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• Running "source" from python

  - by R S

  Hello, I have a file a.txt with lines of commands I want to run, say: echo 1 echo 2 echo 3 If I was on csh (unix), I would have done source a.txt and it would run. From python I want to run os.execl with it, however I get: >>> os.execl("source", "a.txt") Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> File "/usr/lib/python2.5/os.py", line 322, in execl execv(file, args) OSError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory How to do it?

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• Python how to handle # in a dictionary

  - by Jack

  I've got some json from last.fm's api which I've serialised into a dictionary using simplejson. A quick example of the basic structure is below. { "artist": "similar": { "artist": { "name": "Blah", "image": {"#text":"URLHERE","size": "small"} "image": {"#text":"URLHERE","size": "medium"} "image": {"#text":"URLHERE","size": "large"} } } } Any ideas how I can access the image urls of various different sizes. My attempts at accessing the #text variable don't seem to work because python doesn't appear to like #'s in the names. And any ideas how I can easily get the url for the depending on the size? Thanks, Jack

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• Read random lines from huge CSV file in Python

  - by jbssm

  I have this quite big CSV file (15 Gb) and I need to read about 1 million random lines from it. As far as I can see - and implement - the CSV utility in Python only allows to iterate sequentially in the file. It's very memory consuming to read the all file into memory to use some random choosing and it's very time consuming to go trough all the file and discard some values and choose others, so, is there anyway to choose some random line from the CSV file and read only that line? I tried without success: import csv with open('linear_e_LAN2A_F_0_435keV.csv') as file: reader = csv.reader(file) print reader[someRandomInteger] A sample of the CSV file: 331.093,329.735 251.188,249.994 374.468,373.782 295.643,295.159 83.9058,0 380.709,116.221 352.238,351.891 183.809,182.615 257.277,201.302 61.4598,40.7106

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• Need help understanding some Python code

  - by Yarin

  I'm new to Python, and stumped by this piece of code from the Boto project: class SubdomainCallingFormat(_CallingFormat): @assert_case_insensitive def get_bucket_server(self, server, bucket): return '%s.%s' % (bucket, server) def assert_case_insensitive(f): def wrapper(*args, **kwargs): if len(args) == 3 and not (args[2].islower() or args[2].isalnum()): raise BotoClientError("Bucket names cannot contain upper-case " \ "characters when using either the sub-domain or virtual " \ "hosting calling format.") return f(*args, **kwargs) return wrapper Trying to understand what's going on here. What is the '@' symbol in @assert_case_sensitive ? What do the args *args, **kwargs mean? What does 'f' represent? Thanks!

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• Python having problems writing/reading and testing in a correct format

  - by Ionut

  I’m trying to make a program that will do the following: check if auth_file exists if yes - read file and try to login using data from that file - if data is wrong - request new data if no - request some data and then create the file and fill it with requested data So far: import json import getpass import os import requests filename = ".auth_data" auth_file = os.path.realpath(filename) url = 'http://example.com/api' headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'} def load_auth_file(): try: f = open(auth_file, "r") auth_data = f.read() r = requests.get(url, auth=auth_data, headers=headers) if r.reason == 'OK': return auth_data else: print "Incorrect login..." req_auth() except IOError: f = file(auth_file, "w") f.write(req_auth()) f.close() def req_auth(): user = str(raw_input('Username: ')) password = getpass.getpass('Password: ') auth_data = (user, password) r = requests.get(url, auth=auth_data, headers=headers) if r.reason == 'OK': return user, password elif r.reason == "FORBIDDEN": print "Incorrect login information..." req_auth() return False I have the following problems(understanding and applying the correct way): I can't find a correct way of storing the returned data from req_auth() to auth_file in a format that can be read and used in load_auth file PS: Of course I'm a beginner in Python and I'm sure I have missed some key elements here :(

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• Apply function to one element of a list in Python

  - by user189637

  I'm looking for a concise and functional style way to apply a function to one element of a tuple and return the new tuple, in Python. For example, for the following input: inp = ("hello", "my", "friend") I would like to be able to get the following output: out = ("hello", "MY", "friend") I came up with two solutions which I'm not satisfied with. One uses a higher-order function. def apply_at(arr, func, i): return arr[0:i] + [func(arr[i])] + arr[i+1:] apply_at(inp, lambda x: x.upper(), 1) One uses list comprehensions (this one assumes the length of the tuple is known). [(a,b.upper(),c) for a,b,c in [inp]][0] Is there a better way? Thanks!

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• Web framework recommendation for python (webservices, auth, cache, ...)

  - by illuminated

  Hi all, Googling for the past week, but cannot finally decide which python web framework would be right for me. The web app I'm about to develop would be almost completely "pure" html with js (jQuery). Server side would have to do the following: authentication session management caching web services (almost all the on page data would be pulled with jQuery through web services) secured web services (through some form of authentication; this is for remote accessing some of the web services though other web apps, desktop/mobile applications) If there is a good tutorial/guide/idea for how to do this in Django I would be most thankfull if someone could share it as I already have experience with it. The thing that made me start thinking about other frameworks is Django's built in ORM. I know I could swap it with SQLAlchemy, but wouldn't go down that road if I'm not sure all the rest of the requirements is supported. Thanks all in advance.

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• Python: Huge file reading by using linecache Vs normal file access open()

  - by user335223

  Hi, I am in a situation where multiple threads reading the same huge file with mutliple file pointers to same file. The file will have atleast 1 million lines. Eachline's length varies from 500 characters to 1500 characters. There won't "write" operations on the file. Each thread will start reading the same file from different lines. Which is the efficient way..? Using the Python's linecache or normal readline() or is there anyother effient way?

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• Python Parse CSV Correctly

  - by cornerstone

  I am very new to Python. I want to parse a csv file such that it will recognize quoted values - For example 1997,Ford,E350,"Super, luxurious truck" should be split as ('1997', 'Ford', 'E350', 'Super, luxurious truck') and NOT ('1997', 'Ford', 'E350', '"Super', ' luxurious truck"') the above is what I get if I use something like str.split(). How do I do this? Also would it be best to store these values in an array or some other data structure? because after I get these values from the csv I want to be able to easily choose, lets say any two of the columns and store it as another array or some other data structure. Thanks in advance.

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• Python scope problems only when _assigning_ to a variable

  - by wallacoloo

  So I'm having a very strange error right now. I found where it happens, and here's the simplest code that can reproduce it. def parse_ops(str_in): c_type = "operator" def c_dat_check_type(t): print c_type #c_type = t c_dat_check_type("number") >>> parse_ops("12+a*2.5") If you run it as-is, it prints "operator". But if you uncomment that line, it gives an error: Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#212>", line 1, in <module> parse_ops("12+a*2.5") File "<pyshell#211>", line 7, in parse_ops c_dat_check_type("number") File "<pyshell#211>", line 4, in c_dat_check_type print c_type UnboundLocalError: local variable 'c_type' referenced before assignment Notice the error occurs on the line that worked just fine before. Any ideas what causes this and how I can fix this? I'm using Python 2.6.1.

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• How can I "override" deepcopy in Python?

  - by Az

  Hi there, I'd like to override __deepcopy__ for a given SQLAlchemy-mapped class such that it ignores any SQLA attributes but deepcopies everything else that's part of the class. I'm not particularly familiar with overriding any of Python's built-in objects in particular but I've got some idea as to what I want. Let's just make a very simple class User that's mapped using SQLA. class User(object): def __init__(self, user_id, name): self.user_id = user_id self.name = name I've used dir() to see, before and after mapping, what SQLAlchemy-specific attributes there are and I've found _sa_class_manager and _sa_instance_state. Provided those are the only ones how would I ignore that when defining __deepcopy__? Also, are there any attributes the SQLA injects into the mapped object? (I asked this in a previous question (as an edit a few days after I selected an answer to the main question, though) but I think I missed the train there. Apologies for that.)

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• Return numerical array in python

  - by khan

  Okay..this is kind of an interesting question. I have a php form through which user enters values for x and y like this: X: [1,3,4] Y: [2,4,5] These values are stored into database as varchars. From there, these are called by a python program which is supposed to use them as numerical (numpy) arrays. However, these are called as plain strings, which means that calculation can not be performed over them. Is there a way to convert them into numerical arrays before processing or is there something else which is wrong? Helpp!!

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• stuck in while loop python

  - by user1717330

  I am creating a chat server in python and got quite far as a noob in the language. I am having 1 problem at the moment which I want to solve before I go further, but I cannot seem to find how to get the problem solved. It is about a while loop that continues.. in the below code is where it goes wrong while 1: try: data = self.channel.recv ( 1024 ) print "Message from client: ", data if "exit" in data: self.channel.send("You have closed youre connection.\n") break except KeyboardInterrupt: break except: raise When this piece of code get executed, on my client I need to enter "exit" to quit the connection. This works as a charm, but when I use CTRL+C to exit the connection, my server prints "Message from client: " a couple of thousand times. where am I going wrong?

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• Python .app doesn't read .txt file like it should

  - by Bambo

  This question relates to this one: Python app which reads and writes into its current working directory as a .app/exe i got the path to the .txt file fine however now when i try to open it and read the contents it seems that it doesn't extract the data properly. Here's my code - http://pastie.org/4876896 These are the errors i'm getting: 30/09/2012 10:28:49.103 [0x0-0x4e04e].org.pythonmac.unspecified.main: for index, item in enumerate( lines ): # iterate through lines 30/09/2012 10:28:49.103 [0x0-0x4e04e].org.pythonmac.unspecified.main: TypeError: 'NoneType' object is not iterable I kind of understand what the errors mean however i'm not sure why they are being flagged up because if i run my script with it not in a .app form it doesn't get these errors and extracts the data fine.

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• Python unittest with expensive setup

  - by Staale

  My test file is basically: class Test(unittest.TestCase): def testOk(): pass if __name__ == "__main__": expensiveSetup() try: unittest.main() finally: cleanUp() However, I do wish to run my test through Netbeans testing tools, and to do that I need unittests that don't rely on an environment setup done in main. Looking at http://stackoverflow.com/questions/402483/caching-result-of-setup-using-python-unittest - it recommends using Nose. However, I don't think Netbeans supports this. I didn't find any information indicating that it does. Additionally, I am the only one here actually writing tests, so I don't want to introduce additional dependencies for the other 2 developers unless they are needed. How can I do the setup and cleanup once for all the tests in my TestSuite? The expensive setup here is creating some files with dummy data, as well as setting up and tearing down a simple xml-rpc server. I also have 2 test classes, one testing locally and one testing all methods over xml-rpc.

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• Python programming. Accessing Windows rigth click menu options

  - by Zack

  I'm hoping to automate a few tasks at work. One of them being combining and converting power point files to PDFs. I'm a bit of a newbie (I just finished Magus Heitland's Beginning Python), so I'm not entirely sure what I'm specifically asking. On windows, one can select multiple files, right click, and select combine as adobe PDF. I've figured out the 'grouping' of the files I want to convert (I traverse the dir and nest the files inside of a list based on their names), but I'm unsure how to pursue the next step (the rightclick/combine command). Googling has led me to things like win32api, pywinauto, and ctypes. But as I read over what they do my newbieness prevents me from knowing which is the tool I need. Could any one suggest a few good resources or tips?

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• Python win32api not moving mouse cursor in VirtualBox

  - by wes

  I'm trying to use this Python code: import math for i in xrange(500): x = 500 + math.sin(math.pi * i / 100) * 500 y = 500 + math.cos(i) * 100 x, y = int(x), int(y) win32api.SetCursorPos((x, y)) time.sleep(.01) taken from here to move the mouse cursor in an XP VirtualBox. The mouse icon will flicker to the appropriate graphic (when it hits the edge of a window it turns into the <- resize image, for instance), but it doesn't actually move the visible cursor. I can move the mouse around while the code is running. Same result using the ctypes example in the above link. It works fine in the Win7 host. I have Guest Additions installed, if that matters.

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• Summary count for Python logging

  - by Craig McQueen

  At the end of my Python program, I'd like to be able to get a summary of the number of items logged through the standard logging module. I'd specifically like to be able to get a count for each specified name (and possibly its children). E.g. if I have: input_logger = getLogger('input') input_logger.debug("got input1") input_logger.debug("got input2") input_logger.debug("got input3") network_input_logger = getLogger('input.network') network_input_logger.debug("got network input1") network_input_logger.debug("got network input2") getLogger('output') output_logger.debug("sent output1") Then at the end I'd like to get a summary such as: input: 5 input.network: 2 output: 1 Perhaps by calling a getcount() method for a logger or a handler. What would be a good way to achieve this? I imagine it would involve a sub-class of one of the logging classes, but I'm not sure which one would be best.

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• How do I splice a python string programmatically?

  - by Robin Welch

  Very simple question, hopefully. So, in Python you can split up strings using indices as follows: >>> a="abcdefg" >>> print a[2:4] cd but how do you do this if the indices are based on variables? E.g. >>> j=2 >>> h=4 >>> print a[j,h] Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in ? TypeError: string indices must be integers

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• What are "named tuples" in Python?

  - by Denilson Sá

  Reading the changes in Python 3.1, I found something... unexpected: The sys.version_info tuple is now a named tuple: I never heard about named tuples before, and I thought elements could either be indexed by numbers (like in tuples and lists) or by keys (like in dicts). I never expected they could be indexed both ways. Thus, my questions are: What are named tuples? How to use them? Why/when should I use named tuples instead of normal tuples? Why/when should I use normal tuples instead of named tuples? Is there any kind of "named list" (a mutable version of the named tuple)?

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• Find the min max and average of one column of data in python

  - by user1440194

  I have a set of data that looks like this 201206040210 -3461.00000000 -8134.00000000 -4514.00000000 -4394.00000000 0 201206040211 -3580.00000000 -7967.00000000 -4614.00000000 -7876.00000000 0 201206040212 -3031.00000000 -9989.00000000 -9989.00000000 -3419.00000000 0 201206040213 -1199.00000000 -6961.00000000 -3798.00000000 -5822.00000000 0 201206040214 -2940.00000000 -5524.00000000 -5492.00000000 -3394.00000000 0 I want to take the second to last column and find the min, max, and average. Im a little confused on how to use split when the columns are delimited by a space and -. i Figure once i do that i can use min() and max function. I have written a shell script to do the same here #!/bin/ksh awk '{print substr($5,2);}' data' > /data1 sort -n data1 > data2 tail -1 data2 head -1 data2 awk '{sum+=$1} END {print "average = ",sum/NR}' data2 Im just not sure how to do this in python. Thanks

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• Problems trying to format currency with Python (Django)

  - by h3

  I have the following code in Django: import locale locale.setlocale( locale.LC_ALL, '' ) def format_currency(i): return locale.currency(float(i), grouping=True) It work on some computers in dev mode, but as soon as I try to deploy it on production I get this error: Exception Type: TemplateSyntaxError Exception Value: Caught ValueError while rendering: Currency formatting is not possible using the 'C' locale. Exception Location: /usr/lib/python2.6/locale.py in currency, line 240 The weird thing is that I can do this on the production server and it will work without any errors: python manage.py shell >>> import locale >>> locale.setlocale( locale.LC_ALL, '' ) 'en_CA.UTF-8' >>> locale.currency(1, grouping=True) '$1.00' I .. don't get it.i

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• Dealing with Windows line-endings in Python

  - by Adam Nelson

  I've got a 700MB XML file coming from a Windows provider. As one might expect, the line endings are '\r\n' (or ^M in vi). What is the most efficient way to deal with this situation aside from getting the supplier to send over '\n' :-) Use os.linesep Use rstrip() (requiring opening the file ... which seems crazy) Using Universal newline support is not standard on my Mac Snow Leopard - so isn't an option. I'm open to anything that requires Python 2.6+ but it needs to work on Snow Leopard and Ubuntu 9.10 with minimal external requirements. I don't mind a small performance penalty but I am looking for the standard best way to deal with this.

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• Using Python simplejson for transmitting JSON to another server results in unicode encoding problems

  - by Mark

  Hi there, I'm encoding a string with Python's simplejson library with special characters: hello testing spécißl characters plusses: +++++ special chars :œ?´®†¥¨ˆøp“ß?ƒ©??°¬O˜çv?˜µ== However, when I encode it and transmit it to the other machine (using POST), it turns out like this: {'message': ['{"body": "hello testing sp\\u00e9ci\\u00dfl characters\\n\\nplusses: \\n\\nspecial chars :\\u0153\\u2211\\u00b4\\u00ae\\u2020\\u00a5\\u00a8\\u02c6\\u00f8\\u03c0\\u201c\\u00df\\u2202\\u0192\\u00a9\\u02d9\\u2206\\u02da\\u00ac\\u03a9\\u2248\\u00e7\\u221a\\u222b\\u02dc\\u00b5\\u2264\\u2265"}']} The + signs are completely stripped and the rest are in this unicode(?) format. My code for this is: data = {'body': data_string} data_encoded = json.dumps(data) Any ideas? Thanks! Edit: I've tried using json.dumps(data, ensure_ascii=False) but it results in a UnicodeError ordinal not in range error.

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• Rearrange a python list into n lists, by column

  - by Ben R

  Trying to solve this at this hour has gotten my mind into a tail-spin: I want to rearrange a list l into a list of n lists, where n is the number of columns. e.g., l = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8] n = 5 ==> [[1,6][2,7][3,8][4][5]] another example: l = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10] n = 4 ==> [[1,5,9],[2,6,10],[3,7][4,8] Can someone please help me out with an algorithm? Feel free to use any python awesomeness that's available; I'm sure theres some cool mechanism that's a good fit for this, i just can't think of it.

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