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  • Testing bash scripts

    - by nimcap
    We have a system that has some bash scripts running besides Java code. Since we are trying to "Test Everything That Could Possibly Break" and those bash scripts may break, we want to test them. The problem is it is hard to test the scripts. Is there a way or a best practice to test bash scripts? Or should we quit using bash scripts and look for alternative solutions that are testable?

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  • Tricking a Unix Commandline Program into Accepting a File Stream

    - by Alan Storm
    Hypothetical situation. I have a command line program in *nix (linux, BSD, etc.). It was written so that you pass it a text file as an argument $ program file.txt Run the program, it looks at the text in file.txt. Is it possible to "trick" this program into accepting input from a file stream rather than reading a file via disk? I'm pretty comfortable using unix pipes to do stuff, but there's still something a little mysterious about their internals that make it so I can't say (definitively) yes or not to the above question.

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  • State Monad, why not a tuple?

    - by thr
    I've just wrapped my head around monads (at least I'd like to think I have) and more specifically the state monad, which some people that are way smarter then me figured out, so I'm probably way of with this question. Anyway, the state monad is usually implemented with a M<'a as something like this (F#): type State<'a, 'state> = State of ('state -> 'a * 'state) Now my question: Is there any reason why you couldn't use a tuple here? Other then the possible ambiguity between MonadA<'a, 'b> and MonadB<'a, 'b> which would both become the equivalent ('a * 'b) tuple. Edit: Added example for clarity type StateMonad() = member m.Return a = (fun s -> a, s) member m.Bind(x, f) = (fun s -> let a, s_ = x s in f a s_) let state = new StateMonad() let getState = (fun s -> s, s) let setState s = (fun _ -> (), s) let execute m s = m s |> fst

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  • linux firewall in c

    - by asha
    i m implementing a firewall for linux,i want to block packets using loadable kernal module(lkm). please help me how can i do it ? i just know that it can be done by lkm by using some function in it,like init(),clean_up. i want to know how to use DROP,ACCEPT in blocking function within lkm. i want to do it without iptable command.

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  • Subroutine & GoTo design

    - by sub
    I have a strange question concerning subroutines: As I'm creating a minimal language and I don't want to add high-level loops like while or for I was planning on just adding gotos to keep it Turing-Complete. Now I thought, eww - gotos - I wouldn't want to program in that language if I had to use gotos so often. So I thought about adding subroutines instead. I see the difference as the following: gotos Go to (captain obvious) a previously defined point and continue executing the program from there. Leads to hardly understandable and buggy code, I think that's a fact. subroutines Similiar: You define their starting point somewhere, as you call them the program jumps there - but the subroutine can go back to the point it was called from with return. Okay. Why didn't I just add the more function-like, nice looking subroutines? Because: In order to make return work if I call subroutines from within subroutines from within other subroutines, I'd have to use a stack containing the point where the currently running subroutine came from at top. That would then mean that I would, if I create loops using the subroutines, end up with an extremely memory-eating, overflowing stack with return locations. Not good. Don't think of my subroutines as functions. They are just gotos that return to the point they were called from, they don't actually give back values like the return x; statement in nearly all today's languages. Now to my actual questions: How can I solve the above problem with the stack overflow on loops with subroutines? Do I have to add a separate goto language construct without the return option? Assembler doesn't have loops but as I have seen myJumpPoint:, jnz, jz, retn. That means to me that there must also be a stack containing all the return locations. Am I right with that? What about long running loops then? Don't they overflow the stack/eat memory then? Am I getting the retn symbol in assembler totally wrong? If yes, please explain it to me.

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  • How to return the output of a recursive function in Clojure

    - by Silanglaya Valerio
    Hi everyone! I'm new to functional languages and clojure, so please bear with me... I'm trying to construct a list of functions, with either random parameters or constants. The function that constructs the list of functions is already working, though it doesn't return the function itself. I verified this using println. Here is the snippet: (def operations (list #(- %1 %2) #(+ %1 %2) #(* %1 %2) #(/ %1 %2))) (def parameters (list \u \v \w \x \y \z)) (def parameterlistcount 6) (def paramcount 2) (def opcount 4) (defn generateFunction "Generates a random function list" ([] (generateFunction 2 4 0.5 0.6 '())) ([pc maxdepth fp pp function] (if (and (> maxdepth 0) (< (rand) fp)) (dotimes [i 2] (println(conj (generateFunction pc (dec maxdepth) fp pp function) {:op (nth operations (rand-int opcount))}))) (if (and (< (rand) pp) (> pc 0)) (do (dec pc) (conj function {:param (nth parameters (rand-int parameterlistcount))})) (conj function {:const (rand-int 100)}))))) Any help will be appreciated, thanks!

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  • Efficient algorithm to generate all solutions of a linear diophantine equation with ai=1

    - by Ben
    I am trying to generate all the solutions for the following equations for a given H. With H=4 : 1) ALL solutions for x_1 + x_2 + x_3 + x_4 =4 2) ALL solutions for x_1 + x_2 + x_3 = 4 3) ALL solutions for x_1 + x_2 = 4 4) ALL solutions for x_1 =4 For my problem, there are always 4 equations to solve (independently from the others). There are a total of 2^(H-1) solutions. For the previous one, here are the solutions : 1) 1 1 1 1 2) 1 1 2 and 1 2 1 and 2 1 1 3) 1 3 and 3 1 and 2 2 4) 4 Here is an R algorithm which solve the problem. library(gtools) H<-4 solutions<-NULL for(i in seq(H)) { res<-permutations(H-i+1,i,repeats.allowed=T) resum<-apply(res,1,sum) id<-which(resum==H) print(paste("solutions with ",i," variables",sep="")) print(res[id,]) } However, this algorithm makes more calculations than needed. I am sure it is possible to go faster. By that, I mean not generating the permutations for which the sums is H Any idea of a better algorithm for a given H ?

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  • How well do zippers perform in practice, and when should they be used?

    - by Rob
    I think that the zipper is a beautiful idea; it elegantly provides a way to walk a list or tree and make what appear to be local updates in a functional way. Asymptotically, the costs appear to be reasonable. But traversing the data structure requires memory allocation at each iteration, where a normal list or tree traversal is just pointer chasing. This seems expensive (please correct me if I am wrong). Are the costs prohibitive? And what under what circumstances would it be reasonable to use a zipper?

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  • Naming Suggestions For A Function Providing Method Chaining In A Different Way

    - by sid3k
    I've coded an experimental function which makes passed objects chainable by using high order functions. It's name is "chain" for now, and here is a usage example; chain("Hello World") (print) // evaluates print function by passing "Hello World" object. (console.log,"Optional","Parameters") (returnfrom) // returns "Hello World" It looks lispy but behaves very different since it's coded in a C based language, I don't know if there is a name for this idiom and I couldn't any name more suitable than "chain". Any ideas, suggestions?

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  • How do programmers work together on a project?

    - by Laith J
    Hello, I've always programmed alone, I'm still a student so I never programmed with anyone else, I haven't even used a version control system before. I'm working on a project now that requires knowledge of how programmers work together on a piece of software in a company. How is the software compiled? Is it from the version control system? Is it by individual programmers? Is it periodic? Is it when someone decides to build or something? Are there any tests that are done to make sure it "works"? Anything will do. Thanks.

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  • How to print "Hello, world!" (in every possible way)

    - by Attila Oláh
    Here's what I', trying to do: 1 language: (Python < 3): print "Hello, world!" 2 languages: (Python < 3 & Windows Shell, aka .bat file): rem=""" echo "Hello, world!" exit """ print "Hello, world!" Next step could be something like bash. Since the above one raises an exception, I tried to make it not raise exceptions, like this: rem=""" echo "Hello, world!" exit """ exit="" exit print "Hello, world!" The only issue is, of course, it won't print the hello world. And I really want it to print that hello world for me. Anyone can help with this? Also, any other language would do it, just don't break the previous ones (i.e. the answer still has to be valid Python code and print out the nice hello world greeting when run with Python.) Any ideas are welcome. I'm making this a community wiki so feel free to add ideas to the list.

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  • How Search Engine Bots Crawl Forums?

    - by Waleed Eissa
    If I have a forums site with a large number of threads, will the search engine bot crawl the whole site every time? Say I have over 1,000,000 threads in my site, will they get crawled every time the bot crawls my site? or how does it work? I want my website to be indexed but I don't want the bot to kill my website! In other words I don't want the bot to keep crawling the old threads again and again every time it crawls my website. Also, what about the pages crawled before? Will the bot request them every time it crawls my website to make sure they are still on the site? I'm asking this because I only link to the latest threads, i.e. there's a page that contains a list of all the latest threads, but I don't link to the older threads, they have to be explicitly requested by URL, e.g. http://www.mysite.com/showthread.aspx?threadid=7 , will this work to stop the bot from bringing my site down and consuming all my bandwidth? P.S. The site is still under development but I want to know in order to design the site so that search engine bots don't bring it down. Thanks

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  • Derivative of a Higher-Order Function

    - by Claudiu
    This is in the context of Automatic Differentiation - what would such a system do with a function like map, or filter - or even one of the SKI Combinators? Example: I have the following function: def func(x): return sum(map(lambda a: a**x, range(20))) What would its derivative be? What will an AD system yield as a result? (This function is well-defined on real-number inputs).

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  • Odd performance with C# Asynchronous server socket

    - by The.Anti.9
    I'm working on a web server in C# and I have it running on Asynchronous socket calls. The weird thing is that for some reason, when you start loading pages, the 3rd request is where the browser won't connect. It just keeps saying "Connecting..." and doesn't ever stop. If I hit stop. and then refresh, it will load again, but if I try another time after that it does the thing where it doesn't load again. And it continues in that cycle. I'm not really sure what is making it do that. The code is kind of hacked together from a couple of examples and some old code I had. Any miscellaneous tips would be helpful as well. Heres my little Listener class that handles everything (pastied here. thought it might be easier to read this way) using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Net; using System.Net.Sockets; using System.Text; using System.Threading; namespace irek.Server { public class Listener { private int port; private Socket server; private Byte[] data = new Byte[2048]; static ManualResetEvent allDone = new ManualResetEvent(false); public Listener(int _port) { port = _port; } public void Run() { server = new Socket(AddressFamily.InterNetwork, SocketType.Stream, ProtocolType.Tcp); IPEndPoint iep = new IPEndPoint(IPAddress.Any, port); server.Bind(iep); Console.WriteLine("Server Initialized."); server.Listen(5); Console.WriteLine("Listening..."); while (true) { allDone.Reset(); server.BeginAccept(new AsyncCallback(AcceptCon), server); allDone.WaitOne(); } } private void AcceptCon(IAsyncResult iar) { allDone.Set(); Socket s = (Socket)iar.AsyncState; Socket s2 = s.EndAccept(iar); SocketStateObject state = new SocketStateObject(); state.workSocket = s2; s2.BeginReceive(state.buffer, 0, SocketStateObject.BUFFER_SIZE, 0, new AsyncCallback(Read), state); } private void Read(IAsyncResult iar) { try { SocketStateObject state = (SocketStateObject)iar.AsyncState; Socket s = state.workSocket; int read = s.EndReceive(iar); if (read > 0) { state.sb.Append(Encoding.ASCII.GetString(state.buffer, 0, read)); if (s.Available > 0) { s.BeginReceive(state.buffer, 0, SocketStateObject.BUFFER_SIZE, 0, new AsyncCallback(Read), state); return; } } if (state.sb.Length > 1) { string requestString = state.sb.ToString(); // HANDLE REQUEST HERE // Temporary response string resp = "<h1>It Works!</h1>"; string head = "HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\nContent-Type: text/html;\r\nServer: irek\r\nContent-Length:"+resp.Length+"\r\n\r\n"; byte[] answer = Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(head+resp); // end temp. state.workSocket.BeginSend(answer, 0, answer.Length, SocketFlags.None, new AsyncCallback(Send), state.workSocket); } } catch (Exception) { return; } } private void Send(IAsyncResult iar) { try { SocketStateObject state = (SocketStateObject)iar.AsyncState; int sent = state.workSocket.EndSend(iar); state.workSocket.Shutdown(SocketShutdown.Both); state.workSocket.Close(); } catch (Exception) { } return; } } } And my SocketStateObject: public class SocketStateObject { public Socket workSocket = null; public const int BUFFER_SIZE = 1024; public byte[] buffer = new byte[BUFFER_SIZE]; public StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(); }

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  • Clear data at serial port in Linux in C?

    - by ipkiss
    Hello guys, I am testing the sending and receiving programs with the code as The main() function is below: include include include include include include include "read_write.h" int fd; int initport(int fd) { struct termios options; // Get the current options for the port... tcgetattr(fd, &options); // Set the baud rates to 19200... cfsetispeed(&options, B9600); cfsetospeed(&options, B9600); // Enable the receiver and set local mode... options.c_cflag |= (CLOCAL | CREAD); options.c_cflag &= ~PARENB; options.c_cflag &= ~CSTOPB; options.c_cflag &= ~CSIZE; options.c_cflag |= CS8; // Set the new options for the port... tcsetattr(fd, TCSANOW, &options); return 1; } int main(int argc, char **argv) { fd = open("/dev/pts/2", O_RDWR | O_NOCTTY | O_NDELAY); if (fd == -1) { perror("open_port: Unable to open /dev/pts/1 - "); return 1; } else { fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, 0); } printf("baud=%d\n", getbaud(fd)); initport(fd); printf("baud=%d\n", getbaud(fd)); char sCmd[254]; sCmd[0] = 0x41; sCmd[1] = 0x42; sCmd[2] = 0x43; sCmd[3] = 0x00; if (!writeport(fd, sCmd)) { printf("write failed\n"); close(fd); return 1; } printf("written:%s\n", sCmd); usleep(500000); char sResult[254]; fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, FNDELAY); if (!readport(fd,sResult)) { printf("read failed\n"); close(fd); return 1; } printf("readport=%s\n", sResult); close(fd); return 0; } read_write.h: #include <stdio.h> /* Standard input/output definitions */ include /* String function definitions */ include /* UNIX standard function definitions */ include /* File control definitions */ include /* Error number definitions */ include /* POSIX terminal control definitions */ int writeport(int fd, char *chars) { int len = strlen(chars); chars[len] = 0x0d; // stick a after the command chars[len+1] = 0x00; // terminate the string properly int n = write(fd, chars, strlen(chars)); if (n < 0) { fputs("write failed!\n", stderr); return 0; } return 1; } int readport(int fd, char *result) { int iIn = read(fd, result, 254); result[iIn-1] = 0x00; if (iIn < 0) { if (errno == EAGAIN) { printf("SERIAL EAGAIN ERROR\n"); return 0; } else { printf("SERIAL read error %d %s\n", errno, strerror(errno)); return 0; } } return 1; } and got the issue: In order to test with serial port, I used the socat (https://help.ubuntu.com/community/VirtualSerialPort ) to create a pair serial ports on Linux and test my program with these port. The first time the program sends the data and the program receives data is ok. However, if I read again or even re-write the new data into the serial port, the return data is always null until I stop the virtual serial port and start it again, then the write and read data is ok, but still, only one time. (In the real case, the sending part will be done by another device, I am just taking care of the reading data from the serial port. I wrote both parts just to test my reading code.) Does anyone have any ideas? Thanks a lot.

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  • scripts on Cshell

    - by lego69
    hello, I've got some problem, I have list of data in the file: 053-37878 03828008 Moskovitch James 500 052-34363 01234567 Mendelson Kippi 450 053-32322 03828008 Jameson Shula 350 054-39238 03333333 Merden Moshe 300 is it possible rewrite this list in the same file (without using temporary file) but without last number thanks in advance for any help (I'm talking about C-Shell scripts)

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  • BASH Script to Check if a number is Armstrong or Not

    - by atif089
    Hi, I was writing a script to check if a number is Armstrong or not. This is my Code echo "Enter Number" read num sum=0 item=$num while [ $item -ne 0 ] do rem='expr $item % 10' cube='expr $rem \* $rem \* $rem' sum='expr $sum + $cube' item='expr $item / 10' done if [ $sum -eq $num ] then echo "$num is an Amstrong Number" else echo "$num is not an Amstrong Number" fi After I run this script, $ ./arm.sh I always get this error ./arm.sh: line 5: [: too many arguments ./arm.sh: line 12: [: too many arguments I am on cygwin.

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