be more costly or complex processing wise?

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  • Using the groupby method in Python, example included

    - by randombits
    Trying to work with groupby so that I can group together files that were created on the same day. When I say same day in this case, I mean the dd part in mm/dd/yyyy. So if a file was created on March 1 and April 1, they should be grouped together because the "1" matches. Here's the code I have so far: #!/usr/bin/python import os import datetime from itertools import groupby def created_ymd(fn): ts = os.stat(fn).st_ctime dt = datetime.date.fromtimestamp(ts) return dt.year, dt.month, dt.day def get_files(): files = [] for f in os.listdir(os.getcwd()): if not os.path.isfile(f): continue y,m,d = created_ymd(f) files.append((f, d)) return files files = get_files() for key, group in groupby(files, lambda x: x[1]): for file in group: print "file: %s, date: %s" % (file[0], key) print " " The problem is, I get lots of files that get grouped together based on the day. But then I'll see multiple groups with the same day. Meaning I might have 4 files grouped that were created on the 17th. Later on I'll see another unique set of 2 files that are also created on the 17th. Where am I going wrong?

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  • Django | Python creating a JSON response

    - by MMRUser
    Hi, I'm trying to convert a server side AJAX response script in to an Django HttpResponse, but apparently it's not working. This is the server-side script /* RECEIVE VALUE */ $validateValue=$_POST['validateValue']; $validateId=$_POST['validateId']; $validateError=$_POST['validateError']; /* RETURN VALUE */ $arrayToJs = array(); $arrayToJs[0] = $validateId; $arrayToJs[1] = $validateError; if($validateValue =="Testuser"){ // validate?? $arrayToJs[2] = "true"; // RETURN TRUE echo '{"jsonValidateReturn":'.json_encode($arrayToJs).'}'; // RETURN ARRAY WITH success }else{ for($x=0;$x<1000000;$x++){ if($x == 990000){ $arrayToJs[2] = "false"; echo '{"jsonValidateReturn":'.json_encode($arrayToJs).'}'; // RETURN ARRAY WITH ERROR } } } And this is the converted code def validate_user(request): if request.method == 'POST': vld_value = request.POST.get('validateValue') vld_id = request.POST.get('validateId') vld_error = request.POST.get('validateError') array_to_js = [vld_id, vld_error, False] if vld_value == "TestUser": array_to_js[2] = True x = simplejson.dumps(array_to_js) return HttpResponse(x) else: array_to_js[2] = False x = simplejson.dumps(array_to_js) test = 'Error' return render_to_response('index.html',{'error':error},context_instance=RequestContext(request)) return render_to_response('index.html',context_instance=RequestContext(request)) I'm using simplejson to encode the Python list (so it will return a json array).Coudn't figure out the problem yet.But I think that I did something wrong about the 'echo'. Anyway I'm expecting an good answer it will help me a lot. Thanks.

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