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• What should one keep in mind when switching from traditional to RESTful routing in Rails?

  - by Brian Holder-Chow

  What should one keep in mind when switching from traditional to RESTful routing in Rails? From a typical Rails routes.rb file: # This is a legacy wild controller route that's not recommended for RESTful applications. # Note: This route will make all actions in every controller accessible via GET requests. match ':controller(/:action(/:id))(.:format)' As switching away from this means that I will have to create routes for each controller individually, does anyone have any advice on the best way to migrate this safely?

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• How do you go about checking your open source libraries for keystroke loggers?

  - by asd

  A random person on the internet told me that a technology was secure(1), safe to use and didn't contain keyloggers because it is open source. While I can trivially detect the key stroke logger in this open source application, what can developers(2) do to protect themselves against rouge committers to open source projects? Doing a back of the envelope threat analysis, if I were a rogue developer, I'd fork a branch on git and promote it's download since it would have twitter support (and a secret key stroke logger). If it was an SVN repo, I'd create just create a new project. Even better would be to put the malicious code in the automatic update routines. (1) I won't mention which because I can only deal with one kind of zealot at a time. (2) Ordinary users are at the mercy of their virus and malware detection software-- it's absurd to expect grandma to read the source of code of their open source word processor's source code to find the keystroke logger.

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• Can I use the test suite from an open source project to verify that my own 'compatible library' is compatible?

  - by Mark Booth

  The question Is it illegal to rewrite every line of an open source project in a slightly different way, and use it in a closed source project? makes me wonder what would be considered a clean-room implementation in the era of open source projects. Hypothetically, if I were to develop a library which duplicates the publicly documented interface of an open-source library, without ever looking at the source code for that library, could that code ever be considered a derivative work? Obviously it would need the same class hierarchy and method signatures, so that it could be a drop-in replacement - could that in itself, be enough to provoke a copyright claim? What about if I used the test suite of the open source project to verify whether my clean implementation behaved in the same way as the original library? Would using the test suite be enough to dirty my clean code? As should be expected from a question like this, I am not looking for specific legal advice, but looking to document experiences people may have had with this sort of issue.

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• routing table permissions under Windows 7 and openvpn

  - by pilcrow

  My ovpn client, 32-bit OpenVPN 2.1.1 on 64-bit Windows 7 Pro, cannot accept routes pushed to it by my remote endpoint ovpn server. This happens even if I invoke OpenVPN as a member of Administrators, and whether or not I've specified script-security 2 (as suggested by [this question][2]). Mon Mar 29 12:57:19 2010 Notified TAP-Win32 driver to set a DHCP IP/netmask of 192.168.254.3/255.255.255.0 on interface {8BE2E9CF-F4C9-4A5E-98FD-E12DF1B6C3A4} [DHCP-serv: 192.168.254.3, lease-time: 86400] Mon Mar 29 12:57:19 2010 NOTE: FlushIpNetTable failed on interface [14] {GUID} (status=5) : Access is denied. Mon Mar 29 12:57:24 2010 TEST ROUTES: 8/8 succeeded len=8 ret=1 a=0 u/d=up Mon Mar 29 12:57:24 2010 C:\WINDOWS\system32\route.exe ADD 172.20.1.0 MASK 255.255.255.0 192.168.254.1 Mon Mar 29 12:57:24 2010 ROUTE: route addition failed using CreateIpForwardEntry: Access is denied. [status=5 if_index=14] Mon Mar 29 12:57:24 2010 Route addition via IPAPI failed [adaptive] Mon Mar 29 12:57:24 2010 Route addition fallback to route.exe Mon Mar 29 12:57:24 2010 ERROR: Windows route add command failed [adaptive]: returned error code 1 ... and so on for each specific route the server pushes out. It doesn't seem right to me that the administrative user, the one configured at Windows 7 install time, should need further privileges. What am I missing?

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• one way routing

  - by user101531

  I have two computers connected with VPN, and some virtual machines on each. I want everything to see each other (that is basically 4 different networked machines). What I've not managed so far is that a computer on the one end to be visible to the other end. In tracert terms: 192.168.78.42>tracert 192.168.69.18 Tracing route to WIN-2K8R2 [192.168.69.18] over a maximum of 30 hops: 1 <1 ms <1 ms <1 ms 192.168.78.17 2 * * * Request timed out. 3 217 ms 78 ms 78 ms WIN-2K8R2 [192.168.69.18] Trace complete. 192.168.78.42>tracert 192.168.69.112 Tracing route to 192.168.69.112 over a maximum of 30 hops 1 <1 ms <1 ms <1 ms 192.168.78.17 2 333 ms * 337 ms WIN-2K8R2 [192.168.86.22] 3/4/5 * * * Request timed out. 6 ^C 192.168.69.18>tracert 192.168.69.112 Tracing route to 192.168.69.112 over a maximum of 30 hops 1 <1 ms <1 ms <1 ms 192.168.69.112 Trace complete. 192.168.69.112>tracert 192.168.78.42 Tracing route to 192.168.78.42 over a maximum of 30 hops 1 1 ms * <1 ms 192.168.69.18 2 79 ms 77 ms 80 ms 192.168.86.21 3 80 ms 77 ms 81 ms 192.168.78.42 Trace complete. Note: the 4 machines are 192.168.69.112 (winXP), 192.168.69.18=192.168.86.22 (win2K8R2), 192.168.86.21=192.168.78.17 (Linux), 192.168.78.42 (win2K3). The VPN is a TAP openvpn connection between 192.168.86.21 and 192.168.86.22. I would say that the problem is in the win2K8 machine, but Windows networking is my weak point.

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• pfSense with two WANs, routing skype traffic over a specific WAN

  - by Eric

  I have a pfSense setup with two WANs (WAN1 and WAN2) and one LAN network. The two WANs are setup for failover. However, QoS has recently been an issue for skype calls in our office place (about 30 people) so we want to dedicate WAN2 for skype traffic (we use skype for all voip calls, etc.) As Skype is notoriously difficult to deal with, does anyone have any suggestions on how I should deal with this? A simple rile based on ports will not work, and using layer7 inspection witha skype porfile on all incoming LAN packets doesn't seem like the way to go eiter. here is a related pfsense forum post: http://forum.pfsense.org/index.php/topic,50406.msg268520.html#msg268520

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• Static routing on a TP-Link TL-WR1043ND

  - by igor

  My home network setup looks like this: Both routers are TP-Link TL-WR1043ND routers. The basement router handles all devices in the house that are connected via cable, handing out addresses for the 10.89.49.0/24 network via DHCP. Wireless doesn’t really work from the basement, as the signal is too weak, so I have disabled it. To do WiFi, I have added a second (identical) router downstairs. On the WAN side it is assigned the 10.89.49.101 IP address from the basement router, and on its LAN it provides the 10.89.7.0/24 network. Basic internet access works flawlessly from any device this way. I am now facing the problem that I am not able to communicate (e.g. SSH) between all devices, wired or wireless. I am able to connect from a wireless device to a wired device, for example SSH-ing from 10.89.7.X to 10.89.49.Y, but it doesn’t work the other way round—despite the fact that I have added a static route to the basement router: Does anybody have any idea on how to solve it? Both routers have already been upgraded to use the most recent firmware from TP-Link.com (Build 110429), to no avail. Errata: I would like to stick with the official firmware, switching to something like DD-WRT or OpenWrt only as a last resort.

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• Sonicwall routing between multiple subnets on multiple interfaces

  - by Rain

  As shown by the network diagram below, I have two completely separate networks. One is being managed by a Sonicwall NSA 220, the other by some other router (the brand is not important). My goal is to allow devices within the 192.168.2.0/24 network to access devices in the 192.168.3.0/24 network. Allowing the reverse (192.168.3.0/24 - 192.168.2.0/24) is not required. So far, I have done the following: I connected the X3 Interface on the Sonicwall to the 192.168.3.0/24 network switch (shown as the dashed red line in the diagram). Next, I gave it a static ip address of 192.168.3.254 and set the Zone to LAN (the same Zone for the X0 interface). Judging by various articles and KBs I've read, this is all that should be necessary, although it does not work. I can ping 192.168.3.254 from any device in the 192.168.2.0/24 network although I cannot ping/connect to any device within the 192.168.3.0/24 network. Any help would be greatly appreciated! Network Diagram: (I asked a similar, yet more complicated, question earlier; although, I realized that I cannot solve that without first solving this (which may actually solve my original question))

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• Inter-vlan routing issues

  - by DKNUCKLES

  I've been brought in to help administer a network and I've run into an issue - I'm not sure why this one is beyond me, however I figure an extra set of eyes on the problem may help resolve the issue. I have an HP MSM720 controller and at the time I'm trying to set up a basic hotspot set up with access points. For the time being I'm just looking to have people authenticate with a PSK and access the internet and other resources (namely printers) on other vlans. The user authenticates and the DHCP server on the controller gives them a 192.168.1.0/24 address. They are able to successfully browse the internet and ping machines on other networks, however they are unable to print to network printers that sit on the same LANs as the very computers that wireless clients can ping. The (extremely simplified) topology is as follows Computers on the wireless 192.168.1.1 network are able to ping computers on the 192.168.0.0 network, however cannot ping or print to the printers on the same network. I'm baffled and I have no idea why this is the case. Can anyone shed some light on this for me? Can someone spot the error of my configuration? EDIT : It should be noted that for whatever reason other computers on the 10.0.100.0/24 network cannot even ping the gateway of the Wireless Access network (192.168.1.1) - I'm not sure if this is relevant. These are the VLANS listed on the controller.

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• Public IP Routing over Private GRE tunnel

  - by Paul

  I have a GRE tunnel configured between two linux boxes. The tunnel works fine. I can ping from each host the other private ip. Head privateip: 10.0.0.1 publicip: 8.8.8.8 Tail privateip: 10.0.0.2 publicip: 7.7.7.7 The public IP on Tail has the network block 9.9.9.0/23 statically routed over the 7.7.7.7 interface. The idea is to make the 9.9.9.0/23 ips work on servers on the 8.8.8.8 network. I configure the tail host to route the /23 block. I mounted a 9.9 IP on the head server. I can ping the 9.9 ip from the tail to the head. I can't ping the 9.9 ip from the public internet. I think I need to add some other routes because of gateway issues, but I can't seem to wrap my mind around it (not a router guy, just beating my way through something that I have never done before and vaguely understand) --danks

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• Web Server Routing Based On Location

  - by Eric

  I have a website that has users from both Hong Kong and Australia. Unfortunately, since the server is located in Australia, users from Hong Kong are going to suffer latency problems. Traffic has to go through US before travelling back to Australia. So I've setup a server in Hong Kong as well, and users using the .hk TLD are going to be redirected to the Hong Kong web server. It shares the same database server with the Australian server but due to aggressive SQL query caching, impact on performance from latency from SQL queries are negligible. But for users accustomed to the Hong Kong website but have since traveled to Australia, they suffer from additional latency because they go to the .hk site which redirects to the HK server even when they're in Australia. The website is targeted at international students from Hong Kong so this is an significant issue for me. Instead of redirecting users to the closest web server based on the TLD, how do I redirect users based on their location? Currently I am using nginx, postgres and Django. Say I know how to estimate users' location based on users' IP addresses, what is my next step? At what level would I work on? What topic should I read up?

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• default gateway of a host

  - by varun

  if my understanding is correct, the following is what happens when a host A wants to communicate with a machine X outside its network. 1) The host ,checks it routing table to find out if there is any direct routes to the machine. 2) It finds out that the machine is outside its network and has to sent the packets to the default gateway(router) R. 3) The host sents an ARP broadcast to get the mac of the router R. 4) After getting the MAC, the host creates a packet with src IP and MAC as that of the host A, dest IP of the remote machine X and dest MAC of the router R. 5)The router R receives the packet, either drops its or sents its to its next hope, which can be another router or the remote machine X itself. Can anyone explain, how the steps would be, if i set the default gateway of the host A as host A itself...?

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• PFSense VPN Routing

  - by SvrGuy

  We use PFSense firewalls at three installations with the following LAN networks: 1.) Datacenter #1: 10.0.0.0/16 2.) Datacenter #2: 10.1.0.0/16 3.) HQ: 10.2.0.0/16 All of these locations are linked via an IPSEC tunnel that works properly. Hosts in any of the above networks can communicate with hosts in any other of the above networks. Now, for our laptops etc. we established a road warrior network 10.3.0.0/16 and have implemented OpenVPN to link the laptops etc. to Datacenter #1. This works great too, so our laptops can connect and communicate with any host in Datacenter #1 (anything on 10.0.0.0/16) The problem is the laptops can't communicate with any hosts that Datacenter #1 can reach by its IPSEC tunnel to Datacenter #2 (and/or the HQ for that matter). Does anyone know what to do configuration wise on the PFSense box in Datacenter #1 to configure to route packets received on the OpenVPN tunnel to Datacenter #2 over the IPSEC tunnel? It could be a setting on the OpenVPN or some sort of static route or some such. Any ideas?

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• Proxmox 31 + KVM routing + IP subnet + csf

  - by KeyJey

  We have proxmox 3.1 server in netzner with routuing network and IP subnet block. We want to implement csf firewall without interfering the traffic of the KVM VMs, what would be the easiest way? We readed that we should add this lines to /etc/csf/csfpost.sh: iptables -A FORWARD -d 144.76.223.155 -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -d 144.76.223.156 -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -d 144.76.223.157 -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -d 144.76.223.158 -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -d 144.76.223.159 -j ACCEPT iptables -A FORWARD -d 144.99.183.323 -j ACCEPT But when we enable csf the ping breaks, this is the network config (IPs are modified): auto lo iface lo inet loopback # device: eth0 auto eth0 iface eth0 inet static address 144.76.166.100 netmask 255.255.255.255 pointopoint 144.76.183.97 gateway 144.76.183.97 # for single IPs auto vmbr0 iface vmbr0 inet static address 144.76.166.100 netmask 255.255.255.255 bridge_ports none bridge_stp off bridge_fd 0 up ip route add 144.99.183.323/32 dev vmbr0 # for a subnet auto vmbr1 iface vmbr1 inet static address 144.76.166.100 netmask 255.255.255.248 bridge_ports none bridge_stp off bridge_fd 0 Thanks in advanced ! :)

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• Dynamic subdomain routing

  - by Nader

  Hi everyone, I asked this question over at stackoverflow, but got very few views: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2284917/route-web-requests-to-different-servers-based-on-subdomain Perhaps it's more applicable to this crowd. Here it is again for convenience: I have a platform where a user can create a new website using a subdomain. There will be thousands of these, eg abc.mydomain.com, def.mydomain.com . Hopefully if we are successful hundreds of thousands. I need to be able to route these domains to a different IPs to point at a particular app server. I have this mapping in a database right now. What are the best practices and recommended technologies here? I see a couple options: Have DNS setup with a wildcard CNAME entry so that all requests go to a single IP where perhaps two machines using heartbeat (for failover) know how to look up the IP in the database and then do an http redirect to the appropriate app server. This seems clunky and slow to me. Run my own DNS server that can be programatically managed such that when a new site is created a DNS entry is added. We also move sites around to different app servers, so I would need to be able to update DNS entries in close to real time. Thoughts anyone? Thanks. Update2: I've setup external wildcard DNS pointing at an HAProxy web server whose job it is to route requests to backend servers. The mapping is stored in our internal PowerDNS server. Question now is how to get the HAProxy server (or another) to use the value of the internal DNS and not some config file or access list? – Update: Based on some suggestions below, it seems like reverse-proxy server(s) is the way to go. As I'll be rebalancing the domain-server mapping, these need to work instantly and the TTL on a DNS solution could be a problem. Any recommendations on software to use considering this domain-IP data is stored in a DB, and I'll need this to be performant?

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• IP Forwarding and Routing in Windows 2008

  - by Danialzo

  I have Hyper-V running on a windows 2008. I got a new ip stack from the data center to be set on my virtual machines. But I have difficulties to set these IPs on my VMs because they are on different network. my current server ip is xxx.xxx.18.6 with MASK : 255.255.255.224 and the GW is xxx.xxx.18.1 my new ip stack is xxx.xxx.168.176/29 I can use RRAS to achieve this. Do I need to create another NIC? How do I make these VMs reachable from outside?

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• VPN, routing, specified application

  - by Adrian

  Details: eth0 = current internet port pptp1 = VPN connection, if I connect to my provider, he give me an IP address, which is accessible from the internet. This is what I need. I want to connect through this IP back to my PC. I want to keep my primary internet connection (eth0) on my PC for all traffic, but route traffic to VPN for specified application/or port, to access application/port from the IP, which I given from the pptp provider. Huhh? Difficult but, it is possible? If yes, how? Incoming port will be always: 33340 Outgoing port can be change, but usually it is 33330

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• router propogation usng OSPF

  - by liv2hak

  I am using Juniper J-series routers to emulate a small telco and VPN customer.I need to use OSPF so that the path to each internal subnet is propogated to all PE nodes.The network topology is given below. To achieve this I am planning to run the following commands in UOW-TAU and UOW-HAM. set protocols ospf area 0.0.0.0 interface ge-0/0/0 set protocols ospf area 0.0.0.0 interface lo0.0 Do I need to do any additional configuration in TAU-PE1 and HAM-PE1 routers for it to receive the OSPF paths.? I am a beginner at the routing.Any help is appreciated.

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• iptables advanced routing

  - by Shamanu4

  I have a Centos server acting as a NAT in my network. This server has one external (later ext1) interface and three internal (later int1, int2 and int3). Egress traffic comes from users via int1 and after MASQUERADE goes via ext1. Ingress traffic comes from ext1, MASQUERADE, and goes via int2 or int3 according to static routes. | ext1 | x.x.x.x/24 +---------|----------------------+ | | | Centos server (NAT) | | | +---|------|---------------|-----+ | | | int1 | | int2 | int3 10.30.1.10/24 | | 10.30.2.10/24 | 10.30.3.10/24 ^ v v 10.30.1.1/24 | | 10.30.2.1/24 | 10.30.3.1/24 +---|------|---------------|-----+ | | | | | | | v v | | ^ -Traffic policer- | | |_____________ | | | | | +------------------|-------------+ | 192.168.0.1/16 | | Clients 192.168.0.0/16 The problem: Egress traffic seems to be dropped after PREROUTING table. Packet counters are not changing on MASQUERADE rule in POSTROUTING. If I change the routes to clients causing the traffic go back via int1 - everything works perfectly. current iptable configuration is very simple: # cat /etc/sysconfig/iptables *filter :INPUT ACCEPT [0:0] :FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0] :OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0] -I INPUT 1 -i int1 -j ACCEPT -A FORWARD -j ACCEPT COMMIT *nat -A POSTROUTING -o ext1 -j MASQUERADE # COMMIT Can anyone point me what I'm missing? Thanks. UPDATE: 192.168.100.60 via 10.30.2.1 dev int2 proto zebra # routes to clients ... 192.168.100.61 via 10.30.3.1 dev int3 proto zebra # ... I have a lot of them x.x.x.0/24 dev ext1 proto kernel scope link src x.x.x.x 10.30.1.0/24 dev int1 proto kernel scope link src 10.30.1.10 10.30.2.0/24 dev int2 proto kernel scope link src 10.30.2.10 10.30.3.0/24 dev int3 proto kernel scope link src 10.30.3.10 169.254.0.0/16 dev ext1 scope link metric 1003 169.254.0.0/16 dev int1 scope link metric 1004 169.254.0.0/16 dev int2 scope link metric 1005 169.254.0.0/16 dev int3 scope link metric 1006 blackhole 192.168.0.0/16 default via x.x.x.y dev ext1 Clients have 192.168.0.1 as gateway, which is redirecting them to 10.30.1.1

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• Routing from the DMZ to the interior network only

  - by Allan

  I have a home network connected to Verizon's FIOS service. Verizon's ActionTec router is connected to the ONT via coax to establish the MOCA network. My DD-WRT router's WAN port is connected to one of the ActionTec's LAN ports. The DD-WRT router is configured with a static IP address and assigned to the DMZ (this is done so I only have to configure port forwarding once). My issue is that this does not allow computers connected to the DD-WRT to serve streaming audio/video to the MOCA network using Verizon's Media Manager. I know that Media Manager uses ports 18001, 5050, and 5060, but I don't know how to forward those ports so that they are only available to the ActionTec's network and not the rest of the internet.

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• routing traffic between two network cards through firewall

  - by RubyFreak

  I'm trying to test a network device (firewall) using a Linux box, with two network cards, one interface connected to the WAN zone and another interface to LAN zone. The configuration is similar with that |ETH0| <-> | FW | <-> ETH1 So from both interfaces I'm able to ping the respective firewall interface. But i'm not able to fire something like: ping -I eth0 ip.from.eth1 and to get any answer. Is that possible or should the linux network namespace solution or user level tcp stacks (VMs are out of question)

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• Internet Sharing on Lion breaks my routing table

  - by seaders

  When in the office, I'm connected to a 192.168.1.0/24 network. When Internet Sharing is off, when I run netstat -nr the first entry shows default 192.168.1.254 UGSc 10 62 en0 If I turn Internet sharing on, it shows default link#5 UCS 2 0 en1 This is obviously incorrect and breaks all connectivity of my machine. en1 is my wireless, whereas en0 is my ethernet. If I then disable Internet Sharing, it even deletes that incorrect route, so I'm left with no default route at all. Currently I have one script that I run when I share, or after, when I disable that does route delete default route add default 192.168.1.254 That fixes everything, but I'd love to know what's actually making this happen and how to properly fix it. And just to say that at some point a few months ago, this was working absolutely perfectly, with no hitches, then one day when I brought the laptop home, I couldn't disable the internet sharing, so I couldn't connect to my home wifi. I eventually had to restart the machine and since then this problem has been happening. Any help would be greatly appreciated, thank you.

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• Cisco ASA 5520 - differential routing policies based on userid

  - by devviedev

  Hi, excuse me if my terminology is not correct. We are using WebVPN to VPN into an Cisco ASA 5520. We want to have different rules that allow the user that VPNs into the network to access certain things based on their RSA SecurID authentication userid. Is this possible? If so, are there some good examples of how to achieve this?

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• adding a route entry to linux routing table

  - by netg

  hi, I have two systems with ip address say 64.103.56.1(A)(Dev name -wlan0) and 64.103.225.18(B),now what i want is , everytime I ping B from my system A, it has to be routed via a router say with address 10.0.0.251(C)(I want this to be my next hop to reach B) , but this router is on a different subnetwork than the two systems.How do I do this? /* Things I tried: I used 'route add -host B gw C wlan0', and got an error saying " no such process exist or no such device found". Tried ping C and traceroute and found the gw addr at my side is some 63.103.236.3(D), so added another entry route add -host C gw D wlan0, I was able to do this without any error! */

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• Routing application traffic through specific interface

  - by UnicornsAndRainbows

  Hello All! First question here, so please go easy: I have a debian linux 5.0 server with two public interfaces. I would like to route outbound traffic from one instance of an application via one interface and the second instance through the second interface. There are some challenges: both instances of the application use the same protocol both instances of the application can access the entire internet (can't route based on dest network) I can't change the code of the application I don't think a typical approach to load balancing all traffic is going to work well, because there are relatively few destination servers being accessed in the outbound traffic, and all traffic would really need to be distributed pretty evenly across these relatively few servers. I could probably run two virtualized servers on the box and bind each of them to a different external ip, but I'm looking for a simpler solution, maybe using iproute or iptables? Any ideas for me? Thanks in advance - and I'm happy to answer any questions.

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