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• How low-power can a home server get?

  - by Halik

  I've got quite simple question actually. How green, low-power and efficient x86 home server can I build using consumer parts with rather constrained budget. After looking through some Google hits I've found out that system based on dual-core atom, some modest mITX board (gigabit lan, integrated audio and gfx etc), one RAM module and one 'green' WD HDD, powered by picoITX PSU uses about 30W at idle up to 40 at load. Can you get lower (or how much lower) then that? Maybe some VIA nano chips, or single core atom? My home server would take care of some back-upping mixed with little ftp/http traffic.

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• Can iptables allow Squid to process a request, then redirect the response packets to another port?

  - by Dan H

  I'm trying to test a fancy traffic analyzer app, which I have running on port 8890. My current plan is to let any HTTP request come into Squid, on port 3128, and let it process the request, and then just before it sends the response back, use iptables to redirect the response packets (leaving port 3128) to port 8890. I've researched this all night, and tried many iptables commands, but I'm missing something and my hair is falling out. I thought something like this would work: iptables -t nat -A OUTPUT -p tcp --sport 3128 -j REDIRECT --to-ports 8990 This rule gets created ok, but it never redirects anything. Is this even possible? If so, what iptables incantation could do it? If not, any idea what might work on a single host, given multiple remote browser clients?

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• Co-location vs. cloud hosting

  - by RainyRat

  We have a decent-sized server estate: several ProLiants, plus IBM BladeCentre and SANs running a VMWare environment. Due to an imminent premises move, we're not going to have enough space for a server room, so I've been looking at moving everything out to a colo. My boss is more keen on the idea of cloud-hosting everything, which would include a couple of high-traffic websites (about 9m pageviews/month), our Exchange sever (about a million clean emails sent/received monthly), as well as file/print/AD/all the ususal stuff. This doesn;t sound like a good idea to me, but I'm new to the ways of the cloud. Can anyone offer any advice?

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• Apache, mod_proxy_ajp and IE

  - by eduard-schnittlauch

  Hi! I have an Apache 2.2 using mod_proxy_ajp as a reverse proxy for a Tomcat 6, running on RHEL5. On tomcat runs an application that does NTLM authentication. Using Firefox, everything works ok, but IE7 says "cannot display the web page". Without Apache, IE7 works fine. What is going on here? Unfortunately, I have very limited access rights and can't capture tcp traffic or anything like that. Thanks!

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• Virtualbox PXE Boot Failing with a Windows Server 2008 R2 Server

  - by Vbitz

  Some fast help on this would be good, I have been on this problem for 14 hours. In a Virtualbox test environment I have 2 virtual machines networked together using a internal network (no traffic runs though the host, it is all at a software level). One is a fresh client with 512mb of ram and a dual core set-up, the other is the server with 1.5GB of ram and running server 2008 r2. The server is configured as a dns server, dchp server, domain controller and also serves PXE booting though WDS (Windows Deployment Services). Both machines can see each other and I am able to start a network boot. The issue comes at the second to last stage of the pre windows PE install. On TFTP download of boot.sdi it starts it but stops during the boot process.

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• Will more memory help my CPU-peaking SQL Server 2008 R2

  - by Tor Haugen

  I'm supporting a system running against a SQL Server 2008 R2. The server is a single-CPU box with 8 GB of memory. As traffic has increased, the server has started saturating, peaking to 100% CPU ever more often. Disk I/O remains moderate (somewhat surprisingly). Obviously, a new server would be the best option. But failing that, can I expect a noticable improvement from installing more RAM? Or does RAM only help for I/O issues (through caching)?

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• Not Able To Connect to Shared Resource

  - by bobber205

  We are using an older version of BartPE and are not able to connect to shared folders on our subnet. It says the network name could not be found. Connecting to the shared folder on the machine that is hosting it works fine. Any ideas on what might cause this? Thanks! Edit1: Got wireshark running and monitored traffic from the offending machine and tried to map. ZERO packets from the other machine were seen. :(

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• Unusually high memory usage on a CentOS VPS with 512 guaranteed RAM

  - by Andrei Bârsan

  I'm working on a medium-sized web application written in PHP that's running on a VPS with 512mb ram. The webapp hasn't been officially launched yet, so there isn't too much traffic going on, just me and a few other people working on it. There is another slightly smaller webapp also hosted on this machine, among 4-5 other small static sites. We are running Centos 5 32-bit & cPanel/WHM. This is the result of running ps aux and, as you can see, it's not using 100% of the RAM. However, on the hypanel overview, it's always shown as using aroun 500MB ram, just for running apache, mysql, and the lowest-memory-footprint versions of the mail server, ftp server etc. -bash-3.2# ps aux USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND root 1 0.0 0.0 2156 664 ? Ss 12:08 0:00 init [3] root 1123 0.0 0.0 2260 548 ? S<s 12:08 0:00 /sbin/udevd -d root 1462 0.0 0.0 1812 568 ? Ss 12:08 0:00 syslogd -m 0 named 1496 0.0 0.0 3808 820 ? Ss 12:08 0:00 nsd named 1497 0.0 0.0 10672 756 ? S 12:08 0:00 nsd named 1499 0.0 0.0 3880 584 ? S 12:08 0:00 nsd root 1514 0.0 0.1 7240 1064 ? Ss 12:08 0:00 /usr/sbin/sshd root 1522 0.0 0.0 2832 832 ? Ss 12:08 0:00 xinetd -stayalive -pidfile /var/run/xinetd.pid root 1534 0.0 0.1 3712 1328 ? S 12:08 0:00 /bin/sh /usr/bin/mysqld_safe --datadir=/var/lib/mysql - mysql 1667 0.0 2.9 225680 30884 ? Sl 12:08 0:00 /usr/sbin/mysqld --basedir=/ --datadir=/var/lib/mysql - mailnull 1766 0.0 0.1 9352 1100 ? Ss 12:08 0:00 /usr/sbin/exim -bd -q60m root 1797 0.0 0.0 2156 708 ? Ss 12:08 0:00 /usr/sbin/dovecot root 1798 0.0 0.0 2632 1012 ? S 12:08 0:00 dovecot-auth root 1816 0.0 3.0 38580 32456 ? Ss 12:08 0:01 /usr/local/bin/spamd -d --allowed-ips=127.0.0.1 --pidfi root 1839 0.0 1.6 63200 17496 ? Ss 12:08 0:00 /usr/local/apache/bin/httpd -k start -DSSL root 1846 0.0 0.1 5416 1468 ? Ss 12:08 0:00 pure-ftpd (SERVER) root 1848 0.0 0.1 6212 1244 ? S 12:08 0:00 /usr/sbin/pure-authd -s /var/run/ftpd.sock -r /usr/sbin root 1856 0.0 0.1 4492 1112 ? Ss 12:08 0:00 crond root 1864 0.0 0.0 2356 428 ? Ss 12:08 0:00 /usr/sbin/atd dovecot 1927 0.0 0.1 5196 1952 ? S 12:08 0:00 pop3-login dovecot 1928 0.0 0.1 5196 1948 ? S 12:08 0:00 pop3-login dovecot 1929 0.0 0.1 5316 2012 ? S 12:08 0:00 imap-login dovecot 1930 0.0 0.2 5416 2228 ? S 12:08 0:00 imap-login root 1939 0.0 0.1 3936 1964 ? S 12:08 0:00 cPhulkd - processor root 1963 0.0 0.8 15876 8564 ? S 12:08 0:00 cpsrvd (SSL) - waiting for connections root 1966 0.0 0.7 15172 7748 ? S 12:08 0:00 cpdavd - accepting connections on 2077 and 2078 root 1990 0.0 0.2 5008 3136 ? S 12:08 0:00 queueprocd - wait to process a task root 2017 0.0 2.9 38580 31020 ? S 12:08 0:00 spamd child root 2018 0.0 0.5 8904 5636 ? S 12:08 0:00 /usr/bin/perl /usr/local/cpanel/bin/leechprotect nobody 2021 0.0 3.2 66512 33724 ? S 12:08 0:00 /usr/local/apache/bin/httpd -k start -DSSL nobody 2022 0.0 3.1 67812 33024 ? S 12:08 0:00 /usr/local/apache/bin/httpd -k start -DSSL nobody 2024 0.0 1.9 64364 20680 ? S 12:08 0:00 /usr/local/apache/bin/httpd -k start -DSSL root 2027 0.0 0.4 9000 4540 ? S 12:08 0:00 tailwatchd root 2032 0.0 0.1 4176 1836 ? SN 12:08 0:00 cpanellogd - sleeping for logs nobody 3096 0.0 1.9 64572 20264 ? S 12:09 0:00 /usr/local/apache/bin/httpd -k start -DSSL nobody 3097 0.0 2.8 66008 30136 ? S 12:09 0:00 /usr/local/apache/bin/httpd -k start -DSSL nobody 3098 0.0 2.8 65704 29752 ? S 12:09 0:00 /usr/local/apache/bin/httpd -k start -DSSL nobody 3099 0.0 3.1 67260 32816 ? S 12:09 0:00 /usr/local/apache/bin/httpd -k start -DSSL andrei 3448 0.0 0.1 3204 1632 ? S 12:50 0:00 imap nobody 3537 0.0 1.9 64308 20108 ? S 13:01 0:00 /usr/local/apache/bin/httpd -k start -DSSL nobody 3614 0.0 1.9 64576 20628 ? S 13:10 0:00 /usr/local/apache/bin/httpd -k start -DSSL nobody 3615 0.0 1.3 63200 14672 ? S 13:10 0:00 /usr/local/apache/bin/httpd -k start -DSSL root 3626 0.0 0.2 10232 2964 ? Rs 13:14 0:00 sshd: root@pts/0 root 3648 0.0 0.1 3844 1600 pts/0 Ss 13:14 0:00 -bash root 3826 0.0 0.0 2532 908 pts/0 R+ 13:21 0:00 ps aux Lately, without any significant changes to the configuration, the memory usage started peaking and going over 512, causing the virtual server to kill apache, basically murdering our site in the process. Do you have any idea if this is normal and more resources should be acquired? I don't think... since there isn't too much data or traffic online yet.

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• Reject recipient in postfix mail relay

  - by galets

  I have about 3 knows email addresses in my domain, which don't exist and to which a lot of spam is sent. Some of this spam is pretty heavy, and I'm wasting a lot of traffic on it, so I don't want to even receive emails if their destination is one of those 3 addresses. Since I know that the users don't exist I would like postfix to reject emails during RCPT TO: negotiation. Basically, all I want is to update some config with those 3 addresses, and every email sent to them must fail to come in. I want to stress out following: postfix works as a relay for domain, there is no local users postfix has no knowledge about validity of other emails within domain, so it cannot simply reject unknown recipients

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• Get IP network range after reverse DNS?

  - by Max

  For analytics purposes, I'm looking at large sets of IP addresses in server log files. I'm trying to perform reverse-DNS lookups to understand where traffic is coming from - e.g. what percentage of IPs resolve to corporations, schools, government, international etc. Despite a bunch of optimizations, individually reverse-DNS'ing every IP address still appears to be fairly expensive though. So - is there any way to obtain an entire range of IPs from a reverse-DNS? If yes, this could greatly reduce the number of actual reverse-DNS lookups. Example (numbers slightly obfuscated): Log file contains a request from an IP 128.151.162.17 Reverse DNS resolves to 11.142.152.128.in-addr.arpa 21599 IN PTR alamo.ceas.rochester.edu (So this is a visitor from Rochester University, rochester.edu) Now, would it be safe to assume that all at least all IPs from 128.151.162.* will also resolve to rochester.edu? What about 128.151.*.*? Is there a way to get the exact IP range?

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• Is there a way to bridge two outgoing TCP connections in order to bypass firewalls and NAT?

  - by TK Kocheran

  We're all familiar with the problem of port-forwarding and NAT: if you want to expose something to accepting an incoming connection, you need to configure port-forwarding on the router or conjure up some other black magickery to "punch holes" in the firewall using UDP or something. I'm fairly new to the whole "hole-punching" concept so could someone explain how it works? Essentially, I'd like to understand how hole-punching would work and the theory behind it, as well as if two TCP connections could be bridged via a third party. Since there's no issue with outgoing TCP connections since it's handled with NAT, could a third party bridge the connections so that the two parties are still connected but without the bandwidth cost of traffic going through the third party?

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• how to split a pcap file into a set of smaller ones

  - by facha

  Hi, everyone I have a huge pcap file (generated by tcpdump). When I try to open it in wireshark, the program just gets unresponsive. Is there a way to split a file in set of smaller ones to open them one by one? The traffic captured in a file is generated by two programs on two servers, so I can't split the file using tcpdump 'host' or 'port' filters. I've also tried linux 'split' command :-) but with no luck. Wireshark wouldn't recognize the format.

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• SNMP counter issues with cisco RV082

  - by Chance

  Does anyone else poll this router with SNMP? We are using firmware version: 2.0.0.19-tz We are having problems with the traffic counters, some of them appear to be implemented as 16 bit counter instead of 32 bit counters. The reason this is causing problems is that they roll over (at 65,000) to 0 in less than our minute polling cycle, really skewing our metrics. The counter for the Lan (interface 2) seems to be functioning properly, however interfaces 3 and 4 (WAN and DMZ / WAN2) rollover at 65000. Tue May 11 08:38:31 EDT 2010 IF-MIB::ifInOctets.1 = Counter32: 137634 IF-MIB::ifInOctets.2 = Counter32: 1865677943 IF-MIB::ifInOctets.3 = Counter32: 12450 IF-MIB::ifInOctets.4 = Counter32: 49354 Look at counter IF-MIB::ifInOctets.4 5 seconds later: Tue May 11 08:38:36 EDT 2010 IF-MIB::ifInOctets.1 = Counter32: 137634 IF-MIB::ifInOctets.2 = Counter32: 1865836207 IF-MIB::ifInOctets.3 = Counter32: 13167 IF-MIB::ifInOctets.4 = Counter32: 12900 Any suggestions? Seems like a bug to me, however I just wanted to make sure I wasn't crazy.. Thanks!

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• squidGuard hangs during setup

  - by richard

  I have a squid proxy on my Debian-Gnu-Linux-laptop configured to block some web sites. I can set a browser to use this proxy, but I can also configure it to not use it. As I an using it to block some sites. I do not wish and application to be able to bypass the proxy. Is it possible to to configure a fire wall to black outgoing traffic except if sent by the proxy application or user? I would like a simple configurator if possible.

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• Asterisk: Forcing a sip peer to connect via ipv6?

  - by growse

  I've got an asterisk server that connects to an upstream provider over a WAN. The upstream provider supports both IPv4 and IPv6 connectivity, and the asterisk server is behind a NAT. When asterisk connects to the upstream sip peer via IPv6, everything works perfectly. The issue I have is that when I configure the asterisk server IPv6 address via DHCPv6, a race condition means that asterisk sometimes ends up attempting to contact the upstream peer via IPv4 (the SIP DNS name has both A and AAAA records). This is because asterisk starts up before the system has a valid IPv6 address. The connection does not work via IPv4 because of the NAT. Is there a way of configuring the peer to specify that it should only be contactable over IPv6? I guess it might be possible to hack together a firewall rule to deny all IPv4 traffic to that IP, but it'd be easier to configure this within asterisk itself.

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• Thomson TG585v7 router - promiscuous mode

  - by Nikita

  I have a TG585v7 as a router with several machines plugged into it. In the default setup, the packets are only delivered to the specific machine but I want to be able to setup to monitor all network traffic on one of the machines, i.e. I need those packets to be picked up when my ethernet card is in promiscuous mode. Is this possible? Guide here has this "mcastpromisc Make the IP interface multicast promiscuous. OPTIONAL", is this what I am looking for? Does it mean I need to manually add all my machines by their MAC addresses to be able to receive packets destined for them? Or am I out of luck and I need to get a better router?

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• Trying to understand why VLANs need to be created on intermediate switches

  - by Jon Reeves

  I'm currently studying for the Cisco switching exam and having trouble understanding exactly how 802.1q tagging works. Given three daisy chained switches (A,B, and C) with trunk ports between them and VLAN 101 defined on both end switches (A and C), I'm not sure why the VLAN also needs to be defined on the middle one (B)? Note that I am not disputing that it does need to be configured, I'm just trying to understand why exactly. As I understand it, traffic from VLAN 101 on switch A will be tagged as it goes through the trunk to switch B. According to the documentation I have read, trunks will pass all VLANs by default, and the .1q tag is only removed when the frame leaves through an access port on the relevant VLAN. From this I would expect switch B to simply forward the tagged frame unchanged through the trunk to switch C. Can anyone shed some light on how switch B processes this frame and why it does not get forwarded through the other trunk ?

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• Hyper-V R2 Performance Counters

  - by Ascendo

  Hi all I've been playing around with the WMI performance counters for Hyper-V. Of interest to me are the Virtual NIC bytes/sec input and output counters. I notice that the results are very "spikey". Over what time period is the latest counter averaged? I'm trying to calculate total traffic volume per VM, but sometimes a very high instantaneous poll result is inflating the result as I only poll the result each minute. I would prefer to read a 'bytes total' counter instead of a 'bytes/sec' counter - is there such a thing? Thanks Acendo

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• Can't ping some IP addresses in the same subnet (LAN) Windows 2011 Server

  - by Ricardo

  Hi I’m running in Windows Small Server 2011 server standard (192.168.1.108), it’s my dhcp and dns server too, but suddenly all other users can’t get internet. My gateway is 192.168.1.1. After a lots of tested I can saw that my server can’t get into the router (192.168.1.1), and also into some others computers, but some other computers answer the ping command. In fact the same computer with the IP 192.168.1.9 didn't answer, but with the IP 192.168.1.63, it response! I have no routers, firewall, vlans or anything that disallow the traffic between computers, in fact when I changed the server IP address (192.168.1.109), I be able to ping the other computers and gateway, but if a back to the 192.168.1.108 the trouble comeback. I hope you can help me with this issue Ricardo

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• Saving music wisely: Why save 'Queen - Bohemian Rhapsody.mp3' millions of times?

  - by hsmit

  As far as I'm concerned, Queen's song 'bohemian rhapsody' is one of the most popular songs all time. But for the purpose of this message you may replace this with another track. At the same time I think 60% of the digital-music listeners have this track. Sometimes we have multiple copies: different versions of the track, different devices, unwanted duplicates in download folders, itunes folders etc.. Wouldn't it be much smarter to store these songs only once? You can imagine various solutions for this. How would you accomplish this? Some criteria that may help you find an answer: It must reduce disk space It must remember which music belongs to you (DRM) It must use network traffic efficiently

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• Windows clients not using NTP server provided via DHCP

  - by gencha

  I have a network consisting mostly of Windows Vista and 7 clients and an Ubuntu server. The server provides both the DHCP and NTP services through dhcp3-server and openntpd. In my dhcpd.conf, the subnet is declared as follows: subnet 10.10.10.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 { range 10.10.10.10 10.10.10.200; option broadcast-address 10.10.10.255; option routers 10.10.10.1; option ntp-servers 10.10.10.1; } The clients don't seem to be using the NTP server though. When I capture the network traffic with Wireshark during the DHCP process, I also see no mention of the NTP option in the DHCP offer message. I am not quite sure if the clients would have to specifically request that option to receive it or if I have to make another configuration to offer the option.

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• Need Recommendations: Network Software and Hardware Setup for small firm

  - by Rogue

  Will be starting a small graphics design firm soon, with 20 employees. Therefore need software to manage the network. Have bought a bulk license of Windows 7. I have a spare computer which can act as a server if necessary, but its an ancient Dell machine (Pentium-III). If required I would purchase an extra machine, but would like to avoid unnecessary costs at start up. Following are the main functions that I would like to perform: Need to monitor\control network traffic and internet usage, restrict access to certain websites Alerts when access to certain software's, and when trying to tamper with privileges Ability to view desktops of any computer at any given time Limit access to certain hardware like USB ports,etc Limit access to folders on the computer Log/Report of all actions including keystrokes performed on any computer Local Network chat and talk client Collaboration and Work logs Any Software available to do all of the above and also any additional hardware required besides network switches, network card's and CAT5e cables. Any other recommendations besides the above mentioned hardware setup

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• Why should I use Firewall Zones and not just Address Objects?

  - by SRobertJames

  I appreciate Firewall Address Objects and Address Groups - they simplify management by letting me give a name to a group of addresses. But I don't understand what Firewall Zones (LAN, WAN, DMZ, etc.) do for me over Address Groups. I know all firewalls have them, so there must be a good reason. But what do I gain by stating a rule applies to all traffic from LAN Zone to WAN Zone which comes from LAN Address Group to WAN Address Group? Why not just mention the Address Groups?

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• Firewall issue with multiple SIP PROXY / REGISTRAR servers

  - by MikeBrom

  Hi We have a pair of Internet-facing SIP PROXY/REGISTRAR servers (for resilienced and load-balancing). When a SIP phone registers, it will be handled by one of the REGISTRAR servers (round-robin DNS) - and since this registration is renewed, the firewall port/address translation is maintained. Therefore, when a call is to be sent back to the phone the INVITE message passes successfully through the firewall. However, it is likely that the phone may register with one of the two servers, but the INVITE may come from the other. In this situation, the call fails since there is no translation in place on the firewall. Is there a feature in the SIP protocol to facilitate this? Any other ideas? As our traffic grows, we will no doubt end-up with more than two servers - so the problem will escalate. Thanks, Mike

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• Apache vs Lighttpd: Weird behavior in reverse proxy mode.

  - by northox

  Context: I have an Apache server running in reverse proxy mode in front of a Tomcat java server. It handle HTTP and HTTPS and send those request back and forth to the Tomcat server on an internal HTTP port. Goal: I'm trying to replace the reverse proxy with Lighttpd. Problem: while asking for the same HTTPS url, while using Apache as the reverse proxy, the Tomcat server redirect (302) to an HTTPS page but with Lighttpd it redirect to the same page in HTTP (not HTTPS). Question: What does Lighttpd could do different in order to have a different result from the backend server? In theory, using Apache or Lighttpd server as a reverse proxy should not change anything... but it does. Any idea? I'll try to find something by sniffing the traffic on the backend tomcat server.

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