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  • How can I enable pid and ppid fields in psacct dump-acct?

    - by annavt
    I am currently using the psacct package on Centos to perform accounting on processes run by users. The info file1 suggests that it is possible to output pid and ppid depending on what information your operating system provides in it's struct acct. pid and ppid are listed in /usr/include/linux/acct.h on my system: struct acct_v3 { char ac_flag; /* Flags */ char ac_version; /* Always set to ACCT_VERSION */ __u16 ac_tty; /* Control Terminal */ __u32 ac_exitcode; /* Exitcode */ __u32 ac_uid; /* Real User ID */ __u32 ac_gid; /* Real Group ID */ __u32 ac_pid; /* Process ID */ __u32 ac_ppid; /* Parent Process ID */ ... But pid and ppid are not output when I run dump-acct: # dump-acct /var/account/pacct.1 | tail awk | 0.0| 0.0| 81.0| 0| 0|8792.0|Thu Nov 24 04:03:04 2011 tmpwatch | 0.0| 0.0| 1.0| 0| 0|3816.0|Thu Nov 24 04:03:04 2011 cups | 0.0| 0.0| 4.0| 0| 0|8728.0|Thu Nov 24 04:03:04 2011 awk | 0.0| 0.0| 4.0| 0| 0|8792.0|Thu Nov 24 04:03:04 2011 runlevel | 0.0| 0.0| 0.0| 0| 0|3804.0|Thu Nov 24 04:03:04 2011 chkconfig | 0.0| 0.0| 0.0| 0| 0|3840.0|Thu Nov 24 04:03:04 2011 inn-cron-expire | 0.0| 0.0| 0.0| 0| 0|8728.0|Thu Nov 24 04:03:04 2011 awk | 0.0| 0.0| 0.0| 0| 0|8792.0|Thu Nov 24 04:03:04 2011 gzip | 5.0| 0.0| 9.0| 0| 0|4044.0|Thu Nov 24 04:03:04 2011 accton | 0.0| 0.0| 1.0| 0| 0| 0.0|Thu Nov 24 04:03:04 2011 Is it likely that there is no support in my kernel for this feature or that my psacct version does not support this? How can I add pid and ppid to my accounting logs? CentOS release 5.6 Kernel 2.6.18-238.19.1.el5 psacct 6.3.2 Thanks in advance Anna

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  • Debian/Ubuntu - No network connection

    - by leviathanus
    I have a very weird situation on my Ubuntu 12.04 LTS Server. I can not access (ping) my gateway, although I believe my config is ok - I attach the outputs. Any hints where to look? (I changed the beginning of the IP to something different, just obfuscation) ping 5.9.10.129 PING 5.9.10.129 (5.9.10.129) 56(84) bytes of data. From 5.9.10.129 (5.9.10.129) icmp_seq=2 Destination Host Unreachable From 5.9.10.129 (5.9.10.129) icmp_seq=3 Destination Host Unreachable From 5.9.10.129 (5.9.10.129) icmp_seq=4 Destination Host Unreachable uname -r 3.2.0-29-generic ifconfig eth0 eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 3c:97:0e:0e:54:d7 inet addr:5.9.10.142 Bcast:5.9.10.159 Mask:255.255.255.224 inet6 addr: fe80::8e70:5aff:feda:c4ac/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:1216 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:490 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:107470 (107.4 KB) TX bytes:34344 (34.3 KB) Interrupt:17 Memory:d2500000-d2520000 ip route default via 5.9.10.129 dev eth0 metric 100 5.9.10.128/27 via 5.9.10.129 dev eth0 5.9.10.128/27 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 5.9.10.142 route -n Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 0.0.0.0 5.9.10.129 0.0.0.0 UG 1000 0 0 eth0 5.9.10.128 5.9.10.129 255.255.255.224 UG 0 0 0 eth0 5.9.10.128 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.224 U 0 0 0 eth0 iptables -L Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination UPD: Eric, this is how routing information looks on a working server: 0.0.0.0 78.47.198.49 0.0.0.0 UG 100 0 0 eth0 78.47.198.48 78.47.198.49 255.255.255.240 UG 0 0 0 eth0 78.47.198.48 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.240 U 0 0 0 eth0 As I understand it, Hetzner tries to ensure security by this, so I can not take over an IP by changing my MAC. But this is another server, which has another netmask (255.255.255.240) UPD2: BatchyX, on the working server: 78.47.198.49 dev eth0 src 78.47.198.60 cache on the broken: 5.9.10.129 dev eth0 src 5.9.10.142 cache

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  • Creating Routes using the second NIC in the box

    - by Aditya Sehgal
    OS: Linux I need some advice on how to set up the routing table. I have a box with two physical NIC cards eth0 & eth1 with two associated IPs IP1 & IP2 (both of the same subnet). I need to setup a route which will force all messages from IP1 towards IP3 (of the same subnet) to go via IP2. I have a raw socket capture program listening on IP2 (This is not for malicious use). I have set up the routing table as Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface IP3 IP2 255.255.255.255 UGH 0 0 0 eth1 If I try to specify eth0 while adding the above rule, I get an error "SIOCADDRT: Network is unreachable". I understand from the manpage of route that if the GW specified is a local interface, then that would be use as the outgoing interface. After setting up this rule, if i do a traceroute (-i eth0), the packet goes first to the default gateway and then to IP3. How do I force the packet originating from eth0 towards IP3 to first come to IP2. I cannot make changes to the routing table of the gateway. Please suggest.

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  • How to debug silent hang on shutdown of Solaris 10?

    - by jblaine
    We're experiencing a mysterious hang on shutdown of a newly-imaged Oracle/Sun Solaris 10 SPARC box. It is repeatable (in the same spot ... from what we can tell). We let it try to work itself out multiple times for 5-10 minutes and it never progressed. I've never seen this happen before. The last thing displayed on the console is that syslogd was sent signal 15. Prior to us disabling snmpdx on the box, the last thing on the console was that snmpdx was sent signal 15 (after syslogd was sent signal 15). While very rare to find, in Solaris days past, I'd have a better idea from experience where the problem might be, and could then narrow things down further with silly (but effective) debugging echo statments in /etc/*.d scripts. With SMF in the picture, I'm not really quite sure where to start. We forced a crash dump via sync at the {ok} prompt for later analysis, and then let the box come up because it's a production server and our scheduled outage window was closing. /var/adm/messages shows nothing of use. How would you debug this situation? mdb ps of the savecore shows the following processes were running at hang time (afsd is the OpenAFS client and that many are expected): > > ::ps S PID PPID PGID SID UID FLAGS ADDR NAME R 0 0 0 0 0 0x00000001 00000000018387c0 sched R 108 0 0 0 0 0x00020001 00000600110fe010 zpool-silmaril-p R 3 0 0 0 0 0x00020001 0000060010b29848 fsflush R 2 0 0 0 0 0x00020001 0000060010b2a468 pageout R 1 0 0 0 0 0x4a024000 0000060010b2b088 init R 1327 1 1327 329 0 0x4a024002 00000600176ab0c0 reboot R 747 1 7 7 0 0x42020001 0000060017f9d0e0 afsd R 749 1 7 7 0 0x42020001 00000600180104d0 afsd R 752 1 7 7 0 0x42020001 0000060017cb44b8 afsd R 754 1 7 7 0 0x42020001 0000060017fc8068 afsd R 756 1 7 7 0 0x42020001 0000060017fcb0e8 afsd R 760 1 7 7 0 0x42020001 00000600177f4048 afsd R 762 1 7 7 0 0x42020001 000006001800f8b0 afsd R 764 1 7 7 0 0x42020001 000006001800ec90 afsd R 378 1 378 378 0 0x42020000 0000060013aee480 inetd R 7 1 7 7 0 0x42020000 0000060010b28008 svc.startd R 329 7 329 329 0 0x4a024000 00000600110ff850 sh Z 317 7 317 317 0 0x4a014002 0000060013b3a490 sac

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  • Ubuntu 12.04 suddenly cannot connect to WPA2/WPA Personal protected connection. Windows 7 can

    - by d4ryl3
    I have a laptop with Windows 7 and Ubuntu 12.04. I have a Cisco E1200 and when I set it up, it created 2 SSIDs. Let's name them: MyConnection (WPA/WPA2 personal), and MyConnection-Guest (no authentication, guest password entered via web browser). I had no problem connecting to MyConnection before, either in Windows 7 and Ubuntu. But now, I can't access MyConnection on Ubuntu. It just says "connecting..." then disconnects after a while. But I'm able to access the internet (on Ubuntu) when I connect to MyConnection-Guest. MAC filtering is off (even if it's on its MAC address is in the white list). Any idea why I'm unable to connect to MyConnection in Ubuntu? Thanks. Update: My Ubuntu installation can connect to ANY WiFi connection (WPA/WEP/no auth), except for MyConnection. Update2: This is what "The not so easy way" returned: Initializing interface 'eth1' conf '/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf' driver 'default' ctrl_interface 'N/A' bridge 'N/A' Configuration file '/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf' -> '/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf' Reading configuration file '/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf' Priority group 0 id=0 ssid='MyConnection' id=1 ssid='MyConnection' id=2 ssid='MyConnection' id=3 ssid='MyConnection' WEXT: cfg80211-based driver detected SIOCGIWRANGE: WE(compiled)=22 WE(source)=21 enc_capa=0xf capabilities: key_mgmt 0xf enc 0xf flags 0x0 netlink: Operstate: linkmode=1, operstate=5 Own MAC address: xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx wpa_driver_wext_set_key: alg=0 key_idx=0 set_tx=0 seq_len=0 key_len=0 wpa_driver_wext_set_key: alg=0 key_idx=1 set_tx=0 seq_len=0 key_len=0 wpa_driver_wext_set_key: alg=0 key_idx=2 set_tx=0 seq_len=0 key_len=0 wpa_driver_wext_set_key: alg=0 key_idx=3 set_tx=0 seq_len=0 key_len=0 wpa_driver_wext_set_key: alg=0 key_idx=4 set_tx=0 seq_len=0 key_len=0 ioctl[SIOCSIWENCODEEXT]: Invalid argument Driver did not support SIOCSIWENCODEEXT wpa_driver_wext_set_key: alg=0 key_idx=5 set_tx=0 seq_len=0 key_len=0 ioctl[SIOCSIWENCODEEXT]: Invalid argument Driver did not support SIOCSIWENCODEEXT wpa_driver_wext_set_countermeasures RSN: flushing PMKID list in the driver Setting scan request: 0 sec 100000 usec WPS: UUID based on MAC address - hexdump(len=16): 16 3b d8 47 9e 24 50 89 96 16 6d 66 35 f3 58 37 EAPOL: SUPP_PAE entering state DISCONNECTED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: KEY_RX entering state NO_KEY_RECEIVE EAPOL: SUPP_BE entering state INITIALIZE EAP: EAP entering state DISABLED EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized EAPOL: Supplicant port status: Unauthorized Added interface eth1

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  • Webserver max CPU when apache and MYSQL are ran together

    - by Tim
    This website has been running fine without issues, Recently it went down. After some investigation it looks like the combo of MYSQL and Apache bring the box to its knees. Apache can run find serving static web pages and MYSQL can run fine when the website isn't working. As soon as the website is enabled with SQL running the CPU on the box remains at 100%. Picture of the usage: http://i.stack.imgur.com/GG2NC.png I've checked the sql database for errors, tried tuning nearly every parameter in apache/sql's conf file for performance. The server is a redhat based box running the latest software packages. Any help/suggestions are welcome. Doing an strace on a high cpu apache process I see the following: read(14, "", 8192) = 0 close(14) = 0 socket(PF_FILE, SOCK_STREAM, 0) = 14 fcntl64(14, F_SETFL, O_RDONLY) = 0 fcntl64(14, F_GETFL) = 0x2 (flags O_RDWR) connect(14, {sa_family=AF_FILE, path="/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock"...}, 110) = 0 setsockopt(14, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVTIMEO, "\2003\341\1\0\0\0\0", 8) = 0 setsockopt(14, SOL_SOCKET, SO_SNDTIMEO, "\2003\341\1\0\0\0\0", 8) = 0 setsockopt(14, SOL_IP, IP_TOS, [8], 4) = -1 EOPNOTSUPP (Operation not supported) setsockopt(14, SOL_SOCKET, SO_KEEPALIVE, [1], 4) = 0 Here is what I see from a mysql process: futex(0x86fc9a4, FUTEX_WAIT_PRIVATE, 39, NULL) = 0 futex(0x86fc734, FUTEX_WAIT_PRIVATE, 2, NULL) = 0 futex(0x86fc734, FUTEX_WAKE_PRIVATE, 1) = 0 gettimeofday({1301465020, 141613}, NULL) = 0 clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, {1301465020, 141699633}) = 0 futex(0x8707a64, FUTEX_WAIT_PRIVATE, 1, {4, 999913367}) = 0 futex(0x8707a40, FUTEX_WAIT_PRIVATE, 2, NULL) = 0 futex(0x8707a40, FUTEX_WAKE_PRIVATE, 1) = 0 exit_group(0) = ?

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  • mplayer (mplayerhq.hu) repeats ending audio frames

    - by kamikatze
    mplayer (from mplayerhq.hu) on windows repeats the last few audio frames upon exit. When the video ends, before you can see Exiting... (End of file) in the command prompt, you will hear the last 1/2 second or so of the audio track again. This behavior is the same for multiple containers/codecs/soundcards Vista or Windows 7. Is there a workaround for this? My playback specs: MPlayer Sherpya-MT-SVN-r31027-4.2.5 (C) 2000-2010 MPlayer Team 150 audio & 343 video codecs Playing splash_final.wmv. ASF file format detected. [asfheader] Audio stream found, -aid 1 [asfheader] Video stream found, -vid 2 VIDEO: [WMV3] 1280x720 24bpp 1000.000 fps 6291.5 kbps (768.0 kbyte/s) ========================================================================== Opening video decoder: [dmo] DMO video codecs DMO dll supports VO Optimizations 0 1 DMO dll might use previous sample when requested Decoder supports the following formats: YV12 YUY2 UYVY YVYU RGB8 [..] Decoder is capable of YUV output (flags 0x1b) Movie-Aspect is undefined - no prescaling applied. VO: [directx] 1280x720 = 1280x720 Planar YV12 Selected video codec: [wmv9dmo] vfm: dmo (Windows Media Video 9 DMO) ========================================================================== ========================================================================== Opening audio decoder: [ffmpeg] FFmpeg/libavcodec audio decoders AUDIO: 44100 Hz, 2 ch, s16le, 329.8 kbit/23.37% (ratio: 41221-176400) Selected audio codec: [ffwmav2] afm: ffmpeg (DivX audio v2 (FFmpeg)) ========================================================================== AO: [dsound] 44100Hz 2ch s16le (2 bytes per sample) Starting playback...

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  • Change the order of IP addresses returned by ifconfig?

    - by erikcw
    I have an Ubuntu server with several IP addresses attached to it. 127.0.0.1 is listed as venet0 by ifconfig. I'm using Chef to configure the server. The problem is that chef is listing 127.0.0.1 as the IP address for the server instead of one of the server's "real" IPs. (apparent "ohai ipaddress" uses the first IP listed by ifconfig to determine the server's IP). How can I change the order so the servers main IP is listed first instead of the 127.0.0.1? Can venet0 be deleted and venet0:0 be "promoted" to take its place since 127.0.0.1 is already listed in the "lo" interface? lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:334 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:334 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:16700 (16.7 KB) TX bytes:16700 (16.7 KB) venet0 Link encap:UNSPEC HWaddr 00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00 inet addr:127.0.0.1 P-t-P:127.0.0.1 Bcast:0.0.0.0 Mask:255.255.255.255 UP BROADCAST POINTOPOINT RUNNING NOARP MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:7622207 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:8183436 errors:0 dropped:1 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:2102750761 (2.1 GB) TX bytes:2795213667 (2.7 GB) venet0:0 Link encap:UNSPEC HWaddr 00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00 inet addr:XXX.XXX.XXX.XX1 P-t-P:XXX.XXX.XXX.XX1 Bcast:0.0.0.0 Mask:255.255.255.255 UP BROADCAST POINTOPOINT RUNNING NOARP MTU:1500 Metric:1 venet0:1 Link encap:UNSPEC HWaddr 00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00-00 inet addr:XXX.XXX.XXX.XX2 P-t-P:XXX.XXX.XXX.XX2 Bcast:0.0.0.0 Mask:255.255.255.255 UP BROADCAST POINTOPOINT RUNNING NOARP MTU:1500 Metric:1 route -n route -n Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 192.0.2.1 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 venet0 0.0.0.0 192.0.2.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 venet0

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  • How is it possible that I can do a host lookup but not a curl?

    - by Daniel Quinn
    Has anyone ever seen this before? Note that this happens not only with google.com, but with every domain I try. It's a wireless connection (WEP), but I'm not sure how that would be relevant: $ curl -v google.com # This takes about 60s to return * getaddrinfo(3) failed for google.com:80 * Couldn't resolve host 'google.com' * Closing connection #0 curl: (6) Couldn't resolve host 'google.com' $ host google.com google.com has address 209.85.148.106 google.com has address 209.85.148.147 google.com has address 209.85.148.99 google.com has address 209.85.148.103 google.com has address 209.85.148.104 google.com has address 209.85.148.105 google.com mail is handled by 30 alt2.aspmx.l.google.com. google.com mail is handled by 40 alt3.aspmx.l.google.com. google.com mail is handled by 50 alt4.aspmx.l.google.com. google.com mail is handled by 10 aspmx.l.google.com. google.com mail is handled by 20 alt1.aspmx.l.google.com. $ cat /etc/resolv.conf # Generated by NetworkManager nameserver 192.168.1.201 $ cat /etc/hosts 127.0.0.1 localhost ::1 localhost $ netstat -rn Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt Iface 0.0.0.0 192.168.1.254 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 wlan0 127.0.0.0 127.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 lo 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 wlan0

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  • .NET Code Evolution

    - by Alois Kraus
    Originally posted on: http://geekswithblogs.net/akraus1/archive/2013/07/24/153504.aspxAt my day job I do look at a lot of code written by other people. Most of the code is quite good and some is even a masterpiece. And there is also code which makes you think WTF… oh it was written by me. Hm not so bad after all. There are many excuses reasons for bad code. Most often it is time pressure followed by not enough ambition (who cares) or insufficient training. Normally I do care about code quality quite a lot which makes me a (perceived) slow worker who does write many tests and refines the code quite a lot because of the design deficiencies. Most of the deficiencies I do find by putting my design under stress while checking for invariants. It does also help a lot to step into the code with a debugger (sometimes also Windbg). I do this much more often when my tests are red. That way I do get a much better understanding what my code really does and not what I think it should be doing. This time I do want to show you how code can evolve over the years with different .NET Framework versions. Once there was  time where .NET 1.1 was new and many C++ programmers did switch over to get rid of not initialized pointers and memory leaks. There were also nice new data structures available such as the Hashtable which is fast lookup table with O(1) time complexity. All was good and much code was written since then. At 2005 a new version of the .NET Framework did arrive which did bring many new things like generics and new data structures. The “old” fashioned way of Hashtable were coming to an end and everyone used the new Dictionary<xx,xx> type instead which was type safe and faster because the object to type conversion (aka boxing) was no longer necessary. I think 95% of all Hashtables and dictionaries use string as key. Often it is convenient to ignore casing to make it easy to look up values which the user did enter. An often followed route is to convert the string to upper case before putting it into the Hashtable. Hashtable Table = new Hashtable(); void Add(string key, string value) { Table.Add(key.ToUpper(), value); } This is valid and working code but it has problems. First we can pass to the Hashtable a custom IEqualityComparer to do the string matching case insensitive. Second we can switch over to the now also old Dictionary type to become a little faster and we can keep the the original keys (not upper cased) in the dictionary. Dictionary<string, string> DictTable = new Dictionary<string, string>(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase); void AddDict(string key, string value) { DictTable.Add(key, value); } Many people do not user the other ctors of Dictionary because they do shy away from the overhead of writing their own comparer. They do not know that .NET has for strings already predefined comparers at hand which you can directly use. Today in the many core area we do use threads all over the place. Sometimes things break in subtle ways but most of the time it is sufficient to place a lock around the offender. Threading has become so mainstream that it may sound weird that in the year 2000 some guy got a huge incentive for the idea to reduce the time to process calibration data from 12 hours to 6 hours by using two threads on a dual core machine. Threading does make it easy to become faster at the expense of correctness. Correct and scalable multithreading can be arbitrarily hard to achieve depending on the problem you are trying to solve. Lets suppose we want to process millions of items with two threads and count the processed items processed by all threads. A typical beginners code might look like this: int Counter; void IJustLearnedToUseThreads() { var t1 = new Thread(ThreadWorkMethod); t1.Start(); var t2 = new Thread(ThreadWorkMethod); t2.Start(); t1.Join(); t2.Join(); if (Counter != 2 * Increments) throw new Exception("Hmm " + Counter + " != " + 2 * Increments); } const int Increments = 10 * 1000 * 1000; void ThreadWorkMethod() { for (int i = 0; i < Increments; i++) { Counter++; } } It does throw an exception with the message e.g. “Hmm 10.222.287 != 20.000.000” and does never finish. The code does fail because the assumption that Counter++ is an atomic operation is wrong. The ++ operator is just a shortcut for Counter = Counter + 1 This does involve reading the counter from a memory location into the CPU, incrementing value on the CPU and writing the new value back to the memory location. When we do look at the generated assembly code we will see only inc dword ptr [ecx+10h] which is only one instruction. Yes it is one instruction but it is not atomic. All modern CPUs have several layers of caches (L1,L2,L3) which try to hide the fact how slow actual main memory accesses are. Since cache is just another word for redundant copy it can happen that one CPU does read a value from main memory into the cache, modifies it and write it back to the main memory. The problem is that at least the L1 cache is not shared between CPUs so it can happen that one CPU does make changes to values which did change in meantime in the main memory. From the exception you can see we did increment the value 20 million times but half of the changes were lost because we did overwrite the already changed value from the other thread. This is a very common case and people do learn to protect their  data with proper locking.   void Intermediate() { var time = Stopwatch.StartNew(); Action acc = ThreadWorkMethod_Intermediate; var ar1 = acc.BeginInvoke(null, null); var ar2 = acc.BeginInvoke(null, null); ar1.AsyncWaitHandle.WaitOne(); ar2.AsyncWaitHandle.WaitOne(); if (Counter != 2 * Increments) throw new Exception(String.Format("Hmm {0:N0} != {1:N0}", Counter, 2 * Increments)); Console.WriteLine("Intermediate did take: {0:F1}s", time.Elapsed.TotalSeconds); } void ThreadWorkMethod_Intermediate() { for (int i = 0; i < Increments; i++) { lock (this) { Counter++; } } } This is better and does use the .NET Threadpool to get rid of manual thread management. It does give the expected result but it can result in deadlocks because you do lock on this. This is in general a bad idea since it can lead to deadlocks when other threads use your class instance as lock object. It is therefore recommended to create a private object as lock object to ensure that nobody else can lock your lock object. When you read more about threading you will read about lock free algorithms. They are nice and can improve performance quite a lot but you need to pay close attention to the CLR memory model. It does make quite weak guarantees in general but it can still work because your CPU architecture does give you more invariants than the CLR memory model. For a simple counter there is an easy lock free alternative present with the Interlocked class in .NET. As a general rule you should not try to write lock free algos since most likely you will fail to get it right on all CPU architectures. void Experienced() { var time = Stopwatch.StartNew(); Task t1 = Task.Factory.StartNew(ThreadWorkMethod_Experienced); Task t2 = Task.Factory.StartNew(ThreadWorkMethod_Experienced); t1.Wait(); t2.Wait(); if (Counter != 2 * Increments) throw new Exception(String.Format("Hmm {0:N0} != {1:N0}", Counter, 2 * Increments)); Console.WriteLine("Experienced did take: {0:F1}s", time.Elapsed.TotalSeconds); } void ThreadWorkMethod_Experienced() { for (int i = 0; i < Increments; i++) { Interlocked.Increment(ref Counter); } } Since time does move forward we do not use threads explicitly anymore but the much nicer Task abstraction which was introduced with .NET 4 at 2010. It is educational to look at the generated assembly code. The Interlocked.Increment method must be called which does wondrous things right? Lets see: lock inc dword ptr [eax] The first thing to note that there is no method call at all. Why? Because the JIT compiler does know very well about CPU intrinsic functions. Atomic operations which do lock the memory bus to prevent other processors to read stale values are such things. Second: This is the same increment call prefixed with a lock instruction. The only reason for the existence of the Interlocked class is that the JIT compiler can compile it to the matching CPU intrinsic functions which can not only increment by one but can also do an add, exchange and a combined compare and exchange operation. But be warned that the correct usage of its methods can be tricky. If you try to be clever and look a the generated IL code and try to reason about its efficiency you will fail. Only the generated machine code counts. Is this the best code we can write? Perhaps. It is nice and clean. But can we make it any faster? Lets see how good we are doing currently. Level Time in s IJustLearnedToUseThreads Flawed Code Intermediate 1,5 (lock) Experienced 0,3 (Interlocked.Increment) Master 0,1 (1,0 for int[2]) That lock free thing is really a nice thing. But if you read more about CPU cache, cache coherency, false sharing you can do even better. int[] Counters = new int[12]; // Cache line size is 64 bytes on my machine with an 8 way associative cache try for yourself e.g. 64 on more modern CPUs void Master() { var time = Stopwatch.StartNew(); Task t1 = Task.Factory.StartNew(ThreadWorkMethod_Master, 0); Task t2 = Task.Factory.StartNew(ThreadWorkMethod_Master, Counters.Length - 1); t1.Wait(); t2.Wait(); Counter = Counters[0] + Counters[Counters.Length - 1]; if (Counter != 2 * Increments) throw new Exception(String.Format("Hmm {0:N0} != {1:N0}", Counter, 2 * Increments)); Console.WriteLine("Master did take: {0:F1}s", time.Elapsed.TotalSeconds); } void ThreadWorkMethod_Master(object number) { int index = (int) number; for (int i = 0; i < Increments; i++) { Counters[index]++; } } The key insight here is to use for each core its own value. But if you simply use simply an integer array of two items, one for each core and add the items at the end you will be much slower than the lock free version (factor 3). Each CPU core has its own cache line size which is something in the range of 16-256 bytes. When you do access a value from one location the CPU does not only fetch one value from main memory but a complete cache line (e.g. 16 bytes). This means that you do not pay for the next 15 bytes when you access them. This can lead to dramatic performance improvements and non obvious code which is faster although it does have many more memory reads than another algorithm. So what have we done here? We have started with correct code but it was lacking knowledge how to use the .NET Base Class Libraries optimally. Then we did try to get fancy and used threads for the first time and failed. Our next try was better but it still had non obvious issues (lock object exposed to the outside). Knowledge has increased further and we have found a lock free version of our counter which is a nice and clean way which is a perfectly valid solution. The last example is only here to show you how you can get most out of threading by paying close attention to your used data structures and CPU cache coherency. Although we are working in a virtual execution environment in a high level language with automatic memory management it does pay off to know the details down to the assembly level. Only if you continue to learn and to dig deeper you can come up with solutions no one else was even considering. I have studied particle physics which does help at the digging deeper part. Have you ever tried to solve Quantum Chromodynamics equations? Compared to that the rest must be easy ;-). Although I am no longer working in the Science field I take pride in discovering non obvious things. This can be a very hard to find bug or a new way to restructure data to make something 10 times faster. Now I need to get some sleep ….

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  • Debian can't connect to internet using LAN

    - by tampe125
    I have a headless Raspberry Pi using Debian Wheezy. I have a wifi dongle and if I connect my Raspberry using it, everything works fine: I can connect to the Internet, I can ping, I can update. However, if I get down my wifi and set up the lan interface, I lost my internet connection. I still can connect locally, using my laptop, but the connection doesn't exit (ie ping is not working). Some useful info: cat /etc/network/interfaces auto lo auto eth0 iface eth0 inet static address 192.168.0.105 netmask 255.255.255.0 gateway 192.168.0.1 ping www.google.com (nothing request timed out) ifconfig eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr b8:27:eb:a2:b5:20 inet addr:192.168.0.105 Bcast:192.168.0.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:1130 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:1116 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:97223 (94.9 KiB) TX bytes:146140 (142.7 KiB) ping 192.168.0.1 PING 192.168.0.1 (192.168.0.1) 56(84) bytes of data. ^C --- 192.168.0.1 ping statistics --- 19 packets transmitted, 0 received, 100% packet loss, time 18007ms cat /etc/resolv.conf nameserver 8.8.8.8 netstat -r Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt Iface default 192.168.0.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0 192.168.0.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 well, I think that's all... Any ideas?

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  • Debian can't connect to internet using LAN

    - by tampe125
    I have a headless Raspberry Pi using Debian Wheezy. I have a wifi dongle and if I connect my Raspberry using it, everything works fine: I can connect to the Internet, I can ping, I can update. However, if I get down my wifi and set up the lan interface, I lost my internet connection. I still can connect to it locally, using my laptop, but the connection doesn't exit (ie ping is not working). Some useful info: cat /etc/network/interfaces auto lo auto eth0 iface eth0 inet static address 192.168.0.105 netmask 255.255.255.0 gateway 192.168.0.1 ping www.google.com (nothing request timed out) ifconfig eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr b8:27:eb:a2:b5:20 inet addr:192.168.0.105 Bcast:192.168.0.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:1130 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:1116 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:97223 (94.9 KiB) TX bytes:146140 (142.7 KiB) ping 192.168.0.1 PING 192.168.0.1 (192.168.0.1) 56(84) bytes of data. ^C --- 192.168.0.1 ping statistics --- 19 packets transmitted, 0 received, 100% packet loss, time 18007ms cat /etc/resolv.conf nameserver 8.8.8.8 netstat -r Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt Iface default 192.168.0.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0 192.168.0.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 well, I think that's all... Any ideas?

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  • Prevent SSL certificate being returned for a specific domain

    - by jezmck
    Apologies for a long question: We've taken on a new client whose web hosting was previously on their in-house server which still has their Exchange/Outlook email. We now host their domain (and many others) on our server. They're complaining that they're getting errors in Outlook. I don't understand the AutoDiscover stuff at the root of the problem, but believe that I just need to stop the SSL certificate on our server being returned when requested at a particular domain: Yes it is, the issue lies with "{newclient}.com" being pointed to your server IP and that server has Port 443 open with an SSL certificate associated to it. So when Outlook/ActiveSync use autodiscover to find the mailbox settings it find your SSL (because 443 is open) and flags it as an error. The solution is to close 443 so its not discovered, Autodiscover will then proceed to mail.{newclient}.com via the MX / ServiceRecords and discover the correct SSL. I'm new here and there was no hand-over, so I don't know whether other currently hosted sites need to accept SSL connections, though I suspect some will, or may in future. This is a live server, so I can't risk trying loads of options in case I take the server offline! I feel like I should be adding something like the following to vhosts.conf. <VirtualHost *:443> ServerName {newclient}.com ServerAlias www.{newclient}.com SSLEngine Off SSLCertificateFile {NONE} SSLCertificateKeyFile {NONE} </VirtualHost> Apologies for the fact that I don't know enough about this subject to be able to ask the question more clearly!

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  • Unable to ping gateway via bridge nic

    - by Ara
    I'm trying to install KVM on Ubuntu 12.04 server. We have multiple nic on this server of which we primarily use eth0. The server network runs fine(i'm able to ping gateway, ping dns server and ping servers on internet) with eth0 /etc/network/interfaces auto lo iface lo inet loopback auto eth0 iface eth0 inet static address 192.168.22.194 netmask 255.255.255.0 network 192.168.22.0 broadcast 192.168.22.255 gateway 192.168.22.1 dns-nameservers 10.71.130.58 10.71.130.60 dns-search test.local I installed bridge-utils and configured br0 as below /etc/network/interfaces auto lo iface lo inet loopback auto eth0 iface eth0 inet manual auto br0 iface br0 inet static address 192.168.22.194 netmask 255.255.255.0 network 192.168.22.0 broadcast 192.168.22.255 gateway 192.168.22.1 dns-nameservers 10.71.130.58 10.71.130.60 dns-search test.local bridge_ports eth0 bridge_fd 9 bridge_hello 2 bridge_maxage 12 bridge_stp off Post which i'm able to ping servers on the same ip range 192.168.22.2-254 except for 192.168.22.1 (which is the gateway) also i'm not able to ping any other servers. I'm not able to ping this machine from network. The output for route -n Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 0.0.0.0 192.168.22.1 0.0.0.0 UG 100 0 0 br0 192.168.22.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 br0 192.168.122.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 virbr0 I've been struggling with this issue for past 5 days, would be of help if anyone can point me in the right direction to fix this issue. Thanks in advance

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  • Asus K50I sound issues

    - by MrStatic
    I have an Asus K50IJ (Bestbuy) laptop and have issues with my sound. Speakers themselves work fine but when I plug into the headphone jack it auto mutes the front channel and no sounds comes out of either the speakers or the headphones. If I then unmute the channel I get sound from both the speakers and the headphones. alsamixer shows the Headphone channel as all grayed out. /etc/modprobe.d/alsa-base.conf I have tried snd-hda-intel model="asus-laptop" and snd-hda-intel model="asus" In Sound Preferences I have gone to output and changed the Connector to 'Analog Headphones' that results in no sound from either speakers or headphones. As one forum suggested I tried to comment out blacklist snd_pcsp in the blacklist.conf which resulted in no change. lspci -v shows: 00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation 82801I (ICH9 Family) HD Audio Controller (rev 03) Subsystem: Santa Cruz Operation Device 1043 Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 45 Memory at fe9f4000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16K] Capabilities: [50] Power Management version 2 Capabilities: [60] MSI: Enable+ Count=1/1 Maskable- 64bit+ Capabilities: [70] Express Root Complex Integrated Endpoint, MSI 00 Capabilities: [100] Virtual Channel Capabilities: [130] Root Complex Link Kernel driver in use: HDA Intel Kernel modules: snd-hda-intel

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  • Fedora 15: em1 recently dissapeared and hostapd no longer serves internet to wirelessly connected devices

    - by Daniel K
    I have a laptop running hostapd, phpd, and mysql. This laptop uses an Ethernet connection to connect to the internet and acts as a wireless access point for my workplace's wifi devices. After installing some software and reconnecting my Ethernet elsewhere, my "em1" device is no longer present and wirelessly connected devices can no longer reach the internet. The software I recently installed is: pptp, pptpd, and updated some fedora libraries. I have also recently moved my desk and laptop to another location and thus had to reconnect the Ethernet elsewhere. Wifi devices no longer have access to the internet. Wirelessly connected devices are able to successfully log into the laptop, showing full strength, correct SSID, and uses the proper password. However, when I tried to connect to a site like google, the request times out. The device "em1" also no longer appears on my machine. Running: # ifup em1 will give me the following output: ERROR : [/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifup-eth] Device em1 does not seem to be present, delaying initialization. And running: # dhclient em1 has the following output: Cannot find device "em1" When I run # dmesg|grep renamed, I get the following: renamed network interface eth0 to p4p1. I've tried to connect to the internet through p4p1 directly from the laptop and was successful. However, my wireless devices connected to my laptop are not able to connect to the internet. I have uninstalled pptp and pptpd using # yum erase ... but the problem still persists. To install pptp I used: # yum install pptp To install pptpd I did the following: # rpm -Uvh http://poptop.sourceforge.net/yum/stable/fc15/pptp-release-current.noarch.rpm # yum install pptpd To update my fedora libraries I used: # yum check-update # yum update EDIT: Running # route produces the following results: Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface default 10.11.200.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 p4p1 10.11.200.0 * 255.255.252.0 U 0 0 0 p4p1 172.16.100.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 wlan0

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  • DPMS does not work: the monitor is not switched off

    - by bortzmeyer
    I have a monitor which was properly switched off by my Debian PC when unused. I attached it to another machine and, this times, it is never switched off. In /etc/X11/xorg.conf, I have: Section "Monitor" Identifier "Generic Monitor" Option "DPMS" It is recognized when X11 starts: (II) Loading extension DPMS ... (II) VESA(0): DPMS capabilities: StandBy Suspend Off; RGB/Color Display ... (**) Option "dpms" (**) VESA(0): DPMS enabled The operating system is Debian stable "lenny". The graphics card is: 00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation 82G33/G31 Express Integrate d Graphics Controller (rev 02) (prog-if 00 [VGA controller]) Subsystem: Hewlett-Packard Company Device 2a6f Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 5 Memory at fe900000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=512K] I/O ports at b080 [size=8] Memory at d0000000 (32-bit, prefetchable) [size=256M] Memory at fe800000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=1M] Capabilities: [90] Message Signalled Interrupts: Mask- 64bit- Queue=0/0 Enable-Capabilities: [d0] Power Management version 2 X11 is: X.Org X Server 1.4.2 Release Date: 11 June 2008 X Protocol Version 11, Revision 0 Build Operating System: Linux Debian (xorg-server 2:1.4.2-10.lenny2) Current Operating System: Linux ludwigVII 2.6.26-2-686 #1 SMP Sun Jun 21 04:57:3 8 UTC 2009 i686 Build Date: 08 June 2009 09:12:57AM

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  • Debian, 2 NICs load-balancing or agregating with one same gateway

    - by pouney
    Hi, I have one server, with double NICs connected to one switch with the same gateway. Behind the switch we have internet. |Debian| - eth0 - switch - internet - eth1 - same I don't understand how to load-balancing between eth0 and eth1. The inbound/outbound traffic always use eth1. This is the config: # The primary network interface allow-hotplug eth0 auto eth0 iface eth0 inet static address 192.168.248.82 netmask 255.255.255.240 network 192.168.248.80 broadcast 192.168.248.95 gateway 192.168.248.81 allow-hotplug eth1 auto eth1 iface eth1 inet static address 192.168.248.83 netmask 255.255.255.240 network 192.168.248.80 broadcast 192.168.248.95 gateway 192.168.248.81 Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 192.168.248.80 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.240 U 0 0 0 eth1 192.168.248.80 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.240 U 0 0 0 eth0 0.0.0.0 192.168.248.81 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth1 0.0.0.0 192.168.248.81 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0 Ips aren't real, it's just for the example. Anybody have an idea on correct routing to use eth0 on 192.168.248.82 and eth1 on 192.168.248.83 ? I have many example for multiple gateway but here it's the same. Thanks all. Regards

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  • Connect linux server to VPN server via PPTP

    - by wowpatrick
    I'm trying to connect a Linux (Ubuntu 10.04 LST) server to a VPN server via the PPTP client to an VPN server. I configured the PPTP client as said in the documentation. The connection is correctly added as an interface, but somehow the connection dose not work. ping -I ppp0 google.com dose not return anything and traceroute -i ppp0 only shows the first hop, and then displays nothing. Any ideas of what is going wrong? Incorrect routing configuration? ifconfig output for the configured interface: ppp0 Link encap:Point-to-Point Protocol inet addr:xx.x.xxx.xxx P-t-P:10.0.0.1 Mask:255.255.255.255 UP POINTOPOINT RUNNING NOARP MULTICAST MTU:1496 Metric:1 RX packets:415 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:468 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:3 RX bytes:31428 (31.4 KB) TX bytes:32394 (32.3 KB) route output Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface xx.x.x.1 * 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 ppp0 xx.xxx.xxx.xx sp.ip 255.255.255.255 UGH 0 0 0 eth1 192.168.3.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth2 192.168.2.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth1 default sp.ip 0.0.0.0 UG 100 0 0 eth1

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  • Route all wlan0 traffic over tun0

    - by Tuinslak
    I'm looking for a way to route all wlan0 traffic (tcp and udp) over tun0 (openvpn). However, all other traffic originating from the device itself should not be routed through tun0. I'm guessing this could be realized using iptables or route, but none of my options seem to work. # route add -net 0.0.0.0 gw 172.27.0.1 dev wlan0 SIOCADDRT: No such process Info: This is because the VPN server is not redundant, and wlan users are not really important. However, all services running on the device are fairly important and having a VPN virtual machine with no SLA on it is just a bad idea. Trying to minimize the odds of something going wrong. So setting the VPN server as default gateway is not really an option. I also want all wlan0 user to use the VPN server's IP address as external IP. Edit with the script provided: root@ft-genesi-xxx ~ # route -n Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 172.27.0.17 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 tun0 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 10.13.37.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 wlan0 172.27.0.0 172.27.0.17 255.255.192.0 UG 0 0 0 tun0 0.0.0.0 192.168.1.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0 root@ft-genesi-xxx ~ # ./test.sh RTNETLINK answers: No such process root@ft-genesi-xxx ~ # cat test.sh #!/bin/sh IP=/sbin/ip # replace with the range of your wlan network, or use fwmark instead ${IP} rule add from 10.13.37.0/24 table from-wlan ${IP} route add default dev tun0 via 127.72.0.1 table from-wlan ${IP} route add 10.13.37.0/24 dev wlan0 table from-wlan

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  • server dosnt produce syn-ack

    - by steve
    I have a small program that take packets from the nfqueue . change the ip.dst to my server dst (and ttl), recalc checksum and return the packet to the nfqueue. The server and the client are linux and apache web server is run on the server and listen on port 80. i open telnet in the client to fake ip on port 80 . the packet is changed by my program and sent to the server, but the target server (the new dst ip) get the syn , but dosnt generate syn-ack (the server also belong to me , so i can see that it get the syn with checksum correct , but dosnt generate syn-ack). if i do the same , but with the real server ip as the dest, the tcp handshake is done correct (in this case i just change the ttl and checksum. The change that i did to the ttl is just a test to see that my checksum calc is ok). i compare the sys's , but didnt find and difference. Any idea? Ps. i saw this topic : Server not sending a SYN/ACK packet in response to a SYN packet and i set all flags the same , but this didnt help. Thank you

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  • Getting Win32_Service security descriptor using VBScript

    - by invictus
    Hi, I am using VbScript for retrieving the securitydescriptor of a Win32_Service. I am using the following code: SE_DACL_PRESENT = &h4 ACCESS_ALLOWED_ACE_TYPE = &h0 ACCESS_DENIED_ACE_TYPE = &h1 strComputer = "." Set objWMIService = GetObject("winmgmts:" _ & "{impersonationLevel=impersonate, (Security)}!\\" & strComputer & "\root\cimv2") Set colInstalledPrinters = objWMIService.ExecQuery _ ("Select * from Win32_Service") For Each objPrinter in colInstalledPrinters Wscript.Echo "Name: " & objPrinter.Name ' Get security descriptor for printer Return = objPrinter.GetSecurityDescriptor( objSD ) If ( return <> 0 ) Then WScript.Echo "Could not get security descriptor: " & Return wscript.Quit Return End If ' Extract the security descriptor flags intControlFlags = objSD.ControlFlags If intControlFlags AND SE_DACL_PRESENT Then ' Get the ACE entries from security descriptor colACEs = objSD.DACL For Each objACE in colACEs ' Get all the trustees and determine which have access to printer WScript.Echo objACE.Trustee.Domain & "\" & objACE.Trustee.Name If objACE.AceType = ACCESS_ALLOWED_ACE_TYPE Then WScript.Echo vbTab & "User has access to printer" ElseIf objACE.AceType = ACCESS_DENIED_ACE_TYPE Then WScript.Echo vbTab & "User does not have access to the printer" End If Next Else WScript.Echo "No DACL found in security descriptor" End If Next However, every time I run it I get the message saying the resulting code is -2165236532 something, rather than the error codes defined in the manual. Anyone got any ideas? I am using Windows 7 professional.

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  • dig show only answer

    - by Zulakis
    I want dig only to show the answer of my query. Normally, it prints out alot of additional info like this: ;; <<>> DiG 9.7.3 <<>> google.de ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 55839 ;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 0 ;; QUESTION SECTION: ;google.de. IN A ;; ANSWER SECTION: google.de. 208 IN A 173.194.69.94 ;; Query time: 0 msec ;; SERVER: 213.133.99.99#53(213.133.99.99) ;; WHEN: Sun Sep 23 10:02:34 2012 ;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 43 I want this to be reduced to just the answer section. dig has alot of options, a good one i found was +noall +answer ; <<>> DiG 9.7.3 <<>> google.de +noall +answer ;; global options: +cmd google.de. 145 IN A 173.194.69.94 It leaves out most of the stuff, but still shows this options thing. Any ideas on how to remove it using dig options? I sure could cut it out using other tools, but a option with dig itself would be the cleanest and nicest.

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  • Two DHCP interfaces asigned to two default gateways to OS

    - by user140600
    I have a Ubuntu box that has two networking interfaces (eth0 and wlan0). They are both configured for DHCP in /etc/network/interfaces, but they both assign a default gateway: /etc/network/interfaces auto lo iface lo inet loopback auto eth0 iface eth0 inet dhcp auto wlan0 iface wlan0 inet dhcp wireless-essid test Result of route -n Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 0.0.0.0 172.16.1.1 0.0.0.0 UG 100 0 0 wlan0 0.0.0.0 10.0.0.1 0.0.0.0 UG 100 0 0 eth0 10.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 172.16.1.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 wlan0 How can I set up /etc/network/interfaces to have only one default gateway, on the interface I want? Worst case scenario, how can I at least control which one gets on top on the route -n command, each boot? Note: This box will travel a lot, and will be connected to different networks, so I don´t know in advance the IP addresses/ranges it will have. Sometimes the default gw interface will be eth0. Sometimes it will be wlan0 ... So, this needs to be kind of automatic ...

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  • ffmpeg cutting video duration

    - by Steve Spence
    When using ffmpeg on linux, my 4.3GB 2.21 second video is being chopped down to 1.56 duration. I'm trying to reduce file size, but not lose frames. steve@steve-OptiPlex-170L:~/Desktop$ ffmpeg -i microbe.avi microbe.mp4 ffmpeg version 0.8.3-4:0.8.3-0ubuntu0.12.04.1, Copyright (c) 2000-2012 the Libav developers built on Jun 12 2012 16:37:58 with gcc 4.6.3 * THIS PROGRAM IS DEPRECATED * This program is only provided for compatibility and will be removed in a future release. Please use avconv instead. Input #0, avi, from 'microbe.avi': Duration: 00:02:21.80, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 242311 kb/s Stream #0.0: Video: rawvideo, bgr24, 1280x960, 10 tbr, 10 tbn, 10 tbc Incompatible pixel format 'bgr24' for codec 'mpeg4', auto-selecting format 'yuv420p' [buffer @ 0x9f861e0] w:1280 h:960 pixfmt:bgr24 [avsink @ 0x9f86440] auto-inserting filter 'auto-inserted scaler 0' between the filter 'src' and the filter 'out' [scale @ 0x9f7d800] w:1280 h:960 fmt:bgr24 - w:1280 h:960 fmt:yuv420p flags:0x4 Output #0, mp4, to 'microbe.mp4': Metadata: encoder : Lavf53.21.0 Stream #0.0: Video: mpeg4, yuv420p, 1280x960, q=2-31, 200 kb/s, 10 tbn, 10 tbc Stream mapping: Stream #0.0 - #0.0 Press ctrl-c to stop encoding frame= 1164 fps= 6 q=31.0 Lsize= 3775kB time=116.40 bitrate= 265.7kbits/s video:3765kB audio:0kB global headers:0kB muxing overhead 0.272870% steve@steve-OptiPlex-170L:~/Desktop$

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