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  • Python/YACC: Resolving a shift/reduce conflict

    - by Rosarch
    I'm using PLY. Here is one of my states from parser.out: state 3 (5) course_data -> course . (6) course_data -> course . course_list_tail (3) or_phrase -> course . OR_CONJ COURSE_NUMBER (7) course_list_tail -> . , COURSE_NUMBER (8) course_list_tail -> . , COURSE_NUMBER course_list_tail ! shift/reduce conflict for OR_CONJ resolved as shift $end reduce using rule 5 (course_data -> course .) OR_CONJ shift and go to state 7 , shift and go to state 8 ! OR_CONJ [ reduce using rule 5 (course_data -> course .) ] course_list_tail shift and go to state 9 I want to resolve this as: if OR_CONJ is followed by COURSE_NUMBER: shift and go to state 7 else: reduce using rule 5 (course_data -> course .) How can I fix my parser file to reflect this? Do I need to handle a syntax error by backtracking and trying a different rule?

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  • Use of infix operator hack in production code (Python)

    - by Casebash
    What is your opinion of using the infix operator hack in production code? Issues: The effect this will have on speed. The potential for a clashes with an object with these operators already defined. This seems particularly dangerous with generic code that is intended to handle objects of any type. It is a shame that this isn't built in - it really does improve readability

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  • python multithreading for dummies

    - by albruno
    trying to find a simple example that clearly shows a single task being divided for multi-threading. Quite frankly... many of the examples are overly sophisticated thus.... making the flow tougher to play with... anyone care to share their breakthrough sample or point to an example? As well, what is the best docs? many google lookups are too specific (for me at this stage) Thanks in advance.

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  • Python beginner confused by a complex line of code

    - by Protean
    I understand the gist of the code, that it forms permutations; however, I was wondering if someone could explain exactly what is going on in the return statement. def perm(l): sz = len(l) print (l) if sz <= 1: print ('sz <= 1') return [l] return [p[:i]+[l[0]]+p[i:] for i in range(sz) for p in perm(l[1:])]

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  • Python: saving and loading objects and using pickle.

    - by Peterstone
    Hello, I´m trying to save and load objects using pickle module. First I declare my objects: >>> class Fruits:pass ... >>> banana = Fruits() >>> banana.color = 'yellow' >>> banana.value = 30 After that I open a file called 'Fruits.obj'(previously I created a new .txt file and I renamed 'Fruits.obj'): >>> import pickle >>> filehandler = open(b"Fruits.obj","wb") >>> pickle.dump(banana,filehandler) After do this I close my session and I began a new one and I put the next (trying to access to the object that it supposed to be saved): file = open("Fruits.obj",'r') object_file = pickle.load(file) But I have this message: Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> File "C:\Python31\lib\pickle.py", line 1365, in load encoding=encoding, errors=errors).load() ValueError: read() from the underlying stream did notreturn bytes I don´t know what to do because I don´t understand this message. Does anyone know How I can load my object 'banana'? Thank you! EDIT: As some of you have sugested I put: >>> import pickle >>> file = open("Fruits.obj",'rb') There were no problem, but the next I put was: >>> object_file = pickle.load(file) And I have error: Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> File "C:\Python31\lib\pickle.py", line 1365, in load encoding=encoding, errors=errors).load() EOFError

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  • Calling/selecting variables (float valued) with user input in Python

    - by Jonathan Straus
    I've been working on a computational physics project (plotting related rates of chemical reactants with respect to eachother to show oscillatory behavior) with a fair amount of success. However, one of my simulations involves more than two active oscillating agents (five, in fact) which would obviously be unsuitable for any single visual plot... My scheme was hence to have the user select which two reactants they wanted plotted on the x-axis and y-axis respectively. I tried (foolishly) to convert string input values into the respective variable names, but I guess I need a radically different approach if any exist? If it helps clarify any, here is part of my code: def coupledBrusselator(A, B, t_trial,display_x,display_y): t = 0 t_step = .01 X = 0 Y = 0 E = 0 U = 0 V = 0 dX = (A) - (B+1)*(X) + (X**2)*(Y) dY = (B)*(X) - (X**2)*(Y) dE = -(E)*(U) - (X) dU = (U**2)*(V) -(E+1)*(U) - (B)*(X) dV = (E)*(U) - (U**2)*(V) array_t = [0] array_X = [0] array_Y = [0] array_U = [0] array_V = [0] while t <= t_trial: X_1 = X + (dX)*(t_step/2) Y_1 = Y + (dY)*(t_step/2) E_1 = E + (dE)*(t_step/2) U_1 = U + (dU)*(t_step/2) V_1 = V + (dV)*(t_step/2) dX_1 = (A) - (B+1)*(X_1) + (X_1**2)*(Y_1) dY_1 = (B)*(X_1) - (X_1**2)*(Y_1) dE_1 = -(E_1)*(U_1) - (X_1) dU_1 = (U_1**2)*(V_1) -(E_1+1)*(U_1) - (B)*(X_1) dV_1 = (E_1)*(U_1) - (U_1**2)*(V_1) X_2 = X + (dX_1)*(t_step/2) Y_2 = Y + (dY_1)*(t_step/2) E_2 = E + (dE_1)*(t_step/2) U_2 = U + (dU_1)*(t_step/2) V_2 = V + (dV_1)*(t_step/2) dX_2 = (A) - (B+1)*(X_2) + (X_2**2)*(Y_2) dY_2 = (B)*(X_2) - (X_2**2)*(Y_2) dE_2 = -(E_2)*(U_2) - (X_2) dU_2 = (U_2**2)*(V_2) -(E_2+1)*(U_2) - (B)*(X_2) dV_2 = (E_2)*(U_2) - (U_2**2)*(V_2) X_3 = X + (dX_2)*(t_step) Y_3 = Y + (dY_2)*(t_step) E_3 = E + (dE_2)*(t_step) U_3 = U + (dU_2)*(t_step) V_3 = V + (dV_2)*(t_step) dX_3 = (A) - (B+1)*(X_3) + (X_3**2)*(Y_3) dY_3 = (B)*(X_3) - (X_3**2)*(Y_3) dE_3 = -(E_3)*(U_3) - (X_3) dU_3 = (U_3**2)*(V_3) -(E_3+1)*(U_3) - (B)*(X_3) dV_3 = (E_3)*(U_3) - (U_3**2)*(V_3) X = X + ((dX + 2*dX_1 + 2*dX_2 + dX_3)/6) * t_step Y = Y + ((dX + 2*dY_1 + 2*dY_2 + dY_3)/6) * t_step E = E + ((dE + 2*dE_1 + 2*dE_2 + dE_3)/6) * t_step U = U + ((dU + 2*dU_1 + 2*dY_2 + dE_3)/6) * t_step V = V + ((dV + 2*dV_1 + 2*dV_2 + dE_3)/6) * t_step dX = (A) - (B+1)*(X) + (X**2)*(Y) dY = (B)*(X) - (X**2)*(Y) t_step = .01 / (1 + dX**2 + dY**2) ** .5 t = t + t_step array_X.append(X) array_Y.append(Y) array_E.append(E) array_U.append(U) array_V.append(V) array_t.append(t) where previously display_x = raw_input("Choose catalyst you wish to analyze in the phase/field diagrams (X, Y, E, U, or V) ") display_y = raw_input("Choose one other catalyst from list you wish to include in phase/field diagrams ") coupledBrusselator(A, B, t_trial, display_x, display_y) Thanks!

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  • Obfuscate strings in Python

    - by Caedis
    I have a password string that must be passed to a method. Everything works fine but I don't feel comfortable storing the password in clear text. Is there a way to obfuscate the string or to truly encrypt it? I'm aware that obfuscation can be reverse engineered, but I think I should at least try to cover up the password a bit. At the very least it wont be visible to a indexing program, or a stray eye giving a quick look at my code. I am aware of pyobfuscate but I don't want the whole program obfuscated, just one string and possibly the whole line itself where the variable is defined. Target platform is GNU Linux Generic (If that makes a difference)

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  • need help with a small Python program

    - by Matthew
    Basically looking for a small program that will do nothing but activate the F6 key every x seconds for the active window, x being whatever number I enter, and the program stops with the hit of like ctrl+z or something. What would be a good way to do this?

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  • about python scripting

    - by kmitnick
    I have this code class HNCS (ThreadingTCPServer): def verify_request(self, request, client_address): for key in connections: if connections[key].client_address[0] == client_address[0]: if client_address[0] != '127.0.0.1': return False return True def welcome(self): return '''______________________________________________________ ------------------------------------------------------ %s ______________________________________________________ ------------------------------------------------------ * Server started %s * Waiting for connections on port %i ''' % (gpl, ctime(), PORT) I only can't figure out the line where it says if connections[key].client_address[0] == client_address[0] how come we used client_address as an attribute after dictionary???

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  • Replace text in file with Python

    - by Aaron Hoffman
    I'm trying to replace some text in a file with a value. Everything works fine but when I look at the file after its completed there is a new (blank) line after each line in the file. Is there something I can do to prevent this from happening. Here is the code as I have it: import fileinput for line in fileinput.FileInput("testfile.txt",inplace=1): line = line.replace("newhost",host) print line Thank you, Aaron

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  • Recognizing language of a short text? - Python

    - by RadiantHex
    Hi folks, I'm have a list of articles, each article has its own title and description. Unfortunately, from the sources I am using, there is no way to know what language they are written. Also, text is not entirely written in 1 language; almost always English words are present. I reckon I would need dictionary databases stored on my machine, but it feels a bit unpractical. What would you suggest I do?

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  • Python: How to make a cross-module variable?

    - by Dan Homerick
    The __debug__ variable is handy in part because it affects every module. If I want to create another variable that works the same way, how would I do it? The variable (let's be original and call it 'foo') doesn't have to be truly global, in the sense that if I change foo in one module, it is updated in others. I'd be fine if I could set foo before importing other modules and then they would see the same value for it.

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  • Python: can't pickle module objects error

    - by adum
    i'm trying to pickle a big class and getting "TypeError: can't pickle module objects". despite looking around the web, i can't exactly figure out what this means. and i'm not sure which "module object" is causing the trouble. is there a way to find the culprit? the stack trace doesn't seem to indicate anything.

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  • Python Decorators and inheritance

    - by wheaties
    Help a guy out. Can't seem to get a decorator to work with inheritance. Broke it down to the simplest little example in my scratch workspace. Still can't seem to get it working. class bar(object): def __init__(self): self.val = 4 def setVal(self,x): self.val = x def decor(self, func): def increment(self, x): return func( self, x ) + self.val return increment class foo(bar): def __init__(self): bar.__init__(self) @decor def add(self, x): return x Oops, name "decor" is not defined. Okay, how about @bar.decor? TypeError: unbound method "decor" must be called with a bar instance as first argument (got function instance instead) Ok, how about @self.decor? Name "self" is not defined. Ok, how about @foo.decor?! Name "foo" is not defined. AaaaAAaAaaaarrrrgggg... What am I doing wrong?

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  • Get python tarfile to skip files without read permission

    - by chris
    I'm trying to write a function that backs up a directory with files of different permission to an archive on Windows XP. I'm using the tarfile module to tar the directory. Currently as soon as the program encounters a file that does not have read permissions, it stops giving the error: IOError: [Errno 13] Permission denied: 'path to file'. I would like it to instead just skip over the files it cannot read rather than end the tar operation. This is the code I am using now: def compressTar(): """Build and gzip the tar archive.""" folder = 'C:\\Documents and Settings' tar = tarfile.open ("C:\\WINDOWS\\Program\\archive.tar.gz", "w:gz") try: print "Attempting to build a backup archive" tar.add(folder) except: print "Permission denied attempting to create a backup archive" print "Building a limited archive conatining files with read permissions." for root, dirs, files in os.walk(folder): for f in files: tar.add(os.path.join(root, f)) for d in dirs: tar.add(os.path.join(root, d))

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  • wx Python is not properly drawing customtree items

    - by uberjumper
    Hi, I am currently using wx.CustomTree, to use to display a series of configuration settings. I generally fill them with wx.TextCtrl / wx.Combobox, to allow the user to edit / enter stuff. Here is my code: class ConfigTree(CT.CustomTreeCtrl): """ Holds all non gui drawing panel stuff """ def __init__(self, parent): CT.CustomTreeCtrl.__init__(self, parent, id = common.ID_CONTROL_SETTINGS, style = wx.TR_DEFAULT_STYLE | wx.TR_HAS_BUTTONS | wx.TR_HAS_VARIABLE_ROW_HEIGHT | wx.TR_SINGLE) #self.HideWindows() #self.RefreshSubtree(self.root) self.population_size_ctrl = None self.SetSizeHints(350, common.FRAME_SIZE[1]) self.root = self.AddRoot("Configuration Settings") child = self.AppendItem(self.root, "Foo", wnd=wx.TextCtrl(self, wx.ID_ANY, "Lots Of Muffins")) The problem is, any children nodes, the data for these nodes is not filled in. When i basically expand the configuration settings tree node. I see the "Foo" node, however the textbox is empty. This is the same for both text node, Until i actually click on the child node. I've looked tried every form of update / etc. Does anyone have any ideas?

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  • Running a Python script outside of Django

    - by geejay
    I have a script which uses the Django ORM features, amongst other external libraries, that I want to run outside of Django (that is, executed from the command-line). Edit: At the moment, I can launch it by navigating to a URL... How do I setup the environment for this?

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  • Comparing a time delta in python

    - by Alpesh Patel
    I have a variable which is <type 'datetime.timedelta'> and I would like to compare it against certain values. Lets say d produces this datetime.timedelta value 0:00:01.782000 I would like to compare it like this: #if d is greater than 1 minute if d>1:00: print "elapsed time is greater than 1 minute" I have tried converting datetime.timedelta.strptime() but that does seem to work. Is there an easier way to compare this value?

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  • Plotting 3D Polygons in python-matplotlib

    - by Developer
    I was unsuccessful browsing web for a solution for the following simple question: How to draw 3D polygon (say a filled rectangle or triangle) using vertices values? I have tried many ideas but all failed, see: from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D from matplotlib.collections import PolyCollection import matplotlib.pyplot as plt fig = plt.figure() ax = Axes3D(fig) x = [0,1,1,0] y = [0,0,1,1] z = [0,1,0,1] verts = [zip(x, y,z)] ax.add_collection3d(PolyCollection(verts),zs=z) plt.show() I appreciate in advance any idea/comment. Updates based on the accepted answer: import mpl_toolkits.mplot3d as a3 import matplotlib.colors as colors import pylab as pl import scipy as sp ax = a3.Axes3D(pl.figure()) for i in range(10000): vtx = sp.rand(3,3) tri = a3.art3d.Poly3DCollection([vtx]) tri.set_color(colors.rgb2hex(sp.rand(3))) tri.set_edgecolor('k') ax.add_collection3d(tri) pl.show() Here is the result:

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  • Faster float to int conversion in Python

    - by culebrón
    Here's a piece of code that takes most time in my program, according to timeit statistics. It's a dirty function to convert floats in [-1.0, 1.0] interval into unsigned integer [0, 2**32]. How can I accelerate floatToInt? piece = [] rng = range(32) for i in rng: piece.append(1.0/2**i) def floatToInt(x): n = x + 1.0 res = 0 for i in rng: if n >= piece[i]: res += 2**(31-i) n -= piece[i] return res

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  • Flatten (an irregular) list of lists in Python

    - by telliott99
    Yes, I know this subject has been covered before (here, here, here, here), but AFAIK, all solutions save one choke on a list like this: L = [[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5]], 6] where the desired output is [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] or perhaps even better, an iterator. The only solution I saw that works for an arbitrary nesting is from @Alabaster Codify here: def flatten(x): result = [] for el in x: if hasattr(el, "__iter__") and not isinstance(el, basestring): result.extend(flatten(el)) else: result.append(el) return result flatten(L) So to my question: is this the best model? Did I overlook something? Any problems?

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  • Generate and merge data with python multiprocessing

    - by Bobby
    I have a list of starting data. I want to apply a function to the starting data that creates a few pieces of new data for each element in the starting data. Some pieces of the new data are the same and I want to remove them. The sequential version is essentially: def create_new_data_for(datum): """make a list of new data from some old datum""" return [datum.modified_copy(k) for k in datum.k_list] data = [some list of data] #some data to start with #generate a list of new data from the old data, we'll reduce it next newdata = [] for d in data: newdata.extend(create_new_data_for(d)) #now reduce the data under ".matches(other)" reduced = [] for d in newdata: for seen in reduced: if d.matches(seen): break #so we haven't seen anything like d yet seen.append(d) #now reduced is finished and is what we want! I want to speed this up with multiprocessing. I was thinking that I could use a multiprocessing.Queue for the generation. Each process would just put the stuff it creates on, and when the processes are reducing the data, they can just get the data from the Queue. But I'm not sure how to have the different process loop over reduced and modify it without any race conditions or other issues. What is the best way to do this safely? or is there a different way to accomplish this goal better?

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