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  • Please explain this python behavior

    - by StackUnderflow
    class SomeClass(object): def __init__(self, key_text_pairs = None): ..... for key, text in key_text_pairs: ...... ...... x = SomeClass([1, 2, 3]) The value of key_text_pairs inside the init is None even if I pass a list as in the above statement. Why is it so?? I want to write a generic init which can take all iterator objects... Thanks

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  • Python Post Upload JPEG to Server?

    - by iJames
    It seems like this answer has been provided a bunch of times but in all of it, I'm still getting errors from the server and I'm sure it has to do with my code. I've tried HTTP, and HTTPConnection from httplib and both create quite different terminal outputs in terms of formatting/encoding so I'm not sure where the problem lies. Does anything stand out here? Or is there just a better way? Pieced together from an ancient article because I really needed to understand the basis of creating the post: http://code.activestate.com/recipes/146306-http-client-to-post-using-multipartform-data/ Note, the jpeg is supposed to be "unformatted". The pseudocode: boundary = "somerandomsetofchars" BOUNDARY = '--' + boundary CRLF = '\r\n' fields = [('aspecialkey','thevalueofthekey')] files = [('Image.Data','mypicture.jpg','/users/home/me/mypicture.jpg')] bodylines = [] for (key, value) in fields: bodylines.append(BOUNDARY) bodylines.append('Content-Disposition: form-data; name="%s"' % key) bodylines.append('') bodylines.append(value) for (key, filename, fileloc) in files: bodylines.append(BOUNDARY) bodylines.append('Content-Disposition: form-data; name="%s"; filename="%s"' % (key, filename)) bodylines.append('Content-Type: %s' % self.get_content_type(fileloc)) bodylines.append('') bodylines.append(open(fileloc,'r').read()) bodylines.append(BOUNDARY + '--') bodylines.append('') #print bodylines content_type = 'multipart/form-data; boundary=%s' % BOUNDARY body = CRLF.join(bodylines) #conn = httplib.HTTP("www.ahost.com") # In both this and below, the file part was garbling the rest of the body?!? conn = httplib.HTTPConnection("www.ahost.com") conn.putrequest('POST', "/myuploadlocation/uploadimage") headers = { 'content-length': str(len(body)), 'Content-Type' : content_type, 'User-Agent' : 'myagent' } for headerkey in headers: conn.putheader(headerkey, headers[headerkey]) conn.endheaders() conn.send(body) response = conn.getresponse() result = response.read() responseheaders = response.getheaders() It's interesting in that the real code I've implemented seems to work and is getting back valid responses, but the problem it it's telling me that it can't find the image data. Maybe this is particular to the server, but I'm just trying to rule out that I'm not doing some thing exceptionally stupid here. Or perhaps there's other methodologies for doing this more efficiently. I've not tried poster yet because I want to make sure I'm formatting the POST correctly first. I figure I can upgrade to poster after it's working yes?

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  • Help with copy and deepcopy in Python

    - by Az
    Hi there, I think I tried to ask for far too much in my previous question so apologies for that. Let me lay out my situation in as simple a manner as I can this time. Basically, I've got a bunch of dictionaries that reference my objects, which are in turn mapped using SQLAlchemy. All fine with me. However, I want to make iterative changes to the contents of those dictionaries. The problem is that doing so will change the objects they reference---and using copy.copy() does no good since it only copies the references contained within the dictionary. Thus even if copied something, when I try to, say print the contents of the dictionary, I'll only get the latest updated values for the object. This is why I wanted to use copy.deepcopy() but that does not work with SQLAlchemy. Now I'm in a dilemma since I need to copy certain attributes of my object before making said iterative changes. In summary, I need to use SQLAlchemy and at the same time make sure I can have a copy of my object attributes when making changes so I don't change the referenced object itself. Any advice, help, suggestions, etc.?

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  • python, wrapping class returning the average of the wrapped members

    - by João Portela
    The title isn't very clear but I'll try to explain. Having this class: class Wrapped(object): def method_a(self): # do some operations return n def method_b(self): # also do some operations return n I wan't to have a class that performs the same way as this one: class Wrapper(object): def __init__(self): self.ws = [Wrapped(1),Wrapped(2),Wrapped(3)] def method_a(self): results=[Wrapped.method_a(w) for w in self.ws] sum_ = sum(results,0.0) average = sum_/len(self.ws) return average def method_b(self): results=[Wrapped.method_b(w) for w in self.ws] sum_ = sum(results,0.0) average = sum_/len(self.ws) return average obviously this is not the actual problem at hand (it is not only two methods), and this code is also incomplete (only included the minimum to explain the problem). So, what i am looking for is a way to obtain this behavior. Meaning, whichever method is called in the wrapper class, call that method for all the Wrapped class objects and return the average of their results. Can it be done? how? Thanks in advance. ps-didn't know which tags to include...

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  • Python - Strange Behavior in re.sub

    - by Greg
    Here's the code I'm running: import re FIND_TERM = r'C:\\Program Files\\Microsoft SQL Server\\90\\DTS\\Binn\\DTExec\.exe' rfind_term = re.compile(FIND_TERM,re.I) REPLACE_TERM = 'C:\\Program Files\\Microsoft SQL Server\\100\\DTS\\Binn\\DTExec.exe' test = r'something C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\90\DTS\Binn\DTExec.exe something' print rfind_term.sub(REPLACE_TERM,test) And the result I get is: something C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server@\DTS\Binn\DTExec.exe something Why is there an @ sign?

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  • Copy string - Python

    - by Francisco Aleixo
    Ok guys I imagine this is easy but I can't seem to find how to copy a string. Simply COPY to the system like CTRL+C on a text. Basically I want to copy a string so I can for example, lets say, paste(ctrl+v). Sorry for such a trivial question, haha.

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  • Python + PostgreSQL + strange ascii = UTF8 encoding error

    - by Claudiu
    I have ascii strings which contain the character "\x80" to represent the euro symbol: >>> print "\x80" € When inserting string data containing this character into my database, I get: psycopg2.DataError: invalid byte sequence for encoding "UTF8": 0x80 HINT: This error can also happen if the byte sequence does not match the encodi ng expected by the server, which is controlled by "client_encoding". I'm a unicode newbie. How can I convert my strings containing "\x80" to valid UTF-8 containing that same euro symbol? I've tried calling .encode and .decode on various strings, but run into errors: >>> "\x80".encode("utf-8") Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#14>", line 1, in <module> "\x80".encode("utf-8") UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte 0x80 in position 0: ordinal not in range(128)

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  • Importing files in Python from __init__.py

    - by Federico Builes
    Suppose I have the following structure: app/ __init__.py foo/ a.py b.py c.py __init__.py a.py, b.py and c.py share some common imports (logging, os, re, etc). Is it possible to import these three or four common modules from the __init__.py file so I don't have to import them in every one of the files? Edit: My goal is to avoid having to import 5-6 modules in each file and it's not related to performance reasons.

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  • Windows path in python

    - by Gareth
    Hi all. What is the best way to represent a windows directory, for example "C:\meshes\as"? I have been trying to modify a script but it never works because I can't seem to get the directory right, I assume because of the '\' acting as escape character? Thanks, Gareth

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  • Python: query a class's parent-class after multiple derivations ("super()" does not work)

    - by henry
    Hi, I have built a class-system that uses multiple derivations of a baseclass (object-class1-class2-class3): class class1(object): def __init__(self): print "class1.__init__()" object.__init__(self) class class2(class1): def __init__(self): print "class2.__init__()" class1.__init__(self) class class3(class2): def __init__(self): print "class3.__init__()" class2.__init__(self) x = class3() It works as expected and prints: class3.__init__() class2.__init__() class1.__init__() Now I would like to replace the 3 lines object.__init__(self) ... class1.__init__(self) ... class2.__init__(self) with something like this: currentParentClass().__init__() ... currentParentClass().__init__() ... currentParentClass().__init__() So basically, i want to create a class-system where i don't have to type "classXYZ.doSomething()". As mentioned above, I want to get the "current class's parent-class". Replacing the three lines with: super(type(self), self).__init__() does NOT work (it always returns the parent-class of the current instance - class2) and will result in an endless loop printing: class3.__init__() class2.__init__() class2.__init__() class2.__init__() class2.__init__() ... So is there a function that can give me the current class's parent-class? Thank you for your help! Henry -------------------- Edit: @Lennart ok maybe i got you wrong but at the moment i think i didn't describe the problem clearly enough.So this example might explain it better: lets create another child-class class class4(class3): pass now what happens if we derive an instance from class4? y = class4() i think it clearly executes: super(class3, self).__init__() which we can translate to this: class2.__init__(y) this is definitly not the goal(that would be class3.__init__(y)) Now making lots of parent-class-function-calls - i do not want to re-implement all of my functions with different base-class-names in my super()-calls.

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  • Regex optional match in python fails

    - by AaronG
    tickettypepat = (r'MIS Notes:.**(//p//)?.**') retype = re.search(tickettypepat,line) if retype: print retype.group(0) print retype.group(1) Given the input. MIS Notes: //p// Can anyone tell me why group(0) is MIS Notes: //p// and group(1) is returning as None?

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  • Python: finding lowest integer

    - by sarah
    I have the following code: l = ['-1.2', '0.0', '1'] x = 100.0 for i in l: if i < x: x = i print x The code should find the lowest value in my list (-1.2) but instead when i print 'x' it finds the value is still 100.0 Where is my code going wrong?

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  • fit a ellipse in Python given a set of points xi=(xi,yi)

    - by Gianni
    I am computing a series of index from a 2D points (x,y). One index is the ratio between minor and major axis. To fit the ellipse i am using the following post when i run these function the final results looks strange because the center and the axis length are not in scale with the 2D points center = [ 560415.53298363+0.j 6368878.84576771+0.j] angle of rotation = (-0.0528033467597-5.55111512313e-17j) axes = [0.00000000-557.21553487j 6817.76933256 +0.j] thanks in advance for help import numpy as np from numpy.linalg import eig, inv def fitEllipse(x,y): x = x[:,np.newaxis] y = y[:,np.newaxis] D = np.hstack((x*x, x*y, y*y, x, y, np.ones_like(x))) S = np.dot(D.T,D) C = np.zeros([6,6]) C[0,2] = C[2,0] = 2; C[1,1] = -1 E, V = eig(np.dot(inv(S), C)) n = np.argmax(np.abs(E)) a = V[:,n] return a def ellipse_center(a): b,c,d,f,g,a = a[1]/2, a[2], a[3]/2, a[4]/2, a[5], a[0] num = b*b-a*c x0=(c*d-b*f)/num y0=(a*f-b*d)/num return np.array([x0,y0]) def ellipse_angle_of_rotation( a ): b,c,d,f,g,a = a[1]/2, a[2], a[3]/2, a[4]/2, a[5], a[0] return 0.5*np.arctan(2*b/(a-c)) def ellipse_axis_length( a ): b,c,d,f,g,a = a[1]/2, a[2], a[3]/2, a[4]/2, a[5], a[0] up = 2*(a*f*f+c*d*d+g*b*b-2*b*d*f-a*c*g) down1=(b*b-a*c)*( (c-a)*np.sqrt(1+4*b*b/((a-c)*(a-c)))-(c+a)) down2=(b*b-a*c)*( (a-c)*np.sqrt(1+4*b*b/((a-c)*(a-c)))-(c+a)) res1=np.sqrt(up/down1) res2=np.sqrt(up/down2) return np.array([res1, res2]) if __name__ == '__main__': points = [(560036.4495758876, 6362071.890493258), (560036.4495758876, 6362070.890493258), (560036.9495758876, 6362070.890493258), (560036.9495758876, 6362070.390493258), (560037.4495758876, 6362070.390493258), (560037.4495758876, 6362064.890493258), (560036.4495758876, 6362064.890493258), (560036.4495758876, 6362063.390493258), (560035.4495758876, 6362063.390493258), (560035.4495758876, 6362062.390493258), (560034.9495758876, 6362062.390493258), (560034.9495758876, 6362061.390493258), (560032.9495758876, 6362061.390493258), (560032.9495758876, 6362061.890493258), (560030.4495758876, 6362061.890493258), (560030.4495758876, 6362061.390493258), (560029.9495758876, 6362061.390493258), (560029.9495758876, 6362060.390493258), (560029.4495758876, 6362060.390493258), (560029.4495758876, 6362059.890493258), (560028.9495758876, 6362059.890493258), (560028.9495758876, 6362059.390493258), (560028.4495758876, 6362059.390493258), (560028.4495758876, 6362058.890493258), (560027.4495758876, 6362058.890493258), (560027.4495758876, 6362058.390493258), (560026.9495758876, 6362058.390493258), (560026.9495758876, 6362057.890493258), (560025.4495758876, 6362057.890493258), (560025.4495758876, 6362057.390493258), (560023.4495758876, 6362057.390493258), (560023.4495758876, 6362060.390493258), (560023.9495758876, 6362060.390493258), (560023.9495758876, 6362061.890493258), (560024.4495758876, 6362061.890493258), (560024.4495758876, 6362063.390493258), (560024.9495758876, 6362063.390493258), (560024.9495758876, 6362064.390493258), (560025.4495758876, 6362064.390493258), (560025.4495758876, 6362065.390493258), (560025.9495758876, 6362065.390493258), (560025.9495758876, 6362065.890493258), (560026.4495758876, 6362065.890493258), (560026.4495758876, 6362066.890493258), (560026.9495758876, 6362066.890493258), (560026.9495758876, 6362068.390493258), (560027.4495758876, 6362068.390493258), (560027.4495758876, 6362068.890493258), (560027.9495758876, 6362068.890493258), (560027.9495758876, 6362069.390493258), (560028.4495758876, 6362069.390493258), (560028.4495758876, 6362069.890493258), (560033.4495758876, 6362069.890493258), (560033.4495758876, 6362070.390493258), (560033.9495758876, 6362070.390493258), (560033.9495758876, 6362070.890493258), (560034.4495758876, 6362070.890493258), (560034.4495758876, 6362071.390493258), (560034.9495758876, 6362071.390493258), (560034.9495758876, 6362071.890493258), (560036.4495758876, 6362071.890493258)] a_points = np.array(points) x = a_points[:, 0] y = a_points[:, 1] from pylab import * plot(x,y) show() a = fitEllipse(x,y) center = ellipse_center(a) phi = ellipse_angle_of_rotation(a) axes = ellipse_axis_length(a) print "center = ", center print "angle of rotation = ", phi print "axes = ", axes from pylab import * plot(x,y) plot(center[0:1],center[1:], color = 'red') show() each vertex is a xi,y,i point plot of 2D point and center of fit ellipse

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  • python unittest howto

    - by zubin71
    I`d like to know how I could unit-test the following module. def download_distribution(url, tempdir): """ Method which downloads the distribution from PyPI """ print "Attempting to download from %s" % (url,) try: url_handler = urllib2.urlopen(url) distribution_contents = url_handler.read() url_handler.close() filename = get_file_name(url) file_handler = open(os.path.join(tempdir, filename), "w") file_handler.write(distribution_contents) file_handler.close() return True except ValueError, IOError: return False

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  • Multiple levels of 'collection.defaultdict' in Python

    - by Morlock
    Thanks to some great folks on SO, I discovered the possibilities offered by collections.defaultdict, notably in readability and speed. I have put them to use with success. Now I would like to implement three levels of dictionaries, the two top ones being defaultdict and the lowest one being int. I don't find the appropriate way to do this. Here is my attempt: from collections import defaultdict d = defaultdict(defaultdict) a = [("key1", {"a1":22, "a2":33}), ("key2", {"a1":32, "a2":55}), ("key3", {"a1":43, "a2":44})] for i in a: d[i[0]] = i[1] Now this works, but the following, which is the desired behavior, doesn't: d["key4"]["a1"] + 1 I suspect that I should have declared somewhere that the second level defaultdict is of type int, but I didn't find where or how to do so. The reason I am using defaultdict in the first place is to avoid having to initialize the dictionary for each new key. Any more elegant suggestion? Thanks pythoneers!

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  • Reading HTTP server push streams with Python

    - by Sam
    I'm playing around trying to write a client for a site which provides data as an HTTP stream (aka HTTP server push). However, urllib2.urlopen() grabs the stream in its current state and then closes the connection. I tried skipping urllib2 and using httplib directly, but this seems to have the same behaviour. Is there a way to get the stream to stay open, so it can be checked each program loop for new contents, rather than waiting for the whole thing to be redownloaded every few seconds, introducing lag?

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  • How should I use random.jumpahead in Python

    - by Peter Smit
    I have a application that does a certain experiment 1000 times (multi-threaded, so that multiple experiments are done at the same time). Every experiment needs appr. 50.000 random.random() calls. What is the best approach to get this really random. I could copy a random object to every experiment and do than a jumpahead of 50.000 * expid. The documentation suggests that jumpahead(1) already scrambles the state, but is that really true? Or is there another way to do this in 'the best way'? (No, the random numbers are not used for security, but for a metropolis hasting algorithm. The only requirement is that the experiments are independent, not whether the random sequence is somehow predictable or so)

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  • `strip`ing the results of a split in python

    - by Igor
    i'm trying to do something pretty simple: line = "name : bob" k, v = line.lower().split(':') k = k.strip() v = v.strip() is there a way to combine this into one line somehow? i found myself writing this over and over again when making parsers, and sometimes this involves way more than just two variables. i know i can use regexp, but this is simple enough to not really have to require it...

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  • wx Python is not properly drawing customtree items

    - by uberjumper
    Hi, I am currently using wx.CustomTree, to use to display a series of configuration settings. I generally fill them with wx.TextCtrl / wx.Combobox, to allow the user to edit / enter stuff. Here is my code: class ConfigTree(CT.CustomTreeCtrl): """ Holds all non gui drawing panel stuff """ def __init__(self, parent): CT.CustomTreeCtrl.__init__(self, parent, id = common.ID_CONTROL_SETTINGS, style = wx.TR_DEFAULT_STYLE | wx.TR_HAS_BUTTONS | wx.TR_HAS_VARIABLE_ROW_HEIGHT | wx.TR_SINGLE) #self.HideWindows() #self.RefreshSubtree(self.root) self.population_size_ctrl = None self.SetSizeHints(350, common.FRAME_SIZE[1]) self.root = self.AddRoot("Configuration Settings") child = self.AppendItem(self.root, "Foo", wnd=wx.TextCtrl(self, wx.ID_ANY, "Lots Of Muffins")) The problem is, any children nodes, the data for these nodes is not filled in. When i basically expand the configuration settings tree node. I see the "Foo" node, however the textbox is empty. This is the same for both text node, Until i actually click on the child node. I've looked tried every form of update / etc. Does anyone have any ideas?

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  • Flatten (an irregular) list of lists in Python

    - by telliott99
    Yes, I know this subject has been covered before (here, here, here, here), but AFAIK, all solutions save one choke on a list like this: L = [[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5]], 6] where the desired output is [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] or perhaps even better, an iterator. The only solution I saw that works for an arbitrary nesting is from @Alabaster Codify here: def flatten(x): result = [] for el in x: if hasattr(el, "__iter__") and not isinstance(el, basestring): result.extend(flatten(el)) else: result.append(el) return result flatten(L) So to my question: is this the best model? Did I overlook something? Any problems?

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