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  • RTS Game Style Application [closed]

    - by Daniel Wynand van Wyk
    My question may seem somewhat odd, but I hope that my specifications will clarify EXACTLY what it is that I am after. I need some help choosing the right tooling for a particular endeavour. My background is in desktop application development and large back-end systems. I have worked primarily on the Microsoft stack using C# and the .Net framework. My goal is to develop a 2D, RTS style, interactive office simulation. The simulation will model various office spaces, office equipment, employees and their interactions with one another. The idea is to abstract the concept of an office completely. Under the hood the application will do many things that are nothing like a game. This includes P2P networking, VPN tunnelling, streaming video, instant messaging, document collaboration, remote screen sharing, file-sharing, virus scanning, VOIP, document scanning, faxing, emailing, distributed computing, content management and much more! A somewhat similar thing has been attempted by IBM, where they created a virtual office in second life. If their attempt was a game, the game-play would be notably horrible, to say the least! The users/players will drive and control my application through the various objects modelled in the simulation. A single application capable of performing all of these various tasks would be a nightmare to navigate for even the most expert user. Using the concept of a game, I can easily separate functionality by assigning them to objects that relate 1-1 with their real world counter-parts. This can greatly simplify computing for novice users, with many added benefits in terms of visibility, transparency of process and centralized configuration. My hope is to make complex computing tasks accessible to all kinds of users and to greatly reduce the cognitive load associated with using the many different utilities and applications inside office settings. The complexity is therefore limited to the complexity of the space in which you find yourself. I want the application to target as many platforms as possible and run on computers that have no accelerated graphics capabilities. The simulation won't contain any of the fancy eye-candy you find in modern games, to the contrary, my "game" will purposefully be clean and simple. The closest thing I could imagine would be an old game like "Theme Hospital" or the first instalment of "The Sims". All the content will be pre-created and not user-generated like Second Life. New functionality will be added via a plugin system. Given my background and nature of my "game", I would like to spend most of my time writing code that does not have to do with the simulated office, as the "game" is really just a glorified application menu. I have done much reading about existing engines, frameworks and tools. I need the help of an experienced game developer who has tried and tested various products over the years who can guide me in the right direction given my very particular needs. I would appreciate any help I can get!

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  • Identifying which pattern fits better.

    - by Daniel Grillo
    I'm developing a software to program a device. I have some commands like Reset, Read_Version, Read_memory, Write_memory, Erase_memory. Reset and Read_Version are fixed. They don't need parameters. Read_memory and Erase_memory need the same parameters that are Length and Address. Write_memory needs Lenght, Address and Data. For each command, I have the same steps in sequence, that are something like this sendCommand, waitForResponse, treatResponse. I'm having difficulty to identify which pattern should I use. Factory, Template Method, Strategy or other pattern. Edit I'll try to explain better taking in count the given comments and answers. I've already done this software and now I'm trying to refactoring it. I'm trying to use patterns, even if it is not necessary because I'm taking advantage of this little software to learn about some patterns. Despite I think that one (or more) pattern fits here and it could improve my code. When I want to read version of the software of my device, I don't have to assembly the command with parameters. It is fixed. So I have to send it. After wait for response. If there is a response, treat (or parse) it and returns. To read a portion of the memory (maximum of 256 bytes), I have to assembly the command using the parameters Len and Address. So I have to send it. After wait for response. If there is a response, treat (or parse) it and returns. To write a portion in the memory (maximum of 256 bytes), I have to assembly the command using the parameters Len, Address and Data. So I have to send it. After wait for response. If there is a response, treat (or parse) it and returns. I think that I could use Template Method because I have almost the same algorithm for all. But the problem is some commands are fixes, others have 2 or 3 parameters. I think that parameters should be passed on the constructor of the class. But each class will have a constructor overriding the abstract class constructor. Is this a problem for the template method? Should I use other pattern?

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  • google chrome : http authentication issue on iframe

    - by Daniel Dzussa
    I have an HTML file with 2 links http://versionplus.in/pass/new.html, both links are in an iframe to load the contents inside the iframe. I have two protected directories one on the same server and other on another server. If you click on either link it will popup the login box, same for both links in all browsers except google chorme. google chrome doesn't show login box for the protected folder on another server, how can I fix this ?

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  • Ubuntu Linux won't display netbook's native resolution

    - by Daniel
    FYI: My Netbook model is HP Mini 210-1004sa, which comes with Intel Graphics Media Accelerator 3150, and has a display 10.1" Active Matrix Colour TFT 1024 x 600. I recently removed Windows 7 Starter from my netbook, and replaced it with Ubuntu 12.10. The problem is the OS doesn't seem to recognise the native display resolution of 1024x600 i.e. the bottom bits of Ubuntu is hidden beneath the screen & the only 2 available resolutions are: the default 1024x768 and 800x600. I've also thought about replacing Ubuntu with Lubuntu or Puppy Linux, as the system does run a bit slow, but I can't, as then I won't be able to access the taskbar and application menu which will be hidden beneath the screen. Only Ubuntu with Unity is currently usable, as the Unity Launcher is visible enough. I was able to define a custom resolution 1024x600 using the Q&A: How set my monitor resolution? but when I set that resolution, there appears a black band at the top of the screen and the desktop area is lowered, with bits of it hidden beneath the screen. I tried leaving it at this new resolution and restarting the system to see if the black band would disappear & the display will fit correctly, but it gets reset to 1024x768 at startup and displays following error: Could not apply the stored configuration for monitors none of the selected modes were compatible with the possible modes: Trying modes for CRTC 63 CRTC 63: trying mode 800x600@60Hz with output at 1024x600@60Hz (pass 0) CRTC 63: trying mode 800x600@56Hz with output at 1024x600@60Hz (pass 0) CRTC 63: trying mode 640x480@60Hz with output at 1024x600@60Hz (pass 0) CRTC 63: trying mode 1024x768@60Hz with output at 1024x600@60Hz (pass 1) CRTC 63: trying mode 800x600@60Hz with output at 1024x600@60Hz (pass 1) CRTC 63: trying mode 800x600@56Hz with output at 1024x600@60Hz (pass 1) CRTC 63: trying mode 640x480@60Hz with output at 1024x600@60Hz (pass 1) Trying modes for CRTC 64 CRTC 64: trying mode 1024x768@60Hz with output at 1024x600@60Hz (pass 0) CRTC 64: trying mode 800x600@60Hz with output at 1024x600@60Hz (pass 0) CRTC 64: trying mode 800x600@56Hz with output at 1024x600@60Hz (pass 0) CRTC 64: trying mode 640x480@60Hz with output at 1024x600@60Hz (pass 0) CRTC 64: trying mode 1024x768@60Hz with output at 1024x600@60Hz (pass 1) CRTC 64: trying mode 800x600@60Hz with output at 1024x600@60Hz (pass 1) CRTC 64: trying mode 800x600@56Hz with output at 1024x600@60Hz (pass 1) CRTC 64: trying mode 640x480@60Hz with output at 1024x600@60Hz (pass 1)

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  • How do I manipulate the Url of my Silverlight testpage.aspx?

    - by Daniel
    I am making an XNA game using Silverlight over the web. My testpage.aspx is linked to from a previous page where the client selects certain elements. The testpage.aspx URL changes depending on what I have sent to it. Now in my mainpage.cs file I would like to call certain functions depending on what was passed, but I am unsure how to manipulate or even access the URL. Is there a specific class in the Silverlight library I can use? Thank you for your time.

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  • When is it reasonable to create my own programming language?

    - by Daniel Rikowski
    Are there types of killer applications, classes of algorithmic problems, etc., where it is better, in the long run, to create my own language? PS: Just to be sure, I mean a new programming language and a compiler, not a new compiler for an existing language. EDIT: Thank you for the answers. Can you provide some examples, where it is absolutly unnecessary to create a DSL or cases in which a DSL might be a good idea?

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  • How to Update Remote Diagnostic Agent (RDA) to Latest Version?

    - by Daniel Mortimer
    Remote Diagnostic Agent (RDA) 4.28 was released on 12th June. Full details can be found in this My Oracle Support documentRDA 4 Release Notes [ID 414970.1]From a Fusion Middleware Core Component, Install and Administration perspective this latest release does not offer any significant new features or changes. However, despite the lack of Fusion Middleware specific new features in version 4.28, Remote Diagnostic Agent still comes as highly recommended. It is incredibly useful problem solving / troubleshooting aid. Support engineers dealing with Service Requests often request RDA output as it collects just about everything you might need to get a view of the state and configuration of the host operating system, network setup and Fusion Middleware components. To find out more take a look at Running RDA Against Oracle Fusion Middleware 11g [ID 853437.1] Getting Started With Remote Diagnostic Agent: Case Study - Oracle WebLogic Server (Video) [ID 1262157.1] Note: While the latter document looks at RDA from the perspective of WebLogic Server, much of the advice given in the videos can be applied to other Fusion Middleware products.Ok, let's get back on track with the topic suggested by the title. If you are already familiar with Remote Diagnostic Agent you may ask the question - 'How do I keep my RDA at the latest version?' The answer is in "Running RDA Against Oracle Fusion Middleware 11g [ID 853437.1]". To quote: There are two methods: 1. Upgrade RDA via OCM (Oracle Configuration Manager) Refer to the advice given in: Remote Diagnostic Agent (RDA) Upgrade README [ID 1309034.1] OR 2. Manually download and upgrade to the latest version. To quote from Remote Diagnostic Agent (RDA) 4 - FAQ [ID 330363.1] +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ How do I upgrade my RDA 4.x installation from the prior release? The most simplest and reliable way to upgrade your RDA installation is delete or move your old installation to a new location. Then install the new release into the location you had the prior release installed. If you want to reuse you old setup.cfg file, you can place the older version into the new <rda> directory and it will try to upgrade your setup.cfg to the new features. A second approach is to install the latest RDA into another directory, then if needed copy the old setup.cfg file to the new RDA directory. When the new RDA is run for the first time, it will try to upgrade your setup.cfg to the new features. +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ The upgrade method via Oracle Configuration Manager is nice because it allows RDA to be auto updated whenever a new release of RDA is made available (which roughly speaking is every 3 months). However, it does require you to install and configure Oracle Configuration Manager in addition to RDA. A quick guide to Fusion Middleware 11g and OCM can be found in this support document.Configuring OCM in Oracle Fusion Middleware 11g? A Quick and Easy Guide [ID 1096871.1]

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  • Are there any significant advantages to using a native language for mobile app development?

    - by Karl Daniel
    Forgive me if this question has already been answered but I couldn't quite find the answer I was looking for. What I wanted to know was, is there any significant advantage to using a native language when developing and deploying apps to a mobile environment? The reason I ask is for a long while now I've been using Objective-C, Apple's native language for iOS, to build my apps. However I've been wondering whether or not there is any real benefit to doing this, over using a non-native language like JavaScript and then deploying it through a service like 'Phone Gap'? I do stress 'significant' advantages as native languages are always more likely to have the upper hand when it comes to speed and access to the latest APIs. However in general I don't see using a non-native language or a service like 'Phone Gap' causing and major slow down to my apps or restricting my development. Additionally having the ability to deploy to multiple services is also very handy indeed. This is why I put the question, are there any significant advantages to using a native language for mobile app development?

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  • Should I Learn C/C++ Even If I Just Want To Do Web Programming?

    - by Daniel
    My goal is to be able to create online apps and dynamic, database driven websites. For instance, if in the future I get the idea for the next Digg or Facebook, I want to be able to code it myself. To arrive there I think I have basically two paths: Path 1 Start at a basic level, learning C, then C++ for OOP, then algorithms and data structures, with the goal of getting a solid grasp of computer programming. Only then move to PHP/MySQL/HTTP and start working on practical programming projects. Path 2 Start directly with PHP/MySQL/HTTP and getting my hands dirty with practical projects right away. What would you guys recommend?

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  • How do Unity 12.04/Compiz bindings really work?

    - by Daniel
    There is a bewildering array of places to set bindings, all inconsistent with one another. E.g. in Unity's System Settings having the Ctrl-key highlight the mouse position is an on/off choice. I like the feature, but not on such a prominent key where I keep activating it accidentally. The keyboard shortcuts allow only one binding per command, where I might like a convenient one on the external keyboard and an emergency alternative for when I'm on the road. Keyboard custom shortcuts has a nice interface, but allows only key bindings — besides it doesn't seem to work for me. So I activated CCSM Commands. There I have the choice of key-, mouse- and/or edge bindings. Whereas some places in CCSM offers only one or two of these binding possibilities, randomly at the whim of the programmer. I have not found a way to differentiate a mouse-drag from a click. E.g. I want <SuperMouse1-drag anywhere on a window to move it, while if I don't drag, it should be raise-lower. On the title bar I want the same without needing the <Super key. Now I find raise-lower only in System Settings where I can't assign a mouse binding. If therefore in CCSM I fallback to only lower and put move on the same binding, the window already gets lowered on mouse down, and I can then invisibly move it. Very useful! I have <Altasciicircum get in the way of an Emacs binding, with some to me useless popup overlay. I can find it nowhere, so I can't turn it off. So how can I go without these frontends until they have matured, and instruct Compiz directly, for example in the way Emacs or Sawfish have keymaps, and separate ones for each context, with inheritance?

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  • Preparing yourself for Code challenges

    - by Daniel Fath
    Just a few days ago I discovered Codility, and I tried their challenges. And I must say. I got my behind handed to me on a platter. I'm not sure what the problem was, but I'll lick my wounds and wait for the solution to come out and compare it with my own. In the meantime, I want to get ready for the next challenge so I'm reading their previous blog posts and seeing how to solve their previous problems. There are a lot of new things I haven't heard about like (Cartesian trees, various sort algorithms, etc.) So, how does one prepare for such challenges (especially the O(x) time and space complexity). What should I read to prepare for such a task?

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  • A simple example of movement prediction

    - by Daniel
    I've seen lots of examples of theory about the reason for client-side prediction, but I'm having a hard time converting it into code. I was wondering if someone knows of some specific examples that share some of the code, or can share their knowledge to shed some light into my situation. I'm trying to run some tests to get a the movement going (smoothly) between multiple clients. I'm using mouse input to initiate movement. I'm using AS3 and C# on a local Player.IO server. Right now I'm trying to get the Client side working, as I'm only forwarding position info with the client. I have 2 timers, one is an onEnterFrame and the other is a 100ms Timer, and one on mouseClick listener. When I click anywhere with a mouse, I update my player class to give it a destination point On every enterFrame Event for the player, it moves towards the destination point At every 100ms it sends a message to the server with the position of where it should be in a 100ms. The distance traveled is calculated by taking the distance (in Pixels) that the player can travel in one second, and dividing it by the framerate for the onEnterFrame handler, and by the update frequency (1/0.100s) for the server update. For the other Players, the location is interpolated and animated on every frame based on the new location. Is this the right way of doing it?

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  • Array manipulation in gsettings' set command

    - by Daniel
    Is there an easy way to do array manipulation in gsettings? I am comparing gsettings to OS X's defaults command that offers the defaults domain --array key overwrite-value and defaults domain --array-add key added-value interface for manipulating arrays. As far as I can tell there is only gsettings set domain key "['overwrite-value']" available to gsettings. Not really pretty for when you want to add or remove one entry from an array. I have seen a suggestion that allow me to add to an array, but I would rather use a interface if there is one.

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  • How do I fix broken installation?

    - by Daniel
    Let me start off by saying I'm dual booting 11.04 and Windows 7 on a Thinkpad T61p. The problem may have arisen when I hit the power button during normal startup. I'm fully aware how stupid this is. I don't know why I did it. I did it. Now, I can't get in to Ubuntu. Windows works fine. But when I try to start Ubuntu normally, it seems to run some checks, and does not start up. Sometimes, I see a black screen, and it tells me that it's running certain checks, and then, [ok]. Like... Battery Check Somethingorother [ok] It'll give me 1-5 of these. And then it just does nothing, and I have to turn it off. When I try to start in safe mode... I tried low graphics mode, and after going through a couple of dialogue boxes, I'm brought right back to the safe mode dialogue box. And if I hit 'resume,' a shell pushes up (still that grey on black "your computer is broken" type shell) and asks me to log in. I do, and try to run unity. It tells me something along the lines of: WARNING no DISPLAY variable set and then sets it to " :0" , which doesn't work. And then I can't do anything, really, and I have to restart. (I don't know how to do this from the command line, so I just hard reset. That command would be helpful). Does anybody have any idea how I can get Ubuntu working right again? FTP is less pleasant in Explorer than it is in Nautilus or w/e it is now.

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  • upgrade from 11.10 to 12.04 killed my network connectivity

    - by Daniel
    I have a wired network connection that worked fine in version 11.10. I upgraded to 12.04 and immediately after the upgrade was completed, the OS reported my "cable unplugged". It is not unplugged and it is not defective. I have a D-link DFE-530TXS 10/100 ethernet NIC and I see what seems to be the generic 10050 driver loaded. Is there any way to just flush anything and everything to do with the network configuration and have Ubuntu reset/find everything again? If not...is there any way I can get it to realize that my network cable is not unplugged? (considering it worked mere minutes before). Thanks.

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  • Nvidia 8600M GT driver fail Ubuntu 13.10

    - by Dániel Pap
    After I setup Ubuntu 13.10 I would like to replace the default Nouveaou driver to an officival Nvidia driver because every effects is more slowly with nouveou. But when I clicked on each Nvidia driver version in addictional drivers after the reboot I got black screen. When I press Ctrl Alt F1 and write startX I got a long error message with this line ERROR: I could not insert ' actually nvidia version' No such device

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  • Dualboot (Win 8 / Ubuntu 13) is stuck at 'switching to clocksource'

    - by Daniel Puscht
    for days I have been crawling the web for solutions to my problem, but couln't find any. Here it is: I got a new Laptop (ASUS Vivobook S200E) with Win 8 OEM preinstalled. I wanted to create a dual-boot system with Ubuntu 13 next to it. I read about UEFI and that I have to turn of Secure Boot and use the existing EFI partition as bootloader for Ubuntu. So I did. I also ran boot-repair reinstalling the GRUB. The result is when I start the computer I get into the boot menu. So far, so good. When I pick Win everthing is fine. But when I choose Ubuntu (recovery) the system starts, but gets stuck at the line '[1.806366] Switching to clocksource tsc'. I already tried other versions of Ubuntu (12.04.2, 12.10). I played with boot-repair (using the recommended fix, setting everything manually). But nothing works. It's always the same issue. I read that it could be a problem concerning graphic drivers, but this I can hardly believe. If this is any help, boot-repair gave me this link to post in fora. http://paste.ubuntu.com/5810391/ Thanks for any help in advance

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  • Tester/Doer pattern: Assume the caller conforms to the pattern or be defensive and repeat the check?

    - by Daniel Hilgarth
    Assume a simple class that implements the Tester/Doer pattern: public class FooCommandHandler : ICommandHandler { public bool CanHandle(object command) { return command is FooCommand; } public void Handle(object command) { var fooCommand = (FooCommand)command; // Do something with fooCommand } } Now, if someone doesn't conform to the pattern and calls Handle without verifying the command via CanHandle, the code in Handle throws an exception. However, depending on the actual implementation of Handle this can be a whole range of different exceptions. The following implementation would check CanHandle again in Handle and throw a descriptive exception: public void Handle(object command) { if(!CanHandle(command)) throw new TesterDoerPatternUsageViolationException("Please call CanHandle first"); // actual implementation of handling the command. } This has the advantage that the exception is very descriptive. It has the disadvantage that CanHandle is called twice for "good" clients. Is there a consensus on which variation should be used?

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  • Ubuntu 12.04 using UEFI

    - by Daniel
    I want to upgrade my machine with a new Motherboard, RAM and Processor. I am planning on doing a clean install of Ubuntu 12.04. The Motherboard I want to use is an Asrock 970 Extreme4 which uses an AMI 32 MBit UEFI BIOS. My Question is, is there anything I have to watch out for during the installation process? Cause I have read that some people have trouble booting into ubuntu using a UEFI BIOS. Any advice? I don't want to spend all that money for the different parts only to find out that I can only use windows properly. Thanks in advance

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  • how to change dolphin's select region of a file/folder (in detail view mode)

    - by Daniel
    Since nautilus has removed the dual pane. So I turn to dolphin. I am wondering how to change the default select behavior in detail view mode? Now to select a file/folder, my cursor has to hover over that file/folder and then the left click will take effect, but I much prefer the nautilus way, that is as long as your cursor is in the same row of that file/folder, left click picks up that item. This I think is more robust for user selection, it is faster. Any ideas how to achieve this in dolphin?

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  • What sort of data should be sent for mouse-based movement in a multiplayer game?

    - by Daniel
    I'm new to the Multiplayer Rodeo here so please bear with me... I am just getting started and I'm trying to figure out how to deal with movement. I've looked at the question Best way to implement mouse-based movement in MMOG which gives me a pretty good idea, but I'm still struggling with what kind of data should be sent to the server. If a player is on position [x:0, y:0] and I click with the mouse on [x:40, y:40] to start movement, what information should I send to the server? Should I calculate the position based on velocity on client side and just send the expected location? Or should I send current location and velocity and direction? When the server is updating the clients on the players' whereabouts, should the position be sent only, and the clients expected to interpolate/predict movement, or can the direction sent from the client (instead of just coordinates) be used. My concern(or confusion) is regarding the ping/lag frequency of data update and use of a predictive algorithm, as I'd like the movement to be smooth even with a high latency, and prevent ability to cheat(though that's not the top priority).

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  • Consuming too much power on a Dell 15R

    - by Daniel Davis
    I'm new to Ubuntu, and I've just installed Ubuntu 11.10, and I must say I really like it a lot. I'm getting used to Ubuntu faster than I thought but the only issue I'm having is the power consumption. I have a " dell 15R with BIOS a07" and I uninstalled Ubuntu 11.04 because of some glitches I hated. None of those appear on this Ubuntu but now my computer discharges way too quick. when I check the power icon, it states that I have like 3:45 min remaining, which is fairly the same as what win7 and Ubuntu 11.04 used to tell me but 15 min later I check again and it gives me only 1:15 min remaining. Also, my computer seems to get a lot hotter than it used to. Is there more options to control the power usage on my laptop?

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  • Prediction happening on (sending) client side

    - by Daniel
    This seems like a simple enough concept, but I haven't seen this implemented anywhere yet. Assuming that the server just forwards and verifies data... I'm using mouse-based movement, so it's not too difficult to predict the location of the player 150ms from when the event is sent. I'm thinking it is more accurate than using old data and older data on the receiving clients' side. The question I have, is why can I not find any examples of this? Is there something fundamentally wrong with this that I cannot find anyone implementing or talking about implementing this.

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  • Replace LightDM with MDM on Ubuntu 13.10

    - by Daniel
    I'm trying to replace LighDM with MDM on Ubuntu 13.10, but there already is package in Ubuntu sources called mdm. It's not display manager, but "The Middleman System"... So the PPA install doesn't work. I tried installing .deb package and it changed login screen, but gave me an error message after login and then X stopped. I had to revert back... Any ideas on how to install mdm on Ubuntu 13.10...???

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  • What is the most appropriate testing method in this scenario?

    - by Daniel Bruce
    I'm writing some Objective-C apps (for OS X/iOS) and I'm currently implementing a service to be shared across them. The service is intended to be fairly self-contained. For the current functionality I'm envisioning there will be only one method that clients will call to do a fairly complicated series of steps both using private methods on the class, and passing data through a bunch of "data mangling classes" to arrive at an end result. The gist of the code is to fetch a log of changes, stored in a service-internal data store, that has occurred since a particular time, simplify the log to only include the last applicable change for each object, attach the serialized values for the affected objects and return this all to the client. My question then is, how do I unit-test this entry point method? Obviously, each class would have thorough unit tests to ensure that their functionality works as expected, but the entry point seems harder to "disconnect" from the rest of the world. I would rather not send in each of these internal classes IoC-style, because they're small and are only made classes to satisfy the single-responsibility principle. I see a couple possibilities: Create a "private" interface header for the tests with methods that call the internal classes and test each of these methods separately. Then, to test the entry point, make a partial mock of the service class with these private methods mocked out and just test that the methods are called with the right arguments. Write a series of fatter tests for the entry point without mocking out anything, testing the entire functionality in one go. This looks, to me, more like "integration testing" and seems brittle, but it does satisfy the "only test via the public interface" principle. Write a factory that returns these internal services and take that in the initializer, then write a factory that returns mocked versions of them to use in tests. This has the downside of making the construction of the service annoying, and leaks internal details to the client. Write a "private" initializer that take these services as extra parameters, use that to provide mocked services, and have the public initializer back-end to this one. This would ensure that the client code still sees the easy/pretty initializer and no internals are leaked. I'm sure there's more ways to solve this problem that I haven't thought of yet, but my question is: what's the most appropriate approach according to unit testing best practices? Especially considering I would prefer to write this test-first, meaning I should preferably only create these services as the code indicates a need for them.

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