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• mount another drive to the same directory

  - by Ken Autotron

  I recently purchased a server that was advertised as 2TB (2 1TB drives) in size, when I use it it reports only one of the drives, I would like to be able to use both as if one drive. here is the specs... sudo lshw -C disk *-disk description: ATA Disk product: TOSHIBA DT01ACA1 vendor: Toshiba physical id: 0.0.0 bus info: scsi@1:0.0.0 logical name: /dev/sda version: MS2O serial: 13EJ81XPS size: 931GiB (1TB) capabilities: partitioned partitioned:dos configuration: ansiversion=5 signature=0005b3dd *-disk description: ATA Disk product: TOSHIBA DT01ACA1 vendor: Toshiba physical id: 0.0.0 bus info: scsi@4:0.0.0 logical name: /dev/sdb version: MS2O serial: 13OX3TKPS size: 931GiB (1TB) capabilities: partitioned partitioned:dos configuration: ansiversion=5 signature=00030e86 and fdisk -l Disk /dev/sdb: 1000.2 GB, 1000204886016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 121601 cylinders, total 1953525168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00030e86 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 * 4096 41947135 20971520 fd Linux raid autodetect /dev/sdb2 41947136 1952468991 955260928 fd Linux raid autodetect /dev/sdb3 1952468992 1953519615 525312 82 Linux swap / Solaris Disk /dev/sda: 1000.2 GB, 1000204886016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 121601 cylinders, total 1953525168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0005b3dd Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 4096 41947135 20971520 fd Linux raid autodetect /dev/sda2 41947136 1952468991 955260928 fd Linux raid autodetect /dev/sda3 1952468992 1953519615 525312 82 Linux swap / Solaris Disk /dev/md2: 978.2 GB, 978187124736 bytes 2 heads, 4 sectors/track, 238815216 cylinders, total 1910521728 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/md2 doesn't contain a valid partition table Disk /dev/md1: 21.5 GB, 21474770944 bytes 2 heads, 4 sectors/track, 5242864 cylinders, total 41942912 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/md1 doesn't contain a valid partition table is it possible to mount both drives to say /Home/ so I would have 2TB of usable space?

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• External USB Drive

  - by ErocM

  I have a server that I hooked up an external USB drive. It was formatted in windows and has files on it already. I'm new to Ubuntu so please be patient... I have two questions: Will Ubuntu see the drive since it was formatted in windows? How do I mount this drive or rather, how do I know it's seen by Ubuntu? Thanks! I did fdisk -l and this is what I have but I don't see it. It's a 1tb drive: Disk /dev/sda: 320.1 GB, 320072933376 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 38913 cylinders, total 625142448 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0001eb47 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 499711 248832 83 Linux /dev/sda2 501758 625141759 312320001 5 Extended /dev/sda5 501760 625141759 312320000 8e Linux LVM Disk /dev/sdc: 160.0 GB, 160041885696 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 19457 cylinders, total 312581808 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/sdc doesn't contain a valid partition table Disk /dev/sdb: 160.0 GB, 160041885696 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 19457 cylinders, total 312581808 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/sdb doesn't contain a valid partition table Disk /dev/mapper/ubuntu-root: 316.6 GB, 316577677312 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 38488 cylinders, total 618315776 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/mapper/ubuntu-root doesn't contain a valid partition table Disk /dev/mapper/ubuntu-swap_1: 3217 MB, 3217031168 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 391 cylinders, total 6283264 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 this is an external USB hard drive not a thumb drive :)

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• format/build raid 5 with one 4k drive, three 512b

  - by skidawgz

  I have 4 WD 1TB drives which I want to 4x1TB Raid5. I am not sure what course of action to take next. How do I configure my 4th drive (sde) to align with the rest? Will this affect performance? I rcv this msg (which brings me here to ask these question): The device presents a logical sector size that is smaller than the physical sector size. Aligning to a physical sector (or optimal I/O) size boundary is recommended, or performance may be impacted. fdisk -l shows: Disk /dev/sdb: 1000.2 GB, 1000204886016 bytes 81 heads, 63 sectors/track, 382818 cylinders, total 1953525168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0xf324ba09 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 2048 1953525167 976761560 fd Linux raid autodetect Disk /dev/sdc: 1000.2 GB, 1000204886016 bytes 81 heads, 63 sectors/track, 382818 cylinders, total 1953525168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x38bcc1f0 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdc1 2048 1953525167 976761560 fd Linux raid autodetect Disk /dev/sdd: 1000.2 GB, 1000204886016 bytes 81 heads, 63 sectors/track, 382818 cylinders, total 1953525168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x570f77e7 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdd1 2048 1953525167 976761560 fd Linux raid autodetect Disk /dev/sde: 1000.2 GB, 1000204886016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 121601 cylinders, total 1953525168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disk identifier: 0xeb665e7b Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

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• Mouse doesn't work & internet connection not made in Ubuntu 12.04 LTS

  - by David Skare

  Yesterday, Nov 15, 2012, I booted into my Ubuntu 12.04 LTS system. It has resided on a Crucial 128 GB SSD with about 90% free space since early summer. I also have Windows 7 loaded on another Crucial 256 GB SSD. Ubuntu has set up a dual boot system for me even though each OS has its own SSD. I have been using this setup without problems since summer. Yesterday, when the boot process finished, my Microsoft Comfort Mouse 3000 did not work and there was a message that Ubuntu was not connected to the internet. So w/o the mouse I was forced to turn the machine off manually. About 4 days ago Ubuntu worked fine and booting into Win 7 also works fine. I have a backup machine with the same style mouse on it so I swapped the mouse onto this system. Same results. But both mice work when booting into Win 7. Today I removed both SSDs and installed my Ubuntu 12.04 HD which has not been used since I moved Ubuntu to the SSD from it. Same results. Between the last time I used Ubuntu 12.04 on the SSD and when I tried to use it again I made no changes to my machine, either hardware or software. My machines specs are: AMD FX-6100, MSI 990FXA-GD65 AM3+ format with latest BIOS (Ver 19.9), Corsair Vengeance 1866 MHz memory - 16 GB (4GB X 4 sticks), MSI N580GTX video card (nVidia 306.97 drivers), Sony Bravia 32" HD TV as a monitor, Pioneer BluRay DVD-RW, DSL connection to internet thru a router (10 mps), Crucial 128 GB SSD (90% free space), Microsoft Comfort Mouse 3000 I try to maintain current BIOS and drivers for all devices. I mostly use my Ubuntu system for programming in GCC and OpenCOBOL, surfing the internet and e-mailing. No games are installed. I'm stumped! If anyone has experienced this same problem I'd appreciate knowing how you solved it. TIA, Dave

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• Resize a pendrive Linux?

  - by user11239

  I'm running Ubuntu from USB media, which has a drive capacity of 250 GB, all existing as one FAT32 partition. However, when I created the bootable Ubuntu drive, only 4.79 GB were allocated for usage. Rather than put files directly into the /cdrom where the drive is mounted, I want to expand what is listed here in aufs to be at least 200 GB. I'm hopeful that I can do this live. Output of df : Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on aufs 4051904 4050108 0 100% / none 1542852 284 1542568 1% /dev /dev/sdb1 244076800 4901648 239175152 3% /cdrom /dev/loop0 688000 688000 0 100% /rofs none 1547840 1496 1546344 1% /dev/shm tmpfs 1547840 4828 1543012 1% /tmp none 1547840 80 1547760 1% /var/run none 1547840 0 1547840 0% /var/lock none 1547840 0 1547840 0% /lib/init/rw Output of fdisk -l : Disk /dev/sdb: 250.1 GB, 250059350016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 30401 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00083fe4 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 * 1 30401 244196001 c W95 FAT32 (LBA) So basically what I want to do is get /dev/sdb1 to be entirely, or almost entirely read as aufs. I'm confused over how to do this, as the file systems are all part of /dev/sdb1 on one big partition, rather than separate partitions for separate file systems.

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• Ubuntu 13.04 alongside Windows 8 - How to partition from Windows

  - by mengelkoch

  I plan to install Ubuntu 13.04 alongside Windows 8, and I'm looking for a CLEAR answer on how to conduct partitioning appropriately. I'm very new to all of this so a thorough explanation with minimal jargon would be great. I have an Acer Aspire M5 x64 with 6G RAM. I think I already figured out how to deal with the fast startup, UEFI and SecureBoot issues (I disabled fast startup and disabled Secure Boot). I am able to boot into Ubuntu from a LiveUSB, and I think I am ready to install Ubuntu. Note - despite some advice found here, I do have to disable SecureBoot to boot 13.04 from my LiveUSB. From what I have read here, it seems that I should (at least at first) create the partitions from WITHIN Windows 8, not from the LiveUSB, to avoid reported problems. I have run compmgmt.msc and I see the existing partitions. I see the following: Disk 0: 400 MB Recovery; 300 MB EFI System; Acer (C:) 444.95 GB (Boot, Page File, Crash Dump, Primary Partition); 20 GB Recovery Disk 1: 3.74 GB Primary Partition; 14.90 GB Primary Partition I gather I need to create a mounting point '/' Partition (??), a swap partition, and a home partition. Please explain what these are, how big they should be, how I create them from Windows Disk Management, and anything else I need to know. Eventually, I plan to fully replace Windows 8 with Ubuntu, but for now I want to run alongside Windows 8 and not screw things up. I don't have any critical files saved on this computer yet. Thanks.

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• What can I do to utilize all my hard disk space?

  - by Twatcher

  I had windows XP running on my computer. Then I installed Ubuntu from under windows. Then I decided I wanted to have only Ubuntu also because I got a system message that I am out of disk space. I loaded up my system from a live Ubuntu DVD and deleted the partition with windows on it and also the other partition that had my data on it. I expanded the partition which I thought to be the system partition (since there was no other partition left It had ext format. After that Ubuntu was working fine and I thought I have enough disk space, since my harddrive is an 80 GB ATA Maxtor. I left a small partition as backup. But after downloading a small amount of files I got the message again, that I am running out of disk space. I don't now. How can UI make my disk space bigger? I am not used to Ubuntu's file system, and I don't have the overview on how I can actually see how much space there is left for me to use. I have basically now 1 partition with the system on it and one small backup (as far as I understand). My system is (from system utility) Ubuntu 12.04 LS 3,9 GB Intel Core 2 2,4 Ghz 80 GB ATA Maxtor Here are the results for sudo fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 80.0 GB, 79998918144 bytes<br> 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 9725 cylinders, total 156247887 sectors<br> Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes<br> Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes<br> I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes<br> Disk identifier: 0x41ab2316<br> Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System<br> /dev/sda1 * 63 123750399 61875168+ 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT<br> /dev/sda2 123750400 156246015 16247808 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT<br>

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• My partition table is facing limitations; having problems creating more partitions

  - by Terence

  I first noticed an issue when trying to install Linux Mint 14 as a third OS alongside Ubuntu 12.10 and Windows 7 - I was unable to create another partition to install Mint to. Poking around, I realised that I had reached the limit of primary partitions: (from left to right of the table) 1) a ~100 MB primary partition that I meant to use for storing Grub files but never got down to, 2) a 25 GB extended partition, with the entire partition containing an ext4 Ubuntu partition, 3) a ~513 GB partition containing Windows 7, 4) some ~50 GB of unallocated space, and finally 5) a 4 GB swap partition. I decided to wipe off the first ~100 MB partition, which I didn't need anyway. This brought me to a dilemma, however: as Ubuntu, during initial installation, had created an extended partition for itself, which meant that I could not create any more. Having an extended partition for Ubuntu is virtually useless as there is only enough space to contain Ubuntu itself, and the benefits of extended are worthless here. And if I go ahead and install Mint now, I would face the same issue of too many primary partitions in the future should I want to create any more. What I'd really like to do is this: convert the current extended partition into a normal primary partition, and create a new extended partition in the unallocated space for all future partitions. Is this possible, and if so how? Thanks in advance!

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• Issue with increasing the root partition from the swap

  - by user211761

  I have an issue with increase the size of my root partition. I have ElementaryOS Luna, and while installing it asked me how much space I want to use. I choosed 15 GB for it, because I want to use this as an alternative system. The issue is that after the installation was complete, I found out that my root partition is only 7 GB big, and SWAP is 8 GB which is useless cuz I have 8 GB of RAM. Now I want to shrink the swap and increase the size of my root partition, so I booted the LiveCD and used GParted. I shrinked the swap without any problems, but now I cant add that free space to any partition. I also turned Swap off. I would add a picture, but I need at least 10 reputation to post images ( Stupid ) Its also worth mentioning that in Gparted its showing my partition in a different way. I would post an image BUT I CANT, so I need to write it down. Its something like this [Pointing arrow down] /dev/sda4 Extended /dev/sda5 ntfs /dev/sda6 ext4 (Which is my main partition) /dev/sda7 linux-swap unallocated Picture:

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• 6 Ways to Free Up Hard Drive Space Used by Windows System Files

  - by Chris Hoffman

  We’ve previously covered the standard ways to free up space on Windows. But if you have a small solid-state drive and really want more hard space, there are geekier ways to reclaim hard drive space. Not all of these tips are recommended — in fact, if you have more than enough hard drive space, following these tips may actually be a bad idea. There’s a tradeoff to changing all of these settings. Erase Windows Update Uninstall Files Windows allows you to uninstall patches you install from Windows Update. This is helpful if an update ever causes a problem — but how often do you need to uninstall an update, anyway? And will you really ever need to uninstall updates you’ve installed several years ago? These uninstall files are probably just wasting space on your hard drive. A recent update released for Windows 7 allows you to erase Windows Update files from the Windows Disk Cleanup tool. Open Disk Cleanup, click Clean up system files, check the Windows Update Cleanup option, and click OK. If you don’t see this option, run Windows Update and install the available updates. Remove the Recovery Partition Windows computers generally come with recovery partitions that allow you to reset your computer back to its factory default state without juggling discs. The recovery partition allows you to reinstall Windows or use the Refresh and Reset your PC features. These partitions take up a lot of space as they need to contain a complete system image. On Microsoft’s Surface Pro, the recovery partition takes up about 8-10 GB. On other computers, it may be even larger as it needs to contain all the bloatware the manufacturer included. Windows 8 makes it easy to copy the recovery partition to removable media and remove it from your hard drive. If you do this, you’ll need to insert the removable media whenever you want to refresh or reset your PC. On older Windows 7 computers, you could delete the recovery partition using a partition manager — but ensure you have recovery media ready if you ever need to install Windows. If you prefer to install Windows from scratch instead of using your manufacturer’s recovery partition, you can just insert a standard Window disc if you ever want to reinstall Windows. Disable the Hibernation File Windows creates a hidden hibernation file at C:\hiberfil.sys. Whenever you hibernate the computer, Windows saves the contents of your RAM to the hibernation file and shuts down the computer. When it boots up again, it reads the contents of the file into memory and restores your computer to the state it was in. As this file needs to contain much of the contents of your RAM, it’s 75% of the size of your installed RAM. If you have 12 GB of memory, that means this file takes about 9 GB of space. On a laptop, you probably don’t want to disable hibernation. However, if you have a desktop with a small solid-state drive, you may want to disable hibernation to recover the space. When you disable hibernation, Windows will delete the hibernation file. You can’t move this file off the system drive, as it needs to be on C:\ so Windows can read it at boot. Note that this file and the paging file are marked as “protected operating system files” and aren’t visible by default. Shrink the Paging File The Windows paging file, also known as the page file, is a file Windows uses if your computer’s available RAM ever fills up. Windows will then “page out” data to disk, ensuring there’s always available memory for applications — even if there isn’t enough physical RAM. The paging file is located at C:\pagefile.sys by default. You can shrink it or disable it if you’re really crunched for space, but we don’t recommend disabling it as that can cause problems if your computer ever needs some paging space. On our computer with 12 GB of RAM, the paging file takes up 12 GB of hard drive space by default. If you have a lot of RAM, you can certainly decrease the size — we’d probably be fine with 2 GB or even less. However, this depends on the programs you use and how much memory they require. The paging file can also be moved to another drive — for example, you could move it from a small SSD to a slower, larger hard drive. It will be slower if Windows ever needs to use the paging file, but it won’t use important SSD space. Configure System Restore Windows seems to use about 10 GB of hard drive space for “System Protection” by default. This space is used for System Restore snapshots, allowing you to restore previous versions of system files if you ever run into a system problem. If you need to free up space, you could reduce the amount of space allocated to system restore or even disable it entirely. Of course, if you disable it entirely, you’ll be unable to use system restore if you ever need it. You’d have to reinstall Windows, perform a Refresh or Reset, or fix any problems manually. Tweak Your Windows Installer Disc Want to really start stripping down Windows, ripping out components that are installed by default? You can do this with a tool designed for modifying Windows installer discs, such as WinReducer for Windows 8 or RT Se7en Lite for Windows 7. These tools allow you to create a customized installation disc, slipstreaming in updates and configuring default options. You can also use them to remove components from the Windows disc, shrinking the size of the resulting Windows installation. This isn’t recommended as you could cause problems with your Windows installation by removing important features. But it’s certainly an option if you want to make Windows as tiny as possible. Most Windows users can benefit from removing Windows Update uninstallation files, so it’s good to see that Microsoft finally gave Windows 7 users the ability to quickly and easily erase these files. However, if you have more than enough hard drive space, you should probably leave well enough alone and let Windows manage the rest of these settings on its own. Image Credit: Yutaka Tsutano on Flickr     

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• Download SQL Server 2008 R2 Express (Database Size Limit Increased to 10GB! )

  - by Aamir Hasan

  Yesterday i was researching about SQL Server 2008. i found New release of MS SQL Server 2008 R2, which have many new BI features and enhancements. There is a tiny cute feature that I am sure all of us will appreciate a lot. The product team has increased the Database Size limit for SQL Server 2008 R2 Express from 4 GB to 10 GB. So if you have got a growing SQL Server Express database that is close to the 4 GB Limit, hurry, upgrade to R2 Express. See the announcement from Product Team. SQL Server 2008 R2 Express download. SQL Server 2008 R2 Express Download

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• How to Buy an SD Card: Speed Classes, Sizes, and Capacities Explained

  - by Chris Hoffman

  Memory cards are used in digital cameras, music players, smartphones, tablets, and even laptops. But not all SD cards are created equal — there are different speed classes, physical sizes, and capacities to consider. Different devices require different types of SD cards. Here are the differences you’ll need to keep in mind when picking out the right SD card for your device. Speed Class In a nutshell, not all SD cards offer the same speeds. This matters for some tasks more than it matters for others. For example, if you’re a professional photographer taking photos in rapid succession on a DSLR camera saving them in high-resolution RAW format, you’ll want a fast SD card so your camera can save them as fast as possible. A fast SD card is also important if you want to record high-resolution video and save it directly to the SD card. If you’re just taking a few photos on a typical consumer camera or you’re just using an SD card to store some media files on your smartphone, the speed isn’t as important. Manufacturers use “speed classes” to measure an SD card’s speed. The SD Association that defines the SD card standard doesn’t actually define the exact speeds associated with these classes, but they do provide guidelines. There are four different speed classes — 10, 8, 4, and 2. 10 is the fastest, while 2 is the slowest. Class 2 is suitable for standard definition video recording, while classes 4 and 6 are suitable for high-definition video recording. Class 10 is suitable for “full HD video recording” and “HD still consecutive recording.” There are also two Ultra High Speed (UHS) speed classes, but they’re more expensive and are designed for professional use. UHS cards are designed for devices that support UHS. Here are the associated logos, in order from slowest to fastest:       You’ll probably be okay with a class 4 or 6 card for typical use in a digital camera, smartphone, or tablet. Class 10 cards are ideal if you’re shooting high-resolution videos or RAW photos. Class 2 cards are a bit on the slow side these days, so you may want to avoid them for all but the cheapest digital cameras. Even a cheap smartphone can record HD video, after all. An SD card’s speed class is identified on the SD card itself. You’ll also see the speed class on the online store listing or on the card’s packaging when purchasing it. For example, in the below photo, the middle SD card is speed class 4, while the two other cards are speed class 6. If you see no speed class symbol, you have a class 0 SD card. These cards were designed and produced before the speed class rating system was introduced. They may be slower than even a class 2 card. Physical Size Different devices use different sizes of SD cards. You’ll find standard-size CD cards, miniSD cards, and microSD cards. Standard SD cards are the largest, although they’re still very small. They measure 32x24x2.1 mm and weigh just two grams. Most consumer digital cameras for sale today still use standard SD cards. They have the standard “cut corner”  design. miniSD cards are smaller than standard SD cards, measuring 21.5x20x1.4 mm and weighing about 0.8 grams. This is the least common size today. miniSD cards were designed to be especially small for mobile phones, but we now have a smaller size. microSD cards are the smallest size of SD card, measuring 15x11x1 mm and weighing just 0.25 grams. These cards are used in most cell phones and smartphones that support SD cards. They’re also used in many other devices, such as tablets. SD cards will only fit into marching slots. You can’t plug a microSD card into a standard SD card slot — it won’t fit. However, you can purchase an adapter that allows you to plug a smaller SD card into a larger SD card’s form and fit it into the appropriate slot. Capacity Like USB flash drives, hard drives, solid-state drives, and other storage media, different SD cards can have different amounts of storage. But the differences between SD card capacities don’t stop there. Standard SDSC (SD) cards are 1 MB to 2 GB in size, or perhaps 4 GB in size — although 4 GB is non-standard. The SDHC standard was created later, and allows cards 2 GB to 32 GB in size. SDXC is a more recent standard that allows cards 32 GB to 2 TB in size. You’ll need a device that supports SDHC or SDXC cards to use them. At this point, the vast majority of devices should support SDHC. In fact, the SD cards you have are probably SDHC cards. SDXC is newer and less common. When buying an SD card, you’ll need to buy the right speed class, size, and capacity for your needs. Be sure to check what your device supports and consider what speed and capacity you’ll actually need. Image Credit: Ryosuke SEKIDO on Flickr, Clive Darra on Flickr, Steven Depolo on Flickr

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• A glitch after Ubuntu Installation. Cannot boot Ubuntu

  - by Starx

  I am trying to create a dual boot of Ubuntu 10.10 with Windows 7. My hard disk allocation were as follows: Windows 7 NTFS 100 GB /boot EXT4 200 MB SWAP LINUX SWAP 4 GB / EXT4 46 GB After installation is complete, instead of getting the boot screen of Ubuntu, it directly boots from windows 7 without asking anything. What is wrong? I run the Live Cd again using USB drive and I see that the \boot, and \ are occupied with most likely Ubuntu data. Now How do i point my Laptop to point to Ubuntu Boot instead of Windows Boot

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• Graphics Driver problem, ATI Radeon HD 3200, small screen size and slows everything down.

  - by Arvind Jangid

  Regards. I am using a: 2009 Compaq Presario CQ40-415AU Notebook AMD Athlon X2 Dual core Processor 2.1 GHz 1024 MB L2 cache 3GB DDR2 RAM ATI Radeon + HD 3200 Graphics 256 MB, screen is 14 inch widescreen with resolution of 1280*800. I installed Ubuntu 12.04 LTS 32bit on my laptop. It works brilliantly until I installed graphics driver. When I installed the driver, the graphics became slow. Everything slowed down. Even the splash screen resolution changed to something like 640*480. I have liked Ubuntu since 9.10 and for the freedom it provides and its versatility, but graphics problem remains the same. I even installed Ubuntu on a 50 GB partition with 6 GB swap partition. My HDD is 320 GB. Please tell me what is wrong.

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• apache permissions problem

  - by nishan

  Im running ubuntu 12.04 lts 2gb ram 500gb hdd. My hdd have 4 partitions. Partition 1 = 40 gb Windows (NTFS, lable = win32) Partition 2 = 320 gb Windows (FAT label = common) Partition 3 = 40 gb Ubuntu (EXT4) I installed apached2 now to change its default www directory, I used 'gksu gedit /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/000-default' and chaged to /media/common/www After all I run in terminal chmod 777 /media/common/www chmod 777 /media/common/www/. After that I type in firefox 127.0.0.1/index.php It says "Forbidden You don't have permission to access / on this server. Apache/2.2.22 (Ubuntu) Server at 127.0.0.1 Port 80" Before my changes it was working fine. How should i run my websites???

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• How to remove the graphical user interface?

  - by Praveen Kumar

  Ok my question is that, I want to run a heavy application, on a Virtual Machine (VirtualBox) with just 2 GB RAM (Windows 7 32Bit Host has 4 GB, 3.5 GB effective). Initially I thought of installing Ubuntu Server 12.04.1, which doesn't come with a GUI, so I thought it would be efficient in performance, but I have only Ubuntu 12.04 Desktop. My question is, is it possible to remove the GUI parts in Ubuntu 12.04 Desktop (Not Server), keeping only the core OS, after installation in a virtual machine? Or, is there anyway to improve the performance of the OS? If you need more information, I am ready to provide. I don't want the GUI or anything, even a small terminal window is fine for me, I can access files through FTP.

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• Ubuntu 12.10 "fakeRAID" RAID0 installation

  - by João André

  I have 2 80 Gb HDD's with a RAID 0 motherboard configuration (Intel Z77, fakeRAID) with a 100 Gb partition running Windows 7 and a 60 Gb partition where I would like to install Ubuntu 12.10. However, even though the installer seems to correctly detect the RAID 0 array, GRUB2 is not installed and the computer boots into Windows normally. The same thing does not happen when installing Fedora 17. The installer (Anaconda) also detects the disk array, but GRUB2 installation is successful. What exactly are the differences between Ubiquity and Anaconda? And is there a way to correctly install GRUB2 in a fakeRAID system, since there are no alternative Ubuntu CDs?

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• Why is my partition claiming to be out of space?

  - by Dr C

  My file system claims to only have 4.5 GB left. While my OS (a folder with in file system) still has 75.2 GB left. I put something near 130 GB on my Ubuntu partition, it should have enough space. I confirmed that I can put things in OS that exceed the space in available file systems, but that makes no sense, OS is listed as a folder inside of file system, why would it have more space than it's parent folder? What is going on? Here is the output of df: Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/sda5 113773200 103741440 4252408 97% / udev 2004600 4 2004596 1% /dev tmpfs 804756 848 803908 1% /run none 5120 0 5120 0% /run/lock none 2011884 436 2011448 1% /run/shm /dev/sda2 127526908 54045584 73481324 43% /media/OS /dev/sda3 39144708 89016 39055692 1% /media/DATA`

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• installing ubuntu 12.04 along windows xp and windows 7

  - by Anand A J

  I have Windows XP installed on C drive and Windows 7 installed on F drive. I want to install Ubuntu 12.04 alongwith Windows (keeping both XP and 7) in drive G with out losing any data stored in the computer. I have a hard disk of 500 GB size with C (14.8 GB left),D,E,F, and G (15.7 GB left). I tried to install Ubuntu 12.04 from DVD and getting stuck at the time of selecting partitions .! How to select the device for boot loader installation? Will the installation of Ubuntu into G drive affects the data stored in the hard disk or in G drive especially? After installing Ubuntu can I use Windows XP and Windows 7? This is my first attempt to use Ubuntu. Can any body help me please?

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• Recovery from hell - undeleting partition overwritten by Xubuntu 12.10 installer?

  - by DaimyoKirby

  This is turning into a nightmare - following my initial recovery of my two partitions, I went to install Xubuntu 12.10 (again). At this time I had two partitions - one of ~39 GB had Zorin OS 6 installed on it, and another of ~33 GB had nothing installed, just a few files in it that I had manually backed up (moved) there. When I got to the partitioning step, I chose "Replace Zorin OS 6 with Xubuntu 12.10", along with LVM, naturally thinking that the installer wouldn't touch the second partition, since Zorin wasn't installed on it. I was dead wrong. Upon booting my newly installed Xubuntu 12.10, I found in gparted that there were only two partitions - ~255MB, which appears to have the boot stuff in it (it's flagged boot in gparted), and another of ~74 GB. Question: Is there any way to salvage my old files on the non-Zorin ext3 partition? I'm really upset I made such a dumb move (again...), and any and all help is appreciated very, very much!

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• Just installed 12.04 and it freezes when I try logging in

  - by James

  I just installed Ubuntu 12.04 alongside Windows 7 on an Acer Aspire 1 with AMD Dual-Core C60, 4 GB RAM, and 320 GB HDD (100 GB partitioned for Ubuntu). After restarted my computer, I was able to log in fine but when I tried to log in again after shutting my netbook off, it began to freeze on the log in screen. The freezing occurs several seconds after I'm prompted to enter my password. Even if i enter the password before the freezing occurs, I end up getting stuck while it's loading or something. I'm new to Ubuntu so I have no idea what to do. Also, before it gets to the log in screen, it says something like this: NTFS5: No wubildr NTFS5: No wubildr NTFS5: error: "prefix" edit: it was wubildr, not unbilder. Also, the freezing seems to be inconsistent

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• Installing linux on OCZ RevoDrive3 x2

  - by user2101712

  First of all, here is the configuration of my computer: Motherboard: Asus H87Plus RAM: Corsair Vengeance 32GB Processor: Intel i7 4770 Drive: OCZ RevoDrive 3 x2 (240 GB) (OCZ Revodrive3 is a PCIe module) I am trying to install the latest version of Ubuntu Desktop (13.10). The problem is that in the UEFI (bios) the drive shows up as a 240 GB drive, but in the Ubuntu installer it shows up as two 120 GB drives. If I install Ubuntu in any of these two drives, it never boots. The screen flickers a few times and comes back to the UEFI menu. I have tried reading up and have come across information that the drive has a "fakeraid", and the solution is to use dmraid. However, when I give the following commands in the terminal (from live CD): # modprobe dm_mod # dmraid -ay it says: no raid disks. And the following command: # ls -la /dev/mapper/ just shows /dev/mapper/control How can I install Ubuntu on my computer? what is the correct method?

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• PLS HELP!!How to boot windows 7 after installing ubuntu 12.10?

  - by user113553

  Im new to linux and im interested in learning it so I installed ubuntu 12.10 yesterday. Installation went smoothly and i chose "install alongside windows option" and I set about 50 gb using that slider and i tot i used 50 gb from c: drive but to my shock it used 50 gb space from f: drive. This was my first shock.Then when i restarted n tried to log into windows, nothing happened a black screen appeared saying "To restart press alt+ctrl+delete" but even pressing that it wont restart. No matter how many times i try rebooting windows is not booting same black screen saying restart appears. But i can log in to ubuntu and i can see that windows c: drive is fine. PLEASE HELP ME!!!!

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• installing ubuntu 13.04 along side window 7 64 bit

  - by Shikhar Subedi

  I have a 64 bit computer with windows OS. Here are my specifications: core i3 processor 4 gb ram nvdia ge210 hard disk with 680 gb memory In my windows installation I have C: drive with 104 gb, D: drive with 246gb and E: drive with 246gb memory. My dvd rom is in f: drive. I want to install ubuntu 13.04 64 bit along side windows 7. So i burned the ubuntu 64 bit iso image onto a dvd and restarted the computer. but in the choice for installations, there is no option to select installing ubuntu along side windows. There is an option to install ubuntu inside windows instead. There are other options as well. What should I do to get the option to install ubuntu along side windows. I think the problem is with the number of drives in windows. Please tell me how should I make a partition in windows 7 to install ubuntu. Thanks a lot..

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• Only can move the pointer after upgrading

  - by Mystogan

  I made a partition on my desktop pc, 100 GB and installed Ubuntu 12.10 on it. It was pretty slow first thought it had to install updates or something, so I rebooted it. Now after the login it looks like everything freezes, I can move my mouse only, but that's it! I can see my desktop and launcher, but the task bar doesn't display time and misc system info, only a black bar, I downloaded the Android SDK pack and installed vlc media player before I rebooted. My computer info: 1 TB HDD 8 GB ddr3 RAM ATI Radeon 4890 videocard (1 GB) AMD Phenom 2 x4 black 3, 2ghz CPU (64 bits)

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