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  • python decorator to modify variable in current scope

    - by AlexH
    Goal: Make a decorator which can modify the scope that it is used in. If it worked: class Blah(): # or perhaps class Blah(ParentClassWhichMakesThisPossible) def one(self): pass @decorated def two(self): pass Blah.decorated ["two"] Why? I essentially want to write classes which can maintain specific dictionaries of methods, so that I can retrieve lists of available methods of different types on a per class basis. errr..... I want to do this: class RuleClass(ParentClass): @rule def blah(self): pass @rule def kapow(self): pass def shazam(self): class OtherRuleClass(ParentClass): @rule def foo(self): pass def bar(self): pass RuleClass.rules.keys() ["blah", "kapow"] OtherRuleClass.rules.keys() ["foo"]

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  • Python nested function scopes

    - by Thomas O
    I have code like this: def write_postcodes(self): """Write postcodes database. Write data to file pointer. Data is ordered. Initially index pages are written, grouping postcodes by the first three characters, allowing for faster searching.""" status("POSTCODE", "Preparing to sort...", 0, 1) # This function returns the key of x whilst updating the displayed # status of the sort. ctr = 0 def keyfunc(x): ctr += 1 status("POSTCODE", "Sorting postcodes", ctr, len(self.postcodes)) return x sort_res = self.postcodes[:] sort_res.sort(key=keyfunc) But ctr responds with a NameError: Traceback (most recent call last): File "PostcodeWriter.py", line 53, in <module> w.write_postcodes() File "PostcodeWriter.py", line 47, in write_postcodes sort_res.sort(key=keyfunc) File "PostcodeWriter.py", line 43, in keyfunc ctr += 1 UnboundLocalError: local variable 'ctr' referenced before assignment How can I fix this? I thought nester scopes would have allowed me to do this. I've tried with 'global', but it still doesn't work.

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  • strange behavior in python

    - by fsm
    The tags might not be accurate since I am not sure where the problem is. I have a module where I am trying to read some data from a socket, and write the results into a file (append) It looks something like this, (only relevant parts included) if __name__ == "__main__": <some init code> for line in file: t = Thread(target=foo, args=(line,)) t.start() while nThreads > 0: time.sleep(1) Here are the other modules, def foo(text): global countLock, nThreads countLock.acquire() nThreads += 1 countLock.release() """connect to socket, send data, read response""" writeResults(text, result) countLock.acquire() nThreads -= 1 countLock.release() def writeResults(text, result): """acquire file lock""" """append to file""" """release file lock""" Now here's the problem. Initially, I had a typo in the function 'foo', where I was passing the variable 'line' to writeResults instead of 'text'. 'line' is not defined in the function foo, it's defined in the main block, so I should have seen an error, but instead, it worked fine, except that the data was appended to the file multiple times, instead of being written just once, which is the required behavior, which I got when I fixed the typo. My question is, 1) Why didn't I get an error? 2) Why was the writeResults function being called multiple times?

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  • Write xml file using lxml library in Python

    - by systempuntoout
    I'm using lxml to create an XML file from scratch; having a code like this: from lxml import etree root = etree.Element("root") root.set("interesting", "somewhat") child1 = etree.SubElement(root, "test") How do i write root Element object to an xml file using write() method of ElementTree class?

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  • assign operator to variable in python?

    - by abhilashm86
    Usual method of applying mathematics to variables is a * b Is it able to calculate and manipulate two operands like this? a = input('enter a value') b = input('enter a value') op = raw_input('enter a operand') then how do i connect op and two variables a and b?? i know i can compare op to +, -, %, $ and then assign and compute.... but can i do something like a op b , how to tell compiler that op is an operator?? any tweaks possible?

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  • Proper way to assert type of variable in Python

    - by Morlock
    In using a function, I wish to ensure that the type of the variables are as expected. How to do it right? Here is an example fake function trying to do just this before going on with its role: def my_print(text, begin, end): """Print text in UPPER between 'begin' and 'end' in lower """ for i in (text, begin, end): assert type(i) == type("") out = begin.lower() + text.upper() + end.lower() print out Is this approach valid? Should I use something else than type(i) == type("") ? Should I use try/except instead? Thanks pythoneers

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  • Reading numeric Excel data as text using xlrd in Python

    - by Brian
    Hi guys, I am trying to read in an Excel file using xlrd, and I am wondering if there is a way to ignore the cell formatting used in Excel file, and just import all data as text? Here is the code I am using for far: import xlrd xls_file = 'xltest.xls' xls_workbook = xlrd.open_workbook(xls_file) xls_sheet = xls_workbook.sheet_by_index(0) raw_data = [['']*xls_sheet.ncols for _ in range(xls_sheet.nrows)] raw_str = '' feild_delim = ',' text_delim = '"' for rnum in range(xls_sheet.nrows): for cnum in range(xls_sheet.ncols): raw_data[rnum][cnum] = str(xls_sheet.cell(rnum,cnum).value) for rnum in range(len(raw_data)): for cnum in range(len(raw_data[rnum])): if (cnum == len(raw_data[rnum]) - 1): feild_delim = '\n' else: feild_delim = ',' raw_str += text_delim + raw_data[rnum][cnum] + text_delim + feild_delim final_csv = open('FINAL.csv', 'w') final_csv.write(raw_str) final_csv.close() This code is functional, but there are certain fields, such as a zip code, that are imported as numbers, so they have the decimal zero suffix. For example, is there is a zip code of '79854' in the Excel file, it will be imported as '79854.0'. I have tried finding a solution in this xlrd spec, but was unsuccessful.

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  • How to merge duplicates in 2D python arrays

    - by Wei Lou
    Hi, I have a set of data similar to this: No Start Time End Time CallType Info 1 13:14:37.236 13:14:53.700 Ping1 RTT(Avr):160ms 2 13:14:58.955 13:15:29.984 Ping2 RTT(Avr):40ms 3 13:19:12.754 13:19:14.757 Ping3_1 RTT(Avr):620ms 3 13:19:12.754 Ping3_2 RTT(Avr):210ms 4 13:14:58.955 13:15:29.984 Ping4 RTT(Avr):360ms 5 13:19:12.754 13:19:14.757 Ping1 RTT(Avr):40ms 6 13:19:59.862 13:20:01.522 Ping2 RTT(Avr):163ms ... when i parse through it, i need merge the results of Ping3_1 and Ping3_2. Then take average of those two row export as one row. So the end of result would be like this: No Start Time End Time CallType Info 1 13:14:37.236 13:14:53.700 Ping1 RTT(Avr):160ms 2 13:14:58.955 13:15:29.984 Ping2 RTT(Avr):40ms 3 13:19:12.754 13:19:14.757 Ping3 RTT(Avr):415ms 4 13:14:58.955 13:15:29.984 Ping4 RTT(Avr):360ms 5 13:19:12.754 13:19:14.757 Ping1 RTT(Avr):40ms 6 13:19:59.862 13:20:01.522 Ping2 RTT(Avr):163ms currently i am concatenating column 0 and 1 to make a unique key, find duplication there then doing rest of special treatment for those parallel Pings. It is not elegant at all. Just wonder what is the better way to do it. Thanks!

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  • How should I use random.jumpahead in Python

    - by Peter Smit
    I have a application that does a certain experiment 1000 times (multi-threaded, so that multiple experiments are done at the same time). Every experiment needs appr. 50.000 random.random() calls. What is the best approach to get this really random. I could copy a random object to every experiment and do than a jumpahead of 50.000 * expid. The documentation suggests that jumpahead(1) already scrambles the state, but is that really true? Or is there another way to do this in 'the best way'? (No, the random numbers are not used for security, but for a metropolis hasting algorithm. The only requirement is that the experiments are independent, not whether the random sequence is somehow predictable or so)

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  • how to use @ in python..

    - by zjm1126
    this is my code: def a(): print 'sss' @a() def b(): print 'aaa' b() and the Traceback is: sss Traceback (most recent call last): File "D:\zjm_code\a.py", line 8, in <module> @a() TypeError: 'NoneType' object is not callable so how to use the '@' thanks

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  • writing header in csv python with DictWriter

    - by user248237
    assume I have a csv.DictReader object and I want to write it out as a csv file. How can I do this? I thought of the following: dr = csv.DictReader(open(f), delimiter='\t') # process my dr object # ... # write out object output = csv.DictWriter(open(f2, 'w'), delimiter='\t') for item in dr: output.writerow(item) Is that the best way? More importantly, how can I make it so a header is written out too, in this case the object "dr"s .fieldnames property? thanks.

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  • Reading Python Documentation for 3rd party modules

    - by Shadyabhi
    I recently downloaded IMDbpy moduele.. When I do, import imdb help(imdb) i dont get the full documentation.. I have to do im = imdb.IMDb() help(im) to see the available methods. I dont like this console interface. Is there any better way of reading the doc. I mean all the doc related to module imdb in one page..

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  • Windows path in python

    - by Gareth
    Hi all. What is the best way to represent a windows directory, for example "C:\meshes\as"? I have been trying to modify a script but it never works because I can't seem to get the directory right, I assume because of the '\' acting as escape character? Thanks, Gareth

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  • python, wrapping class returning the average of the wrapped members

    - by João Portela
    The title isn't very clear but I'll try to explain. Having this class: class Wrapped(object): def method_a(self): # do some operations return n def method_b(self): # also do some operations return n I wan't to have a class that performs the same way as this one: class Wrapper(object): def __init__(self): self.ws = [Wrapped(1),Wrapped(2),Wrapped(3)] def method_a(self): results=[Wrapped.method_a(w) for w in self.ws] sum_ = sum(results,0.0) average = sum_/len(self.ws) return average def method_b(self): results=[Wrapped.method_b(w) for w in self.ws] sum_ = sum(results,0.0) average = sum_/len(self.ws) return average obviously this is not the actual problem at hand (it is not only two methods), and this code is also incomplete (only included the minimum to explain the problem). So, what i am looking for is a way to obtain this behavior. Meaning, whichever method is called in the wrapper class, call that method for all the Wrapped class objects and return the average of their results. Can it be done? how? Thanks in advance. ps-didn't know which tags to include...

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  • Parsing specific numeric data from csv file using python

    - by KJ Lim
    Good morning. I have series of data in cvs file like below, 1,,, 1,137.1,1198,1.6 2,159,300,0.4 3,176,253,0.3 4,197,231,0.3 5,198,525,0.7 6,199,326,0.4 7,215,183,0.2 8,217.1,178,0.2 9,244.2,416,0.5 10,245.1,316,0.4 I want to extract specific data from second column for example 217.1 and 245.1 and have them concatenated into a new file like, 8,217.1,178,0.2 10,245.1,316,0.4 I use cvs module to read my cvs file, but, I can't extract specific data as I desire. Could anyone kindly please help me. Thank you.

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  • Python Post Upload JPEG to Server?

    - by iJames
    It seems like this answer has been provided a bunch of times but in all of it, I'm still getting errors from the server and I'm sure it has to do with my code. I've tried HTTP, and HTTPConnection from httplib and both create quite different terminal outputs in terms of formatting/encoding so I'm not sure where the problem lies. Does anything stand out here? Or is there just a better way? Pieced together from an ancient article because I really needed to understand the basis of creating the post: http://code.activestate.com/recipes/146306-http-client-to-post-using-multipartform-data/ Note, the jpeg is supposed to be "unformatted". The pseudocode: boundary = "somerandomsetofchars" BOUNDARY = '--' + boundary CRLF = '\r\n' fields = [('aspecialkey','thevalueofthekey')] files = [('Image.Data','mypicture.jpg','/users/home/me/mypicture.jpg')] bodylines = [] for (key, value) in fields: bodylines.append(BOUNDARY) bodylines.append('Content-Disposition: form-data; name="%s"' % key) bodylines.append('') bodylines.append(value) for (key, filename, fileloc) in files: bodylines.append(BOUNDARY) bodylines.append('Content-Disposition: form-data; name="%s"; filename="%s"' % (key, filename)) bodylines.append('Content-Type: %s' % self.get_content_type(fileloc)) bodylines.append('') bodylines.append(open(fileloc,'r').read()) bodylines.append(BOUNDARY + '--') bodylines.append('') #print bodylines content_type = 'multipart/form-data; boundary=%s' % BOUNDARY body = CRLF.join(bodylines) #conn = httplib.HTTP("www.ahost.com") # In both this and below, the file part was garbling the rest of the body?!? conn = httplib.HTTPConnection("www.ahost.com") conn.putrequest('POST', "/myuploadlocation/uploadimage") headers = { 'content-length': str(len(body)), 'Content-Type' : content_type, 'User-Agent' : 'myagent' } for headerkey in headers: conn.putheader(headerkey, headers[headerkey]) conn.endheaders() conn.send(body) response = conn.getresponse() result = response.read() responseheaders = response.getheaders() It's interesting in that the real code I've implemented seems to work and is getting back valid responses, but the problem it it's telling me that it can't find the image data. Maybe this is particular to the server, but I'm just trying to rule out that I'm not doing some thing exceptionally stupid here. Or perhaps there's other methodologies for doing this more efficiently. I've not tried poster yet because I want to make sure I'm formatting the POST correctly first. I figure I can upgrade to poster after it's working yes?

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  • what's faster: merging lists or dicts in python?

    - by tipu
    I'm working with an app that is cpu-bound more than memory bound, and I'm trying to merge two things whether they be sets or dicts. Now the thing is i can choose either one, but I'm wondering if merging dicts would be faster since it's all in memory? Or is it always going to be O(n), n being the size of the smaller set. The reason I asked about dicts rather than sets is because I can't convert a set to json, because that results in {key1, key2, key3} and json needs a key/value pair, so I am using a dict so json dumps returns {key1:1, key2:1, key3:1}. Yes this is wasteful, but if it proves to be faster then I'm okay with it.

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  • Python Threading

    - by anteater7171
    I'm trying to make a simple program that continually displays and updates a label that displays the CPU usage, while having other unrelated things going on. I've done enough research to know that threading is likely going to be involved. However, I'm having trouble applying what I've seen in simple examples of threading to what I'm trying to do. What I currently have going: import Tkinter import psutil,time from PIL import Image, ImageTk class simpleapp_tk(Tkinter.Tk): def __init__(self,parent): Tkinter.Tk.__init__(self,parent) self.parent = parent self.initialize() def initialize(self): self.labelVariable = Tkinter.StringVar() self.label = Tkinter.Label(self,textvariable=self.labelVariable) self.label.pack() self.button = Tkinter.Button(self,text='button',command=self.A) self.button.pack() def A (self): G = str(round(psutil.cpu_percent(), 1)) + '%' print G self.labelVariable.set(G) def B (self): print "hello" if __name__ == "__main__": app = simpleapp_tk(None) app.mainloop() In the above code I'm basically trying to get command A continually running, while allowing command B to be done when the users presses the button.

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