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  • Multiple levels of 'collection.defaultdict' in Python

    - by Morlock
    Thanks to some great folks on SO, I discovered the possibilities offered by collections.defaultdict, notably in readability and speed. I have put them to use with success. Now I would like to implement three levels of dictionaries, the two top ones being defaultdict and the lowest one being int. I don't find the appropriate way to do this. Here is my attempt: from collections import defaultdict d = defaultdict(defaultdict) a = [("key1", {"a1":22, "a2":33}), ("key2", {"a1":32, "a2":55}), ("key3", {"a1":43, "a2":44})] for i in a: d[i[0]] = i[1] Now this works, but the following, which is the desired behavior, doesn't: d["key4"]["a1"] + 1 I suspect that I should have declared somewhere that the second level defaultdict is of type int, but I didn't find where or how to do so. The reason I am using defaultdict in the first place is to avoid having to initialize the dictionary for each new key. Any more elegant suggestion? Thanks pythoneers!

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  • python multithreading for dummies

    - by albruno
    trying to find a simple example that clearly shows a single task being divided for multi-threading. Quite frankly... many of the examples are overly sophisticated thus.... making the flow tougher to play with... anyone care to share their breakthrough sample or point to an example? As well, what is the best docs? many google lookups are too specific (for me at this stage) Thanks in advance.

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  • strange behavior in python

    - by fsm
    The tags might not be accurate since I am not sure where the problem is. I have a module where I am trying to read some data from a socket, and write the results into a file (append) It looks something like this, (only relevant parts included) if __name__ == "__main__": <some init code> for line in file: t = Thread(target=foo, args=(line,)) t.start() while nThreads > 0: time.sleep(1) Here are the other modules, def foo(text): global countLock, nThreads countLock.acquire() nThreads += 1 countLock.release() """connect to socket, send data, read response""" writeResults(text, result) countLock.acquire() nThreads -= 1 countLock.release() def writeResults(text, result): """acquire file lock""" """append to file""" """release file lock""" Now here's the problem. Initially, I had a typo in the function 'foo', where I was passing the variable 'line' to writeResults instead of 'text'. 'line' is not defined in the function foo, it's defined in the main block, so I should have seen an error, but instead, it worked fine, except that the data was appended to the file multiple times, instead of being written just once, which is the required behavior, which I got when I fixed the typo. My question is, 1) Why didn't I get an error? 2) Why was the writeResults function being called multiple times?

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  • Python: query a class's parent-class after multiple derivations ("super()" does not work)

    - by henry
    Hi, I have built a class-system that uses multiple derivations of a baseclass (object-class1-class2-class3): class class1(object): def __init__(self): print "class1.__init__()" object.__init__(self) class class2(class1): def __init__(self): print "class2.__init__()" class1.__init__(self) class class3(class2): def __init__(self): print "class3.__init__()" class2.__init__(self) x = class3() It works as expected and prints: class3.__init__() class2.__init__() class1.__init__() Now I would like to replace the 3 lines object.__init__(self) ... class1.__init__(self) ... class2.__init__(self) with something like this: currentParentClass().__init__() ... currentParentClass().__init__() ... currentParentClass().__init__() So basically, i want to create a class-system where i don't have to type "classXYZ.doSomething()". As mentioned above, I want to get the "current class's parent-class". Replacing the three lines with: super(type(self), self).__init__() does NOT work (it always returns the parent-class of the current instance - class2) and will result in an endless loop printing: class3.__init__() class2.__init__() class2.__init__() class2.__init__() class2.__init__() ... So is there a function that can give me the current class's parent-class? Thank you for your help! Henry -------------------- Edit: @Lennart ok maybe i got you wrong but at the moment i think i didn't describe the problem clearly enough.So this example might explain it better: lets create another child-class class class4(class3): pass now what happens if we derive an instance from class4? y = class4() i think it clearly executes: super(class3, self).__init__() which we can translate to this: class2.__init__(y) this is definitly not the goal(that would be class3.__init__(y)) Now making lots of parent-class-function-calls - i do not want to re-implement all of my functions with different base-class-names in my super()-calls.

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  • Please explain this python behavior

    - by StackUnderflow
    class SomeClass(object): def __init__(self, key_text_pairs = None): ..... for key, text in key_text_pairs: ...... ...... x = SomeClass([1, 2, 3]) The value of key_text_pairs inside the init is None even if I pass a list as in the above statement. Why is it so?? I want to write a generic init which can take all iterator objects... Thanks

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  • Write xml file using lxml library in Python

    - by systempuntoout
    I'm using lxml to create an XML file from scratch; having a code like this: from lxml import etree root = etree.Element("root") root.set("interesting", "somewhat") child1 = etree.SubElement(root, "test") How do i write root Element object to an xml file using write() method of ElementTree class?

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  • Monitor web sites visited using Internet Explorer, Opera, Chrome, Firefox and Safari in Python

    - by Zachary Brown
    I am working on a project for work and have seemed to run into a small problem. The project is a similar program to Web Nanny, but branded to my client's company. It will have features such as website blocking by URL, keyword and web activity logs. I would also need it to be able to "pause" downloads until an acceptable username and password is entered. I found a script to monitor the URL visited in Internet Explorer (shown below), but it seems to slow the browser down considerably. I have not found any support or ideas onhow to implement this in other browsers. So, my questions are: 1). How to I monitor other browser activity / visited URLs? 2). How do I prevent downloading unless an acceptable username and password is entered? from win32com.client import Dispatch,WithEvents import time,threading,pythoncom,sys stopEvent=threading.Event() class EventSink(object): def OnNavigateComplete2(self,*args): print "complete",args stopEvent.set() def waitUntilReady(ie): if ie.ReadyState!=4: while 1: print "waiting" pythoncom.PumpWaitingMessages() stopEvent.wait(.2) if stopEvent.isSet() or ie.ReadyState==4: stopEvent.clear() break; time.clock() ie=Dispatch('InternetExplorer.Application',EventSink) ev=WithEvents(ie,EventSink) ie.Visible=1 ie.Navigate("http://www.google.com") waitUntilReady(ie) print "location",ie.LocationName ie.Navigate("http://www.aol.com") waitUntilReady(ie) print "location",ie.LocationName print ie.LocationName,time.clock() print ie.ReadyState

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  • Generate a table of contents from HTML with Python

    - by Oli
    I'm trying to generate a table of contents from a block of HTML (not a complete file - just content) based on its <h2> and <h3> tags. My plan so far was to: Extract a list of headers using beautifulsoup Use a regex on the content to place anchor links before/inside the header tags (so the user can click on the table of contents) -- There might be a method for replacing inside beautifulsoup? Output a nested list of links to the headers in a predefined spot. It sounds easy when I say it like that, but it's proving to be a bit of a pain in the rear. Is there something out there that does all this for me in one go so I don't waste the next couple of hours reinventing the wheel? A example: <p>This is an introduction</p> <h2>This is a sub-header</h2> <p>...</p> <h3>This is a sub-sub-header</h3> <p>...</p> <h2>This is a sub-header</h2> <p>...</p>

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  • Extract strings in python

    - by shadyabhi
    Basically, I want to extract the strings "AAA", "BBB", "CCC", "DDD" from a text file.. ...... (other text goes here)..... <TD align="left" class=texttd><font class='textfont'>AAA</font></TD> ..... (useless text here)..... <TD align="left" class=texttd><font class='textfont'>BBB</font></TD> ....(more text)..... <TD align="left" class=texttd><font class='textfont'>CCC</font></TD> <TD align="left" class=texttd><font class='textfont'>DDD</font></TD> ......(more text)..... I want something like if I do:- data = foo("file.txt") i get:- data = ['AAA','BBB','CCC','DDD'] What is the best possible way? My file is not big..

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  • how to get obj2.name via obj1.categories(), thanks (gae python)

    - by zjm1126
    i using google-app-engine webapp ,code is : class Post(db.Model): title = db.StringProperty(required=True) def categories(self): return (x.category for x in self.postcategory_set) class Category(db.Model): name = db.StringProperty() class PostCategory(db.Model): post = db.ReferenceProperty(Post) category = db.ReferenceProperty(Category) class sss(webapp.RequestHandler): def get(self): obj1 = Post(title='hhaa') #obj1.title = 'haha' obj1.put() obj2 = Category() obj2.name='haha-kao' obj2.put() obj3=PostCategory() obj3.post=obj1 obj3.category=obj2 obj3.put() self.response.out.write(obj1.categories().get().name) the error is : Traceback (most recent call last): File "D:\Program Files\Google\google_appengine\google\appengine\ext\webapp\__init__.py", line 511, in __call__ handler.get(*groups) File "D:\zjm_code\helloworld\a.py", line 131, in get self.response.out.write(obj1.categories().get().name) AttributeError: 'generator' object has no attribute 'get' so how to get the obj2.name via obj1's method thanks

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  • Python - Strange Behavior in re.sub

    - by Greg
    Here's the code I'm running: import re FIND_TERM = r'C:\\Program Files\\Microsoft SQL Server\\90\\DTS\\Binn\\DTExec\.exe' rfind_term = re.compile(FIND_TERM,re.I) REPLACE_TERM = 'C:\\Program Files\\Microsoft SQL Server\\100\\DTS\\Binn\\DTExec.exe' test = r'something C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\90\DTS\Binn\DTExec.exe something' print rfind_term.sub(REPLACE_TERM,test) And the result I get is: something C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server@\DTS\Binn\DTExec.exe something Why is there an @ sign?

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  • Can't parse XML effectively using Python

    - by Harshit Sharma
    import urllib import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET def getWeather(city): #create google weather api url url = "http://www.google.com/ig/api?weather=" + urllib.quote(city) try: # open google weather api url f = urllib.urlopen(url) except: # if there was an error opening the url, return return "Error opening url" # read contents to a string s = f.read() tree=ET.parse(s) current= tree.find("current_condition/condition") condition_data = current.get("data") weather = condition_data if weather == "<?xml version=": return "Invalid city" #return the weather condition #return weather def main(): while True: city = raw_input("Give me a city: ") weather = getWeather(city) print(weather) if __name__ == "__main__": main() gives error , I actually wanted to find values from google weather xml site tags

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  • Help with copy and deepcopy in Python

    - by Az
    Hi there, I think I tried to ask for far too much in my previous question so apologies for that. Let me lay out my situation in as simple a manner as I can this time. Basically, I've got a bunch of dictionaries that reference my objects, which are in turn mapped using SQLAlchemy. All fine with me. However, I want to make iterative changes to the contents of those dictionaries. The problem is that doing so will change the objects they reference---and using copy.copy() does no good since it only copies the references contained within the dictionary. Thus even if copied something, when I try to, say print the contents of the dictionary, I'll only get the latest updated values for the object. This is why I wanted to use copy.deepcopy() but that does not work with SQLAlchemy. Now I'm in a dilemma since I need to copy certain attributes of my object before making said iterative changes. In summary, I need to use SQLAlchemy and at the same time make sure I can have a copy of my object attributes when making changes so I don't change the referenced object itself. Any advice, help, suggestions, etc.?

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  • python, wrapping class returning the average of the wrapped members

    - by João Portela
    The title isn't very clear but I'll try to explain. Having this class: class Wrapped(object): def method_a(self): # do some operations return n def method_b(self): # also do some operations return n I wan't to have a class that performs the same way as this one: class Wrapper(object): def __init__(self): self.ws = [Wrapped(1),Wrapped(2),Wrapped(3)] def method_a(self): results=[Wrapped.method_a(w) for w in self.ws] sum_ = sum(results,0.0) average = sum_/len(self.ws) return average def method_b(self): results=[Wrapped.method_b(w) for w in self.ws] sum_ = sum(results,0.0) average = sum_/len(self.ws) return average obviously this is not the actual problem at hand (it is not only two methods), and this code is also incomplete (only included the minimum to explain the problem). So, what i am looking for is a way to obtain this behavior. Meaning, whichever method is called in the wrapper class, call that method for all the Wrapped class objects and return the average of their results. Can it be done? how? Thanks in advance. ps-didn't know which tags to include...

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  • How should I use random.jumpahead in Python

    - by Peter Smit
    I have a application that does a certain experiment 1000 times (multi-threaded, so that multiple experiments are done at the same time). Every experiment needs appr. 50.000 random.random() calls. What is the best approach to get this really random. I could copy a random object to every experiment and do than a jumpahead of 50.000 * expid. The documentation suggests that jumpahead(1) already scrambles the state, but is that really true? Or is there another way to do this in 'the best way'? (No, the random numbers are not used for security, but for a metropolis hasting algorithm. The only requirement is that the experiments are independent, not whether the random sequence is somehow predictable or so)

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  • Reading HTTP server push streams with Python

    - by Sam
    I'm playing around trying to write a client for a site which provides data as an HTTP stream (aka HTTP server push). However, urllib2.urlopen() grabs the stream in its current state and then closes the connection. I tried skipping urllib2 and using httplib directly, but this seems to have the same behaviour. Is there a way to get the stream to stay open, so it can be checked each program loop for new contents, rather than waiting for the whole thing to be redownloaded every few seconds, introducing lag?

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  • fit a ellipse in Python given a set of points xi=(xi,yi)

    - by Gianni
    I am computing a series of index from a 2D points (x,y). One index is the ratio between minor and major axis. To fit the ellipse i am using the following post when i run these function the final results looks strange because the center and the axis length are not in scale with the 2D points center = [ 560415.53298363+0.j 6368878.84576771+0.j] angle of rotation = (-0.0528033467597-5.55111512313e-17j) axes = [0.00000000-557.21553487j 6817.76933256 +0.j] thanks in advance for help import numpy as np from numpy.linalg import eig, inv def fitEllipse(x,y): x = x[:,np.newaxis] y = y[:,np.newaxis] D = np.hstack((x*x, x*y, y*y, x, y, np.ones_like(x))) S = np.dot(D.T,D) C = np.zeros([6,6]) C[0,2] = C[2,0] = 2; C[1,1] = -1 E, V = eig(np.dot(inv(S), C)) n = np.argmax(np.abs(E)) a = V[:,n] return a def ellipse_center(a): b,c,d,f,g,a = a[1]/2, a[2], a[3]/2, a[4]/2, a[5], a[0] num = b*b-a*c x0=(c*d-b*f)/num y0=(a*f-b*d)/num return np.array([x0,y0]) def ellipse_angle_of_rotation( a ): b,c,d,f,g,a = a[1]/2, a[2], a[3]/2, a[4]/2, a[5], a[0] return 0.5*np.arctan(2*b/(a-c)) def ellipse_axis_length( a ): b,c,d,f,g,a = a[1]/2, a[2], a[3]/2, a[4]/2, a[5], a[0] up = 2*(a*f*f+c*d*d+g*b*b-2*b*d*f-a*c*g) down1=(b*b-a*c)*( (c-a)*np.sqrt(1+4*b*b/((a-c)*(a-c)))-(c+a)) down2=(b*b-a*c)*( (a-c)*np.sqrt(1+4*b*b/((a-c)*(a-c)))-(c+a)) res1=np.sqrt(up/down1) res2=np.sqrt(up/down2) return np.array([res1, res2]) if __name__ == '__main__': points = [(560036.4495758876, 6362071.890493258), (560036.4495758876, 6362070.890493258), (560036.9495758876, 6362070.890493258), (560036.9495758876, 6362070.390493258), (560037.4495758876, 6362070.390493258), (560037.4495758876, 6362064.890493258), (560036.4495758876, 6362064.890493258), (560036.4495758876, 6362063.390493258), (560035.4495758876, 6362063.390493258), (560035.4495758876, 6362062.390493258), (560034.9495758876, 6362062.390493258), (560034.9495758876, 6362061.390493258), (560032.9495758876, 6362061.390493258), (560032.9495758876, 6362061.890493258), (560030.4495758876, 6362061.890493258), (560030.4495758876, 6362061.390493258), (560029.9495758876, 6362061.390493258), (560029.9495758876, 6362060.390493258), (560029.4495758876, 6362060.390493258), (560029.4495758876, 6362059.890493258), (560028.9495758876, 6362059.890493258), (560028.9495758876, 6362059.390493258), (560028.4495758876, 6362059.390493258), (560028.4495758876, 6362058.890493258), (560027.4495758876, 6362058.890493258), (560027.4495758876, 6362058.390493258), (560026.9495758876, 6362058.390493258), (560026.9495758876, 6362057.890493258), (560025.4495758876, 6362057.890493258), (560025.4495758876, 6362057.390493258), (560023.4495758876, 6362057.390493258), (560023.4495758876, 6362060.390493258), (560023.9495758876, 6362060.390493258), (560023.9495758876, 6362061.890493258), (560024.4495758876, 6362061.890493258), (560024.4495758876, 6362063.390493258), (560024.9495758876, 6362063.390493258), (560024.9495758876, 6362064.390493258), (560025.4495758876, 6362064.390493258), (560025.4495758876, 6362065.390493258), (560025.9495758876, 6362065.390493258), (560025.9495758876, 6362065.890493258), (560026.4495758876, 6362065.890493258), (560026.4495758876, 6362066.890493258), (560026.9495758876, 6362066.890493258), (560026.9495758876, 6362068.390493258), (560027.4495758876, 6362068.390493258), (560027.4495758876, 6362068.890493258), (560027.9495758876, 6362068.890493258), (560027.9495758876, 6362069.390493258), (560028.4495758876, 6362069.390493258), (560028.4495758876, 6362069.890493258), (560033.4495758876, 6362069.890493258), (560033.4495758876, 6362070.390493258), (560033.9495758876, 6362070.390493258), (560033.9495758876, 6362070.890493258), (560034.4495758876, 6362070.890493258), (560034.4495758876, 6362071.390493258), (560034.9495758876, 6362071.390493258), (560034.9495758876, 6362071.890493258), (560036.4495758876, 6362071.890493258)] a_points = np.array(points) x = a_points[:, 0] y = a_points[:, 1] from pylab import * plot(x,y) show() a = fitEllipse(x,y) center = ellipse_center(a) phi = ellipse_angle_of_rotation(a) axes = ellipse_axis_length(a) print "center = ", center print "angle of rotation = ", phi print "axes = ", axes from pylab import * plot(x,y) plot(center[0:1],center[1:], color = 'red') show() each vertex is a xi,y,i point plot of 2D point and center of fit ellipse

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  • Python - Number of Significant Digits in results of division

    - by russ
    Newbie here. I have the following code: myADC = 128 maxVoltage = 5.0 maxADC = 255.0 VoltsPerADC = maxVoltage/maxADC myVolts = myADC * VoltsPerADC print "myADC = {0: >3}".format(myADC) print "VoltsPerADC = {0: >7}".format(VoltsPerADC) print VoltsPerADC print "myVolts = {0: >7}".format(myVolts) print myVolts This outputs the following: myADC = 128 VoltsPerADC = 0.0196078 0.0196078431373 myVolts = 2.5098 2.50980392157 I have been searching for an explanation of how the number of significant digits is determined by default, but have had trouble locating an explanation that makes sense to me. This link link text suggests that by default the "print" statement prints numbers to 10 significant figures, but that does not seem to be the case in my results. How are the number of significant digits/precision determined? Can someone shed some light on this for me. Thanks in advance for your time and patience.

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  • python decorator to modify variable in current scope

    - by AlexH
    Goal: Make a decorator which can modify the scope that it is used in. If it worked: class Blah(): # or perhaps class Blah(ParentClassWhichMakesThisPossible) def one(self): pass @decorated def two(self): pass Blah.decorated ["two"] Why? I essentially want to write classes which can maintain specific dictionaries of methods, so that I can retrieve lists of available methods of different types on a per class basis. errr..... I want to do this: class RuleClass(ParentClass): @rule def blah(self): pass @rule def kapow(self): pass def shazam(self): class OtherRuleClass(ParentClass): @rule def foo(self): pass def bar(self): pass RuleClass.rules.keys() ["blah", "kapow"] OtherRuleClass.rules.keys() ["foo"]

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