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  • Python: saving and loading objects and using pickle.

    - by Peterstone
    Hello, I´m trying to save and load objects using pickle module. First I declare my objects: >>> class Fruits:pass ... >>> banana = Fruits() >>> banana.color = 'yellow' >>> banana.value = 30 After that I open a file called 'Fruits.obj'(previously I created a new .txt file and I renamed 'Fruits.obj'): >>> import pickle >>> filehandler = open(b"Fruits.obj","wb") >>> pickle.dump(banana,filehandler) After do this I close my session and I began a new one and I put the next (trying to access to the object that it supposed to be saved): file = open("Fruits.obj",'r') object_file = pickle.load(file) But I have this message: Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> File "C:\Python31\lib\pickle.py", line 1365, in load encoding=encoding, errors=errors).load() ValueError: read() from the underlying stream did notreturn bytes I don´t know what to do because I don´t understand this message. Does anyone know How I can load my object 'banana'? Thank you! EDIT: As some of you have sugested I put: >>> import pickle >>> file = open("Fruits.obj",'rb') There were no problem, but the next I put was: >>> object_file = pickle.load(file) And I have error: Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> File "C:\Python31\lib\pickle.py", line 1365, in load encoding=encoding, errors=errors).load() EOFError

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  • `strip`ing the results of a split in python

    - by Igor
    i'm trying to do something pretty simple: line = "name : bob" k, v = line.lower().split(':') k = k.strip() v = v.strip() is there a way to combine this into one line somehow? i found myself writing this over and over again when making parsers, and sometimes this involves way more than just two variables. i know i can use regexp, but this is simple enough to not really have to require it...

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  • How to do relative imports in Python?

    - by Joril
    Imagine this directory structure: app/ __init__.py sub1/ __init__.py mod1.py sub2/ __init__.py mod2.py I'm coding mod1, and I need to import something from mod2. How should I do it? I tried from ..sub2 import mod2 but I'm getting an "Attempted relative import in non-package". I googled around but found only "sys.path manipulation" hacks. Isn't there a clean way? Edit: all my __init__.py's are currently empty Edit2: I'm trying to do this because sub2 contains classes that are shared across sub packages (sub1, subX, etc.). Edit3: The behaviour I'm looking for is the same as described in PEP 366 (thanks John B)

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  • Python: can't pickle module objects error

    - by adum
    i'm trying to pickle a big class and getting "TypeError: can't pickle module objects". despite looking around the web, i can't exactly figure out what this means. and i'm not sure which "module object" is causing the trouble. is there a way to find the culprit? the stack trace doesn't seem to indicate anything.

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  • Python: writing a program to compute the area of a circle and square

    - by user1672504
    I have a question with an assignment. I'm not sure how to write this program and I really need help! Could someone help me with this? This is the assignment: Write a program that asks the user to enter two values: an integer choice and a real number x. If choice is 1, compute and display the area of a circle of radius x. If choice is 2, compute and display the are of a square with sides of length x. If choice is neither 1, nor 2, will display the text Invalid choice. Sample run: Enter choice: 2 Enter x: 8 The area is: 64.0 Sample run: Enter choice: 1 Enter x: 8 The area is: 201.06176 My attempt: choice = input ('Enter Choice:') choice_1 = int (choice) if (choice_1==1): radius = (int) print('Enter x:',radius) pi = 3.14159 area = ( radius ** 2 ) * pi print ( 'The Area is=' , area )

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  • Python Decorators and inheritance

    - by wheaties
    Help a guy out. Can't seem to get a decorator to work with inheritance. Broke it down to the simplest little example in my scratch workspace. Still can't seem to get it working. class bar(object): def __init__(self): self.val = 4 def setVal(self,x): self.val = x def decor(self, func): def increment(self, x): return func( self, x ) + self.val return increment class foo(bar): def __init__(self): bar.__init__(self) @decor def add(self, x): return x Oops, name "decor" is not defined. Okay, how about @bar.decor? TypeError: unbound method "decor" must be called with a bar instance as first argument (got function instance instead) Ok, how about @self.decor? Name "self" is not defined. Ok, how about @foo.decor?! Name "foo" is not defined. AaaaAAaAaaaarrrrgggg... What am I doing wrong?

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  • Using arrays with other arrays in Python.

    - by Scott
    Trying to find an efficient way to extract all instances of items in an array out of another. For example array1 = ["abc", "def", "ghi", "jkl"] array2 = ["abc", "ghi", "456", "789"] Array 1 is an array of items that need to be extracted out of array 2. Thus, array 2 should be modified to ["456", "789"] I know how to do this, but no in an efficient manner.

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  • Replace text in file with Python

    - by Aaron Hoffman
    I'm trying to replace some text in a file with a value. Everything works fine but when I look at the file after its completed there is a new (blank) line after each line in the file. Is there something I can do to prevent this from happening. Here is the code as I have it: import fileinput for line in fileinput.FileInput("testfile.txt",inplace=1): line = line.replace("newhost",host) print line Thank you, Aaron

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  • Python/YACC: Resolving a shift/reduce conflict

    - by Rosarch
    I'm using PLY. Here is one of my states from parser.out: state 3 (5) course_data -> course . (6) course_data -> course . course_list_tail (3) or_phrase -> course . OR_CONJ COURSE_NUMBER (7) course_list_tail -> . , COURSE_NUMBER (8) course_list_tail -> . , COURSE_NUMBER course_list_tail ! shift/reduce conflict for OR_CONJ resolved as shift $end reduce using rule 5 (course_data -> course .) OR_CONJ shift and go to state 7 , shift and go to state 8 ! OR_CONJ [ reduce using rule 5 (course_data -> course .) ] course_list_tail shift and go to state 9 I want to resolve this as: if OR_CONJ is followed by COURSE_NUMBER: shift and go to state 7 else: reduce using rule 5 (course_data -> course .) How can I fix my parser file to reflect this? Do I need to handle a syntax error by backtracking and trying a different rule?

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  • Python: How to make a cross-module variable?

    - by Dan Homerick
    The __debug__ variable is handy in part because it affects every module. If I want to create another variable that works the same way, how would I do it? The variable (let's be original and call it 'foo') doesn't have to be truly global, in the sense that if I change foo in one module, it is updated in others. I'd be fine if I could set foo before importing other modules and then they would see the same value for it.

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  • Obfuscate strings in Python

    - by Caedis
    I have a password string that must be passed to a method. Everything works fine but I don't feel comfortable storing the password in clear text. Is there a way to obfuscate the string or to truly encrypt it? I'm aware that obfuscation can be reverse engineered, but I think I should at least try to cover up the password a bit. At the very least it wont be visible to a indexing program, or a stray eye giving a quick look at my code. I am aware of pyobfuscate but I don't want the whole program obfuscated, just one string and possibly the whole line itself where the variable is defined. Target platform is GNU Linux Generic (If that makes a difference)

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  • intersection of three sets in python?

    - by Phil Brown
    Currently I am stuck trying to find the intersection of three sets. Now these sets are really lists that I am converting into sets, and then trying to find the intersection of. Here's what I have so far: for list1 in masterlist: list1=thingList1 for list2 in masterlist: list2=thingList2 for list3 in masterlist: list3=thingList3 d3=[set(thingList1), set(thingList2), set(thingList3)] setmatches c= set.intersection(*map(set,d3)) print setmatches and I'm getting set([]) Script terminated. I know there's a much simpler and better way to do this, but I can't find one...

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  • Recognizing language of a short text? - Python

    - by RadiantHex
    Hi folks, I'm have a list of articles, each article has its own title and description. Unfortunately, from the sources I am using, there is no way to know what language they are written. Also, text is not entirely written in 1 language; almost always English words are present. I reckon I would need dictionary databases stored on my machine, but it feels a bit unpractical. What would you suggest I do?

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  • Drawing a Dragons curve in Python

    - by Connor Franzoni
    I am trying to work out how to draw the dragons curve, with pythons turtle using the An L-System or Lindenmayer system. I no the code is something like the Dragon curve; initial state = ‘F’, replacement rule – replace ‘F’ with ‘F+F-F’, number of replacements = 8, length = 5, angle = 60 But have no idea how to put that into code.

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  • Comparing a time delta in python

    - by Alpesh Patel
    I have a variable which is <type 'datetime.timedelta'> and I would like to compare it against certain values. Lets say d produces this datetime.timedelta value 0:00:01.782000 I would like to compare it like this: #if d is greater than 1 minute if d>1:00: print "elapsed time is greater than 1 minute" I have tried converting datetime.timedelta.strptime() but that does seem to work. Is there an easier way to compare this value?

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  • How to do cleanup reliably in python?

    - by Cheery
    I have some ctypes bindings, and for each body.New I should call body.Free. The library I'm binding doesn't have allocation routines insulated out from the rest of the code (they can be called about anywhere there), and to use couple of useful features I need to make cyclic references. I think It'd solve if I'd find a reliable way to hook destructor to an object. (weakrefs would help if they'd give me the callback just before the data is dropped. So obviously this code megafails when I put in velocity_func: class Body(object): def __init__(self, mass, inertia): self._body = body.New(mass, inertia) def __del__(self): print '__del__ %r' % self if body: body.Free(self._body) ... def set_velocity_func(self, func): self._body.contents.velocity_func = ctypes_wrapping(func) I also tried to solve it through weakrefs, with those the things seem getting just worse, just only largely more unpredictable. Even if I don't put in the velocity_func, there will appear cycles at least then when I do this: class Toy(object): def __init__(self, body): self.body.owner = self ... def collision(a, b, contacts): whatever(a.body.owner) So how to make sure Structures will get garbage collected, even if they are allocated/freed by the shared library? There's repository if you are interested about more details: http://bitbucket.org/cheery/ctypes-chipmunk/

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  • Get python tarfile to skip files without read permission

    - by chris
    I'm trying to write a function that backs up a directory with files of different permission to an archive on Windows XP. I'm using the tarfile module to tar the directory. Currently as soon as the program encounters a file that does not have read permissions, it stops giving the error: IOError: [Errno 13] Permission denied: 'path to file'. I would like it to instead just skip over the files it cannot read rather than end the tar operation. This is the code I am using now: def compressTar(): """Build and gzip the tar archive.""" folder = 'C:\\Documents and Settings' tar = tarfile.open ("C:\\WINDOWS\\Program\\archive.tar.gz", "w:gz") try: print "Attempting to build a backup archive" tar.add(folder) except: print "Permission denied attempting to create a backup archive" print "Building a limited archive conatining files with read permissions." for root, dirs, files in os.walk(folder): for f in files: tar.add(os.path.join(root, f)) for d in dirs: tar.add(os.path.join(root, d))

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  • Running a Python script outside of Django

    - by geejay
    I have a script which uses the Django ORM features, amongst other external libraries, that I want to run outside of Django (that is, executed from the command-line). Edit: At the moment, I can launch it by navigating to a URL... How do I setup the environment for this?

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  • Python/PyParsing: Difficulty with setResultsName

    - by Rosarch
    I think I'm making a mistake in how I call setResultsName(): from pyparsing import * DEPT_CODE = Regex(r'[A-Z]{2,}').setResultsName("Dept Code") COURSE_NUMBER = Regex(r'[0-9]{4}').setResultsName("Course Number") COURSE_NUMBER.setParseAction(lambda s, l, toks : int(toks[0])) course = DEPT_CODE + COURSE_NUMBER course.setResultsName("course") statement = course From IDLE: >>> myparser import * >>> statement.parseString("CS 2110") (['CS', 2110], {'Dept Code': [('CS', 0)], 'Course Number': [(2110, 1)]}) The output I hope for: >>> myparser import * >>> statement.parseString("CS 2110") (['CS', 2110], {'Course': ['CS', 2110], 'Dept Code': [('CS', 0)], 'Course Number': [(2110, 1)]}) Does setResultsName() only work for terminals?

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  • Types in Python - Google Appengine

    - by Chris M
    Getting a bit peeved now; I have a model and a class thats just storing a get request in the database; basic tracking. class SearchRec(db.Model): WebSite = db.StringProperty()#required=True WebPage = db.StringProperty() CountryNM = db.StringProperty() PrefMailing = db.BooleanProperty() DateStamp = db.DateTimeProperty(auto_now_add=True) IP = db.StringProperty() class AddSearch(webapp.RequestHandler): def get(self): searchRec = SearchRec() searchRec.WebSite = self.request.get('WEBSITE') searchRec.WebPage = self.request.get('WEBPAGE') searchRec.CountryNM = self.request.get('COUNTRY') searchRec.PrefMailing = bool(self.request.get('MAIL')) searchRec.IP = self.request.get('IP') Bool has my biscuit; I thought that setting bool(self.reque....) would set the type of the string but no matter what I pass it it still stores it as TRUE in the database. I had the same issue with using required=True on strings for the model; the damn thing kept saying that nothing was being passed... but it had. Ta

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  • python regex of a date in some text, enclosed by two keywords

    - by Horace Ho
    This is Part 2 of this question and thanks very much for David's answer. What if I need to extract dates which are bounded by two keywords? Example: text = "One 09 Jun 2011 Two 10 Dec 2012 Three 15 Jan 2015 End" Case 1 bounding keyboards: "One" and "Three" Result expected: ['09 Jun 2011', '10 Dec 2012'] Case 2 bounding keyboards: "Two" and "End" Result expected: ['10 Dec 2012', '15 Jan 2015'] Thanks!

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  • Generate and merge data with python multiprocessing

    - by Bobby
    I have a list of starting data. I want to apply a function to the starting data that creates a few pieces of new data for each element in the starting data. Some pieces of the new data are the same and I want to remove them. The sequential version is essentially: def create_new_data_for(datum): """make a list of new data from some old datum""" return [datum.modified_copy(k) for k in datum.k_list] data = [some list of data] #some data to start with #generate a list of new data from the old data, we'll reduce it next newdata = [] for d in data: newdata.extend(create_new_data_for(d)) #now reduce the data under ".matches(other)" reduced = [] for d in newdata: for seen in reduced: if d.matches(seen): break #so we haven't seen anything like d yet seen.append(d) #now reduced is finished and is what we want! I want to speed this up with multiprocessing. I was thinking that I could use a multiprocessing.Queue for the generation. Each process would just put the stuff it creates on, and when the processes are reducing the data, they can just get the data from the Queue. But I'm not sure how to have the different process loop over reduced and modify it without any race conditions or other issues. What is the best way to do this safely? or is there a different way to accomplish this goal better?

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