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  • sending instant messages through python (msn)

    - by code_by_night
    ok I am well aware there are many other questions about this, but I have been searching and have yet to find a solid proper answer that doesnt revolve around jabber or something worse. (no offense to jabber users, just I don't want all the extras that come with it) I currently have msnp and twisted.words, I simply want to send and receive messages, have read many examples that have failed to work, and msnp is poorly documented. My preference is msnp as it requires much less code, I'm not looking for something complicated. Using this code I can login, and view my friends that are online (can't send them messages though.): import msnp import time, threading msn = msnp.Session() msn.login('[email protected]', 'XXXXXX') msn.sync_friend_list() class MSN_Thread(threading.Thread): def run(self): msn.start_chat("[email protected]") #this does not work while True: msn.process() time.sleep(1) start_msn = MSN_Thread() start_msn.start() I hope I have been clear enough, its pretty late and my head is not in a clear state after all this msn frustration. edit: since it seems msnp is extremely outdated could anyone recommend with simple examples on how I could achieve this? Don't need anything fancy that requires other accounts.

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  • Fast iterating over first n items of an iterable in python

    - by martinthenext
    Hello! I'm looking for a pythonic way of iterating over first n items of a list, and it's quite important to do this as fast as possible. This is how I do it now: count = 0 for item in iterable: do_somethin(item) count += 1 if count >= n: break Doesn't seem neat to me. Another way of doing this is: for item in itertools.islice(iterable, n): do_something(item) This looks good, the question is it fast enough to use with some generator(s)? For example: pair_generator = lambda iterable: itertools.izip(*[iter(iterable)]*2) for item in itertools.islice(pair_generator(iterable), n): so_something(item) Will it run fast enough as compared to the first method? Is there some easier way to do it?

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  • Python - How to pickle yourself?

    - by Mark
    I want my class to implement Save and Load functions which simply do a pickle of the class. But apparently you cannot use 'self' in the fashion below. How can you do this? self = cPickle.load(f) cPickle.dump(self,f,2)

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  • Python key word arguments

    - by pythonic metaphor
    I have several layers of function calls, passing around a common dictionary of key word arguments: def func1(**qwargs): func2(**qwargs) func3(**qwargs) I would like to supply some default arguments in some of the subsequent function calls, something like this: def func1(**qwargs): func2(arg = qwargs.get("arg", default), **qwargs) func3(**qwargs) The problem with this approach is that if arg is inside qwargs, a TypeError is raised with "got multiple values for keyword argument". I don't want to set qwargs["arg"] to default, because then func3 gets this argument without warrant. I could make a copy.copy of the qwargs and set "arg" in the copy, but qwargs could have large data structures in it and I don't want to copy them (maybe copy.copy wouldn't, only copy.deepcopy?). What's the pythonic thing to do here?

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  • How to display locale sensitive time format without seconds in python

    - by Tim Kersten
    I can output a locale sensitive time format using strftime('%X'), but this always includes seconds. How might I display this time format without seconds? >>> import locale >>> import datetime >>> locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, 'en_IE.utf-8') 'en_IE.utf-8' >>> print datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%X') 12:22:43 >>> locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, 'zh_TW.utf-8') 'zh_TW.utf-8' >>> print datetime.datetime.now().strftime('%X') 12?22?58? The only way I can think of doing this is attempting to parse the output of locale.nl_langinfo(locale.T_FMT) and strip out the seconds bit, but that brings it's own trickery. >>> print locale.nl_langinfo(locale.T_FMT) %H?%M?%S? >>> locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, 'en_IE.utf-8') 'en_IE.utf-8' >>> print locale.nl_langinfo(locale.T_FMT) %T

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  • Cleaning an XML file in Python before parsing

    - by Sam
    I'm using minidom to parse an xml file and it threw an error indicating that the data is not well formed. I figured out that some of the pages have characters like ไอเฟล &, causing the parser to hiccup. Is there an easy way to clean the file before I start parsing it? Right now I'm using a regular expressing to throw away anything that isn't an alpha numeric character and the </> characters, but it isn't quite working.

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  • Xml comparison in Python

    - by Gregg Lind
    Building on another SO question, how can one check whether two well-formed XML snippets are semantically equal. All I need is "equal" or not, since I'm using this for unit tests. In the system I want, these would be equal (note the order of 'start' and 'end'): <?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8' standalone='yes'?> <Stats start="1275955200" end="1276041599"> </Stats> # Reodered start and end <?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8' standalone='yes'?> <Stats end="1276041599" start="1275955200" > </Stats> I have lmxl and other tools at my disposal, and a simple function that only allows reordering of attributes would work fine as well!

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  • Accessing Class Variables from a List in a nice way in Python

    - by Dennis
    Suppose I have a list X = [a, b, c] where a, b, c are instances of the same class C. Now, all these instances a,b,c, have a variable called v, a.v, b.v, c.v ... I simply want a list Y = [a.v, b.v, c.v] Is there a nice command to do this? The best way I can think of is: Y = [] for i in X Y.append(i.v) But it doesn't seem very elegant ~ since this needs to be repeated for any given "v" Any suggestions? I couldn't figure out a way to use "map" to do this.

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  • How to read a string one letter at a time in python

    - by dan
    I need to convert a string inputed by a user into morse code. The way our professor wants us to do this is to read from a morseCode.txt file, seperate the letters from the morseCode into two lists, then convert each letter to morse code (inserting a new line when there is a space). I have the beginning. What it does is reads the morseCode.txt file and seperates the letters into a list [A, B, ... Z] and the codes into a list ['– – . . – –\n', '. – . – . –\n'...]. We haven't learned "sets" yet, so I can't use that. How would I then take the string that they inputed, go through letter by letter, and convert it to morse code? I'm a bit caught up. Here's what I have right now (not much at all...) morseCodeFile = open('morseCode.txt', 'r') letterList = [] codeList = [] line = morseCodeFile.readline() while line != '': letterList.append(line[0]) codeList.append(line[2:]) line = morseCodeFile.readline() morseCodeFile.close() userInput = input("Enter a string to be converted to morse code or press <enter> to quit ")

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  • Copy whole SQL Server database into JSON from Python

    - by Oli
    I facing an atypical conversion problem. About a decade ago I coded up a large site in ASP. Over the years this turned into ASP.NET but kept the same database. I've just re-done the site in Django and I've copied all the core data but before I cancel my account with the host, I need to make sure I've got a long-term backup of the data so if it turns out I'm missing something, I can copy it from a local copy. To complicate matters, I no longer have Windows. I moved to Ubuntu on all my machines some time back. I could ask the host to send me a backup but having no access to a machine with MSSQL, I wouldn't be able to use that if I needed to. So I'm looking for something that does: db = {} for table in database: db[table.name] = [row for row in table] And then I could serialize db off somewhere for later consumption... But how do I do the table iteration? Is there an easier way to do all of this? Can MSSQL do a cross-platform SQLDump (inc data)? For previous MSSQL I've used pymssql but I don't know how to iterate the tables and copy rows (ideally with column headers so I can tell what the data is). I'm not looking for much code but I need a poke in the right direction.

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  • Generate a table of contents from HTML with Python

    - by Oli
    I'm trying to generate a table of contents from a block of HTML (not a complete file - just content) based on its <h2> and <h3> tags. My plan so far was to: Extract a list of headers using beautifulsoup Use a regex on the content to place anchor links before/inside the header tags (so the user can click on the table of contents) -- There might be a method for replacing inside beautifulsoup? Output a nested list of links to the headers in a predefined spot. It sounds easy when I say it like that, but it's proving to be a bit of a pain in the rear. Is there something out there that does all this for me in one go so I don't waste the next couple of hours reinventing the wheel? A example: <p>This is an introduction</p> <h2>This is a sub-header</h2> <p>...</p> <h3>This is a sub-sub-header</h3> <p>...</p> <h2>This is a sub-header</h2> <p>...</p>

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  • python object AttributeError: type object 'Track' has no attribute 'title'

    - by ccwhite1
    I apologize if this is a noob question, but I can't seem to figure this one out. I have defined an object that defines a music track (NOTE: originally had the just ATTRIBUTE vs self.ATTRIBUTE. I edited those values in to help remove confusion. They had no affect on the problem) class Track(object): def __init__(self, title, artist, album, source, dest): """ Model of the Track Object Contains the followign attributes: 'Title', 'Artist', 'Album', 'Source', 'Dest' """ self.atrTitle = title self.atrArtist = artist self.atrAlbum = album self.atrSource = source self.atrDest = dest I use ObjectListView to create a list of tracks in a specific directory ....other code.... self.aTrack = [Track(sTitle,sArtist,sAlbum,sSource, sDestDir)] self.TrackOlv.AddObjects(self.aTrack) ....other code.... Now I want to iterate the list and print out a single value of each item list = self.TrackOlv.GetObjects() for item in list: print item.atrTitle This fails with the error AttributeError: type object 'Track' has no attribute 'atrTitle' What really confuses me is if I highlight a single item in the Object List View display and use the following code, it will correctly print out the single value for the highlighted item list = self.TrackOlv.GetSelectedObject() print list.atrTitle

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  • Python: deleting rows in a text file

    - by Jenny
    A sample of the following text file i have is: > 1 -4.6 -4.6 -7.6 > > 2 -1.7 -3.8 -3.1 > > 3 -1.6 -1.6 -3.1 the data is separated by tabs in the text file and the first column indicates the position. I need to iterate through every value in the text file apart from column 0 and find the lowest value. once the lowest value has been found that value needs to be written to a new text file along with the column name and position. Column 0 has the name "position" Column 1 "fifteen", column 2 "sixteen" and column 3 "seventeen" for example the lowest value in the above data is "-7.6" and is in column 3 which has the name "seventeen". Therefore "7.6", "seventeen" and its position value which in this case is 1 need to be written to the new text file. I then need a number of rows deleted from the above text file. E.G. the lowest value above is "-7.6" and is found at position "1" and is found in column 3 which as the name "seventeen". I therefore need seventeen rows deleted from the text file starting from and including position 1 so the the column in which the lowest value is found denotes the amount of rows that needs to be deleted and the position it is found at states the start point of the deletion

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  • In Python BeautifulSoup How to move tags

    - by JJ
    I have a partially converted XML document in soup coming from HTML. After some replacement and editing in the soup, the body is essentially - <Text...></Text> # This replaces <a href..> tags but automatically creates the </Text> <p class=norm ...</p> <p class=norm ...</p> <Text...></Text> <p class=norm ...</p> and so forth. I need to "move" the <p> tags to be children to <Text> or know how to suppress the </Text>. I want - <Text...> <p class=norm ...</p> <p class=norm ...</p> </Text> <Text...> <p class=norm ...</p> </Text> I've tried using item.insert and item.append but I'm thinking there must be a more elegant solution. for item in soup.findAll(['p','span']): if item.name == 'span' and item.has_key('class') and item['class'] == 'section': xBCV = short_2_long(item._getAttrMap().get('value','')) if currentnode: pass currentnode = Tag(soup,'Text', attrs=[('TypeOf', 'Section'),... ]) item.replaceWith(currentnode) # works but creates end tag elif item.name == 'p' and item.has_key('class') and item['class'] == 'norm': childcdatanode = None for ahref in item.findAll('a'): if childcdatanode: pass newlink = filter_hrefs(str(ahref)) childcdatanode = Tag(soup, newlink) ahref.replaceWith(childcdatanode) Thanks

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  • hierarchical clustering on correlations in Python scipy/numpy?

    - by user248237
    How can I run hierarchical clustering on a correlation matrix in scipy/numpy? I have a matrix of 100 rows by 9 columns, and I'd like to hierarchically clustering by correlations of each entry across the 9 conditions. I'd like to use 1-pearson correlation as the distances for clustering. Assuming I have a numpy array "X" that contains the 100 x 9 matrix, how can I do this? I tried using hcluster, based on this example: Y=pdist(X, 'seuclidean') Z=linkage(Y, 'single') dendrogram(Z, color_threshold=0) however, pdist is not what I want since that's euclidean distance. Any ideas? thanks.

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  • python- scipy optimization

    - by pear
    In scipy fmin_slsqp (Sequential Least Squares Quadratic Programming), I tried reading the code 'slsqp.py' provided with the scipy package, to find what are the criteria to get the exit_modes 0? I cannot find which statements in the code produce this exit mode? Please help me 'slsqp.py' code as follows, exit_modes = { -1 : "Gradient evaluation required (g & a)", 0 : "Optimization terminated successfully.", 1 : "Function evaluation required (f & c)", 2 : "More equality constraints than independent variables", 3 : "More than 3*n iterations in LSQ subproblem", 4 : "Inequality constraints incompatible", 5 : "Singular matrix E in LSQ subproblem", 6 : "Singular matrix C in LSQ subproblem", 7 : "Rank-deficient equality constraint subproblem HFTI", 8 : "Positive directional derivative for linesearch", 9 : "Iteration limit exceeded" } def fmin_slsqp( func, x0 , eqcons=[], f_eqcons=None, ieqcons=[], f_ieqcons=None, bounds = [], fprime = None, fprime_eqcons=None, fprime_ieqcons=None, args = (), iter = 100, acc = 1.0E-6, iprint = 1, full_output = 0, epsilon = _epsilon ): # Now do a lot of function wrapping # Wrap func feval, func = wrap_function(func, args) # Wrap fprime, if provided, or approx_fprime if not if fprime: geval, fprime = wrap_function(fprime,args) else: geval, fprime = wrap_function(approx_fprime,(func,epsilon)) if f_eqcons: # Equality constraints provided via f_eqcons ceval, f_eqcons = wrap_function(f_eqcons,args) if fprime_eqcons: # Wrap fprime_eqcons geval, fprime_eqcons = wrap_function(fprime_eqcons,args) else: # Wrap approx_jacobian geval, fprime_eqcons = wrap_function(approx_jacobian, (f_eqcons,epsilon)) else: # Equality constraints provided via eqcons[] eqcons_prime = [] for i in range(len(eqcons)): eqcons_prime.append(None) if eqcons[i]: # Wrap eqcons and eqcons_prime ceval, eqcons[i] = wrap_function(eqcons[i],args) geval, eqcons_prime[i] = wrap_function(approx_fprime, (eqcons[i],epsilon)) if f_ieqcons: # Inequality constraints provided via f_ieqcons ceval, f_ieqcons = wrap_function(f_ieqcons,args) if fprime_ieqcons: # Wrap fprime_ieqcons geval, fprime_ieqcons = wrap_function(fprime_ieqcons,args) else: # Wrap approx_jacobian geval, fprime_ieqcons = wrap_function(approx_jacobian, (f_ieqcons,epsilon)) else: # Inequality constraints provided via ieqcons[] ieqcons_prime = [] for i in range(len(ieqcons)): ieqcons_prime.append(None) if ieqcons[i]: # Wrap ieqcons and ieqcons_prime ceval, ieqcons[i] = wrap_function(ieqcons[i],args) geval, ieqcons_prime[i] = wrap_function(approx_fprime, (ieqcons[i],epsilon)) # Transform x0 into an array. x = asfarray(x0).flatten() # Set the parameters that SLSQP will need # meq = The number of equality constraints if f_eqcons: meq = len(f_eqcons(x)) else: meq = len(eqcons) if f_ieqcons: mieq = len(f_ieqcons(x)) else: mieq = len(ieqcons) # m = The total number of constraints m = meq + mieq # la = The number of constraints, or 1 if there are no constraints la = array([1,m]).max() # n = The number of independent variables n = len(x) # Define the workspaces for SLSQP n1 = n+1 mineq = m - meq + n1 + n1 len_w = (3*n1+m)*(n1+1)+(n1-meq+1)*(mineq+2) + 2*mineq+(n1+mineq)*(n1-meq) \ + 2*meq + n1 +(n+1)*n/2 + 2*m + 3*n + 3*n1 + 1 len_jw = mineq w = zeros(len_w) jw = zeros(len_jw) # Decompose bounds into xl and xu if len(bounds) == 0: bounds = [(-1.0E12, 1.0E12) for i in range(n)] elif len(bounds) != n: raise IndexError, \ 'SLSQP Error: If bounds is specified, len(bounds) == len(x0)' else: for i in range(len(bounds)): if bounds[i][0] > bounds[i][1]: raise ValueError, \ 'SLSQP Error: lb > ub in bounds[' + str(i) +'] ' + str(bounds[4]) xl = array( [ b[0] for b in bounds ] ) xu = array( [ b[1] for b in bounds ] ) # Initialize the iteration counter and the mode value mode = array(0,int) acc = array(acc,float) majiter = array(iter,int) majiter_prev = 0 # Print the header if iprint >= 2 if iprint >= 2: print "%5s %5s %16s %16s" % ("NIT","FC","OBJFUN","GNORM") while 1: if mode == 0 or mode == 1: # objective and constraint evaluation requird # Compute objective function fx = func(x) # Compute the constraints if f_eqcons: c_eq = f_eqcons(x) else: c_eq = array([ eqcons[i](x) for i in range(meq) ]) if f_ieqcons: c_ieq = f_ieqcons(x) else: c_ieq = array([ ieqcons[i](x) for i in range(len(ieqcons)) ]) # Now combine c_eq and c_ieq into a single matrix if m == 0: # no constraints c = zeros([la]) else: # constraints exist if meq > 0 and mieq == 0: # only equality constraints c = c_eq if meq == 0 and mieq > 0: # only inequality constraints c = c_ieq if meq > 0 and mieq > 0: # both equality and inequality constraints exist c = append(c_eq, c_ieq) if mode == 0 or mode == -1: # gradient evaluation required # Compute the derivatives of the objective function # For some reason SLSQP wants g dimensioned to n+1 g = append(fprime(x),0.0) # Compute the normals of the constraints if fprime_eqcons: a_eq = fprime_eqcons(x) else: a_eq = zeros([meq,n]) for i in range(meq): a_eq[i] = eqcons_prime[i](x) if fprime_ieqcons: a_ieq = fprime_ieqcons(x) else: a_ieq = zeros([mieq,n]) for i in range(mieq): a_ieq[i] = ieqcons_prime[i](x) # Now combine a_eq and a_ieq into a single a matrix if m == 0: # no constraints a = zeros([la,n]) elif meq > 0 and mieq == 0: # only equality constraints a = a_eq elif meq == 0 and mieq > 0: # only inequality constraints a = a_ieq elif meq > 0 and mieq > 0: # both equality and inequality constraints exist a = vstack((a_eq,a_ieq)) a = concatenate((a,zeros([la,1])),1) # Call SLSQP slsqp(m, meq, x, xl, xu, fx, c, g, a, acc, majiter, mode, w, jw) # Print the status of the current iterate if iprint > 2 and the # major iteration has incremented if iprint >= 2 and majiter > majiter_prev: print "%5i %5i % 16.6E % 16.6E" % (majiter,feval[0], fx,linalg.norm(g)) # If exit mode is not -1 or 1, slsqp has completed if abs(mode) != 1: break majiter_prev = int(majiter) # Optimization loop complete. Print status if requested if iprint >= 1: print exit_modes[int(mode)] + " (Exit mode " + str(mode) + ')' print " Current function value:", fx print " Iterations:", majiter print " Function evaluations:", feval[0] print " Gradient evaluations:", geval[0] if not full_output: return x else: return [list(x), float(fx), int(majiter), int(mode), exit_modes[int(mode)] ]

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  • Python + PostgreSQL + strange ascii = UTF8 encoding error

    - by Claudiu
    I have ascii strings which contain the character "\x80" to represent the euro symbol: >>> print "\x80" € When inserting string data containing this character into my database, I get: psycopg2.DataError: invalid byte sequence for encoding "UTF8": 0x80 HINT: This error can also happen if the byte sequence does not match the encodi ng expected by the server, which is controlled by "client_encoding". I'm a unicode newbie. How can I convert my strings containing "\x80" to valid UTF-8 containing that same euro symbol? I've tried calling .encode and .decode on various strings, but run into errors: >>> "\x80".encode("utf-8") Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#14>", line 1, in <module> "\x80".encode("utf-8") UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte 0x80 in position 0: ordinal not in range(128)

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  • Monitor web sites visited using Internet Explorer, Opera, Chrome, Firefox and Safari in Python

    - by Zachary Brown
    I am working on a project for work and have seemed to run into a small problem. The project is a similar program to Web Nanny, but branded to my client's company. It will have features such as website blocking by URL, keyword and web activity logs. I would also need it to be able to "pause" downloads until an acceptable username and password is entered. I found a script to monitor the URL visited in Internet Explorer (shown below), but it seems to slow the browser down considerably. I have not found any support or ideas onhow to implement this in other browsers. So, my questions are: 1). How to I monitor other browser activity / visited URLs? 2). How do I prevent downloading unless an acceptable username and password is entered? from win32com.client import Dispatch,WithEvents import time,threading,pythoncom,sys stopEvent=threading.Event() class EventSink(object): def OnNavigateComplete2(self,*args): print "complete",args stopEvent.set() def waitUntilReady(ie): if ie.ReadyState!=4: while 1: print "waiting" pythoncom.PumpWaitingMessages() stopEvent.wait(.2) if stopEvent.isSet() or ie.ReadyState==4: stopEvent.clear() break; time.clock() ie=Dispatch('InternetExplorer.Application',EventSink) ev=WithEvents(ie,EventSink) ie.Visible=1 ie.Navigate("http://www.google.com") waitUntilReady(ie) print "location",ie.LocationName ie.Navigate("http://www.aol.com") waitUntilReady(ie) print "location",ie.LocationName print ie.LocationName,time.clock() print ie.ReadyState

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  • Double linking array in Python

    - by cdecker
    Since I'm pretty new this question'll certainly sound stupid but I have no idea about how to approach this. I'm trying take a list of nodes and for each of the nodes I want to create an array of predecessors and successors in the ordered array of all nodes. Currently my code looks like this: nodes = self.peers.keys() nodes.sort() peers = {} numPeers = len(nodes) for i in nodes: peers[i] = [self.coordinator] for i in range(0,len(nodes)): peers[nodes[i%numPeers]].append(nodes[(i+1)%numPeers]) peers[nodes[(i+1)%numPeers]].append(nodes[i%numPeers]) # peers[nodes[i%numPeers]].append(nodes[(i+4)%numPeers]) # peers[nodes[(i+4)%numPeers]].append(nodes[i%numPeers]) The last two lines should later be used to create a skip graph, but that's not really important. The problem is that it doesn't really work reliably, sometimes a predecessor or a successor is skipped, and instead the next one is used, and so forth. Is this correct at all or is there a better way to do this? Basically I need to get the array indices with certain offsets from each other. Any ideas?

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  • Problem building a complete binary tree of height 'h' in Python

    - by Jack
    Here is my code. The complete binary tree has 2^k nodes at depth k. class Node: def __init__(self, data): # initializes the data members self.left = None self.right = None self.data = data root = Node(data_root) def create_complete_tree(): row = [root] for i in range(h): newrow = [] for node in row: left = Node(data1) right = Node(data2) node.left = left node.right = right newrow.append(left) newrow.append(right) row = copy.deepcopy(newrow) def traverse_tree(node): if node == None: return else: traverse_tree(node.left) print node.data traverse_tree(node.right) create_complete_tree() print 'Node traversal' traverse_tree(root) The tree traversal only gives the data of root and its children. What am I doing wrong?

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  • Python: split a list based on a condition?

    - by Parand
    What's the best way, both aesthetically and from a performance perspective, to split a list of items into multiple lists based on a conditional? The equivalent of: good = [x for x in mylist if x in goodvals] bad = [x for x in mylist if x not in goodvals] is there a more elegant way to do this? Update: here's the actual use case, to better explain what I'm trying to do: # files looks like: [ ('file1.jpg', 33L, '.jpg'), ('file2.avi', 999L, '.avi'), ... ] IMAGE_TYPES = ('.jpg','.jpeg','.gif','.bmp','.png') images = [f for f in files if f[2].lower() in IMAGE_TYPES] anims = [f for f in files if f[2].lower() not in IMAGE_TYPES]

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  • Python: query a class's parent-class after multiple derivations ("super()" does not work)

    - by henry
    Hi, I have built a class-system that uses multiple derivations of a baseclass (object-class1-class2-class3): class class1(object): def __init__(self): print "class1.__init__()" object.__init__(self) class class2(class1): def __init__(self): print "class2.__init__()" class1.__init__(self) class class3(class2): def __init__(self): print "class3.__init__()" class2.__init__(self) x = class3() It works as expected and prints: class3.__init__() class2.__init__() class1.__init__() Now I would like to replace the 3 lines object.__init__(self) ... class1.__init__(self) ... class2.__init__(self) with something like this: currentParentClass().__init__() ... currentParentClass().__init__() ... currentParentClass().__init__() So basically, i want to create a class-system where i don't have to type "classXYZ.doSomething()". As mentioned above, I want to get the "current class's parent-class". Replacing the three lines with: super(type(self), self).__init__() does NOT work (it always returns the parent-class of the current instance - class2) and will result in an endless loop printing: class3.__init__() class2.__init__() class2.__init__() class2.__init__() class2.__init__() ... So is there a function that can give me the current class's parent-class? Thank you for your help! Henry -------------------- Edit: @Lennart ok maybe i got you wrong but at the moment i think i didn't describe the problem clearly enough.So this example might explain it better: lets create another child-class class class4(class3): pass now what happens if we derive an instance from class4? y = class4() i think it clearly executes: super(class3, self).__init__() which we can translate to this: class2.__init__(y) this is definitly not the goal(that would be class3.__init__(y)) Now making lots of parent-class-function-calls - i do not want to re-implement all of my functions with different base-class-names in my super()-calls.

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