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• ADSL throughput loss from Reed-Solomon encoding

  - by javano

  I'm reading about ADSL starting here and I am confused by how the Reed-Solomon encoding for ECC is limiting the available transfer rate, as much as it does (nearly half). This pdf on the same subject contains the following; A maximum of 255 sub-carriers can be used to modulate data in the downstream direction. Sub-carrier 256, the downstream Nyquist frequency, and sub-carrier 64, the downstream pilot frequency, are not available for user data, thus limiting the total number of available downstream sub-carriers to 254. Each of these 254 sub-carriers can support the modulation of 0 to 15 bits. Since the ADSL DMT data frame rate is 4000 frames per second, the maximum theoretical downstream data rate of an ADSL system is 15.24Mbps. Due to limitations in system architecture, specifically the maximum allowable Reed-Solomon codeword size (255 bytes), the maximum achievable downstream data rate is 8.16Mbps. How is this nearly halving the throughput? Is all that extra bandwidth overhead of the RS encoding? 15240000 bps (15.24Mbps) - 8160000 bps (8.12Mbps) = 7080000 bps (7.08Mbps). Where has that 7Mbps of throughput gone? EDIT: I tried to read the wiki page on Reed-Soloman but it's all crazy maths and algerbra, which I don't understand. I can understand that data is split into 255 byte codewords, because that maybe the max codeword size whilst still maintaining accuracy during transmission; But I don't understand why that means less data is sent?

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• Is there a way to tell what the download speed is from a site/server

  - by Memor-X

  i'm looking into which ISP i should go with at the place i'm moving into, one ISP which i have been told good things about has data limits (which when breached will drop your speed to dial-up speed) but multiple memberships which, apart from the cheapest membership, have the same data limits (the cheapest has a 10GB data limit) in their fine print, they say that each different membership has different port speeds, one particular part jumps out at me These speeds are the NBN (National Broadband Network) port speed and not the actual Internet data speed which will vary based on numerous factors including destination you are reaching, your network equipment, network congestion etc. i plan to use the net to download DLC and patch updates for games (particular the insanely large update for the Wii U) and games from Steam (if i find any good one other than this one JRPG) and downloading development resources from free sites like Deposit Files and Mediafire since one membership with a 1000GB data limit is $145 with the port speed being 12Mbps/1Mbps (cheapest) while another with the same limit is $190 with the port speed of 100Mbps/40Mbps (expensive) i am wondering how i can tell what the speed coming from site is since i don't want to be wasting money on speed that makes no difference (unlike memory which i rather have to spare) NOTE: the speeds are for a fiber optic network which where my new place is can only connect via fixed wireless which i may not be able to get with this ISP but if i can get this network then good NOTE 2: most of the resources i get from Deposit Files are always about 200 MB or less, if a resource pack is greater then it's split into multiple archives (like .7z.part) while Mediafire i have to see one bigger than 150MB NOTE 3: one update patch for a PS3 game is close to 4 GB (Disgaea 4) which i need to get access to the DLC and on the weekend i downloaded 5 GB for the Final Fantasy XIV Open Beta for the PS3 which took almost 5 hours

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• How do I improve my incremental-backup performance?

  - by Alistair Bell

  I'm currently using the traditional rsync+cp -al method to create incremental/snapshot backups of our server tree. The backups are going onto a pair of eight-disk towers connected to the backup machine (a Sandy Bridge machine with 16 GB of RAM, running CentOS 5.5) via four eSATA connections (four disks per connection). Each disk is a regular 2 TB disk, so we have 32 TB of disk space connected to the backup machine. We're backing up about 20 TB of data on the servers with this. The problem is that each daily backup is taking more than 24 hours, and the real time-killer isn't the actual rsync, but the time it takes to perform a cp -al of the tree locally on the backup machine. It's taking more than 12 hours just to make the shadow copy of the tree, and as far as I can tell the performance backlog is at the disk (top shows the cp using a lot of RAM but not a lot of CPU and mostly in uninterruptible-sleep state) We have the server data split into four major volumes (and a few minor ones), and each of these backups runs in parallel (with some offsets in the cron to try to get some disks' cp done first). There are two volumes on the backup drive, both striped LVM volumes of 16 TB each. So obviously I need to improve the performance because it's unusable as it stands. The first question is: when CentOS 6 comes out, with support for btrfs, will making snapshots of subvolumes with btrfs substantially increase this performance? The second is: is there a way, with ext3 or something else supported in CentOS 5 or 6, to 'encourage' it to put the directories/inodes in one part of a volume (which could happen to be the part that's on an SSD, via LVM) and the files in another? That would presumably solve the problem, but I don't know of ways to hint ext3 like that.

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• How does Subnetting Work?

  - by Kyle Brandt

  How does Subnetting Work, and How do you do it by hand or in your head? Can someone explain both conceptually and with several examples? Server Fault gets lots of subnetting homework questions, so we could use an answer to point them to on Server Fault itself. What is classless routing and why is class-based routing obsolete? If I have a network, how do I figure out how to split it up? If I am given a netmask, how do I know what the network Range is for it? Sometimes there is a slash followed by a number, what is that number? Sometimes there is a subnet mask, but also a wildcard mask, they seem like the same thing but they are different? Someone mentioned something about knowing binary for this? Not looking for links to other sites (unless maybe you have one post with a bunch of good ones). I already know how to subnet, I just thought it would be nice if Server Fault had a generic subnetting answer.

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• email output of powershell script

  - by Gordon Carlisle

  I found this wonderful script that outputs the status of the current DFS backlog to the powershell console. This works great, but I need the script to email me so I can schedule it to run nightly. I have tried using the Send-MailMessage command, but can't get it to work. Mainly because my powershell skills are very weak. I believe most of the issue revolve around the script using the Write-Host command. While the coloring is nice I would much rather have it email me the results. I also need the solution to be able to specify a mail server since the dfs servers don't have email capability. Any help or tips are welcome and appreciated. Here is the code. $RGroups = Get-WmiObject -Namespace "root\MicrosoftDFS" -Query "SELECT * FROM DfsrReplicationGroupConfig" $ComputerName=$env:ComputerName $Succ=0 $Warn=0 $Err=0 foreach ($Group in $RGroups) { $RGFoldersWMIQ = "SELECT * FROM DfsrReplicatedFolderConfig WHERE ReplicationGroupGUID='" + $Group.ReplicationGroupGUID + "'" $RGFolders = Get-WmiObject -Namespace "root\MicrosoftDFS" -Query $RGFoldersWMIQ $RGConnectionsWMIQ = "SELECT * FROM DfsrConnectionConfig WHERE ReplicationGroupGUID='"+ $Group.ReplicationGroupGUID + "'" $RGConnections = Get-WmiObject -Namespace "root\MicrosoftDFS" -Query $RGConnectionsWMIQ foreach ($Connection in $RGConnections) { $ConnectionName = $Connection.PartnerName.Trim() if ($Connection.Enabled -eq $True) { if (((New-Object System.Net.NetworkInformation.ping).send("$ConnectionName")).Status -eq "Success") { foreach ($Folder in $RGFolders) { $RGName = $Group.ReplicationGroupName $RFName = $Folder.ReplicatedFolderName if ($Connection.Inbound -eq $True) { $SendingMember = $ConnectionName $ReceivingMember = $ComputerName $Direction="inbound" } else { $SendingMember = $ComputerName $ReceivingMember = $ConnectionName $Direction="outbound" } $BLCommand = "dfsrdiag Backlog /RGName:'" + $RGName + "' /RFName:'" + $RFName + "' /SendingMember:" + $SendingMember + " /ReceivingMember:" + $ReceivingMember $Backlog = Invoke-Expression -Command $BLCommand $BackLogFilecount = 0 foreach ($item in $Backlog) { if ($item -ilike "*Backlog File count*") { $BacklogFileCount = [int]$Item.Split(":")[1].Trim() } } if ($BacklogFileCount -eq 0) { $Color="white" $Succ=$Succ+1 } elseif ($BacklogFilecount -lt 10) { $Color="yellow" $Warn=$Warn+1 } else { $Color="red" $Err=$Err+1 } Write-Host "$BacklogFileCount files in backlog $SendingMember->$ReceivingMember for $RGName" -fore $Color } # Closing iterate through all folders } # Closing If replies to ping } # Closing If Connection enabled } # Closing iteration through all connections } # Closing iteration through all groups Write-Host "$Succ successful, $Warn warnings and $Err errors from $($Succ+$Warn+$Err) replications." Thanks, Gordon

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• HLS video segmenting complications. How to create a transport stream with ffmpeg

  - by Agzam

  I have h264 videos, and currently we're using Apple's HTTP Video Streaming tools and mediafilesegmenter to segment these files. What I need to do is to switch to alternative segmenter based on this very popular open-sourced segmenter The problem is that this segmenter does not just take any video, but takes only MPEG-TS videos. So I have to convert my h264 videos to TS first. I can do that with ffmpeg. I'm using this: ffmpeg -i encoded.mp4 -vcodec h264 -i encoded.mp4 -sameq -acodec aac -strict experimental -f mpegts output.ts But this creates fairly larger output. And the reason is that Apple's segmenter keeps the same codec - AVC and the same audio codec - AAC, whereas ffmpeg changes video format to MPEG Video. The question is: can I somehow keep the same AVC video codec and still convert video to a transport stream? So my goal is to keep the same video quality and same video codecs as Apple's medifilesegmenter does. UPD: Okay... it seems that ffmpeg CAN split videos into segments: ffmpeg -i encoded.mp4 -c copy -map 0 -vbsf h264_mp4toannexb -f segment -segment_time 10 -segment_list test.m3u8 -segment_format mpegts segment%d.ts That's still has one problem: it doesn't create http live streaming index file. (-segment_list creates a file with list of segments, but it doesn't look like HLS index). So, you still have to create index file

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• Create new folder for new sender name and move message into new folder

  - by Dave Jarvis

  Background I'd like to have Outlook 2010 automatically move e-mails into folders designated by the person's name. For example: Click Rules Click Manage Rules & Alerts Click New Rule Select "Move messages from someone to a folder" Click Next The following dialog is shown: Problem The next part usually looks as follows: Click people or public group Select the desired person Click specified Select the desired folder Question How would you automate those problematic manual tasks? Here's the logic for the new rule I'd like to create: Receive a new message. Extract the name of the sender. If it does not exist, create a new folder under Inbox Move the new message into the folder assigned to that person's name I think this will require a VBA macro. Related Links http://www.experts-exchange.com/Software/Office_Productivity/Groupware/Outlook/A_420-Extending-Outlook-Rules-via-Scripting.html http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/office/ee814735.aspx http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/office/ee814736.aspx http://stackoverflow.com/questions/11263483/how-do-i-trigger-a-macro-to-run-after-a-new-mail-is-received-in-outlook http://en.kioskea.net/faq/6174-outlook-a-macro-to-create-folders http://blogs.iis.net/robert_mcmurray/archive/2010/02/25/outlook-macros-part-1-moving-emails-into-personal-folders.aspx Update #1 The code might resemble something like: Public WithEvents myOlApp As Outlook.Application Sub Initialize_handler() Set myOlApp = CreateObject("Outlook.Application") End Sub Private Sub myOlApp_NewMail() Dim myInbox As Outlook.MAPIFolder Dim myItem As Outlook.MailItem Set myInbox = myOlApp.GetNamespace("MAPI").GetDefaultFolder(olFolderInbox) Set mySenderName = myItem.SenderName On Error GoTo ErrorHandler Set myDestinationFolder = myInbox.Folders.Add(mySenderName, olFolderInbox) Set myItems = myInbox.Items Set myItem = myItems.Find("[SenderName] = " & mySenderName) myItem.Move myDestinationFolder ErrorHandler: Resume Next End Sub Update #2 Split the code as follows: Sent a test message and nothing happened. The instructions for actually triggering a message when a new message arrives are a little light on details (for example, no mention is made regarding ThisOutlookSession and how to use it). Thank you.

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• Need clear steps on how to convert a Windows 2000 Server to a XenServer VM

  - by Jay

  The source system is not local. The target host running XenServer is not local. The source system is running Windows 2000 Server SP4 and has 1 disk split into 6 partitions, all NTFS: C: 6 GB (boot) D: 15 GB E: 6 GB F: 6 GB G: 5 GB H: 26 GB Most of the partitions are mostly mostly full ( 60%). What is the most straightforward way to do a P2V migration of the server? I can do minor database & data syncs after the P2V is successful & running as a VM within XenServer, it's just getting to that point which is not clear. The option of installing a Windows 2000 Server from scratch is not available, I need to convert the existing physical server as-is into a VM to be hosted within a XenServer environment. I've looked at XenConvert but it maxes out on converting only 4 partitions in one shot, and I'm not certain how to account for the 2 extra partitions. I'm not familiar with XenServer but it's my only option right now to go P2V.

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• script to run sox to combine multiple mono tracks to stereo

  - by Ze'ev

  I have a folder full of .wav audio files. Some are stereo, most are mono splits. The mono split pairs are all named foo bar track.L.wav and foo bar track.R.wav I can use the command line tool sox to combine a mono pair into 1 stereo track like this: sox -M track1.L.wav track1.R.wav track1.Stereo.wav where the first 2 files are the mono pairs, and the third is the output stereo file. This is great, but I'd like to have a script that will automatically find all the mono pairs and combine them into stereo files. I.e., I need it to find all files which have the same name except for the .L. and .R. before the extension, and run sox on them, outputting to a new file with the same name without the L/R suffix. For example, if my folder contains these files: track1.L.wav track2.L.wav track3.L.wav track4.L.wav track1.R.wav track2.R.wav track3.R.wav track4.R.wav track6.wav track7.wav I need to run these commands: sox -M track1.L.wav track1.R.wav track1.Stereo.wav sox -M track2.L.wav track2.R.wav track2.Stereo.wav sox -M track3.L.wav track3.R.wav track3.Stereo.wav sox -M track4.L.wav track4.R.wav track4.Stereo.wav Here's where I am so far: for file in ./*.L.wav; do file2=`echo $file | sed 's_\(.*\).L.wav_\1.R.wav_'`; out=`echo $file | sed 's_\(.*\).L.wav_\1.STEREO.wav_'`; echo $file - $file2 - $out; done That works, but when I replace the echo line with sox -M $file $file2 $out; it doesn't work; spaces in the filenames cause it to fail.

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• NetApp FAS270 head doesn't see disks

  - by wfaulk

  I have an FAS270C. For months, I've been running it in a split-head manner (that is, with each head serving data totally independently, and without any clustering even being enabled) in order to facilitate moving some data around. I finally got everything situated, moved all the data to one of the heads, and was trying to get clustering set back up. Now when I try to install OnTap onto the "new" head, it cannot see any of the disks in the head shelf. (That is, the shelf into which the heads are inserted.) I've booted into maintenance mode, and it shows me that the 0b adapter, which should be the adapter that that shelf and its disks should be presented on, is in "OFFLINE (physical)" state. If I try to enable it with either "storage enable adapter 0b" or "fcadmin online 0b", it waits for about 30 seconds and then says: [fci.initialization.failed:error]: Initialization failed on Fibre Channel adapter 0b. [fci.adapter.online.failed:error]: Fibre Channel adapter 0b failed to come online. There is currently nothing attached to its external 0b port. I've tried it with and without an SFP plugged into it, and with and without its internal termination switch on. The currently active head can see those disks, and can see that two of them are assigned to the other head. Before I started reconfiguring, the "new" head could see disks on that shelf. They may even be the same disks that OnTap was installed on previously. Does anyone have any idea how to proceed?

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• Exim 4 Virtual Domains and Catchall on Debian (Squeeze)

  - by parazuce

  Hello, I've been at it for about 4 hours now. Searching as well as trying different tutorials. Here's my setup: I have 2 domains, both under my own DNS server (MX records setup as well). I have exim4 successfully running, and it is able to send messages from both of those domains. I have tested this using sendmail, and manually setting the "From" attribute. Exim successfully delivers mail to users no matter which domain was specified. I'm fine with that, but I'm having an issue editing virtual domains, and adding custom delivery options (such as a catch all). I've been searching for about 4 hours, and I can't find any up-to-date documentation on how to do this. The old methods would be to add a line such as: domainlist local_domains = @:localhost:dsearch;/etc/exim4/virtual Once that line was added, I made a directory at /etc/exim4/virtual, then created files inside such as example.com which would then contain rules for delivery under that domain. This did not work, however. Searching further, I've found that exim no longer supports dsearch (I guess because they claim it never has?) This is where I'm stuck. I'm on a "split" configuration as well.

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• Alternatives to Splunk?

  - by MichaelGG

  I'm pretty impressed with Splunk, especially version 4. Pretty graphs, alerting (Enterprise only), and fast, accurate, searching. It's a great product. However, the cost just way too high to consider for full production use for our company. All we really need is to be able to index different logs in a central place, and have reasonable searching on that. Having alerts based on a saved search is also really nice. We don't really go beyond that. In fact, our biggest usage has been in deploying new applications. Everything gets logged via log4net to either the Event log on Windows or a text file on Linux. Splunk makes it pretty easy to quickly search across those to make sure all the parts of the app are working ok -- that's saved us tons of time versus hunting down individual logging sources. What alternatives exist in this market? I have a sinking feeling Splunk's pricing is so high because they have the best product by far, and they know it. We want the server to run on Windows. I'd be open to a split model, using one product for general logs (collect via syslog/Snare), and a dedicated product for our custom apps (like Log4Net Dashboard). Would using a simple syslog server such as Kiwi, sent to SQL Server (perhaps with fulltext enabled) work? I'd hope the cost should be well under 5 figures, USD. (And yes, I know, we're cheap. We're a startup with little money, and BizSpark takes care of all our MS licensing.) Edit: I should add, we have about 10 physical servers, 20 VMs, and a couple firewalls and switches. 90% is Windows.

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• I can't download or stream for more then 3 sec, and then the conection activity just dies

  - by JMHein

  Just got a new internet connection installed at my sisters place, but it randomly just stops working. At first it was only affecting flash videos. they would randomly just stop buffering. I did a lot of research on this and found that there can be many things that cause this exact trouble. I then tried IE and some flash would stream fine, but still random deaths. So I told my brother in law to reset the router and modem and that fixed the problem for them but not my laptop. I then started trying to fix the flash problem only to fined that downloads of any kind were affected. Now it is so bad that 50% of page loads will never finish because the connection drops to 0% usage with in a split sec. I can't get flash reinstalled because the installer is trying to download but the download dies at 8% I tried up loading a large file by FTP to a web server with no troubles. Yet any activity on my end that takes longer then about 1 sec to finish, just never finishes I can watch the network log in the taskmanager and it spikes for ruffly one sec then drops back to zero and when I go back to the web page it says it is still loading and no matter how long I let it sit it never does any thing more till I reload then it will again create a very short spike of activity on the connection and then drop to zero. Also if I start a download and it does drop off I can restart the download where it left off and get up to 100Kb/s for around the same one sec then it drops to around 14Kb/s then zero a sec latter... I am running Win 7 home prem x64 with FF11 and IE8 I have simply tried every thing I can short of calling up the ISP which very likely will get me no where fast. any advice on what step to take to figure this out would be nice. I am not even sure it is not just an ISP problem. (at least I should be able to get flash reinstalled once I get back home)

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• Running multiple services on different servers with IPv6 and a FQDN

  - by Mark Henderson

  One of the things NAT has permitted us to do in the past decade is split physical services onto different servers whilst hiding behind a single interface. For example, I have example.com behind a NAT on 192.0.2.10. I port-forward :80 and :443 to my web server. I'm also port forward :25 to my mail server, and :3389 to a terminal server and :8080 to the web interface of my computer that downloads torrents, and the story goes on. So I have 5 port forwardings going to 4 different computers on example.com. Then, I go and get me some neat IPv6. I assign example.com an IPv6 address of 2001:db8:88:200::10. That's great for my websites, but I want to go to example.com:8080 to get to my torrents, or example:3389 to log on to my terminal server. How can I do this with IPv6, as there is no NAT. Sure, I could create a bunch of new DNS entries for each new service, but then I have to update all my clients who are used to just typing example.com to get to either the website or the terminal server. My users are dumber than two bricks so they won't remember to connect to rdp.example.com. What options do I have for keeping NAT-style functionality with IPv6? In case you haven't figured it out, the above scenario is not a real scenario for me, or perhaps anyone yet, but it's bound to happen eventually. You know, with devops and all.

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• Updating a staging server (from a CI server) in a Vagrant box with Chef

  - by Tomas Brambora

  I'm using Vagrant + Chef (chef_client provisioner) to create & provision a staging environment for my server. And I have a Jenkins job set up that is run every time I push to my 'develop' branch. In the Jenkins job, I would like to update & rebuild the source code of the server in the staging box and restart it. I have already written the cookbooks that install the dependencies, configure the db etc. But I'm not sure how to run only the update & rebuild & restart stuff from the cookbooks. I understand I could always tear down the whole box and rebuild it, but provisioning the box is a lengthy process so I would like to do that as little as possible. I split my server cookbook into 3 recipes: dependencies, db_setup and server. What I want to run in the my Jenkins job is the "server" recipe only. But I dont' understand how can I do that... If I specify the run_list on my Chef server, then I lose the ability to provision the whole box from scratch. Basically, I would like to be able to tell Vagrant from the command line what recipes Chef should run. Is that possible somehow? Cheers!

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• auth.log is empty (Ubuntu)

  - by Vinicius Pinto

  The /var/log/auth.log file in my Ubuntu 9.04 is empty. syslogd is running and /etc/syslog.conf content is as follows. Any help? Thanks. # /etc/syslog.conf Configuration file for syslogd. # # For more information see syslog.conf(5) # manpage. # # First some standard logfiles. Log by facility. # auth,authpriv.* /var/log/auth.log *.*;auth,authpriv.none -/var/log/syslog #cron.* /var/log/cron.log daemon.* -/var/log/daemon.log kern.* -/var/log/kern.log lpr.* -/var/log/lpr.log mail.* -/var/log/mail.log user.* -/var/log/user.log # # Logging for the mail system. Split it up so that # it is easy to write scripts to parse these files. # mail.info -/var/log/mail.info mail.warning -/var/log/mail.warn mail.err /var/log/mail.err # Logging for INN news system # news.crit /var/log/news/news.crit news.err /var/log/news/news.err news.notice -/var/log/news/news.notice # # Some `catch-all' logfiles. # *.=debug;\ auth,authpriv.none;\ news.none;mail.none -/var/log/debug *.=info;*.=notice;*.=warning;\ auth,authpriv.none;\ cron,daemon.none;\ mail,news.none -/var/log/messages # # Emergencies are sent to everybody logged in. # *.emerg * # # I like to have messages displayed on the console, but only on a virtual # console I usually leave idle. # #daemon,mail.*;\ # news.=crit;news.=err;news.=notice;\ # *.=debug;*.=info;\ # *.=notice;*.=warning /dev/tty8 # The named pipe /dev/xconsole is for the `xconsole' utility. To use it, # you must invoke `xconsole' with the `-file' option: # # $ xconsole -file /dev/xconsole [...] # # NOTE: adjust the list below, or you'll go crazy if you have a reasonably # busy site.. # daemon.*;mail.*;\ news.err;\ *.=debug;*.=info;\ *.=notice;*.=warning |/dev/xconsole

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• fax server farm architechture

  - by Brian Postow

  I'm not sure this is the right forum for this, but it's not Stackoverflow so... I'm trying to figure out an architecture to solve the following problem, maybe someone here can help: I have a T1 with 23 fax lines coming into the building. I have a computer (Macintosh XServe) running Hylafax. If I had one POTS line, I'd be done. However, I have no idea how to get the T1 into the Mac... Options I've considered: some sort of PCI T1-modem (Does that exist?) Splitting the T1 into 23 POTS lines and then connecting 23 analog modems to the mac, either via an external modem bank (Do they still make those?) or via some sort of external PCI bank, which will allow me to use more than 2 4-port modem cards. Either the T1 or the split POTS lines going into some intermediate device and then transfering the images over IP, or USB to the mac. Really, any other option I can come up with This has GOT to be a problem that someone has already solved, right?

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• How can a Linux Administrator improve their shell scripting and automation skills?

  - by ewwhite

  In my organization, I work with a group of NOC staff, budding junior engineers and a handful of senior engineers; all with a focus on Linux. One interesting step in the way the company grows talent is that there's a path from the NOC to the senior engineering ranks. Viewing the talent pool as a relative newcomer, I see that there's a split in the skill sets that tends to grow over time... There are engineers who know one or several particular technologies well and are constantly immersed... e.g. MySQL, firewalls, SAN storage, load balancers... There are others who are generalists and can navigate multiple technologies. All learn enough Linux (commands, processes) to do what they need and use on a daily basis. A differentiating factor between some of the staff is how well they embrace scripting, automation and configuration management methodologies. For instance, we have two engineers who do the bulk of Amazon AWS CloudFormation work, and another who handles most of the Puppet infrastructure. Perhaps a quarter of the engineers are adept at BASH shell scripting. Looking at this in the context of the incredibly high demand for DevOps skills in the job market, I'm curious how other organizations foster the development of these skills and grow their internal talent. Scripting doesn't seem like a particularly-teachable concept. How does a sysadmin improve their shell scripting? Is there still a place for engineers who do not/cannot keep up in the DevOps paradigm? Are we simply to assume that some people will be left behind as these technologies evolve? Is that okay?

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• Cisco ASA: How to route PPPoE-assigned subnet?

  - by Martijn Heemels

  We've just received a fiber uplink, and I'm trying to configure our Cisco ASA 5505 to properly use it. The provider requires us to connect via PPPoE, and I managed to configure the ASA as a PPPoE client and establish a connection. The ASA is assigned an IP address by PPPoE, and I can ping out from the ASA to the internet, but I should have access to an entire /28 subnet. I can't figure out how to get that subnet configured on the ASA, so that I can route or NAT the available public addresses to various internal hosts. My assigned range is: 188.xx.xx.176/28 The address I get via PPPoE is 188.xx.xx.177/32, which according to our provider is our Default Gateway address. They claim the subnet is correctly routed to us on their side. How does the ASA know which range it is responsible for on the Fiber interface? How do I use the addresses from my range? To clarify my config; The ASA is currently configured to default-route to our ADSL uplink on port Ethernet0/0 (interface vlan2, nicknamed Outside). The fiber is connected to port Ethernet0/2 (interface vlan50, nicknamed Fiber) so I can configure and test it before making it the default route. Once I'm clear on how to set it all up, I'll fully replace the Outside interface with Fiber. My config (rather long): : Saved : ASA Version 8.3(2)4 ! hostname gw domain-name example.com enable password ****** encrypted passwd ****** encrypted names name 10.10.1.0 Inside-dhcp-network description Desktops and clients that receive their IP via DHCP name 10.10.0.208 svn.example.com description Subversion server name 10.10.0.205 marvin.example.com description LAMP development server name 10.10.0.206 dns.example.com description DNS, DHCP, NTP ! interface Vlan2 description Old ADSL WAN connection nameif outside security-level 0 ip address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.252 ! interface Vlan10 description LAN vlan 10 Regular LAN traffic nameif inside security-level 100 ip address 10.10.0.254 255.255.0.0 ! interface Vlan11 description LAN vlan 11 Lab/test traffic nameif lab security-level 90 ip address 10.11.0.254 255.255.0.0 ! interface Vlan20 description LAN vlan 20 ISCSI traffic nameif iscsi security-level 100 ip address 10.20.0.254 255.255.0.0 ! interface Vlan30 description LAN vlan 30 DMZ traffic nameif dmz security-level 50 ip address 10.30.0.254 255.255.0.0 ! interface Vlan40 description LAN vlan 40 Guests access to the internet nameif guests security-level 50 ip address 10.40.0.254 255.255.0.0 ! interface Vlan50 description New WAN Corporate Internet over fiber nameif fiber security-level 0 pppoe client vpdn group KPN ip address pppoe ! interface Ethernet0/0 switchport access vlan 2 speed 100 duplex full ! interface Ethernet0/1 switchport trunk allowed vlan 10,11,30,40 switchport trunk native vlan 10 switchport mode trunk ! interface Ethernet0/2 switchport access vlan 50 speed 100 duplex full ! interface Ethernet0/3 shutdown ! interface Ethernet0/4 shutdown ! interface Ethernet0/5 switchport access vlan 20 ! interface Ethernet0/6 shutdown ! interface Ethernet0/7 shutdown ! boot system disk0:/asa832-4-k8.bin ftp mode passive clock timezone CEST 1 clock summer-time CEDT recurring last Sun Mar 2:00 last Sun Oct 3:00 dns domain-lookup inside dns server-group DefaultDNS name-server dns.example.com domain-name example.com same-security-traffic permit inter-interface same-security-traffic permit intra-interface object network inside-net subnet 10.10.0.0 255.255.0.0 object network svn.example.com host 10.10.0.208 object network marvin.example.com host 10.10.0.205 object network lab-net subnet 10.11.0.0 255.255.0.0 object network dmz-net subnet 10.30.0.0 255.255.0.0 object network guests-net subnet 10.40.0.0 255.255.0.0 object network dhcp-subnet subnet 10.10.1.0 255.255.255.0 description DHCP assigned addresses on Vlan 10 object network Inside-vpnpool description Pool of assignable addresses for VPN clients object network vpn-subnet subnet 10.10.3.0 255.255.255.0 description Address pool assignable to VPN clients object network dns.example.com host 10.10.0.206 description DNS, DHCP, NTP object-group service iscsi tcp description iscsi storage traffic port-object eq 3260 access-list outside_access_in remark Allow access from outside to HTTP on svn. access-list outside_access_in extended permit tcp any object svn.example.com eq www access-list Insiders!_splitTunnelAcl standard permit 10.10.0.0 255.255.0.0 access-list iscsi_access_in remark Prevent disruption of iscsi traffic from outside the iscsi vlan. access-list iscsi_access_in extended deny tcp any interface iscsi object-group iscsi log warnings ! snmp-map DenyV1 deny version 1 ! pager lines 24 logging enable logging timestamp logging asdm-buffer-size 512 logging monitor warnings logging buffered warnings logging history critical logging asdm errors logging flash-bufferwrap logging flash-minimum-free 4000 logging flash-maximum-allocation 2000 mtu outside 1500 mtu inside 1500 mtu lab 1500 mtu iscsi 9000 mtu dmz 1500 mtu guests 1500 mtu fiber 1492 ip local pool DHCP_VPN 10.10.3.1-10.10.3.20 mask 255.255.0.0 ip verify reverse-path interface outside no failover icmp unreachable rate-limit 10 burst-size 5 asdm image disk0:/asdm-635.bin asdm history enable arp timeout 14400 nat (inside,outside) source static any any destination static vpn-subnet vpn-subnet ! object network inside-net nat (inside,outside) dynamic interface object network svn.example.com nat (inside,outside) static interface service tcp www www object network lab-net nat (lab,outside) dynamic interface object network dmz-net nat (dmz,outside) dynamic interface object network guests-net nat (guests,outside) dynamic interface access-group outside_access_in in interface outside access-group iscsi_access_in in interface iscsi route outside 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.1.1 1 timeout xlate 3:00:00 timeout conn 1:00:00 half-closed 0:10:00 udp 0:02:00 icmp 0:00:02 timeout sunrpc 0:10:00 h323 0:05:00 h225 1:00:00 mgcp 0:05:00 mgcp-pat 0:05:00 timeout sip 0:30:00 sip_media 0:02:00 sip-invite 0:03:00 sip-disconnect 0:02:00 timeout sip-provisional-media 0:02:00 uauth 0:05:00 absolute timeout tcp-proxy-reassembly 0:01:00 dynamic-access-policy-record DfltAccessPolicy aaa-server SBS2003 protocol radius aaa-server SBS2003 (inside) host 10.10.0.204 timeout 5 key ***** aaa authentication enable console SBS2003 LOCAL aaa authentication ssh console SBS2003 LOCAL aaa authentication telnet console SBS2003 LOCAL http server enable http 10.10.0.0 255.255.0.0 inside snmp-server host inside 10.10.0.207 community ***** version 2c snmp-server location Server room snmp-server contact [email protected] snmp-server community ***** snmp-server enable traps snmp authentication linkup linkdown coldstart snmp-server enable traps syslog crypto ipsec transform-set TRANS_ESP_AES-256_SHA esp-aes-256 esp-sha-hmac crypto ipsec transform-set TRANS_ESP_AES-256_SHA mode transport crypto ipsec transform-set ESP-AES-256-MD5 esp-aes-256 esp-md5-hmac crypto ipsec transform-set ESP-DES-SHA esp-des esp-sha-hmac crypto ipsec transform-set ESP-DES-MD5 esp-des esp-md5-hmac crypto ipsec transform-set ESP-AES-192-MD5 esp-aes-192 esp-md5-hmac crypto ipsec transform-set ESP-3DES-MD5 esp-3des esp-md5-hmac crypto ipsec transform-set ESP-AES-256-SHA esp-aes-256 esp-sha-hmac crypto ipsec transform-set ESP-AES-128-SHA esp-aes esp-sha-hmac crypto ipsec transform-set ESP-AES-192-SHA esp-aes-192 esp-sha-hmac crypto ipsec transform-set ESP-AES-128-MD5 esp-aes esp-md5-hmac crypto ipsec transform-set ESP-3DES-SHA esp-3des esp-sha-hmac crypto ipsec security-association lifetime seconds 28800 crypto ipsec security-association lifetime kilobytes 4608000 crypto dynamic-map outside_dyn_map 20 set pfs group5 crypto dynamic-map outside_dyn_map 20 set transform-set TRANS_ESP_AES-256_SHA crypto dynamic-map SYSTEM_DEFAULT_CRYPTO_MAP 65535 set transform-set ESP-AES-128-SHA ESP-AES-128-MD5 ESP-AES-192-SHA ESP-AES-192-MD5 ESP-AES-256-SHA ESP-AES-256-MD5 ESP-3DES-SHA ESP-3DES-MD5 ESP-DES-SHA ESP-DES-MD5 crypto map outside_map 65535 ipsec-isakmp dynamic SYSTEM_DEFAULT_CRYPTO_MAP crypto map outside_map interface outside crypto isakmp enable outside crypto isakmp policy 1 authentication pre-share encryption 3des hash sha group 2 lifetime 86400 telnet 10.10.0.0 255.255.0.0 inside telnet timeout 5 ssh scopy enable ssh 10.10.0.0 255.255.0.0 inside ssh timeout 5 ssh version 2 console timeout 30 management-access inside vpdn group KPN request dialout pppoe vpdn group KPN localname INSIDERS vpdn group KPN ppp authentication pap vpdn username INSIDERS password ***** store-local dhcpd address 10.40.1.0-10.40.1.100 guests dhcpd dns 8.8.8.8 8.8.4.4 interface guests dhcpd update dns interface guests dhcpd enable guests ! threat-detection basic-threat threat-detection scanning-threat threat-detection statistics host number-of-rate 2 threat-detection statistics port number-of-rate 3 threat-detection statistics protocol number-of-rate 3 threat-detection statistics access-list threat-detection statistics tcp-intercept rate-interval 30 burst-rate 400 average-rate 200 ntp server dns.example.com source inside prefer webvpn group-policy DfltGrpPolicy attributes vpn-tunnel-protocol IPSec l2tp-ipsec group-policy Insiders! internal group-policy Insiders! attributes wins-server value 10.10.0.205 dns-server value 10.10.0.206 vpn-tunnel-protocol IPSec l2tp-ipsec split-tunnel-policy tunnelspecified split-tunnel-network-list value Insiders!_splitTunnelAcl default-domain value example.com username martijn password ****** encrypted privilege 15 username marcel password ****** encrypted privilege 15 tunnel-group DefaultRAGroup ipsec-attributes pre-shared-key ***** tunnel-group Insiders! type remote-access tunnel-group Insiders! general-attributes address-pool DHCP_VPN authentication-server-group SBS2003 LOCAL default-group-policy Insiders! tunnel-group Insiders! ipsec-attributes pre-shared-key ***** ! class-map global-class match default-inspection-traffic class-map type inspect http match-all asdm_medium_security_methods match not request method head match not request method post match not request method get ! ! policy-map type inspect dns preset_dns_map parameters message-length maximum 512 policy-map type inspect http http_inspection_policy parameters protocol-violation action drop-connection policy-map global-policy class global-class inspect dns inspect esmtp inspect ftp inspect h323 h225 inspect h323 ras inspect http inspect icmp inspect icmp error inspect mgcp inspect netbios inspect pptp inspect rtsp inspect snmp DenyV1 ! service-policy global-policy global smtp-server 123.123.123.123 prompt hostname context call-home profile CiscoTAC-1 no active destination address http https://tools.cisco.com/its/service/oddce/services/DDCEService destination address email [email protected] destination transport-method http subscribe-to-alert-group diagnostic subscribe-to-alert-group environment subscribe-to-alert-group inventory periodic monthly subscribe-to-alert-group configuration periodic monthly subscribe-to-alert-group telemetry periodic daily hpm topN enable Cryptochecksum:a76bbcf8b19019771c6d3eeecb95c1ca : end asdm image disk0:/asdm-635.bin asdm location svn.example.com 255.255.255.255 inside asdm location marvin.example.com 255.255.255.255 inside asdm location dns.example.com 255.255.255.255 inside asdm history enable

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• New keyboard for linux: Adesso Tru-Form or MS Natural Keyboard 4000?

  - by Andrea

  Hi folks! I'm going to buy a new ergonomic keyboard for my laptop. In the following, keep in mind I live in Italy. I considered the following models: Adesso PCK-308UB - Adesso Tru-Form™ Pro - Contoured Ergonomic Keyboard with TouchPad-PS2 Pro: has a built-in touchpad in the same position of my laptop somewhat cheaper than the alternative below Cons: the surface doesn't seem to be bowl-shaped. keys seem to lay on a straight slightly-inclined surface. It seems an idea used extensively in other ergonomic keyboards according to a few comments on the net, new Adesso keyboards seem to lack robustness, they're likely to loose small parts after a few weeks or months. Other users, instead, seem to never had any problem in years and swear by their quality and comfortability. Those who had problems, however, lamented a lack of responsiveness from the manufacturer. I'm not sure whether the keyboard, at least the standard keys, and the touchpad will both be recognized correctly under linux distros (I mostly use FC btw) last time I checked, Adesso didn't have local resellers in my country Microsoft Natural Ergonomic Keyboard Pro: recognized as one of the most comfortable keyboards reliable customer service operating in my country AFAIK there are several documented ways to get extra buttons work with linux Cons: it doesn't have a builtin touchpad and has a numeric keypad wasting space to reach mouse But there could be other keyboards I haven't considered yet, so here follows my ideal keyboard wishlist, ordered by priority linux compatible basic ergonomic design, which entails split tilted keyboard and pads advanced ergonomic design, like true-ergonomic's or kinesis , where special keys (like enter, caps-lock...) are placed symmetrically in the middle to be used by thumbs a builtin touchpad/trackball placed under the keyboard. I just love this on my notebook. I think it's pretty effective, since it allows my hand to rest naturally everytime I use it. Any opinion on this? high-quality switches, like cherry's (unsure about this one) additional programmable keys placed near usual ones, to simplify typing shortcuts TIA Andrea

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• Are relative-path symlinks reliable on Rackspace Cloud Sites?

  - by Jakobud

  Rackspace's Cloud Sites have a lot of stupid limitations. For example, no SSH (in or out), no shell, no RSYNC, etc... (even through cron). Recently I learned that you can't reliably use symlinks in Cloud Sites. Apparently this is because the absolute path of your sites could change at any moment, since it's a shared host environment split up between many disks/servers. I guess different account's sites get moved from disk to disk whenever Rackspace decides to. Supposedly to increase efficiency across the board. So after talking with a Rackspace tech, he said they cannot guarantee that symlinks would always work. Obviously this is because if you have a symlink that use's an absolute path like this: //mnt/disk-34566/home/user34566/files/sites/www.mysite.com/mydir If you files go moved to a different disk (or whatever they do), then the absolute path would be different and the link would now be broken. That makes sense. So next, I asked the Rackspace tech if relative path symlinks were reliable. So if I have the following link: files/sites/www.mysite.com/mylink --> ../www.myothersite.com/anotherdir You can see that the symlink simply points to a nearby directory's sub-directory. He said they cannot guarantee that even those would always work either. Since it uses a relative path to another nearby directory I'm not sure how it could ever break from something Rackspace would do. Do relative symlinks somehow rely on absolute paths underneath? Or is Rackspace using some weird custom filesystem where they will break from absolute path changes? It seems like a relative-path symlink would be fine and would only break if the user did something to mess up the directories involved. But when the tech's say that they "don't officially support symlinks of any kind" that makes me hesitant to use them for large commercial websites in Cloud Sites. Can anyone with Rackspace experience give input on this topic?

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• How do I diagnose a bottleneck in an Intel Atom based Ubuntu server?

  - by Jon Cage

  I have a small media server at home which has software raid and a gigabit link to the rest of my network. For some reason though, I only get ~10MB/s transfers when copying to/from the server. I use software RAID5 (mdadm) over 4 1TB disks. On top of that I then use LVM to give me a huge pool of disk space which is then split up into multiple partitions which can be resized as and when they need it. I'm guessing this it most likely the cause, but I'd like to know for sure where the root cause is. So, how can I benchmark network throughput (Windows 7 desktop <- Ubuntu server) and hard disk performance to try and identify where my bottleneck might be? [Edit] If anyone's interested, the motherboard is an Intel Desktop Board D945GCLF2. So that's a 300 series Atom processor with the Intel® 945GC Express Chipset [Edit2] I feel like such a fool! I just checked my desktop and I had the slower of the two onboard NICs plugged in so the server is probably not at fault here. Transferring a copy of ubuntu off the server I get ~35-40MB/s according to Windows 7. I'll do those HD tests when I get a chance though (just for completeness).

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• PS/2 to USB adapter doesn't work with Model M keyboard

  - by mickburkejnr

  I bought a server about 3 months ago from a friend, and I have only had time to tinker with it in the last week. I noticed that this server doesn't have any PS/2 ports, which meant configuring it was near impossible. I don't have any USB keyboards in the house, I only have an IBM Model M keyboard (built 1994) and another IBM keyboard that was built circa 2001. Both of them have PS/2 connections. I bought an adapter off eBay, and when I used it with the Model M keyboard the three lights on the keyboard flashed for a split second, but then the keyboard is then unresponsive. I can bash away at the keys for ages and nothing will happen. The same applies to the later built IBM keyboard. What could I do to make the adapter work? I am getting the loan of a USB keyboard in two weeks time, but I'd like a more permanent solution without having to rely on getting the loan of a keyboard every time I have to perform maintenance on the server. And as I already have two keyboards which work fine and I like using, I don't really want to have to buy another keyboard just for use on the server.

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• Need clear steps on how to convert a Windows 2000 Server to a XenServer VM

  - by Jay

  The source system is not local. The target host running XenServer is not local. The source system is running Windows 2000 Server SP4 and has 1 disk split into 6 partitions, all NTFS: C: 6 GB (boot) D: 15 GB E: 6 GB F: 6 GB G: 5 GB H: 26 GB Most of the partitions are mostly mostly full ( 60%). What is the most straightforward way to do a P2V migration of the server? I can do minor database & data syncs after the P2V is successful & running as a VM within XenServer, it's just getting to that point which is not clear. The option of installing a Windows 2000 Server from scratch is not available, I need to convert the existing physical server as-is into a VM to be hosted within a XenServer environment. I've looked at XenConvert but it maxes out on converting only 4 partitions in one shot, and I'm not certain how to account for the 2 extra partitions. I'm not familiar with XenServer but it's my only option right now to go P2V.

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• Temporary boot problem after thunder storm - likely causes?

  - by alastairs

  The village where I live was sat under a thunder cloud for most of Friday, and we suffered a few power fluctuations (specifically, what seemed to be split-second outages). When I got back home from work, I found that my PCs had shut down during one of these outages. When I went to boot one of them back up, I couldn't get anything to display on screen, nor did the boot seem to complete correctly. I tried a number of things - unplugging different bits of hardware, swapping graphics adaptors, etc. - to no avail. I thought I was looking at a fried motherboard or CPU. Power seemed to be distributed correctly to the peripherals (the drives all appeared to be working) so I figured it couldn't be the PSU. Eventually I unplugged it from the mains and left it overnight (approx 12hrs unplugged). I tried it again this morning, and it booted up correctly. Woo-hoo! I have all my equipment protected by surge-protected power strips, so I don't think a spike caused these problems. Obviously it has something to do with the power fluctuations, and maybe the PSU in the problem machine got itself confused somehow. The questions are, for future reference and to help people with similar problems: What are the likely causes of the boot failure I experienced? Is a UPS a simple and cost-effective solution, or might other things help prevent this happening in future? What UPS can you recommend (my budget is limited)?

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