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• "painting" one array onto another using python / numpy

  - by Nate

  I'm writing a library to process gaze tracking in Python, and I'm rather new to the whole numpy / scipy world. Essentially, I'm looking to take an array of (x,y) values in time and "paint" some shape onto a canvas at those coordinates. For example, the shape might be a blurred circle. The operation I have in mind is more or less identical to using the paintbrush tool in Photoshop. I've got an interative algorithm that trims my "paintbrush" to be within the bounds of my image and adds each point to an accumulator image, but it's slow(!), and it seems like there's probably a fundamentally easier way to do this. Any pointers as to where to start looking?

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• Most useful Python modules from the standard library?

  - by EOL

  I am teaching a graduate level Python class at the University of Paris, and the students need to be introduced to the standard library. I want to discuss with them about some of the most important standard modules. What modules do you think are absolute musts? Even though responses probably vary depending on your field (web programming, science, etc.), I feel that some modules are commonly needed: math, sys, re, os, os.path, logging,… and maybe: collections, struct,… What modules would you suggest I present, in a 1 or 2 hour slot?

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• Python - Using "Google AJAX Search" API's Local Search Objects

  - by user330739

  Hi! I've just started using Google's search API to find addresses and the distances between those addresses. I used geopy for this, but, I often had the problem of not getting the correct addresses for my queries. I decided to experiment, therefore, with Google's "Local Search" (http://code.google.com/apis/ajaxsearch/local.html). Anyway, I wanted to ask if I could use the "Local Search" objects provided by the API within python. Something tells me that I can't and that I have to use json. Does anyone know if there is a work around? PS: Im trying to make something like this: http://www.google.com/uds/samples/random/lead.html ... except a matrix type deal where the insides will be filled with distances between the addresses. Thanks for reading!

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• Generator speed in python 3

  - by Will

  Hello all, I am going through a link about generators that someone posted. In the beginning he compares the two functions below. On his setup he showed a speed increase of 5% with the generator. I'm running windows XP, python 3.1.1, and cannot seem to duplicate the results. I keep showing the "old way"(logs1) as being slightly faster when tested with the provided logs and up to 1GB of duplicated data. Can someone help me understand whats happening differently? Thanks! def logs1(): wwwlog = open("big-access-log") total = 0 for line in wwwlog: bytestr = line.rsplit(None,1)[1] if bytestr != '-': total += int(bytestr) return total def logs2(): wwwlog = open("big-access-log") bytecolumn = (line.rsplit(None,1)[1] for line in wwwlog) getbytes = (int(x) for x in bytecolumn if x != '-') return sum(getbytes)

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• Logical python question - handeling directories and files in them

  - by Konstantin

  Hello! I'm using this function to extract files from .zip archive and store it on the server: def unzip_file_into_dir(file, dir): import sys, zipfile, os, os.path os.makedirs(dir, 0777) zfobj = zipfile.ZipFile(file) for name in zfobj.namelist(): if name.endswith('/'): os.mkdir(os.path.join(dir, name)) else: outfile = open(os.path.join(dir, name), 'wb') outfile.write(zfobj.read(name)) outfile.close() And the usage: unzip_file_into_dir('/var/zips/somearchive.zip', '/var/www/extracted_zip') somearchive.zip have this structure: somearchive.zip 1.jpeg 2.jpeg another.jpeg or, somethimes, this one: somearchive.zip somedir/ 1.jpeg 2.jpeg another.jpeg Question is: how do I modify my function, so that my extracted_zip catalog would always contain just images, not images in another subdirectory, even if images are stored in somedir inside an archive.

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• Loading a DB table into nested dictionaries in Python

  - by Hossein

  Hi, I have a table in MySql DB which I want to load it to a dictionary in python. the table columns is as follows: id,url,tag,tagCount tagCount is the number of times that a tag has been repeated for a certain url. So in that case I need a nested dictionary, in other words a dictionary of dictionary, to load this table. Because each url have several tags for which there are different tagCounts.the code that I used is this:( the whole table is about 22,000 records ) cursor.execute( ''' SELECT url,tag,tagCount FROM wtp ''') urlTagCount = cursor.fetchall() d = defaultdict(defaultdict) for url,tag,tagCount in urlTagCount: d[url][tag]=tagCount print d first of all I want to know if this is correct.. and if it is why it takes so much time? Is there any faster solutions? I am loading this table into memory to have fast access to get rid of the hassle of slow database operations, but with this slow speed it has become a bottleneck itself, it is even much slower than DB access. and anyone help? thanks

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• Python Eggs on Google App Engine

  - by ott

  Usually I would use virtualenv and pip for deployment of web applications. With Google App Engine this doesn't work, because all import statement are relative to directory of the application. The most common approach I saw was to simply copy the packages from site-packages to the directory of the application. This involves manual work and is error-prone. Another approach was to changes install_lib and install_scripts in ~/.pydisutils.cfg, but this doesn't allow me to use pip in my home directory simultaneously. Do you have any suggestions for this?

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• Generating Mouse-Keyboard combination events in python

  - by freakazo

  I want to be able to do a combination of keypresses and mouseclicks simultaneously, as in for example Control+LeftClick At the moment I am able to do Control and then a left click with the following code: import win32com, win32api, win32con def CopyBox( x, y): time.sleep(.2) wsh = win32com.client.Dispatch("WScript.Shell") wsh.SendKeys("^") win32api.SetCursorPos((x,y)) win32api.mouse_event(win32con.MOUSEEVENTF_LEFTDOWN, x, y, 0, 0) win32api.mouse_event(win32con.MOUSEEVENTF_LEFTUP, x, y, 0, 0) What this does is press control on the keyboard, then it clicks. I need it to keep the controll pressed longer and return while it's still pressed to continue running the code. Is there a maybe lower level way of saying press the key and then later in the code tell it to lift up the key such as like what the mouse is doing?

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• Most efficient way for a lookup/search in a huge list (python)

  - by user229269

  Hey guys, -- I just parsed a big file and I created a list containing 42.000 strings/words. I want to query [against this list] to check if a given word/string belongs to it. So my question is: What is the most efficient way for such a lookup? A first approach is to sort the list [list.sort()] and then just use the if word in list: print 'word' -- which is really trivial and I am sure there is a better way to do it. My goal is to apply a fast lookup that finds whether a given string is in this list or not. If you have any ideas of another data structure, they are welcome. Yet, I want to avoid for now more sophisticated data-structures like Tries etc. I am interested in hearing ideas (or tricks) about fast lookups or any other python library methods that might do the search faster than the simple 'in'. Thanks in advance!

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• Having my Python package install shortcuts in Start menu

  - by cool-RR

  I'm making a Python package that gets installed with a setup.py file using setuptools. The package includes a GUI, and when it's installed on a Windows machine, I want the installation to make a folder in "Programs" in the start menu, and make a shortcut there to a pyw script that will start the GUI. (The pyw think works on all platforms, right?) On Mac and Linux, I would like it to put this shortcut in whatever Mac and Linux have that is parallel to the start menu. How do I do this?

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• Check if Rhythmbox is running via Python

  - by cschol

  I am trying to extract information from Rhythmbox via dbus, but I only want to do so, if Rhythmbox is running. Is there a way to check if Rhythmbox is running via Python without starting it if it is not running? Whenever I invoke the dbus code like this: bus = dbus.Bus() obj = bus.get_object("org.gnome.Rhythmbox", "/org/gnome/Rhythmbox/Shell") iface = dbus.Interface(obj, "org.gnome.Rhythmbox.Shell) and Rhythmbox is not running, it then starts it. Can I check via dbus if Rhythmbox is running without actually starting it? Or is there any other way, other than parsing the list of currently running processes, to do so?

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• How to change font size using the Python ImageDraw Library

  - by Eldila

  I am trying to change the font size using python's ImageDraw library. You can do something like this: fontPath = "/usr/share/fonts/dejavu-lgc/DejaVuLGCSansCondensed-Bold.ttf" sans16 = ImageFont.truetype ( fontPath, 16 ) im = Image.new ( "RGB", (200,50), "#ddd" ) draw = ImageDraw.Draw ( im ) draw.text ( (10,10), "Run awayyyy!", font=sans16, fill="red" ) The problem is that I don't want to specify a font. I want to use the default font and just change the size of the font. This seems to me that it should be simple, but I can't find documentation on how to do this.

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• Creating a unique key based on file content in python

  - by Cawas

  I got many, many files to be uploaded to the server, and I just want a way to avoid duplicates. Thus, generating a unique and small key value from a big string seemed something that a checksum was intended to do, and hashing seemed like the evolution of that. So I was going to use hash md5 to do this. But then I read somewhere that "MD5 are not meant to be unique keys" and I thought that's really weird. What's the right way of doing this? edit: by the way, I took two sources to get to the following, which is how I'm currently doing it and it's working just fine, with Python 2.5: import hashlib def md5_from_file (fileName, block_size=2**14): md5 = hashlib.md5() f = open(fileName) while True: data = f.read(block_size) if not data: break md5.update(data) f.close() return md5.hexdigest()

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• Sending mail via sendmail from python

  - by Nate

  If I want to send mail not via SMTP, but rather via sendmail, is there a library for python that encapsulates this process? Better yet, is there a good library that abstracts the whole 'sendmail -versus- smtp' choice? I'll be running this script on a bunch of unix hosts, only some of which are listening on localhost:25; a few of these are part of embedded systems and can't be set up to accept SMTP. As part of Good Practice, I'd really like to have the library take care of header injection vulnerabilities itself -- so just dumping a string to popen('/usr/bin/sendmail', 'w') is a little closer to the metal than I'd like. If the answer is 'go write a library,' so be it ;-)

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• python regex for repeating string

  - by Lars Nordin

  I am wanting to verify and then parse this string (in quotes): string = "start: c12354, c3456, 34526;" //Note that some codes begin with 'c' I would like to verify that the string starts with 'start:' and ends with ';' Afterward, I would like to have a regex parse out the strings. I tried the following python re code: regx = r"V1 OIDs: (c?[0-9]+,?)+;" reg = re.compile(regx) matched = reg.search(string) print ' matched.groups()', matched.groups() I have tried different variations but I can either get the first or the last code but not a list of all three. Or should I abandon using a regex?

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• python: strange behavior about exec statement

  - by ifocus

  exec statement: exec code [ in globals[, locals]] When I execute the following code in python, the result really confused me. Some of the variables were setup into the globals, some were setup into the locals. s = """ # test var define int_v1 = 1 list_v1 = [1, 2, 3] dict_v1 = {1: 'hello', 2:'world', 3:'!'} # test built-in function list_v2 = [float(x) for x in list_v1] len_list_v1 = len(list_v1) # test function define def func(): global g_var, list_v1, dict_v1 print 'access var in globals:' print g_var print 'access var in locals:' for x in list_v1: print dict_v1[x] """ g = {'__builtins__': __builtins__, 'g_var': 'global'} l = {} exec s in g, l print 'globals:', g print 'locals:', l exec 'func()' in g, l the result in python2.6.5: globals: {'__builtins__': <module '__builtin__' (built-in)>, 'dict_v1': {1: 'hello', 2: 'world', 3: '!'}, 'g_var': 'global', 'list_v1': [1, 2, 3]} locals: {'int_v1': 1, 'func': <function func at 0x00ACA270>, 'x': 3, 'len_list_v1': 3, 'list_v2': [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]} access var in globals: global access var in locals: hello world ! And if I want to setup all variables and functions into the locals, and keep the rights of accessing the globals. How to do ?

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• Dynamic Operator Overloading on dict classes in Python

  - by Ishpeck

  I have a class that dynamically overloads basic arithmetic operators like so... import operator class IshyNum: def __init__(self, n): self.num=n self.buildArith() def arithmetic(self, other, o): return o(self.num, other) def buildArith(self): map(lambda o: setattr(self, "__%s__"%o,lambda f: self.arithmetic(f, getattr(operator, o))), ["add", "sub", "mul", "div"]) if __name__=="__main__": number=IshyNum(5) print number+5 print number/2 print number*3 print number-3 But if I change the class to inherit from the dictionary (class IshyNum(dict):) it doesn't work. I need to explicitly def __add__(self, other) or whatever in order for this to work. Why?

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• Python IDLE freezes

  - by ooboo

  This is absolutely frustrating, but I am not sure if the following is an issue only on my machine or with IDLE in general. When attempting to print a long list in the shell, and that could happen by accident while debugging, the program crushes and you have to restart it manually. Even worse, if you have a few editor windows open, it always spawns a few sub-processes, and each of these has to be manually shut down from the task manager. Is there any way to avoid that? I am using Python 3, by the way.

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• Proper structure for many test cases in Python with unittest

  - by mellort

  I am looking into the unittest package, and I'm not sure of the proper way to structure my test cases when writing a lot of them for the same method. Say I have a fact function which calculates the factorial of a number; would this testing file be OK? import unittest class functions_tester(unittest.TestCase): def test_fact_1(self): self.assertEqual(1, fact(1)) def test_fact_2(self): self.assertEqual(2, fact(2)) def test_fact_3(self): self.assertEqual(6, fact(3)) def test_fact_4(self): self.assertEqual(24, fact(4)) def test_fact_5(self): self.assertFalse(1==fact(5)) def test_fact_6(self): self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, fact, -1) #fact(-1) if __name__ == "__main__": unittest.main() It seems sloppy to have so many test methods for one method. I'd like to just have one testing method and put a ton of basic test cases (ie 4! ==24, 3!==6, 5!==120, and so on), but unittest doesn't let you do that. What is the best way to structure a testing file in this scenario? Thanks in advance for the help.

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• compute mean in python for a generator

  - by nmaxwell

  Hi, I'm doing some statistics work, I have a (large) collection of random numbers to compute the mean of, I'd like to work with generators, because I just need to compute the mean, so I don't need to store the numbers. The problem is that numpy.mean breaks if you pass it a generator. I can write a simple function to do what I want, but I'm wondering if there's a proper, built-in way to do this? It would be nice if I could say "sum(values)/len(values)", but len doesn't work for genetators, and sum already consumed values. here's an example: import numpy def my_mean(values): n = 0 Sum = 0.0 try: while True: Sum += next(values) n += 1 except StopIteration: pass return float(Sum)/n X = [k for k in range(1,7)] Y = (k for k in range(1,7)) print numpy.mean(X) print my_mean(Y) these both give the same, correct, answer, buy my_mean doesn't work for lists, and numpy.mean doesn't work for generators. I really like the idea of working with generators, but details like this seem to spoil things. thanks for any help -nick

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• Draw and move a point over an image in python

  - by frx08

  Hi all I have to do a little script in Python. In this script I have a variable (that represents a coordinate) that is continuously updated to a new value. So I have to draw a red point over a image and update the point position every time the variable that contains the coordinate is updated. I tried to explain what I need doing something like this but obviously it doesn't works: import Tkinter, Image, ImageDraw, ImageTk i=0 root = Tkinter.Tk() im = Image.open("img.jpg") root.geometry("%dx%d" % (im.size[0], im.size[1])) while True: draw = ImageDraw.Draw(im) draw.ellipse((i, 0, 10, 10), fill=(255, 0, 0)) pi = ImageTk.PhotoImage(im) label = Tkinter.Label(root, image=pi) label.place(x=0, y=0, width=im.size[0], height=im.size[1]) i+=1 del draw someone may help me please? thanks very much!

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• Capturing stdout within the same process in Python

  - by danben

  I've got a python script that calls a bunch of functions, each of which writes output to stdout. Sometimes when I run it, I'd like to send the output in an e-mail (along with a generated file). I'd like to know how I can capture the output in memory so I can use the email module to build the e-mail. My ideas so far were: use a memory-mapped file (but it seems like I have to reserve space on disk for this, and I don't know how long the output will be) bypass all this and pipe the output to sendmail (but this may be difficult if I also want to attach the file)

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• Python Profiling In Windows, How do you ignore Builtin Functions

  - by Tim McJilton

  I have not been capable of finding this anywhere online. I was looking to find out using a profiler how to better optimize my code, and when sorting by which functions use up the most time cumulatively, things like str(), print, and other similar widely used functions eat up much of the profile. What is the best way to profile a python program to get the user-defined functions only to see what areas of their code they can optimize? I hope that makes sense, any light you can shed on this subject would be very appreciated.

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• MD5 hash differences between Python and other file hashers

  - by Sam

  I have been doing a bit of programming in Python (still a n00b at it) and came across something odd. I made a small program to find the MD5 hash of a filename passed to it on the command line. I used a function I found here on SO. When I ran it against a file, I got a hash "58a...113". But when I ran Microsoft's FCIV or the md5sum.py in \Python26\Tools\Scripts\, I get a different hash, "591...ae6". The actual hashing part of the md5sum.py in Scripts is m = md5.new() while 1: data = fp.read(bufsize) if not data: break m.update(data) out.write('%s %s\n' % (m.hexdigest(), filename)) This looks functionally identical to the code in the function given in the other answer... What am I missing? (This is my first time posting to stackoverflow, please let me know if I am doing it wrong.)

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• Python grab class in class definition.

  - by epochwolf

  I don't even know how to explain this, so here is the code I'm trying. class Test: type = self.__name__ #self doesn't work, how do I get a reference to Test? class Test2(Test): pass #Test2.type should return "Test2" The reason I'm even trying this is I'm working on creating a base class for an orm I'm using. I want to avoid defining the table name for every model I have. Also knowing what the limits of python is will help me avoid wasting time trying impossible things.

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