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• What is the difference between bash and sh

  - by Saif Bechan

  In using i see 2 types of code #!/usr/bin/sh and #!/user/bin/bash I have Googled this and the opinions vary a lot. The explanation I have seen on most websites is that sh is older than bash, and that there is no real difference. Does someone know the difference between these and can give a practical example when to use either one of them. I highly doubt that there is no real difference, because then having to things that do the exact same thing would be just

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• How to power a serial port under linux?

  - by Lex

  I got a serial to ethernet device connected to a Serial (COM) port on a Linux machine (debian etch), I connected it correctly but it did not power up, I suppose I need to power the device port, anyone knows how to power it under linux? Thankyou in advance.

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• How to egrep the first character in second column?

  - by Steve

  using egrep, how can i print all lastnames start with K or k ??? Jennifer Cowan:548-834-2348:583 Laurel Ave., Kingsville, TX 83745:10/1/35:58900 Lesley Kirstin:408-456-1234:4 Harvard Square, Boston, MA 02133:4/22/62:52600 Jennifer Cowan:548-834-2348:583 Laurel Ave., kingsville, TX 83745:10/1/35:58900 Lesley kirstin:408-456-1234:4 Harvard Square, Boston, MA 02133:4/22/62:52600 William Kopf:846-836-2837:6937 Ware Road, Milton, PA 93756:9/21/46:43500 Arthur Putie:923-835-8745:23 Wimp Lane, Kensington, DL 38758:8/31/69:126000

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• rc.local is not executed on bootup ubuntu

  - by Alexander

  Im on Ubuntu 10.04. I want to execute script on system boot. I added it to rc.local. If I execute rc.local manually it works fine. If I boot system in recovery mode(2nd string in boot menu) it also works fine. But if I boot normally it is not executed. However i added sleep 20 to my script and there is a pause at the end of boot process, but nothing more is executed. Thanks I think, it soesnt depend on contents of the script but anyway #!/bin/sh -e sleep 20 sudo service ssh start su -c 'service pgsql start' postgres sudo svnserve -d su -c 'hamachi start' root su -c 'hamachi login' root exit 0

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• Linux: using find to locate files older than <date>

  - by DrStalker

  find has good support for finding files the more modified less than X days ago, but how can I use find to locate all files modified after a certain date? I can't find anything in the find man page to do this, only to compare against another files time or to check for differences between created time and now. Is making a file with the desired time and comparing against that the only way to do this?

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• Ruby: Widely Distributed?

  - by Yar

  While I know it's not part of the Posix standard, but how widely distributed is Ruby on Linux, Unix and other *nix's? I ask because I loathe sh and use Ruby whenever I can on Ubuntu and OSX, but I don't want to get too locked in to 'strange' solutions.

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• How to make new file permission inherit from the parent directory?

  - by Wai Yip Tung

  I have a directory called data. Then I am running a script under the user id 'robot'. robot writes to the data directory and update files inside. The idea is data is open for both me and robot to update. So I setup the permission and owner group like this drwxrwxr-x 2 me robot-grp 4096 Jun 11 20:50 data where both me and robot belongs to the 'robot-grp'. I change the permission and the owner group recursively like the parent directory. I regularly upload new files into the data directory using rsync. Unfortunately, new files uploaded does not inherit the parent directory's permission as I hope. Instead it looks like this -rw-r--r-- 1 me users 6 Jun 11 20:50 new-file.txt When robot tries to update new-file.txt, it fails due to lack of file permission. I'm not sure if setting umask helps. In anycase the new files does not really follow it. $ umask -S u=rwx,g=rx,o=rx I'm often confounded by Unix file permission. Do I even have a right plan? I'm using Debian lenny.

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• How to change key mappings in Cygwin's Vim

  - by Boldewyn

  I'm using Vim under Debian, Win Vista and WinXP (the latter two with Cygwin). To handle tabs more easily, I mapped <C-Left> and <C-Right> to :tab(prev|next). This mapping works like a charm on the Debian machine. On the Windows machines, however, pressing <C-Left> deletes 5 lines, as far as I can tell, and meddles with cursor position, while <C-Right> does this, too, and additionally enters Insert mode. Question: To put it in a nutshell, how can I find out, why Vim behaves as it does? Is there a way to backtrace the active commands and keystrokes? Could there be a plugin the culprit? (I didn't install one, perhaps a default include by the Cygwin distro...) If so, how can I find it? Edit 1: OK, it seems, that I got a first trace: The terminal sends for <C-Left> '^[[1;5D', and for right '^[[1;5C' (evaluated with the <C-V><C-Left> trick). If vim interprets this literally and discards the first characters, it explains the strange behaviour. Any ideas, how I could change this key mapping? Additional Diagnosis: This behaviour occurs regardless of any existing ~/.vimrc file (is therefore not related to my above mentioned mapings) and is not inherited of some /etc/vim/vimrc, since this doesn't exist in the default Cygwin installation. :verbose map doesn't yield any new insights. Either nothing or my mentioned mappings appear, based on the existence of the .vimrc file :help <C-Left> suggests, that the default would be a simple cursor movement, which is apparently not the case. Vim's version under Cygwin: VIM - Vi IMproved 7.2 (2008 Aug 9, compiled Feb 11 2010 17:36:58) Included patches: 1-264 Compiled by http://cygwin.com/ Huge version without GUI. Features included (+) or not (-): +arabic +autocmd -balloon_eval -browse ++builtin_terms +byte_offset +cindent -clientserver -clipboard +cmdline_compl +cmdline_hist +cmdline_info +comments +cryptv +cscope +cursorshape +dialog_con +diff +digraphs -dnd -ebcdic +emacs_tags +eval +ex_extra +extra_search +farsi +file_in_path +find_in_path +float +folding -footer +fork() -gettext -hangul_input +iconv +insert_expand +jumplist +keymap +langmap +libcall +linebreak +lispindent +listcmds +localmap +menu +mksession +modify_fname +mouse -mouseshape +mouse_dec -mouse_gpm -mouse_jsbterm +mouse_netterm -mouse_sysmouse +mouse_xterm +multi_byte +multi_lang -mzscheme -netbeans_intg -osfiletype +path_extra -perl +postscript +printer +profile -python +quickfix +reltime +rightleft -ruby +scrollbind +signs +smartindent -sniff +statusline -sun_workshop +syntax +tag_binary +tag_old_static -tag_any_white -tcl +terminfo +termresponse +textobjects +title -toolbar +user_commands +vertsplit +virtualedit +visual +visualextra +viminfo +vreplace +wildignore +wildmenu +windows +writebackup -X11 -xfontset -xim -xsmp -xterm_clipboard -xterm_save system vimrc file: "$VIM/vimrc" user vimrc file: "$HOME/.vimrc" user exrc file: "$HOME/.exrc" fall-back for $VIM: "/usr/share/vim" Compilation: gcc -c -I. -Iproto -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -g -O2 -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=1 Linking: gcc -L/usr/local/lib -o vim.exe -lm -lncurses -liconv

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• Interactive console based CSV editor

  - by Penguin Nurse

  Although spreadsheet applications for editing CSV files on the console used to be one of the earliest killer applications for personal computers, only few of them and even less documentation about them is still actively maintained. After having done extensive search on the web, manpages and source code, I ended up with the following three applications that all have fundamental drawbacks: sc: abbrev. for spreadsheet calculator; nice tool with vi keybings, but it does not put strings containing the delimiter into quotas when exporting to delimiter separated format and can't import csv files correctly, i.e. all numbers are interpreted as strings GNU oleo: doesn't seem to be actively maintained any longer since 2001 and there are therefore no packages for major linux distributions teapot: offers packages for various operating systems, but uses for example counter-intuitive naming for cells (numbers for row and column, i.e. 11 seems to be intended to be row 1, column 1) and superfluous code for FLTK GUI Various Emacs modes also do not quote strings containing the delimiter well or are require much more typing for entering the scaffold of a table. Therefore I would be very grateful for overcoming one of theses drawbacks or any hints towards another console based CSV editor. It actually needn't do any calculations just editing cells or column- and rowise.

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• Obtaining a list of files from a specific directory

  - by Steve Robathan

  I can get a list of files from a text file from a specific directory, but they are naturally in singles. I need to create a text file that will give the contents, but all in 1 line separated by a space. My batch is here: dir /a /b /-p /o:gen %USERPROFILE%\Desktop\file_list_full.txt As an example, this will give: Hello.exe Help.txt Big.png sound.ogg I need it to be: Hello.exe Help.txt Big.png sound.ogg How can I do this?

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• Ctrl-C behavior in gnome-terminal

  - by sev

  I have installed Ubuntu 10.04. It works fine, but when I press Ctrl-C in gnome-terminal I get: user@desktop:~$ ^C user@desktop:~$ ^C user@desktop:~$ In Ubuntu 9.04 (I did have it before) it was so: user@desktop:~$ user@desktop:~$ user@desktop:~$ Who knows how can I fix this?

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• What is the EGG environment variable?

  - by Randall

  A user on our (openSuSE) linux systems attempted to run sudo, and triggered an alert. He has the environment variable EGG set - EGG=UH211åH1ÒH»ÿ/bin/shHÁSH211çH1ÀPWH211æ°;^O^Ej^A_j<X^O^EÉÃÿ This looks unusual to say the least. Is EGG a legitimate environment variable? (I've found some references to PYTHON_EGG_CACHE - could be related? But that environment variable isn't set for this user). If it's legit, then I imagine this group has the best chance of recognizing it. Or, given the embedded /bin/sh in the string above, does anyone recognize this as an exploit fingerprint? It wouldn't be the first time we had a cracked account (sigh).

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• XCOPY /Exclude Directory Syntax

  - by Onion-Knight

  I'm trying to use XCOPY to copy a directory that looks like this: -MainFolder -ManyFoldersIWantToCopy -ManyFoldersIWantToCopy -... -Source Code I want to use the /EXCLUDE option to copy every folder except Source Code. I tried using the following, but I did not have any luck: xcopy "Source" "Destination" /EXCLUDE:"\Source Code\" /E /C /R /I /K /Y The error message I receive says: Can't read file: "\Source Code\". I've tried removing the double-quotes all together, using single-quotes instead, with/without the \'s, but I get the same error message. Any ideas?

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• tcsh : path of sourced file

  - by Charles

  I am sourcing a file under tcsh. This file could be anywhere on the filesystem. How can I retrieve the path of my sourced file ? $0 won't work : I don't execute the file, I source it. Many thanks !

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• How to find out Vim's currently mapped commandos

  - by Boldewyn

  I'm using Vim under Debian, Win Vista and WinXP (the latter two with Cygwin). To handle tabs more easily, I mapped <C-Left> and <C-Right> to :tab(prev|next). This mapping works like a charm on the Debian machine. On the Windows machines, however, pressing <C-Left> deletes 5 lines, as far as I can tell, and meddles with cursor position, while <C-Right> does this, too, and additionally enters Insert mode. Question: To put it in a nutshell, how can I find out, why Vim behaves as it does? Is there a way to backtrace the active commands and keystrokes? Could there be a plugin the culprit? (I didn't install one, perhaps a default include by the Cygwin distro...) If so, how can I find it? Additional Diagnosis: This behaviour occurs regardless of any existing ~/.vimrc file (is therefore not related to my above mentioned mapings) and is not inherited of some /etc/vim/vimrc, since this doesn't exist in the default Cygwin installation. :verbose map doesn't yield any new insights. Either nothing or my mentioned mappings appear, based on the existence of the .vimrc file :help <C-Left> suggests, that the default would be a simple cursor movement, which is apparently not the case. Vim's version under Cygwin: VIM - Vi IMproved 7.2 (2008 Aug 9, compiled Feb 11 2010 17:36:58) Included patches: 1-264 Compiled by http://cygwin.com/ Huge version without GUI. Features included (+) or not (-): +arabic +autocmd -balloon_eval -browse ++builtin_terms +byte_offset +cindent -clientserver -clipboard +cmdline_compl +cmdline_hist +cmdline_info +comments +cryptv +cscope +cursorshape +dialog_con +diff +digraphs -dnd -ebcdic +emacs_tags +eval +ex_extra +extra_search +farsi +file_in_path +find_in_path +float +folding -footer +fork() -gettext -hangul_input +iconv +insert_expand +jumplist +keymap +langmap +libcall +linebreak +lispindent +listcmds +localmap +menu +mksession +modify_fname +mouse -mouseshape +mouse_dec -mouse_gpm -mouse_jsbterm +mouse_netterm -mouse_sysmouse +mouse_xterm +multi_byte +multi_lang -mzscheme -netbeans_intg -osfiletype +path_extra -perl +postscript +printer +profile -python +quickfix +reltime +rightleft -ruby +scrollbind +signs +smartindent -sniff +statusline -sun_workshop +syntax +tag_binary +tag_old_static -tag_any_white -tcl +terminfo +termresponse +textobjects +title -toolbar +user_commands +vertsplit +virtualedit +visual +visualextra +viminfo +vreplace +wildignore +wildmenu +windows +writebackup -X11 -xfontset -xim -xsmp -xterm_clipboard -xterm_save system vimrc file: "$VIM/vimrc" user vimrc file: "$HOME/.vimrc" user exrc file: "$HOME/.exrc" fall-back for $VIM: "/usr/share/vim" Compilation: gcc -c -I. -Iproto -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -g -O2 -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=1 Linking: gcc -L/usr/local/lib -o vim.exe -lm -lncurses -liconv

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• Why does cat not use options the way I expect UNIX programs to use switches?

  - by Chas. Owens

  I have been a UNIX user for more years than I care to think about, and in that time I have been trained to expect that when contradictory switches are given to a program the last one wins. Recently I have noticed that cat -bn file and cat -nb file both use the -b option (number blank lines) over the -n option (number all lines). I get this behavior on both BSD and Linux, so I don't think it is an implementation quirk. Is this something that is specified somewhere and am I just crazy for expecting the first example to number all lines?

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• icacls in windows 7 does not give full permission to write files in root drive

  - by Menuta

  icacls in windows 7 does not give full permission to write files in root drive. We have a very old application based on Omnis7 that needs to create and read/write files on drive C: when running as a restricted user. In Windows XP to give this permission is quite trivial using cacls. cacls C:\ /G Everyone:(C) The equivalent icacls in Windows 7 will not work. icacls C:\ /Grant Everyone:(M) I have also tried the following. icacls C:\ /Grant Everyone:(F) icacls C:\ /Grant Domain\user:(F) trying to create file with a restricted user gives this C:\>copy nul text.txt Access is denied. 0 file(s) copied. After applying the icacls permissions above the result changes to this. C:\>copy nul text.txt A required privilege is not held by the client. 0 file(s) copied. Is this an issue with the way I am applying the permissions? Or is Window 7 being extremely strict?

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• Can files deleted with rm -rf be recovered?

  - by Lena

  When I delete folders or files in through osx terminal using the rm -rf, where do they go? I heard that some say they are deleted directly, but some also say it only "remove the link to the file making it unable to be found or accessed without special tools" (http://superuser.com/questions/370786/where-do-files-and-directories-go-when-i-run-rm-rf-folder-or-file-name-in-ubu). Someone said something about ext3 being able to save rm-ed files in ubuntu but what about mac?

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• Figure out what non-symlink path would be?

  - by David Mackintosh

  On Linux, if I've cd'd around and am now in a directory, is there a way to figure out what the real path to that directory is if I had not used a symbolic link to get there? Consider: $ pwd /home/dave/tmp $ mkdir -p 1/2/3/4/5 $ ln -s 1/2/3/4/5 5 $ cd 5 $ pwd /home/dave/tmp/5 Or: $ pwd /home/dave/tmp $ mkdir -p 1/2/3/4/5 $ ln -s 1/2/3/4 4 $ cd 4/5 $ pwd /home/dave/tmp/4/5 Is there any way to figure out that /home/dave/tmp/5 is really /home/dave/1/2/3/4/5 ?

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• How to copy symlinks to target as normal folders

  - by Marek

  Hi i have a folder with symlinks: marek@marek$ ls -al /usr/share/solr/ razem 36 drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 4096 2010-11-30 08:25 . drwxr-xr-x 358 root root 12288 2010-11-26 12:25 .. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 2010-11-24 14:29 admin lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 14 2010-11-24 14:29 conf -> /etc/solr/conf i want to copy it to ~/solrTest but i want to copy files from symlink as well when i try to cp -r /usr/share/solr/ ~/solrTest i will have symlink here: marek@marek$ ls -al ~/solrTest razem 36 drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 4096 2010-11-30 08:25 . drwxr-xr-x 358 root root 12288 2010-11-26 12:25 .. drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 2010-11-24 14:29 admin lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 14 2010-11-24 14:29 conf -> /etc/solr/conf

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• What does export do in BASH?

  - by Chas. Owens

  It is hard to admit, but I have never really understood what exactly export does to an environment variable. I know that if I don't export a variable I sometimes can't see it in child processes, but sometimes it seems like I can. What is really going on when I say export foo=5 and when should I not export a variable?

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• Add folder name to beginning of filename

  - by shekhar

  I have a directory structure as below: Folder > SubFolder1 > FileName1.abc > Filename2.abc > ............. > SubFolder2 > FileName11.abc > Filename12.abc > .............. > .......... etc. I want to rename the files inside the subfolders as: SubFolder1_Filename1.abc SubFolder1_Filename2.abc SubFolder2_Filename11.abc SubFolder2_Filename12.abc i.e. add the folder name at the beginning of the file name with the delimiter "_". The directory structure should remain unchanged. Note: Beginning of file name is same. e.g. in above case File*. I made below Script for /r "PATH" %%G in (.) do ( pushd %%G for %%* in (.) do set MyDir=%%~n* FOR %%v IN (File*.*) DO REN %%v "%MyDir%_%%v" popd ) Problem with the above script is that it is taking only one Subfolder name and placing it to the beginning of file name irrespective of the folder.

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• How to remove blank lines in .txt file

  - by Brant

  I want to change text file format as following , but don't know how to do (2) 5. The function of the condenser is to: a) vapourise the liquid refrigerant b) change high pressure refrigerant vapour to liquid c) pressurise low pressure refrigerant vapour d) vent off vapourised refrigerant e) lower the liquid refrigerant pressure (2) 6. One tonne of refrigeration is: a) 13958 kJ per day b) 100 kJ per minute c) 233 kJ per minute d) 13958 J per hour e) 335 J per second (2) 5. The function of the condenser is to: a) vapourise the liquid refrigerant b) change high pressure refrigerant vapour to liquid c) pressurise low pressure refrigerant vapour d) vent off vapourised refrigerant e) lower the liquid refrigerant pressure (2) 6. One tonne of refrigeration is: a) 13958 kJ per day b) 100 kJ per minute c) 233 kJ per minute d) 13958 J per hour e) 335 J per second

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• Calculate disk space occupied by many .png files

  - by Alexander Farber

  I have 357 .png files located in different sub dirs of the current dir: settings# find . -name \*.png |wc -l 357 settings# find . -name \*.png | head ./assets/authenticationIcons/audio.png ./assets/authenticationIcons/bbid.png ./assets/authenticationIcons/camera.png ./bin/icons/ca_video_chat.png ./bin/icons/ca_voice_control.png ./bin/icons/ca_vpn.png ./bin/icons/ca_wifi.png Is there a oneliner to calculate the total disk space occupied by them (before I pngcrush them)? I've tried (unsuccessfully): settings# find . -name \*.png | xargs du -s 4 ./assets/support/wifi_locked_icon_white.png 1 ./assets/support/wifi_vpn_icon_connected.png 1 ./assets/support/wi_fi.png 1 ./assets/support/wi_fi_conected.png 8 ./bin/blackberry-tablet-icon.png 2 ./bin/icons/ca_about.png 2 ./bin/icons/ca_accessibility.png 2 ./bin/icons/ca_accounts.png 2 ./bin/icons/ca_airplane_mode.png 2 ./bin/icons/ca_application_permissions.png 1 ./bin/icons/ca_balance.png

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• GNU Screen and Finch Not Playing Nicely

  - by Sean M

  I use finch for instant messaging, and for persistence, finch is one of the things that runs in my screen session. There are three main computers that I access my screen session from, and each works at a different screen resolution. Because of the different resolutions, when I switch computers, I use screen -rd to attach to my screen session. Using screen -x results in problems. When I attach to the session, though, finch experiences display problems. I have to wait up to several minutes for finch to become responsive - it doesn't redraw properly at all. Trying to switch between chats just writes ^n and ^p, or ^(1-9) for numbers. It fixes itself after some time. Using ctrl-l does not help. Switching back and forth between screen windows does not help. This is an annoying behavior that I don't experience with any other applications running in screen. Is this a bug in screen or finch, and if not, what can I change about my configuration to correct it ? (would appreciate it if "finch" could be used as a tag for this instead of or in addition to "pidgin")

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