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  • Python: circular imports needed for type checking

    - by phild
    First of all: I do know that there are already many questions and answers to the topic of the circular imports. The answer is more or less: "Design your Module/Class structure properly and you will not need circular imports". That is true. I tried very hard to make a proper design for my current project, I in my opinion I was successful with this. But my specific problem is the following: I need a type check in a module that is already imported by the module containing the class to check against. But this throws an import error. Like so: foo.py: from bar import Bar class Foo(object): def __init__(self): self.__bar = Bar(self) bar.py: from foo import Foo class Bar(object): def __init__(self, arg_instance_of_foo): if not isinstance(arg_instance_of_foo, Foo): raise TypeError() Solution 1: If I modified it to check the type by a string comparison, it will work. But I dont really like this solution (string comparsion is rather expensive for a simple type check, and could get a problem when it comes to refactoring). bar_modified.py: from foo import Foo class Bar(object): def __init__(self, arg_instance_of_foo): if not arg_instance_of_foo.__class__.__name__ == "Foo": raise TypeError() Solution 2: I could also pack the two classes into one module. But my project has lots of different classes like the "Bar" example, and I want to seperate them into different module files. After my own 2 solutions are no option for me: Has anyone a nicer solution for this problem?

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  • Python: Beginning problems

    - by Blogger
    ok so basically i very new to programming and have no idea how to go about these problems help if you will ^^ Numerologists claim to be able to determine a person’s character traits based on the “numeric value” of a name. The value of a name is determined by summing up the values of the letters of the name, where ‘a’ is 1, ‘b’ is 2, ‘c’ is 3 etc., up to ‘z’ being 26. For example, the name “Zelle” would have the value 26 + 5 + 12 + 12 + 5 = 60 (which happens to be a very suspicious number, by the way). Write a program that calculates the numeric value of a single name provided as input. Word count. A common utility on Unix/Linux systems is a small program called “wc”. This program counts the number of lines, words (strings of characters separated by blanks, tabs, or new lines), and characters in a file. Write your own version of this program. The program should accept a file name as input and then print three numbers showing the count of lines, words, and characters in the file.

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  • Key word extraction in Python

    - by oliland
    I'm building a website in django that needs to extract key words from short (twitter-like) messages. I've looked at packages like topia.textextract and nltk - but both seem to be overkill for what I need to do. All I need to do is filter words like "and", "or", "not" while keeping nouns and verbs that aren't conjunctives or other parts of speech. Are there any "simpler" packages out there that can do this? EDIT: This needs to be done in near real-time on a production website, so using a keyword extraction service seems out of the question, based on their response times and request throttling.

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  • Python float copy question

    - by SJA
    Hi, I'm puzzled by some behaviour I'm seeing when copying a float array member into another variable - please help! For example data_entry[1] = 9.6850069951 new_value = data_entry[1] <comment> #print both 9.6850069951 9.6850663300 I'm aware of the problem of binary storage of floats but I thought with a direct copy of memory we would end up with the same value. Any ideas? I need better precision than this! thanks in advance Stuart

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  • Python: needs more than 1 value to unpack

    - by Rosarch
    What am I doing wrong to get this error? replacements = {} replacements["**"] = ("<strong>", "</strong>") replacements["__"] = ("<em>", "</em>") replacements["--"] = ("<blink>", "</blink>") replacements["=="] = ("<marquee>", "</marquee>") replacements["@@"] = ("<code>", "</code>") for delimiter, (open_tag, close_tag) in replacements: # error here message = self.replaceFormatting(delimiter, message, open_tag, close_tag); The error: Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in for shit, (a, b) in replacements: ValueError: need more than 1 value to unpack All the values tuples have two values. Right?

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  • python packaging causes importerror

    - by Absolute0
    I am getting an annoying import error when I try to import a variable in an init.py file. I have attached the files involved and my directory structure: #/home/me/app/app/__init__.py from flaskext.sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy db = SQLAlchemy(app) #/home/me/app/app/models/__init__.py from datetime import datetime from app import db #shell [me@archlinux app]$ pwd /home/me/app [me@archlinux app]$ ./manage.py /home/me/app/app/__init__.pyc Traceback (most recent call last): File "./manage.py", line 7, in <module> from app import app File "/home/me/app/app/__init__.py", line 3, in <module> from app.views.post import post File "/home/me/app/app/views/post.py", line 4, in <module> from app.models import Post File "/home/me/app/app/models/__init__.py", line 5, in <module> from app import db ImportError: cannot import name db [me@archlinux app]$ tree . +-- apikey.txt +-- manage.py +-- app ¦   +-- forms ¦   ¦   +-- __init__.py ¦   ¦   +-- __init__.py~ ¦   +-- __init__.py ¦   +-- __init__.py~ ¦   +-- __init__.pyc ¦   +-- models ¦   ¦   +-- __init__.py ¦   ¦   +-- __init__.py~ ¦   ¦   +-- __init__.pyc ¦   +-- static ¦   ¦   +-- css ¦   ¦   ¦   +-- style.css ¦   ¦   +-- images ¦   ¦   ¦   +-- favicon.png ¦   ¦   ¦   +-- logo.png ¦   ¦   ¦   +-- text_logo.png ¦   ¦   ¦   +-- thumb_down_active.png ¦   ¦   ¦   +-- thumb_down_inactive.png ¦   ¦   ¦   +-- thumb_up_active.png ¦   ¦   ¦   +-- thumb_up_inactive.png ¦   ¦   +-- js ¦   ¦   ¦   +-- index.js ¦   ¦   +-- sitemap.xml ¦   +-- templates ¦   ¦   +-- 404.html ¦   ¦   +-- 500.html ¦   ¦   +-- about.html ¦   ¦   +-- base.html ¦   ¦   +-- feedback ¦   ¦   ¦   +-- feedback_form.html ¦   ¦   +-- form.html ¦   ¦   +-- posts ¦   ¦   ¦   +-- comment.html ¦   ¦   ¦   +-- post.html ¦   ¦   ¦   +-- posts.html ¦   ¦   +-- spam.html ¦   ¦   +-- terms.html ¦   ¦   +-- users ¦   ¦   +-- login_form.html ¦   ¦   +-- sign_up_form.html ¦   +-- util ¦   ¦   +-- forms.py ¦   ¦   +-- honeypot.py ¦   ¦   +-- __init__.py ¦   ¦   +-- __init__.py~ ¦   ¦   +-- json_http.py ¦   ¦   +-- models.py ¦   ¦   +-- spam.py ¦   +-- views ¦   +-- feedback.py ¦   +-- __init__.py ¦   +-- __init__.pyc ¦   +-- post.py ¦   +-- post.pyc ¦   +-- user.py +-- settings.py +-- settings.pyc +-- TiddlyWiki.html 13 directories, 49 files What might be the problem?

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  • Python how to execute generate code ?

    - by Natim
    Hello guys I have this code, and I would like to use the app parameter to generate the code instead of duplicating it. if app == 'map': try: from modulo.map.views import map return map(request, *args, **kwargs) except ImportError: pass elif app == 'schedule': try: from modulo.schedule.views import schedule_day return schedule_day(request, *args, **kwargs) except ImportError: pass elif app == 'sponsors': try: from modulo.sponsors.views import sponsors return sponsors(request, *args, **kwargs) except ImportError: pass elif app == 'streaming': try: from modulo.streaming.views import streaming return streaming(request, *args, **kwargs) except ImportError: pass Do you have any idea ? Thanks

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  • Python 4 step setup with progressBars

    - by Samuel Taylor
    I'm having a problem with the code below. When I run it the progress bar will pulse for around 10 secs as meant to and then move on to downloading and will show the progress but when finished it will not move on to the next step it just locks up. import sys import time import pygtk import gtk import gobject import threading import urllib import urlparse class WorkerThread(threading.Thread): def __init__ (self, function, parent, arg = None): threading.Thread.__init__(self) self.function = function self.parent = parent self.arg = arg self.parent.still_working = True def run(self): # when does "run" get executed? self.parent.still_working = True if self.arg == None: self.function() else: self.function(self.arg) self.parent.still_working = False def stop(self): self = None class MainWindow: def __init__(self): gtk.gdk.threads_init() self.wTree = gtk.Builder() self.wTree.add_from_file("gui.glade") self.mainWindows() def mainWindows(self): self.mainWindow = self.wTree.get_object("frmMain") dic = { "on_btnNext_clicked" : self.mainWindowNext, } self.wTree.connect_signals(dic) self.mainWindow.show() self.installerStep = 0 # 0 = none, 1 = preinstall, 2 = download, 3 = install info, 4 = install #gtk.main() self.mainWindowNext() def pulse(self): self.wTree.get_object("progress").pulse() if self.still_working == False: self.mainWindowNext() return self.still_working def preinstallStep(self): self.wTree.get_object("progress").set_fraction(0) self.wTree.get_object("btnNext").set_sensitive(0) self.wTree.get_object("notebook1").set_current_page(0) self.installerStep = 1 WT = WorkerThread(self.heavyWork, self) #Would do a heavy function here like setup some thing WT.start() gobject.timeout_add(75, self.pulse) def downloadStep(self): self.wTree.get_object("progress").set_fraction(0) self.wTree.get_object("btnNext").set_sensitive(0) self.wTree.get_object("notebook1").set_current_page(0) self.installerStep = 2 urllib.urlretrieve('http://mozilla.mirrors.evolva.ro//firefox/releases/3.6.3/win32/en-US/Firefox%20Setup%203.6.3.exe', '/tmp/firefox.exe', self.updateHook) self.mainWindowNext() def updateHook(self, blocks, blockSize, totalSize): percentage = float ( blocks * blockSize ) / totalSize if percentage > 1: percentage = 1 self.wTree.get_object("progress").set_fraction(percentage) while gtk.events_pending(): gtk.main_iteration() def installInfoStep(self): self.wTree.get_object("btnNext").set_sensitive(1) self.wTree.get_object("notebook1").set_current_page(1) self.installerStep = 3 def installStep(self): self.wTree.get_object("progress").set_fraction(0) self.wTree.get_object("btnNext").set_sensitive(0) self.wTree.get_object("notebook1").set_current_page(0) self.installerStep = 4 WT = WorkerThread(self.heavyWork, self) #Would do a heavy function here like setup some thing WT.start() gobject.timeout_add(75, self.pulse) def mainWindowNext(self, widget = None): if self.installerStep == 0: self.preinstallStep() elif self.installerStep == 1: self.downloadStep() elif self.installerStep == 2: self.installInfoStep() elif self.installerStep == 3: self.installStep() elif self.installerStep == 4: sys.exit(0) def heavyWork(self): time.sleep(10) if __name__ == '__main__': MainWindow() gtk.main()

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  • Concise way to getattr() and use it if not None in Python

    - by MTsoul
    I am finding myself doing the following a bit too often: attr = getattr(obj, 'attr', None) if attr is not None: attr() # Do something, either attr(), or func(attr), or whatever else: # Do something else Is there a more pythonic way of writing that? Is this better? (At least not in performance, IMO.) try: obj.attr() # or whatever except AttributeError: # Do something else

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  • Recognizing file - Python

    - by Francisco Aleixo
    Ok, so the title may trick you a bit, and I'm sorry for that but didn't find a better title. This question might be a bit hard to understand so I'll try my best. I have no idea how this works or if it is even possible but what I want to do is for example create a file type (lets imagine .test (in which a random file name would be random.test)). Now before I continue, its obviously easy to do this using for example: filename = "random.test" file = open(filename, 'w') file.write("some text here") But now what I would like to know is if it is possible to write the file .test so if I set it to open with a wxPython program, it recognizes it and for example opens up a Message Dialog automatically. I'm sorry if I'm being vague and in case you don't understand, let me know so I can try my best to explain you.

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  • Checking to see if a number is evenly divisible by other numbers with recursion in Python

    - by Ernesto
    At the risk of receiving negative votes, I will preface this by saying this is a midterm problem for a programming class. However, I have already submitted the code and passed the question. I changed the name of the function(s) so that someone can't immediately do a search and find the correct code, as that is not my purpose. I am actually trying to figure out what is actually MORE CORRECT from two pieces that I wrote. The problem tells us that a certain fast food place sells bite-sized pieces of chicken in packs of 6, 9, and 20. It wants us to create a function that will tell if a given number of bite-sized piece of chicken can be obtained by buying different packs. For example, 15 can be bought, because 6 + 9 is 15, but 16 cannot be bought, because no combination of the packs will equal 15. The code I submitted and was "correct" on, was: def isDivisible(n): """ n is an int Returns True if some integer combination of 6, 9 and 20 equals n Otherwise returns False. """ a, b, c = 20, 9, 6 if n == 0: return True elif n < 0: return False elif isDivisible(n - a) or isDivisible(n - b) or isDivisible(n - c): return True else: return False However, I got to thinking, if the initial number is 0, it will return True. Would an initial number of 0 be considered "buying that amount using 6, 9, and/or 20"? I cannot view the test cases the grader used, so I don't know if the grader checked 0 as a test case and decided that True was an acceptable answer or not. I also can't just enter the new code, because it is a midterm. I decided to create a second piece of code that would handle an initial case of 0, and assuming 0 is actually False: def isDivisible(n): """ n is an int Returns True if some integer combination of 6, 9 and 20 equals n Otherwise returns False. """ a, b, c = 20, 9, 6 if n == 0: return False else: def helperDivisible(n): if n == 0: return True elif n < 0: return False elif helperDivisible(n - a) or helperDivisible(n - b) or helperDivisible(n - c): return True else: return False return helperDivisible(n) As you can see, my second function had to use a "helper" function in order to work. My overall question, though, is which function do you think would provide the correct answer, if the grader had tested for 0 as an initial input?

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  • Static lock in Python?

    - by roddik
    Hello. I've got the following code: import time import threading class BaseWrapper: #static class lock = threading.Lock() @staticmethod def synchronized_def(): BaseWrapper.lock.acquire() time.sleep(5) BaseWrapper.lock.release() def test(): print time.ctime() if __name__ is '__main__': for i in xrange(10): threading.Thread(target = test).start() I want to have a method synchronized using static lock. However the above code prints the same time ten times, so it isn't really locking. How can I fix it? TIA

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  • Python: how to execute generated code ?

    - by Natim
    Hello guys I have this code, and I would like to use the app parameter to generate the code instead of duplicating it. if app == 'map': try: from modulo.map.views import map return map(request, *args, **kwargs) except ImportError: pass elif app == 'schedule': try: from modulo.schedule.views import schedule_day return schedule_day(request, *args, **kwargs) except ImportError: pass elif app == 'sponsors': try: from modulo.sponsors.views import sponsors return sponsors(request, *args, **kwargs) except ImportError: pass elif app == 'streaming': try: from modulo.streaming.views import streaming return streaming(request, *args, **kwargs) except ImportError: pass Do you have any idea ? Thanks

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  • Python imports by folder module

    - by colinmarc
    I have a directory structure: example.py templates/ __init__.py a.py b.py a.py and b.py have only one class, named the same as the file (because they are cheetah templates). For purely style reasons, I want to be able to import and use these classes in example.py like so: import templates t = templates.a() Right now I do that by having this in the template folder's __init__.py: __all__ = ["a", "b"] from . import * However, this seems pretty poor (and maybe superfluous), and doesn't even do what I want, as I have to use the classes like this: t = templates.a.a() Thoughts?

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  • A problem with assertRaises function in Python

    - by anton.k.
    Hello,guys! I am trying to run the following test self.assertRaises(Exception,lambda: unit_test.testBasic()) where test.testBasic() is class IsPrimeTest(unittest.TestCase): def assertRaises(self,exception,callable,*args,**kwargs): print('dfdf') temp = callable super().assertRaises(exception,temp,*args,**kwargs) def testBasic_helper(self): self.failIf(is_prime(2)) self.assertTrue(is_prime(1)) where prime is a function,and but in self.assertRaises(Exception,lambda: unit_test.testBasic()) the lambda function doesnt throws an exception after the test def testBasic_helper(self): self.failIf(is_prime(2)) self.assertTrue(is_prime(1)) fails Can somebody offers a solution to the problem?

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  • Match HTML tags in two strings using regex in Python

    - by jack
    I want to verify that the HTML tags present in a source string are also present in a target string. For example: >> source = '<em>Hello</em><label>What's your name</label>' >> verify_target(’<em>Hi</em><label>My name is Jim</label>') True >> verify_target('<label>My name is Jim</label><em>Hi</em>') True >> verify_target('<em>Hi<label>My name is Jim</label></em>') False

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  • download mbox files over https using python

    - by VenkatS
    I was trying to find the right module for downloading kernel patches from kernel.org site For example,to download the file at https://patchwork.kernel.org/patch/62948/mbox/ I understand urlgrabber has a problem with https on debian. urllib2 seems to have problem with this url as well (says getaddrinfo failed, even though there are no problems reaching other urls) Any help would be appreciated

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  • Python: For loop problem

    - by Yasmin
    I have a simple for loop problem, when i run the code below it prints out series of 'blue green' sequences then a series of 'green' sequences. I want the output to be; if row[4] is equal to 1 to print blue else print green. for row in rows: for i in `row[4]`: if i ==`1`: print 'blue ' else: print 'green ' Any help would be grateful thanks Yas

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  • Python Script to check website for a tag

    - by LinuxGnut
    Hello all. I'm trying to figure out how to go about writing a website monitoring script (cron job in the end) to open up a given URL, check to see if a tag exists, and if the tag does not exist, or doesn't contain the expected data, then to write some to a log file, or to send an e-mail. The tag would be something like or something relatively similar. Anyone have any ideas?

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  • Python: how to inherite and override

    - by Guy
    Consider this situation: I get an object of type A which has the function f. I.e: class A: def f(): print 'in f' def h(): print 'in h' and I get an instance of this class but I want to override the f function but save the rest of the functionality of A. So what I was thinking was something of the sort: class B(A): .... def f(): print 'in B->f' and the usage would be: def main(a): b = B(a) b.f() #prints "in B->f" b.h() #print "in h" How do you do such a thing?

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  • Best practice for Python Assert

    - by meade
    Is there a performance or code maintenance issue with using assert as part of the standard code instead of using it just for debugging purposes? Is assert x >= 0, 'x is less then zero' and better or worse then if x < 0: raise Exception, 'x is less then zero' Also, is there anyway to set a business rule like if x < 0 raise error that is always checked with out the try, except, finally so, if at anytime throughout the code x is < 0 an error is raised, like if you set assert x < 0 at the start of a function, anywhere within the function where x becomes less then 0 an exception is raised?

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  • sorting in python

    - by tipu
    I have a hashmap like so: results[tweet_id] = {"score" : float(dot(query,doc) / (norm(query) * norm(doc))), "tweet" : tweet} What I'd like to do is to sort results by the innser "score" key. I don't know how possible this is, I saw many sorting tutorials but they were for simple (not nested) data structures.

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