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• php-fpm: very high server load

  - by Derp Derpington

  Since today my webserver (nginx + php-fpm + mysql on a VPS) is very slow. htop says: 1 [|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||100.0%] Tasks: 63 total, 13 running 2 [|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||100.0%] Load average: 11.67 10.95 6.95 3 [|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||100.0%] Uptime: 00:18:40 4 [|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||100.0%] 5 [|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||100.0%] 6 [|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||100.0%] Mem[||||||||||| 137/1280MB] Swp[ 0/0MB] PID USER PRI NI VIRT RES SHR S CPU% MEM% TIME+ Command 6802 www 20 0 76232 12320 5716 R 27.0 0.9 0:06.48 php-fpm: pool www 7048 www 20 0 75200 12136 5700 R 52.0 0.9 0:03.64 php-fpm: pool www 6699 www 20 0 74176 11124 5700 R 27.0 0.8 0:07.36 php-fpm: pool www 7029 www 20 0 73668 10380 5676 R 42.0 0.8 0:03.52 php-fpm: pool www 6995 www 20 0 76228 12456 5644 R 42.0 1.0 0:03.98 php-fpm: pool www 6858 www 20 0 74172 10684 5620 R 35.0 0.8 0:05.52 php-fpm: pool www 6998 www 20 0 75200 12072 5620 R 37.0 0.9 0:03.95 php-fpm: pool www 7098 www 20 0 75200 12052 5616 R 42.0 0.9 0:02.33 php-fpm: pool www 7093 www 20 0 76228 12496 5612 R 37.0 1.0 0:03.02 php-fpm: pool www 7226 www 20 0 74692 11080 5588 R 32.0 0.8 0:00.66 php-fpm: pool www CPU: (cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep model) model : 44 model name : Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5620 @ 2.40GHz model : 44 model name : Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5620 @ 2.40GHz model : 44 model name : Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5620 @ 2.40GHz model : 44 model name : Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5620 @ 2.40GHz model : 44 model name : Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5620 @ 2.40GHz model : 44 model name : Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5620 @ 2.40GHz I think a load of 10 and 100% cpu usage is not normal... How can i fix that?

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• Disk is spinning down each minute, unable to disable it

  - by lzap

  I played with spindown and APM settings of my Samsung discs and now they spin down every minute. I want to disable it, but it seems it does not accept any of the spindown time or APM values. Nothing works, it's all the same. Please help what values should be proper for it. I do not want it to spin down at all. /dev/sda: ATA device, with non-removable media Model Number: SAMSUNG HD154UI Serial Number: S1Y6J1KZ206527 Firmware Revision: 1AG01118 Standards: Used: ATA-8-ACS revision 3b Supported: 7 6 5 4 Configuration: Logical max current cylinders 16383 16383 heads 16 16 sectors/track 63 63 -- CHS current addressable sectors: 16514064 LBA user addressable sectors: 268435455 LBA48 user addressable sectors: 2930277168 Logical/Physical Sector size: 512 bytes device size with M = 1024*1024: 1430799 MBytes device size with M = 1000*1000: 1500301 MBytes (1500 GB) cache/buffer size = unknown Capabilities: LBA, IORDY(can be disabled) Queue depth: 32 Standby timer values: spec'd by Standard, no device specific minimum R/W multiple sector transfer: Max = 16 Current = 16 Advanced power management level: 60 Recommended acoustic management value: 254, current value: 0 DMA: mdma0 mdma1 mdma2 udma0 udma1 udma2 udma3 udma4 udma5 *udma6 udma7 Cycle time: min=120ns recommended=120ns PIO: pio0 pio1 pio2 pio3 pio4 Cycle time: no flow control=120ns IORDY flow control=120ns Commands/features: Enabled Supported: * SMART feature set Security Mode feature set * Power Management feature set * Write cache * Look-ahead * Host Protected Area feature set * WRITE_BUFFER command * READ_BUFFER command * NOP cmd * DOWNLOAD_MICROCODE * Advanced Power Management feature set Power-Up In Standby feature set * SET_FEATURES required to spinup after power up SET_MAX security extension Automatic Acoustic Management feature set * 48-bit Address feature set * Device Configuration Overlay feature set * Mandatory FLUSH_CACHE * FLUSH_CACHE_EXT * SMART error logging * SMART self-test Media Card Pass-Through * General Purpose Logging feature set * 64-bit World wide name * WRITE_UNCORRECTABLE_EXT command * {READ,WRITE}_DMA_EXT_GPL commands * Segmented DOWNLOAD_MICROCODE * Gen1 signaling speed (1.5Gb/s) * Gen2 signaling speed (3.0Gb/s) * Native Command Queueing (NCQ) * Host-initiated interface power management * Phy event counters * NCQ priority information DMA Setup Auto-Activate optimization Device-initiated interface power management * Software settings preservation * SMART Command Transport (SCT) feature set * SCT Long Sector Access (AC1) * SCT LBA Segment Access (AC2) * SCT Error Recovery Control (AC3) * SCT Features Control (AC4) * SCT Data Tables (AC5) Security: Master password revision code = 65534 supported not enabled not locked frozen not expired: security count supported: enhanced erase 326min for SECURITY ERASE UNIT. 326min for ENHANCED SECURITY ERASE UNIT. Logical Unit WWN Device Identifier: 50024e900300cca3 NAA : 5 IEEE OUI : 0024e9 Unique ID : 00300cca3 Checksum: correct I have the very same disc which I did not "tuned" and it does not spin. But I do not know where to read the settings from. The hdparm only shows this: Advanced power management level: 60 Recommended acoustic management value: 254, current value: 0 Edit: It seems the issue was tuned daemon in RHEL6. It was too aggressive, I turned off disc tuning and it seems they are no longer spinning down.

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• Microsoft Virtual PC maximum hard disk PC

  - by Kanini

  What is the maximum space that I can allocate on a MS Virtual PC 2007?

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• Windows 7 Reading Proper Disk Usage Statistics on Mounted Volumes

  - by Troy Perkins

  I'm running windows 7 with 2 x 1.5 TBYTE Drives. The second internal drive is setup as a mounted volume as C:\Archives Clicking computer icon in windows explorer, it only shows capacity stats for C: and Not C:\Archives Also, the usage stats that do show for C: show to be 100% capacity red - yet the system runs fine. No warnings. Can someone explain this? I do have a lot of stuff on the c: drive, but I'm sure its not 1.5 TB worth and C:\Archives hardly has anything it. Thanks! Troy

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• Windows 7 disk backup and clone for deployment to multiple systems

  - by gregmac

  I'm in the process of deploying some new PCs (there's only 8), all identical hardware. What I'd like to do is install Windows 7 (64bit), join to domain etc, install a bunch of other software, and then clone that drive to multiple other machines. I'd also like to be able to use it as a backup image, so the machine can be restored back to that image at some future date. I understand this involves at least sysprep, but I am confused after reading some tutorials that talk about using Windows Automated Installation Kit, or hacks with the registry and custom-build batch files. This process seems overly complex to me: I did something similar 10+ years ago, and and don't remember it being this bad. Surely things have improved in a decade? There's also some products that involve having network servers running deployment software, network boot, etc etc.. this is way more than I want to set up. My systems are all identical hardware. Is there a simplified way to clone PCs? Preferably (since I'm a lazy developer, and not an IT admin) I'd like to find some off-the-shelf product that I can run after I get the machine setup, that will spit out a bootable DVD I can run on all the other systems, which will boot up, ask for a computer name, join it to the domain, and that's it. Does such as product exist?

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• Windows 2003 Dynamic Disk error

  - by ChrisH

  Hi, I was trying to ghost a partition on a Windows 2003 server, using Ghost 2003. Unfortunately things went horribly wrong, and now I can't boot back into my system. As you can see, Ghost creates a wee little partition to do its dirty work, and has dislodged my other partitions. Partition 2 in the image below is my C drive. Any suggestions as to how I might get this active again so that it boots? Cheers, Chris

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• vista winsxs folder eats disk space

  - by Simpzon

  My machine has been running Vista Ultimate 64-Bit for about two years now. ServicePacks SP1 and SP2 are installed, too. The system partition has a size of 55 GB, which should be quite comfortable under normal circumstances, but about 40GB (no typo) are used by the Windows-Folder, especially the subfolder winsxs, which takes about 35 GB. I have already uninstalled as many programs as possible and did run compcln.exe, to reduce it, but this only gained 2-3 GB. What can I do to clean up without risking system stability? I'm a software developer and this is my daily work environment, which means - I can't risk to get strange side-effects from blindly deleting stuff. - You can maybe deduce some typical usage patterns from this information. Any suggestions?

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• Idle hard disk makes noise.

  - by ULTRA_POROV

  Like a fan or something. I checked it. I stopped all fans (cpu, video, psu) and the noise was still there. I read online that it might be a motor or something. I have put a great deal of effort making my pc quiet. Installed a quiet psu and cpu fan, reduced the fan speed of my video card, bought a ssd... But my drive for data makes this noise. I would never have expected that. Do all hard disks make this kind of noise? I guess most people won't notice it because of the other fans they have in the system, I however can hear it quite clearly because all my other fans are almost silent. So should i get a new one or should i just live with it, considering that i might end up with a drive that also makes this noise.

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• Ubuntu 14.04 disk utility SMART self-test failed threshold not exceeded

  - by user2323470

  I'm using the "Disks" program in Ubuntu 14.04 (live DVD) to assess the health of a drive I suspect is failing. However, when I first opened the program, it showed that the overall health was OK and all assessments are OK as well. I then tried to run a short self-test, but now the overall assessment shows a red "SELF-TEST FAILED". In the details section it says "Last self-test failed (read)" and "threshold not exceeded". All individual assessments are still OK though!! What I don't understand is, does that mean that the test executed and determined that the drive is a goner, or does it mean that the test didn't actually execute properly?

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• Tracking down rogue disk usage

  - by Amadan

  I found several other questions regarding the theory behind my problem (e.g. this, this), but I don't know how to apply the answers to my machine. # du -hsx / 11000283 / # df -kT / Filesystem Type 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/mapper/csisv13-root ext4 516032952 361387456 128432532 74% / There is a big difference between 11G (du) and 345G (df). Where are the remaining 334G? It's not in deleted files. There was only one, it was short, and I truncated it just in case. This is what remains: # lsof -a +L1 / COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NLINK NODE NAME zabbix_ag 4902 zabbix 1w REG 252,0 0 0 28836028 /var/log/zabbix-agent/zabbix_agentd.log.1 (deleted) zabbix_ag 4902 zabbix 2w REG 252,0 0 0 28836028 /var/log/zabbix-agent/zabbix_agentd.log.1 (deleted) zabbix_ag 4906 zabbix 1w REG 252,0 0 0 28836028 /var/log/zabbix-agent/zabbix_agentd.log.1 (deleted) zabbix_ag 4906 zabbix 2w REG 252,0 0 0 28836028 /var/log/zabbix-agent/zabbix_agentd.log.1 (deleted) zabbix_ag 4907 zabbix 1w REG 252,0 0 0 28836028 /var/log/zabbix-agent/zabbix_agentd.log.1 (deleted) zabbix_ag 4907 zabbix 2w REG 252,0 0 0 28836028 /var/log/zabbix-agent/zabbix_agentd.log.1 (deleted) zabbix_ag 4908 zabbix 1w REG 252,0 0 0 28836028 /var/log/zabbix-agent/zabbix_agentd.log.1 (deleted) zabbix_ag 4908 zabbix 2w REG 252,0 0 0 28836028 /var/log/zabbix-agent/zabbix_agentd.log.1 (deleted) zabbix_ag 4909 zabbix 1w REG 252,0 0 0 28836028 /var/log/zabbix-agent/zabbix_agentd.log.1 (deleted) zabbix_ag 4909 zabbix 2w REG 252,0 0 0 28836028 /var/log/zabbix-agent/zabbix_agentd.log.1 (deleted) zabbix_ag 4910 zabbix 1w REG 252,0 0 0 28836028 /var/log/zabbix-agent/zabbix_agentd.log.1 (deleted) zabbix_ag 4910 zabbix 2w REG 252,0 0 0 28836028 /var/log/zabbix-agent/zabbix_agentd.log.1 (deleted) I rebooted to see if fsck does anything. But, from /var/log/boot.log, it seems there are no issues: /dev/mapper/server-root: clean, 3936097/32768000 files, 125368568/131064832 blocks Thinking maybe someone overzealously reserved root space, I checked the master record: # tune2fs -l /dev/mapper/server-root tune2fs 1.42 (29-Nov-2011) Filesystem volume name: <none> Last mounted on: / Filesystem UUID: 86430ade-cea7-46ce-979c-41769a41ecbe Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53 Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic) Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype needs_recovery extent flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash Default mount options: user_xattr acl Filesystem state: clean Errors behavior: Continue Filesystem OS type: Linux Inode count: 32768000 Block count: 131064832 Reserved block count: 6553241 Free blocks: 5696264 Free inodes: 28831903 First block: 0 Block size: 4096 Fragment size: 4096 Reserved GDT blocks: 992 Blocks per group: 32768 Fragments per group: 32768 Inodes per group: 8192 Inode blocks per group: 512 Flex block group size: 16 Filesystem created: Fri Feb 1 13:44:04 2013 Last mount time: Tue Aug 19 16:56:13 2014 Last write time: Fri Feb 1 13:51:28 2013 Mount count: 9 Maximum mount count: -1 Last checked: Fri Feb 1 13:44:04 2013 Check interval: 0 (<none>) Lifetime writes: 1215 GB Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root) Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root) First inode: 11 Inode size: 256 Required extra isize: 28 Desired extra isize: 28 Journal inode: 8 First orphan inode: 28836028 Default directory hash: half_md4 Directory Hash Seed: bca55ff5-f530-48d1-8347-25c004f66d43 Journal backup: inode blocks The system is: # uname -a Linux server 3.2.0-67-generic #101-Ubuntu SMP Tue Jul 15 17:46:11 UTC 2014 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux # cat /etc/lsb-release DISTRIB_ID=Ubuntu DISTRIB_RELEASE=12.04 DISTRIB_CODENAME=precise DISTRIB_DESCRIPTION="Ubuntu 12.04.2 LTS" Does anyone have any tips on what exactly to do to find and hopefully reclaim the missing space?

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• how to limit disk space per user in a PHP web application & CentOS

  - by solid

  we have a web application written in PHP and we want all our users to be able to upload images for e.g. 50MB. We will create a directory structure so that every user has its own folder like app/user1/images app/user2/images ... Now everytime a user uploads an image, we need to check if this is still allowed or not but we don't want 1000 users to continously scan our hard drive counting file sizes in their directory. So writing a script that counts all file sizes in a user directory is not an option I guess? Is there an easier way to calculate used up space per user and limit our app accordingly?

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• How do I measure disk thrashing on linux?

  - by randy melder

  How do I accurately observe and measure the amount of virtual memory utilization and activity on Linux? I know there is vmstat, but how do I interpret the results? Or, what is better?

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• Mac Disk-Utility input/output error

  - by Michelle

  a couple of other people have posted about this but my specific problem has not been addressed. For months I have been backing up DVDs and home movies with no problem then all of a sudden I get an "input/output" error. Yes I have cleaned the disks. Actually I have tried 8 different ones - they are not all bad so its obviously my computer. I have done a scan and cleaned up the HD a bit just in case but nothing is helping. I don't want to download other programs since this one works but seems to be having a problem. Any ideas?

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• Server nearly unusable when doing disk writes

  - by Wikser

  My question closely relates to my last question here on serverfault. I was copying about 5GB from a 10 year old desktop computer to the server. The copy was done in Windows Explorer. In this situation I would assume the server to be bored by the dataflow. But as usual with this server, it really slowed down. At least I could work with the remote session, even there was some serious latency. The copy took its time (20min?). In this time I went to a colleague and he tried to log in in the same server via remote desktop (for some other reason). It took about a minute to get to the login screen, a minute to open the control panel, a minute to open the performance monitor, ... Icons were loading maybe one per second. We saw the following (from memory): CPU: 2% Avg. Queue Length: 50 Pages/sec: 115 (?) There was no other considerable activity on the server. The server seldom serves some ASP.NET pages, which became also very slow in this time. The relevant configuration is as follows: Windows 2003 SEAGATE ST3500631NS (7200 rpm, 500 GB) LSI MegaRAID based RAID 5 4 disks, 1 hot spare Write Through No read-ahead Direct Cache Mode Harddisk-Cache-Mode: off Is this normal behaviour for such a configuration? What measurements could give further clues? Is it reasonable to reduce the priority of such copy I/O and favour other processes like the remote desktop? How would you do that? Many thanks!

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• Testing for disk write

  - by Montecristo

  I'm writing an application for storing lots of images (size <5MB) on an ext3 filesystem, this is what I have for now. After some searching here on serverfault I have decided for a structure of directories like this: 000/000/000000001.jpg ... 236/519/236519107.jpg This structure will allow me to save up to 1'000'000'000 images as I'll store a max of 1'000 images in each leaf. I've created it, from a theoretical point of view seems ok to me (though I've no experience on this), but I want to find out what will happen when there will be directories full of files in there. A question about creating this structure: is it better to create it all in one go (takes approx 50 minutes on my pc) or should I create directories as they are needed? From a developer point of view I think the first option is better (no extra waiting time for the user), but from a sysadmin point of view, is this ok? I've thought I could do as if the filesystem is already under the running application, I'll make a script that will save images as fast as it can, monitoring things as follows: how much time does it take for an image to be saved when there is no or little space used? how does this change when the space starts to be used up? how much time does it take for an image to be read from a random leaf? Does this change a lot when there are lots of files? Does launching this command sync; echo 3 | sudo tee /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches has any sense at all? Is this the only thing I have to do to have a clean start if I want to start over again with my tests? Do you have any suggestions or corrections?

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• Mounting an FTP as a virtual disk (FTPDrive analogue)

  - by axk

  FTPDrive has been a great utility for me, but it does not support 64bit Windows 7. The feature of FTPDrive that is useful for me is accesing files from an FTP as local files without pre-downloading so that I can preview and watch movies from a local FTP server without waiting for a full movie to get downloaded first. Do you know of any software which allows accessing files over FTP without pre-downloading? Thanks!

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• Ubuntu Pound Reverse Proxy Load Balancing Based off active server load?

  - by Andrew

  I have Pound installed on a loadbalancer. It seems to work okay, except that it randomly assigns the backend server to forward the request to. I've put 1 backend machine under so much load that it went into using swap, and I can't even ssh into it to test this scenareo. I would like the loadbalancer to realize that the machine is overloaded, and send it to a different backend machine. However it doesn't. I've read the man page and it seems like the directive "DynScale 1" is what would monitor this, but it still redirects to the overloaded server. I've also put in "HAport 22" to the backend figuring since I can't ssh in, neither could the loadbalancer and it would consider the backend server dead until it gets rid of the load and responds, but that didn't help either. If anyone could help with this, I'd appreciate it. My current config is below. ###################################################################### ## global options: User "www-data" Group "www-data" #RootJail "/chroot/pound" ## Logging: (goes to syslog by default) ## 0 no logging ## 1 normal ## 2 extended ## 3 Apache-style (common log format) LogLevel 3 ## check backend every X secs: Alive 5 DynScale 1 Client 1200 TimeOut 1500 # poundctl control socket Control "/var/run/pound/poundctl.socket" ###################################################################### ## listen, redirect and ... to: ## redirect all requests on port 80 to SSL ListenHTTP Address 192.168.1.XX Port 80 Service Redirect "https://xxx.com/" End End ListenHTTPS Address 192.168.1.XX Port 443 Cert "/files/www.xxx.com.pem" Service BackEnd Address 192.168.1.1 Port 80 HAport 22 End BackEnd Address 192.168.1.2 Port 80 HAport 22 End End End

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• Quick overview of disk space on windows 7/ vista

  - by optician

  One feature I miss from xp is the ability to hover over disks and quickly see their used/total space. Can anyone let me know if this can be turned on in vista/7 or any other solutions?

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• the effect of large number of files on disk space in unix filesystems

  - by user46976

  If I have a text file in Unix that contains N-many independent entries (e.g. records about employees, where each employee has a separate record), is it expected that this file will take up less space than if I split the file into N files, each containing the entry for one employee? in other words, can one save significant space on unix file systems by concatenating many files together, or is the difference negligible? thanks.

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• How do I choose the number of connection for load balancer?

  - by user105196

  I want to add hardware load balancer for apache and I want to know how many people are connected to my server to to choose the type of load balancer: Local Load Balancing with SSL - 250 Connections Local Load Balancing with SSL - 500 Connections Local Load Balancing with SSL - 1000 Connections I run the following commands in the same time: netstat -nt|grep -c :443 ( all connection wait and ESTABLISHED) result : 1208 netstat -ant | grep 443 | grep EST | wc -l ( just ESTABLISHED connection) result :106 My question: Whichever is the correct value to choose the load balancer all connection or just ESTABLISHED ?

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• Apache, Tomcat and mod_jk for load balancing

  - by pHk

  Hi guys. I've set-up a basic Apache (2.2.x) and Tomcat (6.0.x) set-up using mod_jk for load balancing using the worker.properties file. Preliminary testing seems to show that this works relatively well, and it was quite easy to set-up. However; the fact that it was so easy to set-up has got me a little worried. We're dealing with 100 - 300 concurrent users using the same web application (deployed on 2 or 3 Tomcat instances). I have done a little Googling and looking around on here and there seems to be more than 1 way to accomplish this (one example on here used a balancer:// style URL, which I've never seen before in an Apache config). For example, one question I ask myself is how reliable the load detection on mod_jk really is (Busyness, Session, Request, etc). In your experience, does this set-up prove to be reliable in real world scenarios? Any pointers on improvements, pit falls or interesting literature/articles? I've worked with Apache before, but am in no way an expert. Thanks in advance.

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• 100% CPU load on Ubuntu 10.04.3 LTS 64bit

  - by deadtired

  I have 2 days since I am trying to fix this issue, with no success. The server is a mysql database server. Hardware: DELL Poweredge 1950, 2x Intel Xeon Quad Core E5345 @ 2.33GHz, 16 Gb mem, 2x 146Gb SAS (software RAID1) Software: Ubuntu 10.04.3 LTS, MySQL 5.1.41 Issue: while mysql is not used and runs with no database, everything seems alright. As soon as I install a database, it has the reason to bring all 8 cores in 100% with low memory consumption. So, you can imagine the load average goes high (I saw 212 load average for the first time). The server doesn't become unresponsive, but you can see it's slow while browsing the project installed. Additional info: the database used is not more than 24MB and it was moved from a server with less resources and a lot more larger databases. So it's not the database/project. my.cnf is not a reason also, as I used both default one and the one I use on the same distribution on another server.What is interesting is that mysql doesn't close any process and runs to the limit of the max_connections. Logs are quiet. Nothing there. I switched to this Ubuntu version after I suspected some problems in the newly Ubuntu 11.10 server. This one worked alright for an hour after I made a kernel upgrade to 3.0.1 (it was using the memory also) I tested disk speed and seems alright. Some more output on the running server: dstat -cndymlp -N total -D total 3: htop command: Idea? Did anyone meet the same problem? Any fix you can think of?

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• Nginx load balancing and maintaining URLs

  - by Steve Klabnik

  I'm trying to use nginx as a load balancer, and it's working great. One problem, though. The load balancing box is at 123.123.123.123, and the backend box is 456.456.456.456. So I have this config: upstream backend { server 456.456.456.456; } server { listen 80; server_name 123.123.123.123; access_log off; error_log off; location / { proxy_set_header Host $host; proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr; proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for; proxy_pass http://backend; } } This works great. I hit 123.123.123.123 in my browser, and the page comes up. But now the URL in the browser says http://456.456.456.456. Do I need to use a rewrite rule or something to keep the url correct? I don't want it to be different when going to different backed servers. None of the tutorials I've read have mentioned anything about this.

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• Relayout LVM Disk

  - by Tom

  I have an Ubuntu 11.10 system with two 500GB disks. The partition tables look like this: /dev/sda1 primary 465.52GB /dev/sda2 extended 243.17MB -> /dev/sda5 logical 243.14MB /dev/sdb1 primary 465.76GB sda1 and sdb1 are in a single LVM physical volume group containing a single logical volume containing a single logical filesystem which is mounted as /. sda5 is mounted as /boot. The problem comes when I want to upgrade to Ubuntu 12.04, which requires at least 247MB free on /boot. So I need to reduce the size of sda1 so that I can increase the size of sda2 and sda5. How the heck do I do that? I can find how to shrink the logical volume group, but I'm not at all clear on how to clear out the end part of sda1 so that I can reduce the physical volume group. Does pvresize just deal with this automagically? Or is that wild wishful thinking? I guess the alternatives are to back everything up onto something or other and recreate the thing from scratch or find out whether GRUB2 supports using LVM for /boot.

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• Why is an Ext4 disk check so much faster than NTFS?

  - by Brendan Long

  I had a situation today where I restarted my computer and it said I needed to check the disk for consistancy. About 10 minutes later (at "1%" complete), I gave up and decided to let it run when I go home. For comparison, my home computer uses Ext4 for all of the partitions, and the disk checks (which run around once week) only take a couple seconds. I remember reading that having fast disk checks was a priority, but I don't know how they could do that. So, how does Ext4 do disk checks so fast? Is there some huge breakthrough in doing this after NTFS came out (~10 years ago)? Note: The NTFS disk is ~300 GB and the Ext4 disk is ~500 GB. Both are about half full.

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