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• Is my OCZ SSD aligned correctly? (Linux)

  - by Barney Gumble

  I have an OCZ Agility 2 SSD with 40 GB of space. I use it as a system drive in Debian Linux (Squeeze) and in my opinion it's really fast. But I've read a lot on aligning partitions and file systems... And I'm not sure if I succeeded in aligning the partitions correctly. Maybe the SSD could be even faster?? ;-) I use ext4 and here is the output of fdisk -cul: Disk /dev/sda: 40.0 GB, 40018599936 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 4865 cylinders, total 78161328 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: [...] Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 73242623 36620288 83 Linux /dev/sda2 73244670 78159871 2457601 5 Extended /dev/sda5 73244672 78159871 2457600 82 Linux swap / Solaris My partitions were created just by the Debian Squeeze setup assistant. So I didn't care about the details of partitioning. But now I think maybe the installer didn't align it correctly? Actually, 2048 looks good to me (better than odd values like 63 or something like that) but I've no idea... ;-) Help plz! According to some "SSD Alignment Calculator" I found on the web, the OCZ SSDs have a NAND Erase Block Size of 512kB and their NAND Page Size is 4kB. 2048 is divisible by 4 and 512. So are the partitions aligned correctly?

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• mysql thread count

  - by Ryan M.

  We have a web application that uses apache and mysql. Generally (according to Munin) our MySQL thread count sits between 2 and 4 at all times. The other day, our server almost came to a halt. HTTP requests were slow or wouldn't go through at all, SSH would work, but would take 30+ seconds to register keystrokes, etc.. So we pull up Munin and the only thing that's out of normal boundaries is the Mysql thread count. CPU usage was under 1%, load was under 1.0, plenty of available RAM. As mentioned before, the thread count floats around 2 to 4. At the time of our slow downs it had spiked to 14. So I start poking around the Internet and I see that in most cases, you'll start to see a higher thread count when you start running into slow queries. If I understand it correctly, the request comes in that takes a while to process, in the mean time other requests are coming in, so a new thread will be created to work on the request (yes?). But at the time of the slow down, we had 0 slow queries. My question is: What else can cause mysql to create additional threads. And would this sudden spike in threads possibly cause the server to slow down? To fix the issue, we restarted apache and everything went back to it's beautiful, normal self. Considering the the Server Vitals (CPU, RAM, Network, etc) were all ideal, and the thread count was the only thing out of place, this seems like the most logical thing to pursue as the possible cause. If it matters, we're on Mysql 5.1.40. Server is FreeBSD 7.2 and the server in question is inside a jail.

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• Is this "cache administrator" error my server's problem?

  - by Eoin

  Hey, I have a CentOS VPS running Apache with a phpBB installation. One specific user has received errors when posting a message or logging in to the forum. The following issue has arisen in parallel to installing nginx, which serves only the static files of my site. Not sure if this is only coincidence. Furthermore, my setup uses redirects (in some cases, double-redirects) to point the user to a different virtual folder. So, the forum is seen to be at /translation/ but the actual files are found in /phpbb/. I'm at a loss as to what may be the underlying issue. My server? The person's ISP? She has tested both at home and at work, with similar issues. While trying to process the request: GET /phpbb/index.php?sid=f62c927e7eb8f1d60a92dcc6fd918112 HTTP/1.1 Host: www.irishgaelictranslator.com User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-GB; rv:1.9.2.13) Gecko/20101203 Firefox/3.6.13 Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8 Accept-Language: en-za Accept-Encoding: gzip,deflate Accept-Charset: ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7 Keep-Alive: 115 Connection: keep-alive Referer: http://www.irishgaelictranslator.com/phpbb/ucp.php?mode=login Cookie: phpbb3_cipi4_u=96645; phpbb3_cipi4_k=; phpbb3_cipi4_sid=f62c927e7eb8f1d60a92dcc6fd918112; __utma=153470688.1232378553.1294664234.1294664234.1294664234.1; __utmb=153470688.9.10.1294664234; __utmc=153470688; __utmz=153470688.1294664235.1.1.utmcsr=(direct)|utmccn=(direct)|utmcmd=(none); style_cookie=null The following error was encountered: Invalid Response The HTTP Response message received from the contacted server could not be understood or was otherwise malformed. Please contact the site operator. Your cache administrator may be able to provide you with more details about the exact nature of the problem if needed.

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• unable to recover data from failed hdd

  - by Eslam Elyamany

  my hdd failing (or maybe totally dead) i've connected the hdd via USB but it doesn't appear in fdisk Disk /dev/sda: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders, total 976773168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disk identifier: 0xe9fb38fb Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 206847 102400 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda2 206848 40959999 20376576 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda4 40962046 976771071 467904513 5 Extended Partition 4 does not start on physical sector boundary. /dev/sda5 82913280 86910975 1998848 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda6 86913024 394113023 153600000 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda7 40962048 82913279 20975616 83 Linux /dev/sda8 394122708 976768064 291322678+ 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT Partition 8 does not start on physical sector boundary. no sdc appears here , BUT it's appears on /dev/ rootghost-lap:/home/ghost# ls /dev/sd* /dev/sda /dev/sda2 /dev/sda5 /dev/sda8 /dev/sdb /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdc2 /dev/sdc6 /dev/sdc8 /dev/sda1 /dev/sda4 /dev/sda6 /dev/sda9 /dev/sdc /dev/sdc10 /dev/sdc5 /dev/sdc7 /dev/sdc9 also it appears in proc Code: rootghost-lap:/home/ghost# cat /proc/partitions major minor #blocks name 8 0 488386584 sda 8 1 102400 sda1 8 2 20376576 sda2 8 4 1 sda4 8 5 1998848 sda5 8 6 153600000 sda6 8 8 291322678 sda8 8 9 20975616 sda9 11 0 1048575 sr0 11 1 99136 sr1 8 32 244198583 sdc 8 33 14651248 sdc1 8 34 1 sdc2 8 37 15380480 sdc5 8 38 4153344 sdc6 8 39 48829536 sdc7 8 40 48829536 sdc8 8 41 110374551 sdc9 8 42 1975963 sdc10 and dmesg : [10604.777168] end_request: I/O error, dev sdc, sector 1 [10604.817238] sd 26:0:0:0: [sdc] Result: hostbyte=DID_OK driverbyte=DRIVER_SENSE [10604.817243] sd 26:0:0:0: [sdc] Sense Key : Aborted Command [current] [10604.817248] sd 26:0:0:0: [sdc] Add. Sense: No additional sense information [10604.817253] sd 26:0:0:0: [sdc] CDB: Read(10): 28 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 06 00 ok now , let's see what i've tried testdisk to check for partitions -- failed dd to copy data from /dev/sdcX -- provide strange output size for example /dev/sdc1 is about 15G , the output for dd is 62G+ so i had to cancle it safecopy successfully made an image for partitons , but can't fix images, can't mount it, can't do any thing with it and some other tools i've tried and all failed , so any idea ?

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• Accidentally dd'ed an image to wrong drive / overwrote partition table + NTFS partition start

  - by Kento Locatelli

  I screwed up and set the wrong output for dd when trying to copy a freenas iso, overwriting the wrong external hard drive. Ironically, I was trying to setup a freenas server for data backup... External drive is only used for data storage, system is entirely intact Drive had a single NTFS partition filing the entire device (2TB WD elements) Drive originally had an MBR partition table. Drive now shows as having a GPT, presumably from the freenas image. Drive was mounted at the time, with maybe a couple kB of data written/read after running dd Drive is just a few months old and healthy (regular SMART / fs checks) I have not reboot the OS (crunchbang) /proc/partition still holds the correct information (and has been stored) Have dd's output (records in / out / bytes) testdrive did not find any partitions on quick or deep search running photorec to recover the more important data (a couple recent plaintext files that hadn't been backed up yet). Vast majority of disk content ( 80%) is unnecessary media files. My current plan is to let photorec do it's thing, then recreate the mbr with gparted and use cfdisk to create another NTFS partition using the sector information from /sys/block/.../. Is that a good course of action (that is, a chance of success)? Or anything else I should try first? Possibly relevant information: dd if=FreeNAS-8.0.4-RELEASE-p3-x86.iso of=/dev/sdc: 194568+0 records in 194568+0 records out 99618816 bytes (100 MB) copied grep . /sys/block/sdc/sdc*/{start,size}: /sys/block/sdc/sdc1/start:2048 /sys/block/sdc/sdc1/size:3907022848 cat /proc/partitions: major minor #blocks name ** Snipped ** 8 32 1953512448 sdc 8 33 1953511424 sdc1 current fdisk -l output: WARNING: GPT (GUID Partition Table) detected on '/dev/sdc'! The util fdisk doesn't support GPT. Use GNU Parted. Disk /dev/sdc: 2000.4 GB, 2000396746752 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 243201 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/sdc doesn't contain a valid partition table

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• htaccess: multiple redirections depending on domain name

  - by Marcin Kmiec

  I have a server and a few domains and two webpages. Can't figure out how to do the following: A.com -> root\ www.A.com -> root\ B.com -> root\ www.B.com -> root\ C.com -> root\folder1\ www.C.com -> root\folder1\ By the way. What is the 'and' logical operator used in htaccess? I found that 'or' is [OR] but [AND] doesn't seem to work. And what is the language htaccess is written in:)? UPDATE I made a mistake in the question though. Here's what I'd really want to do. DNS is set for the domain A.com to point to the root folder of the server. Now I would like to set the following redirections: Any domain other than C.com and other than D.com redirects (301) to www.A.com. A.com points to the root folder of the server anyway and that is set in DNS. Domain www.C.com points to the folder 'folder1' on the server. Can it be set in htaccess? Now domains C.com, www.D.com and D.com redirects to www.C.com.

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• sudo fdisk in a live session does not show all hard drives

  - by cornbread

  I am having Grub2 issues in my Ubuntu 10.04 dual boot, 2 hard drive system. So I am attempting to follow the standard grub2 reinstallation guide (cant post link because of spam filters allowing only one... ?_?) Don't know if this is the root of my problem, but my speedy internal HD with my OS on it is not showing up anywhere in a live session. Not in nautilus, behind fdisk.... no where. When I can get the main system to boot, there is no issue seeing all available partitions. But the live session sees only the 1TB internal media/backup hard drive. I need access to the other hard drive and it's partitions to finish the grub2 re-installation but I am not sure anymore that is the underlying issue. Anyone have experience with this? The issue I have identified as a grub2 issue is fully described here. SandPvvr describes it exactly. Some notes: I do not see the grub2 menu for my os's holding down the shift key after my bios screen works maybe 10% of the time Not related to reinstalling a windows os. havent been touched in a year do some web development. issue may have started when I was playing with ruby and django. not sure on this. Could a dev environment do this? fdisk in live session ubuntu@ubuntu:~$ sudo fdisk -l Disk /dev/sdb: 1000.2 GB, 1000204886016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 121601 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0001d518 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb2 1 121601 976759939 5 Extended /dev/sdb5 487 110765 885816036 83 Linux /dev/sdb6 110766 121601 87040138+ b W95 FAT32 /dev/sdb7 1 486 3903700+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris Partition table entries are not in disk order

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• "A disk read error occurred" after choosing to boot into Windows XP from GRUB

  - by kellogs

  "A disk read error occurred" appears on screen after choosing to boot into Windows XP from GRUB. [root@localhost linux]# fdisk -lu Disk /dev/sda: 160.0 GB, 160041885696 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 19457 cylinders, total 312581808 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x48424841 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 63 204214271 102107104+ 7 HPFS/NTFS Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2 204214272 255606783 25696256 af HFS / HFS+ Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda3 255606784 276488191 10440704 c W95 FAT32 (LBA) Partition 3 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda4 276490179 312576704 18043263 5 Extended /dev/sda5 * 276490240 286709759 5109760 83 Linux /dev/sda6 286712118 310488254 11888068+ b W95 FAT32 /dev/sda7 310488318 312576704 1044193+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris Here, sda is a 160GB hard disk with quite a few partitions and 3 OSes installed. I am able to boot into Linux and Mac OS fine, but not into Windows anymore. The Windows system is located on /dev/sda1. I cannot recall how exactly have I used testdisk but it once said: Disk /dev/sda - 160 GB / 149 GiB - CHS 19458 255 63 The harddisk (160 GB / 149 GiB) seems too small! (< 169 GB / 157 GiB) Check the harddisk size: HD jumper settings, BIOS detection... So far I have tried to "fixboot" and "chkdsk" from a recovery console on the affected windows partition (/dev/sda1), the plug off power cord for 15 seconds trick, reinstalling GRUB, repairing the MFT and boot sector of the affected partition via testdisk, what next please? Thank you!

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• Standards for documenting/designing infrastructure

  - by Paul

  We have a moderately complex solution for which we need to construct a production environment. There are around a dozen components (and here I'm using a definition of "component" which means "can fail independently of other components" - e.g. an Apache server, a Weblogic web app, an ftp server, an ejabberd server, etc). There are a number of weblogic web apps - and one thing we need to decide is how many weblogic containers to run these web apps in. The system needs to be highly available, and communications in and out of the system are typically secured by SSL Our datacentre team will handle things like VLAN design, racking, server specification and build. So the kinds of decisions we still need to make are: How to map components to physical servers (and weblogic containers) Identify all communication paths, ensure all are either resilient or there's an "upstream" comms path that is resilient, and failover of that depends on all single-points of failure "downstream". Decide where to terminate SSL (on load balancers, or on Apache servers, for instance). My question isn't really about how to make the decisions, but whether there are any standards for documenting (especially in diagrams) the design questions and the design decisions. It seems odd, for instance, that Visio doesn't have a template for something like this - it has templates for more physical layout, and for more logical /software architecture diagrams. So right now I'm using a basic Visio diagram to represent each component, the commms between them with plans to augment this with hostnames, ports, whether each comms link is resilient etc, etc. This all feels like something that must been done many times before. Are there standards for documenting this?

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• How to log kernel panics without KVM

  - by Spacedust

  My server is crashing and I can't find an answer why. It all started after my datacenter upgrade RAM from 16 GB to 32 GB. I also found such logs in dmesg - they've started to show itself just before the first kernel panic: EXT4-fs error (device md2): ext4_ext_find_extent: bad header/extent in inode #97911179: invalid magic - magic 5f69, entries 28769, max 26988(0), depth 24939(0) EXT4-fs error (device md2): ext4_ext_remove_space: bad header/extent in inode #97911179: invalid magic - magic 5f69, entries 28769, max 26988(0), depth 24939(0) EXT4-fs error (device md2): ext4_mb_generate_buddy: EXT4-fs: group 20974: 8589 blocks in bitmap, 54896 in gd JBD: Spotted dirty metadata buffer (dev = md2, blocknr = 0). There's a risk of filesystem corruption in case of system crash. EXT4-fs error (device md2): ext4_ext_split: inode #97911179: (comm pdflush) eh_entries 28769 != eh_max 26988! EXT4-fs (md2): delayed block allocation failed for inode 97911179 at logical offset 1039 with max blocks 1 with error -5 This should not happen!! Data will be lost EXT4-fs error (device md2): ext4_mb_generate_buddy: EXT4-fs: group 21731: 5 blocks in bitmap, 60762 in gd JBD: Spotted dirty metadata buffer (dev = md2, blocknr = 0). There's a risk of filesystem corruption in case of system crash. My system is CentOS 5.8 64-bit with latest kernel 2.6.18-308.20.1.el5. How can I check what is the reason of kernel panic without having an access to the KVM ? I have told my datacenter admins to check the memory in the server.

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• Apache Mod SVN Access Forbidden

  - by Cerin

  How do you resolve the error svn: access to '/repos/!svn/vcc/default' forbidden? I recently upgraded a Fedora 13 server to 16, and now I'm trying to debug an access error with a Subversion server running on using Apache with mod_dav_svn. Running: svn ls http://myserver/repos/myproject/trunk Lists the correct files. But when I go to commit, I get the error: svn: access to '/repos/!svn/vcc/default' forbidden My Apache virtualhost for svn is: <VirtualHost *:80> ServerName svn.mydomain.com ServerAlias svn DocumentRoot "/var/www/html" <Directory /> Options FollowSymLinks AllowOverride None </Directory> <Directory "/var/www/html"> Options Indexes FollowSymLinks AllowOverride None Order allow,deny Allow from all </Directory> <Location /repos> Order allow,deny Allow from all DAV svn SVNPath /var/svn/repos SVNAutoversioning On # Authenticate with Kerberos AuthType Kerberos AuthName "Subversion Repository" KrbAuthRealms mydomain.com Krb5KeyTab /etc/httpd/conf/krb5.HTTP.keytab # Get people from LDAP AuthLDAPUrl ldap://ldap.mydomain.com/ou=people,dc=mydomain,dc=corp?uid # For any operations other than these, require an authenticated user. <LimitExcept GET PROPFIND OPTIONS REPORT> Require valid-user </LimitExcept> </Location> </VirtualHost> What's causing this error? EDIT: In my /var/log/httpd/error_log I'm seeing a lot of these: [Fri Jun 22 13:22:51 2012] [error] [client 10.157.10.144] ModSecurity: Warning. Operator LT matched 20 at TX:inbound_anomaly_score. [file "/etc/httpd/modsecurity.d/base_rules/modsecurity_crs_60_correlation.conf"] [line "31"] [msg "Inbound Anomaly Score (Total Inbound Score: 15, SQLi=, XSS=): Method is not allowed by policy"] [hostname "svn.mydomain.com"] [uri "/repos/!svn/act/0510a2b7-9bbe-4f8c-b928-406f6ac38ff2"] [unique_id "T@Sp638DCAEBBCyGfioAAABK"] I'm not entirely sure how to read this, but I'm interpreting "Method is not allowed by policy" as meaning that there's some security Apache module that might be blocking access. How do I change this?

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• Mac Mavericks, ngircd localhost works, private IP doesn't

  - by user221945

  I have configured ngircd to listen on my private ip address. It doesn't. Localhost works fine. Configuration test: ngIRCd 21-IDENT+IPv6+IRCPLUS+SSL+SYSLOG+TCPWRAP+ZLIB-x86_64/apple/darwin13.2.0 Copyright (c)2001-2013 Alexander Barton () and Contributors. Homepage: http://ngircd.barton.de/ This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Reading configuration from "/opt/local/etc/ngircd.conf" ... OK, press enter to see a dump of your server configuration ... [GLOBAL] Name = irc.bellbookandpistol.com AdminInfo1 = Jaedreth AdminInfo2 = San Diego County CA, US AdminEMail = [email protected] HelpFile = /opt/local/share/doc/ngircd/Commands.txt Info = Server Info Text Listen = 10.0.1.5,127.0.0.1 MotdFile = MotdPhrase = "Welcome to irc.bellbookandpistol.com" Password = PidFile = Ports = 6667 ServerGID = wheel ServerUID = root [LIMITS] ConnectRetry = 60 IdleTimeout = 0 MaxConnections = 0 MaxConnectionsIP = 6 MaxJoins = -1 MaxNickLength = 9 MaxListSize = 0 PingTimeout = 120 PongTimeout = 20 [OPTIONS] AllowedChannelTypes = #&+ AllowRemoteOper = no ChrootDir = CloakHost = CloakHostModeX = CloakHostSalt = kBih5mu\kVI!DC6eifT(hd4m/0'zb/=: CloakUserToNick = no ConnectIPv4 = yes ConnectIPv6 = no DefaultUserModes = DNS = yes IncludeDir = /opt/local/etc/ngircd.conf.d MorePrivacy = no NoticeAuth = no OperCanUseMode = no OperChanPAutoOp = yes OperServerMode = no RequireAuthPing = no ScrubCTCP = no SyslogFacility = local5 WebircPassword = [SSL] CertFile = CipherList = HIGH:!aNULL:@STRENGTH DHFile = KeyFile = KeyFilePassword = Ports = [OPERATOR] Name = [REDACTED] Password = [REDACTED] Mask = [CHANNEL] Name = #BBP Modes = tnk Key = MaxUsers = 0 Topic = Welcome to the Bell, Book and Pistol IRC Server! KeyFile = As you can see, it should be listening on 10.0.1.5, but it isn't. After turning on Apache manually, port 80 works on 10.0.1.5, but port 6667 doesn't. It only works on localhost. Is there some terminal command I could use or some config file I could edit to get this to work?

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• A few tables are still out of sync after running mk-table-sync

  - by smusumeche

  I have 1 master and 2 slaves. I am using MySQL 5.1.42 on all servers. I am attempting to use mk-table-checksum to verify that their data is in sync, but I am getting unexpected results on one of the slaves. First, I generate the checksums on the master like this: mk-table-checksum h=localhost --databases MYDB --tables {$table_list} --replicate=MYDB.mk_checksum --chunk-size=10M My understanding is that this runs the checksum queries on the master which then propagate via normal replication to the slaves. So, no locking is needed because the slaves will be at the same logical point in time when they run the checksum queries on themselves. Is this correct? Next, to verify that the checksums match, I run this on the master: mk-table-checksum --databases MYDB --replicate=IRC.mk_checksum --replicate-check 1 h=localhost,u=maatkit,p=xxxx If there are any differences, I repair the slaves like this: mk-table-sync --execute --verbose --replicate IRC.mk_checksum h=localhost,u=maatkit,p=xxxx After doing all of this, I repaired both slaves with mk-table-sync. However, everytime I run this sequence (after everything has already been repaired), one slave is perfectly in sync but one slave always has a few tables out of sync. I am 99.999% sure that the data on the slaves matches, since I repaired everything and the tables were not even updated on the master between runs of the checksum script. What would cause a few tables to always show out of sync on only one of the slaves? I am stuck. Here is the output: Differences on h=x.x.x.x,p=...,u=maatkit DB TBL CHUNK CNT_DIFF CRC_DIFF BOUNDARIES IRC product 10 0 1 product_id = 147377 AND product_id < 162085 IRC post_order_survey 0 0 1 1=1 IRC mk_heartbeat 0 0 1 1=1 IRC mailing_list 0 0 1 1=1 IRC honey_pot_log 0 0 1 1=1 IRC product 12 0 1 product_id = 176793 AND product_id < 191501 IRC product 18 0 1 product_id = 265041 IRC orders 26 0 1 order_id = 694472 IRC orders_product 6 0 1 op_id = 935375

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• How can I store logs and meet compliance requirements for free?

  - by Martin

  I am trying to keep long-term logs of an app in such a way, that it could plausibly demonstrated to third parties/court that the application has processed certain data at a given time. The data can be represented in XML or text format. A simple gzipped log is not plausible, as I may have added or modified data afterwards, whereas an external logging service would be an overkill. Cost is an issue, we are not dealing with financial data or so, but rather some simple user generated content, where some malicious users tried to blame the operator in the past when things escalated and went to court. My question: Is there some kind of signing software for Linux that signs each element of a log in such a way, that it can be easily shown that no element can be added or modified afterwards? Plug-Ins into some free Splunk Alternatives would be fine too. Ideally the software I am looking for should be under a GPL or similar license. I could probably achive something like this by using PGP/GPG sgning functions and including the previous elements signituares within the following element, but I would prefer to use some program where you do not have to argue about the validity of your own code. Note to mods: I am not asking this question on Stackoverflow, because I am not looking for writing own code for reasons described above. I think this question rather fits into serverfault than superuser, as server-side logging software is discussed rather here than on superuser.

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• Join multiple filesystems (on multiple computers) into one big volume

  - by jm666

  Scenario: Have 10 computers, each have 12x2TB HDDs (currently) in raidZ2 (10+2) configuration, so, in the each computer i have one approx. 20TB volume. Now, need those 10 separate computers (separate raid groups) join into one big volume. What is the recommended solution? I'm thinking about the FCoE (10GB ethernet). So, buying into each computer FCoE (10GB ethernet card) and - what need more on the hardware side? (probably another computer, FCoE switch? like Cisco Nexus?) The main question is: what need to install and configure on each computer? Currently they have freebsd/raidz2, but it is possible change it into Linux/Solaris if needed. Any helpful resource what talking about how to build a big volumes from smaller raid-groups (on the software side) is very welcomed. So, what OS, what filesystem, what software - etc. In short: want get one approx. 200TB storage (in one filesystem) from already existing computers/storage. Don't need fast writes, but need good performance on reading data. (as a big fileserver), what will works transparently, so when storing data don't want care about onto what computer the data goes. (e.g. not 10 mountpoints - but one big logical filesystem). Thanks.

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• Powershell script to delete secondary SMTP addresses of Exchange 2010 Mail Contacts

  - by Zero Subnet

  I have a few thousand Exchange 2010 Mail Contacts who get erroneously assigned internal SMTP addresses by the default recipient policy. I'm trying to use the following command to delete these addresses (keeping the primary SMTP) and disabling the automatic update from recipient policy so the SMTP addresses don't get recreated again. Get-MailContact -OrganizationalUnit "domain.local/OU" -Filter {EmailAddresses -like *@domain.local -and name -notlike "ExchangeUM*"} -ResultSize unlimited -IgnoreDefaultScope | foreach {$contact = $_; $email = $contact.emailaddresses; $email | foreach {if ($_.smtpaddress -like *@domain.local) {$address = $_.smtpaddress; write-host "Removing address" $address "from Contact" $contact.name; Set-Mailcontact -Identity $contact.identity -EmailAddresses @{Remove=$address}; $contact | set-mailcontact -emailaddresspolicyenabled $false} }} I'm getting the following error though: You must provide a value expression on the right-hand side of the '-like' operator. At line:1 char:312 + Get-MailContact -OrganizationalUnit "domain.local/testou" -Filter {EmailAddresses -like "@domain.local" -and name -notlike "ExchangeUM"} -ResultSize unlimited -IgnoreDefaultScope | foreach {$contact = $; $ email = $contact.emailaddresses; $email | foreach {if ($.smtpaddress -like <<<< *@domain.local) {$address = $_.smt paddress; write-host "Removing address" $address "from Contact" $contact.name; Set-Mailcontact -Identity $contact.ident ity -EmailAddresses @{Remove=$address}; $contact }} + CategoryInfo : ParserError: (:) [], ParentContainsErrorRecordException + FullyQualifiedErrorId : ExpectedValueExpression Any help as to how to fix this?

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• How Does EoR Design Work with Multi-tiered Data Center Topology

  - by S.C.

  I just did a ton of reading about the different multi-tier network topology options as outlined by Cisco, and now that I'm looking at the physical options (End of Row (EoR) vs Top of Rack(ToR)), I find myself confused about how these fit into the logical constructs. With ToR it also maps 1:1: at the top of each rack there is a switch(es) that essentially act as the access layer. They connect via fiber to other switches, maybe chassis-based, that act as the aggregation layer, that then connect to the core layer. With EoR it seems that the servers are connecting directly to the aggregation layer, skipping the access layer all together, by plugging directly into what are typically chassis switches. In EoR then is the standard 3-tier model now a 2-tier model: the servers go to the chassis switch which goes straight to the core switch? The reason it matters to me is that my understanding was that the 3-tier model was more desirable due to less complexity. The agg switch pair acts as default gateway and does routing; if you use up all of your ports in your agg layer pair it's much more complicated to add additional switches, than simply adding more switches at the access layer. Are there other downsides to this layout? Does this 3-tier architecture still apply in some way in EoR? Thanks.

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• Hard Disk Not Counting Reallocated Sectors

  - by MetaNova

  I have a drive that is reporting that the current pending sectors is "45". I have used badblocks to identify the sectors and I have been trying to write zeros to them with dd. From what I understand, when I attempt writing data directly to the bad sectors, it should trigger a reallocation, reducing current pending sectors by one and increasing the reallocated sector count. However, on this disk both Reallocated_Sector_Ct and Reallocated_Event_Count raw values are 0, and dd fails with I/O errors when I attempt to write zeros to the bad sectors. dd works fine, however, when I write to a good sector. # dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdb bs=512 count=1 seek=217152 dd: error writing ‘/dev/sdb’: Input/output error Does this mean that my drive, in some way, has no spare sectors to be used for reallocation? Is my drive just in general a terrible person? (The drive isn't actually mine, I'm helping a friend out. They might have just gotten a cheap drive or something.) In case it is relevant, here is the output of smartctl -i : Model Family: Western Digital Caviar Green (AF) Device Model: WDC WD15EARS-00Z5B1 Serial Number: WD-WMAVU3027748 LU WWN Device Id: 5 0014ee 25998d213 Firmware Version: 80.00A80 User Capacity: 1,500,301,910,016 bytes [1.50 TB] Sector Size: 512 bytes logical/physical Device is: In smartctl database [for details use: -P show] ATA Version is: ATA8-ACS (minor revision not indicated) SATA Version is: SATA 2.6, 3.0 Gb/s Local Time is: Fri Oct 18 17:47:29 2013 CDT SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability. SMART support is: Enabled UPDATE: I have run shred on the disk, which has caused Current_Pending_Sector to go to zero. However, Reallocated_Sector_Ct and Reallocated_Event_Count are still zero, and dd is now able to write data to the sectors it was previously unable to. This leads me with several other questions: Why aren't the reallocations being recored by the disk? I'm assuming the reallocation took place as I can now write data directly to the sector and couldn't before. Why did shred cause reallocation and not dd? Does the fact that shred writes random data instead of just zeros make a difference?

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• Is there any way to limit the turbo boost speed / intensity on i7 lap?

  - by Anonymous

  I've just got a used i7 laptop, one of these overheating pavilions from HP with quad cores. And I really want to find a compromise between the temp and performance. If I use linpack, or some other heavy benchmark, the temp easily gets to 95+, and having a TJ of 100 Degrees, for a 2630QM model, it really gets me throttling, that no cooling pad or even an industrial fan could solve. I figured later that it is due to turbo boost, and if I set my power settings to use 99% of the CPU instead of 100%, and it seems to disable the turbo boost, so the temp gets better. But then again it loses quite a bit of performance. The regular clock is 2GHz, and in turbo boost it gets to 2.6Ghz, but I just wonder if I could limit it to around 2.3Ghz, that would be a real nice thing. Also there is another question I've hard time getting answer to. It seems to me that clocks are very quickly boosting up to max even when not needed, eg, it's ok if the CPU has 0% load, the clocks get to their 800MHz, but even if it gets to about 5% it quickly jumps to a max and even popping up turbo, which seems very strange to me. So I wonder if there is any way to adjust the sensitivity of the Speed Step feature. I believe it would be more logical to demand increased clock if it hits let's say 50% load. I do understand that most of these features are probably hardwired somewhere in the CPU itself or the MB, which has no tuning options just like on many laptops. But I would appreciate if you could recommend some thing, or some software. Thanks

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• Lighttpd + django on gentoo 10 seconds to answer

  - by plaetzchen

  I want to run a Django site on a lighttpd with fastcgi on a gentoo machine. Everytime I try to access the site I get a response after more or less exactly 10 seconds. Im using a socket to let lighttpd communicate with my Django site, but a tcp port doesn't help either. Could this be a lighttpd problem? I tried to both from a server in the internet as well as from localost, this is what lighttpd gives me in the error.log 2012-07-10 14:36:36: (response.c.300) -- splitting Request-URI 2012-07-10 14:36:36: (response.c.301) Request-URI : / 2012-07-10 14:36:36: (response.c.302) URI-scheme : http 2012-07-10 14:36:36: (response.c.303) URI-authority: owntube 2012-07-10 14:36:36: (response.c.304) URI-path : / 2012-07-10 14:36:36: (response.c.305) URI-query : 2012-07-10 14:36:36: (response.c.300) -- splitting Request-URI 2012-07-10 14:36:36: (response.c.301) Request-URI : /owntube.fcgi/ 2012-07-10 14:36:36: (response.c.302) URI-scheme : http 2012-07-10 14:36:36: (response.c.303) URI-authority: owntube 2012-07-10 14:36:36: (response.c.304) URI-path : /owntube.fcgi/ 2012-07-10 14:36:36: (response.c.305) URI-query : 2012-07-10 14:36:36: (response.c.349) -- sanatising URI 2012-07-10 14:36:36: (response.c.350) URI-path : /owntube.fcgi/ 2012-07-10 14:36:36: (mod_access.c.135) -- mod_access_uri_handler called 2012-07-10 14:36:36: (mod_fastcgi.c.3632) handling it in mod_fastcgi 2012-07-10 14:36:36: (response.c.470) -- before doc_root 2012-07-10 14:36:36: (response.c.471) Doc-Root : /var/www/owntube 2012-07-10 14:36:36: (response.c.472) Rel-Path : /owntube.fcgi 2012-07-10 14:36:36: (response.c.473) Path : 2012-07-10 14:36:36: (response.c.521) -- after doc_root 2012-07-10 14:36:36: (response.c.522) Doc-Root : /var/www/owntube 2012-07-10 14:36:36: (response.c.523) Rel-Path : /owntube.fcgi 2012-07-10 14:36:36: (response.c.524) Path : /var/www/owntube/owntube.fcgi 2012-07-10 14:36:36: (response.c.541) -- logical -> physical 2012-07-10 14:36:36: (response.c.542) Doc-Root : /var/www/owntube 2012-07-10 14:36:36: (response.c.543) Rel-Path : /owntube.fcgi 2012-07-10 14:36:36: (response.c.544) Path : /var/www/owntube/owntube.fcgi

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• Corrupted NTFS Drive showing multiple unallocated partitions

  - by volting

  My external hdd with a single NTFS partition was accidentaly plugged out (kids!)... and is now corrupted. Iv tried running ntfsfix - with no luck - output below.. When I look at the disk under disk management in Windows 7 it shows up as having 5 partitions 2 of which are unallocated - none have drive letters and it is not possible to set any (that option and most others are greyed out) - so I can't run chkdsk /f Iv tried using Minitool partition wizard which was mentioned as a solution to another similar question here. It showed the whole drive as one partition, but as unallocated, and the option -- "Check File System" was greyout. Is there anything else I could try ? Output of fdisk -l Disk /dev/sdb: 1500.3 GB, 1500299395072 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 182401 cylinders, total 2930272256 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytest I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x69205244 This doesn't look like a partition table Probably you selected the wrong device. Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 ? 218129509 1920119918 850995205 72 Unknown /dev/sdb2 ? 729050177 1273024900 271987362 74 Unknown /dev/sdb3 ? 168653938 168653938 0 65 Novell Netware 386 /dev/sdb4 2692939776 2692991410 25817+ 0 Empty Partition table entries are not in disk order Output of ntfsfix me@vaio:/dev$ sudo ntfsfix /dev/sdb Mounting volume... ntfs_mst_post_read_fixup_warn: magic: 0xffffffff size: 1024 usa_ofs: 65535 usa_count: 65534: Invalid argument Record 0 has no FILE magic (0xffffffff) Failed to load $MFT: Input/output error FAILED Attempting to correct errors... ntfs_mst_post_read_fixup_warn: magic: 0xffffffff size: 1024 usa_ofs: 65535 usa_count: 65534: Invalid argument Record 0 has no FILE magic (0xffffffff) Failed to load $MFT: Input/output error FAILED Failed to startup volume: Input/output error Checking for self-located MFT segment... ntfs_mst_post_read_fixup_warn: magic: 0xffffffff size: 1024 usa_ofs: 65535 usa_count: 65534: Invalid argument OK ntfs_mst_post_read_fixup_warn: magic: 0xffffffff size: 1024 usa_ofs: 65535 usa_count: 65534: Invalid argument Record 0 has no FILE magic (0xffffffff) Failed to load $MFT: Input/output error Volume is corrupt. You should run chkdsk. Options available with MiniTool: Related questions: How to fix a damaged/corrupted NTFS filesystem/partition without losing the data on it? Repair corrupted NTFS File System

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• how can i move ext3 partition to the beginning of drive without losing data?

  - by Felipe Alvarez

  I have a 500GB external drive. It had two partitions, each around 250GB. I removed the first partition. I'd like to move the 2nd to the left, so it consumes 100% of the drive. How can this be accomplished without any GUI tools (CLI only)? fdisk Disk /dev/sdd: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Disk identifier: 0xc80b1f3d Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdd2 29374 60801 252445410 83 Linux parted Model: ST350032 0AS (scsi) Disk /dev/sdd: 500GB Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B Partition Table: msdos Number Start End Size Type File system Flags 2 242GB 500GB 259GB primary ext3 type=83 dumpe2fs Filesystem volume name: extstar Last mounted on: <not available> Filesystem UUID: f0b1d2bc-08b8-4f6e-b1c6-c529024a777d Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53 Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic) Filesystem features: has_journal dir_index filetype needs_recovery sparse_super large_file Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash Default mount options: (none) Filesystem state: clean Errors behavior: Continue Filesystem OS type: Linux Inode count: 15808608 Block count: 63111168 Reserved block count: 0 Free blocks: 2449985 Free inodes: 15799302 First block: 0 Block size: 4096 Fragment size: 4096 Blocks per group: 32768 Fragments per group: 32768 Inodes per group: 8208 Inode blocks per group: 513 Filesystem created: Mon Feb 15 08:07:01 2010 Last mount time: Fri May 21 19:31:30 2010 Last write time: Fri May 21 19:31:30 2010 Mount count: 5 Maximum mount count: 29 Last checked: Mon May 17 14:52:47 2010 Check interval: 15552000 (6 months) Next check after: Sat Nov 13 14:52:47 2010 Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root) Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root) First inode: 11 Inode size: 256 Required extra isize: 28 Desired extra isize: 28 Journal inode: 8 Default directory hash: half_md4 Directory Hash Seed: d0363517-c095-4f53-baa7-7428c02fbfc6 Journal backup: inode blocks Journal size: 128M

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• Messed up partitions... system will not boot!

  - by someguy

  I did a really dumb thing. cfdisk threw an error at me saying "FATAL ERROR: Bad primary partition 3: Partition ends in the final partial cylinder", so I installed Partition Table Doctor to see if I could fix the problem. When the program started up, it told me there were problems with my partitions, and asked if I wanted them fixed (cannot remember real message, but I believe it had something to do with the cylinder boundaries), so, blindly, without thinking of the consequences, I did. Now, my system will not boot. I tried booting from the Windows 7 installation CD. I went to install a fresh copy, but it said that "No drives were found". I then opened up diskpart. According to diskpart, there is only one partition, containing one volume, assigned the letter "C". Before, I had four partitions! It is also saying that the file system is RAW. Is there any way I can fix this? I have important data that I do not want to lose. Later on... I tried fdisk with the option -l, which lists the partition table(s), and this is what I got: Ignoring extra extended partition 4 Disk /dev/sda: 250.1 GB, 250059350016 bytes 255 heads, 64 sectors/track, 30401 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x163df116 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 6 18 102400 7 HPFS/NTFS Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2 18 7851 62918572+ 7 HPFS/NTFS /dev/sda3 13073 30402 139196416 f W95 Ext'd (LBA) /dev/sda3 13073 30402 139196416 f W95 Ext'd (LBA) /dev/sda3 13073 30403 139203193 7 HPFS/NTFS I don't know if this will help, but it's extra information, at least. Also, this is how I had my partitions: 40MB (Unallocated) 100MB (System Reserved) 60GB (Windows, C:) 40GB (Was reserved for secondary OS) ~132GB (Home, E:)

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• Regarding partitions for dual-booting Ubuntu with pre-existing Windows 7

  - by Shasteriskt

  I have zero actual experience with configuring disk partitions and the stuff I have read for the past few hours have been confusing me a bit, so please bear with me. First of all, I'd like to explain what I'm setting to achieve: Windows 7 with: C:\ Windows 7 (pre-existing installation) D:\ Data (Already exists and has files already) Ubuntu 11 - Does not exist yet, but I already have a LiveCD in hand. \root directory for Ubuntu \home on its own partition I plan \swap on its own partition with around 8GB Here is the current situation: I have a single 500 GB hard-disk with Windows 7 x64 installed, and the current partition schemes is as follows: System Reserved: 100 MB (Primary, Active) C: 100 GB - Where Windows 7 is installed (Primary) D: 365 GB - Where my files are located, LOTS of free space (Primary) Now, I would like to shrink my D: drive and create around 40 GB of unallocated disk space for the Ubuntu installation, but here what's confusing me a bit: I'm thinking I would create an extended partition and subdivide it into 3 logical partitions for the Ubuntu setup I had in mind. (If you think my setup is a bad idea, please let me know & why. I also hope you can suggest a better one...) I am aware that I can only have up to 4 primary partitions, or 3 primary partitions with 1 extended parition max. Now, does the System Recovery portion count as one primary partition? I'm really new to these things and it is totally unclear to me. In shrinking my D: drive using Windows 7's Disk Management tool, I would get an unallocated free space which I don't know how to make an extended partition from. It seems like I can only create a primary partition from it, not an extended one. How do I go about it? (I'd also like to note, if it is of any importance, that I am trying to avoid using the option to install Ubuntu alongside Windows, and much rather prefer using the custom install where I can specify which drives I wish to use and stuff. Somehow I feel its safer that way.)

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• external drive and CentOS - Reset high speed USB device number

  - by Phil

  I have 2 external drives (3TB) and both will not work with my centOS Box. Tested them in windows ( different machine ) No problems ( 2.6.32-279.9.1.el6.i686 ) dmesg reports: usb 2-2: new high speed USB device number 3 using ehci_hcd usb 2-2: New USB device found, idVendor=2109, idProduct=0700 usb 2-2: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=3 usb 2-2: Product: USB 3.0 SATA Bridge usb 2-2: Manufacturer: VIA Labs, Inc. usb 2-2: SerialNumber: 0000000000006121 usb 2-2: configuration #1 chosen from 1 choice scsi6 : SCSI emulation for USB Mass Storage devices usb-storage: device found at 3 usb-storage: waiting for device to settle before scanning usb-storage: device scan complete scsi 6:0:0:0: Direct-Access ST3000DM 001-9YN166 CC4B PQ: 0 ANSI: 2 sd 6:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg3 type 0 sd 6:0:0:0: [sdd] Very big device. Trying to use READ CAPACITY(16). sd 6:0:0:0: [sdd] 5860533165 512-byte logical blocks: (3.00 TB/2.72 TiB) sd 6:0:0:0: [sdd] Write Protect is off sd 6:0:0:0: [sdd] Mode Sense: 00 06 00 00 sd 6:0:0:0: [sdd] Assuming drive cache: write through sd 6:0:0:0: [sdd] Very big device. Trying to use READ CAPACITY(16). sd 6:0:0:0: [sdd] Assuming drive cache: write through sdd: sdd1 sd 6:0:0:0: [sdd] Very big device. Trying to use READ CAPACITY(16). sd 6:0:0:0: [sdd] Assuming drive cache: write through sd 6:0:0:0: [sdd] Attached SCSI disk Tyring to use cfdisk / fdisk / gdisk or even fdisk -l results in the program hanging and dmesg reports: usb 2-2: reset high speed USB device number 3 using ehci_hcd usb 2-2: reset high speed USB device number 3 using ehci_hcd usb 2-2: reset high speed USB device number 3 using ehci_hcd I have the same 2 drives physically installed in the computer via SATA Any Ideas?

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