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• How to concat a string in Python

  - by alex

  query = "SELECT * FROM mytable WHERE time=%s", (mytime) Then, I want to add a limit %s to it. How can I do that without messing up the %s in mytime? Edit: I want to concat query2, which has "LIMIT %s, %s"

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• Get class of caller's method (via inspect) in Python (alt: super() emulator)

  - by Slava Vishnyakov

  Is it possible to get reference to class B in this example? class A(object): pass class B(A): def test(self): test2() class C(B): pass import inspect def test2(): frame = inspect.currentframe().f_back cls = frame.[?something here?] # cls here should == B (class) c = C() c.test() Basically, C is child of B, B is child of A. Then we create c of type C. Then the call to c.test() actually calls B.test() (via inheritance), which calls to test2(). test2() can get the parent frame frame; code reference to method via frame.f_code; self via frame.f_locals['self']; but type(frame.f_locals['self']) is C (of course), but not B, where method is defined. Any way to get B?

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• Writing white space to CSV fields in Python?

  - by matt

  When I try to write a field that includes whitespace in it, it gets split into multiple fields on the space. What's causing this? It's driving me insane. Thanks data = open("file.csv", "wb") w = csv.writer(data) w.writerow(['word1', 'word2']) w.writerow(['word 1', 'word2']) data.close() I'll get 2 fields(word1,word2) for first example and 3(word,1,word2) for the second.

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• Multiprocessing vs Threading Python

  - by John

  Hello, I am trying to understand the advantages of the module Multiprocessing over Threading. I know that Multiprocessing get's around the Global Interpreter Lock, but what other advantages are there, and can threading not do the same thing?

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• String concatenation produces incorrect output in Python?

  - by Brian

  I have this code: filenames=["file1","FILE2","file3","fiLe4"] def alignfilenames(): #build a string that can be used to add labels to the R variables. #format goal: suffixes=c(".fileA",".fileB") filestring='suffixes=c(".' for filename in filenames: filestring=filestring+str(filename)+'",".' print filestring[:-3] #now delete the extra characters filestring=filestring[-1:-4] filestring=filestring+')' print "New String" print str(filestring) alignfilenames() I'm trying to get the string variable to look like this format: suffixes=c(".fileA",".fileB".....) but adding on the final parenthesis is not working. When I run this code as is, I get: suffixes=c(".file1",".FILE2",".file3",".fiLe4" New String ) Any idea what's going on or how to fix it?

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• crashing out in a while loop python

  - by Edward

  How to solve this error? i want to pass the values from get_robotxya() and get_ballxya() and use it in a loop but it seems that it will crash after awhile how do i fix this? i want to get the values whithout it crashing out of the while loop import socket import os,sys import time from threading import Thread HOST = '59.191.193.59' PORT = 5555 COORDINATES = [] def connect(): globals()['client_socket'] = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) client_socket.connect((HOST,PORT)) def update_coordinates(): connect() screen_width = 0 screen_height = 0 while True: try: client_socket.send("loc\n") data = client_socket.recv(8192) except: connect(); continue; globals()['COORDINATES'] = data.split() if(not(COORDINATES[-1] == "eom" and COORDINATES[0] == "start")): continue if (screen_width != int(COORDINATES[2])): screen_width = int(COORDINATES[2]) screen_height = int(COORDINATES[3]) return def get_ballxy(): update_coordinates() ballx = int(COORDINATES[8]) bally = int(COORDINATES[9]) return ballx,bally def get_robotxya(): update_coordinates() robotx = int(COORDINATES[12]) roboty = int(COORDINATES[13]) angle = int(COORDINATES[14]) return robotx,roboty,angle def print_ballxy(bx,by): print bx print by def print_robotxya(rx,ry,a): print rx print ry print a def activate(): bx,by = get_ballxy() rx,ry,a = get_robotxya() print_ballxy(bx,by) print_robotxya(rx,ry,a) Thread(target=update_coordinates).start() while True: activate() this is the error i get:

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• Python, add trailing slash to directory string, os independently

  - by Horace Ho

  How can I add a trailing slash (/ for *nix, \ for win32) to a directory string, if the tailing slash is not already there? Thanks!

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• Python evaluation order

  - by d.m

  Here's the code, I don't quite understand, how does it work. Could anyone tell, is that an expected behavior? $ipython In [1]: 1 in [1] == True Out[1]: False In [2]: (1 in [1]) == True Out[2]: True In [3]: 1 in ([1] == True) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- TypeError Traceback (most recent call last) /home/dmedvinsky/projects/condo/condo/<ipython console> in <module>() TypeError: argument of type 'bool' is not iterable In [4]: from sys import version_info In [5]: version_info Out[5]: (2, 6, 4, 'final', 0)

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• Encrypting XML database in python

  - by RSK

  i am using XML as my backend for the application... LXML is used to parse the xml. How can i encrypt this xml file to make sure that the data is protected...... thanks in advance.

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• sorting content of a text file in python

  - by rabidmachine9

  I have this small script that sorts the content of a text file # The built-in function `open` opens a file and returns a file object. # Read mode opens a file for reading only. try: f = open("tracks.txt", "r") try: # Read the entire contents of a file at once. # string = f.read() # OR read one line at a time. #line = f.readline() # OR read all the lines into a list. lines = f.readlines() lines.sort() f = open('tracks.txt', 'w') f.writelines(lines) # Write a sequence of strings to a file finally: f.close() except IOError: pass the only problem is that the text is displayed at the bottom of the text file everytime it's sortened... I assume it also sorts the blank lines...anybody knows why? thanks in advance

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• python sending incomplete data over socket

  - by tipu

  I have this socket server script, import SocketServer import shelve import zlib class MyTCPHandler(SocketServer.BaseRequestHandler): def handle(self): self.words = shelve.open('/home/tipu/Dropbox/dev/workspace/search/words.db', 'r'); self.tweets = shelve.open('/home/tipu/Dropbox/dev/workspace/search/tweets.db', 'r'); param = self.request.recv(1024).strip() try: result = str(self.words[param]) except KeyError: result = "set()" self.request.send(str(result)) if __name__ == "__main__": HOST, PORT = "localhost", 50007 SocketServer.TCPServer.allow_reuse_address = True server = SocketServer.TCPServer((HOST, PORT), MyTCPHandler) server.serve_forever() And this receiver, from django.http import HttpResponse from django.template import Context, loader import shelve import zlib import socket def index(req, param = ''): HOST = 'localhost' PORT = 50007 s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) s.connect((HOST, PORT)) s.send(param) data = zlib.decompress(s.recv(131072)) s.close() print 'Received', repr(data) t = loader.get_template('index.html') c = Context({ 'foo' : data }) return HttpResponse(t.render(c)) I am sending strings to the receiver that are in the hundreds of kilobytes. I end up only receiving a portion of it. Is there a way that I can fix that so that the whole string is sent?

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• How to show why "try" failed in python

  - by calccrypto

  is there anyway to show why a "try" failed, and skipped to "except", without writing out all the possible errors by hand, and without ending the program? example: try: 1/0 except: someway to show "Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#0>", line 1, in <module> 1/0 ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo by zero" i dont want to doif:print error 1, elif: print error 2, elif: etc.... i want to see the error that would be shown had try not been there

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• Split a string in python taking care of quotes

  - by santu

  I want to extract key value pairs of some form elements in a html page for example name="frmLogin" method="POST" onSubmit="javascript:return validateAndSubmit();" action="TG_cim_logon.asp?SID=^YcMunDFDQUoWV32WPUMqPxeSxD4L_slp_rhc_rNvW7Fagp7FgH3l0uJR/3_slp_rhc_dYyJ_slp_rhc_vsPW0kJl&RegType=Lite_Home" is there any method using which I can safely get the key and value pairs. I tried using splitting by spaces and then using '=' characters but string inside quotes can also have '='. is there any different kind of split method which can also take care of quotes?

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• python class decorator question?

  - by nsharish

  decorator 1: def dec(f): def wrap(obj, *args, **kwargs): f(obj, *args,**kwargs) return wrap decorator 2: class dec: def __init__(self, f): self.f = f def __call__(self, obj, *args, **kwargs): self.f(obj, *args, **kwargs) A sample class, class Test: @dec def disp(self, *args, **kwargs): print(*args,**kwargs) The follwing code works with decorator 1 but not with decorator 2. a = Test() a.disp("Message") I dont understand why decorator 2 is not working here. Can someone help me with this?

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• Python sorting problem

  - by matt

  I'm sure this is simple but I can't figure it out. I have a list of strings like this(after using sorted on it): Season 2, Episode 1: A Flight to Remember Season 2, Episode 20: Anthology of Interest I Season 2, Episode 2: Mars University Season 2, Episode 3: When Aliens Attack .... Season 3, Episode 10: The Luck of the Fryrish Season 3, Episode 11: The Cyber House Rules Season 3, Episode 12: Insane in the Mainframe Season 3, Episode 1: The Honking Season 3, Episode 2: War Is the H-Word How can I make them sort out properly? (by episode #, ascending)

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• Python New-style Classes and the Super Function

  - by sfjedi

  This is not the result I expect to see: class A(dict): def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): self['args'] = args self['kwargs'] = kwargs class B(A): def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): super(B, self).__init__(args, kwargs) print 'Instance A:', A('monkey', banana=True) #Instance A: {'args': ('monkey',), 'kwargs': {'banana': True}} print 'Instance B:', B('monkey', banana=True) #Instance B: {'args': (('monkey',), {'banana': True}), 'kwargs': {}} I'm just trying to get classes A and B to have consistent values set. I'm not sure why the kwargs are being inserted into the args, but I'm to presume I am either calling init() wrong from the subclass or I'm trying to do something that you just can't do. Any tips?

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• How to remove commas etc form a matrix in python

  - by robert

  say ive got a matrix that looks like: [[0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0]] how can i make it on seperate lines: [[0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0]] and then remove commas etc: 0 0 0 0 0 And also to make it blank instead of 0's, so that numbers can be put in later, so in the end it will be like: _ 1 2 _ 1 _ 1 (spaces not underscores) thanks

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• Python - counting sign changes

  - by dadashek

  I have a list of numbers I am reading left to right. Anytime I encounter a sign change when reading the sequence I want to count it. X = [-3,2,7,-4,1,-1,1,6,-1,0,-2,1] X = [-, +, +, -, +, -, +, +, -, -,-,+] So, in this list there are 8 sign changes. When Item [0] (in this case -3) is negative it is considered a sign change. Also, any 0 in the list is considered [-]. Any help would be greatly appreciated.

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• Python - Things one MUST avoid

  - by Anurag Uniyal

  Today I was bitten again by "Mutable default arguments" after many years. I usually don't use mutable default arguments unless needed but I think with time I forgot about that, and today in the application I added tocElements=[] in a pdf generation function's argument list and now 'Table of Content' gets longer and longer after each invocation of "generate pdf" :) My question is what other things should I add to my list of things to MUST avoid? 1 Mutable default arguments 2 import modules always same way e.g. 'from y import x' and 'import x' are totally different things actually they are treated as different modules see http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1459236/module-reimported-if-imported-from-different-path 3 Do not use range in place of lists because range() will become an iterator anyway, so things like this will fail, so wrap it by list myIndexList = [0,1,3] isListSorted = myIndexList == range(3) # will fail in 3.0 isListSorted = myIndexList == list(range(3)) # will not same thing can be mistakenly done with xrange e.g myIndexList == xrange(3). 4 Catching multiple exceptions try: raise KeyError("hmm bug") except KeyError,TypeError: print TypeError It prints "hmm bug", though it is not a bug, it looks like we are catching exceptions of type KeyError,TypeError but instead we are catching KeyError only as variable TypeError, instead use try: raise KeyError("hmm bug") except (KeyError,TypeError): print TypeError

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• Best practice for string substition with gettext using Python

  - by Malcolm

  Looking for best practice advice on what string substitution technique to use when using gettext(). Or do all techniques apply equally? I can think of at least 3 string techniques: Classic "%" based formatting: "My name is %(name)s" % locals() .format() based formatting: "My name is {name}".format( locals() ) string.Template.safe_substitute() import string template = string.Template( "My name is ${name}" ) template.safe_substitute( locals() ) The advantage of the string.Template technique is that a translated string with with an incorrectly spelled variable reference can still yield a usable string value while the other techniques unconditionally raise an exception. The downside of the string.Template technique appears to be the inability for one to customize how a variable is formatted (padding, justification, width, etc).

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• Python urllib2 multiple try statement on urlopen()

  - by Kura

  So, simply I want to be able to run a for across a list of URLs, if one fails then I want to continue on to try the next. I've tried using the following but sadly it throws and exception if the first URL doesn't work. servers = ('http://www.google.com', 'http://www.stackoverflow.com') for server in servers: try: u = urllib2.urlopen(server) except urllib2.URLError: continue else: break else: raise Any ideas? Thanks in advance.

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• Google App Engine python - Self is not defined

  - by sdasdas

  I have a request that maps to this class ChatMsg It takes in 3 get variables, username, roomname, and msg. But it fails on this last line here. class ChatMsg(webapp.RequestHandler): # this is line 239 def get(self): username = urllib.unquote(self.request.get('username')) roomname = urllib.unquote(self.request.get('roomname')) # this is line 242 When it tries to assign roomname, it tells me: <type 'exceptions.NameError'>: name 'self' is not defined Traceback (most recent call last): File "/base/data/home/apps/chatboxes/1.341998073649951735/chatroom.py", line 239, in <module> class ChatMsg(webapp.RequestHandler): File "/base/data/home/apps/chatboxes/1.341998073649951735/chatroom.py", line 242, in ChatMsg roomname = urllib.unquote(self.request.get('roomname')) what the hell is going on to make self not defined

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• Python and urllib2: how to make a GET request with parameters

  - by Infinity

  I'm building an "API API", it basically a wrapper for a in house REST web service that the web app will be making a lot of requests to. Some of the web service calls need to be GET rather than post, but passing parameters. Is there a "best practice" way to encode a dictionary into a query string? e.g.: ?foo=bar&bla=blah I'm looking at the urllib2 docs, and it looks like it decides by itself wether to use POST or GET based on if you pass params or not, but maybe someone knows how to make it transform the params dictionary into a GET request. Maybe there's a package for something like this out there? It would be great if it supported keep-alive, as the web server will be constantly requesting things from the REST service. Thanks!

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• Python begineer confused by a piece of code

  - by Protean

  I understand the gist of the code, that it forms permutations; however, I was wondering if someone could explain exactly what is going on in the return statement. def perm(l): sz = len(l) print (l) if sz <= 1: print ('sz <= 1') return [l] return [p[:i]+[l[0]]+p[i:] for i in range(sz) for p in perm(l[1:])]

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• Python named print?

  - by Mark

  I know it's a really simple question, but I have no idea how to google it. how can I do print '<a href="%s">%s</a>' % (my_url) So that my_url is used twice? I assume I have to "name" the %s and then use a dict in the params, but I'm not sure of the proper syntax? just FYI, I'm aware I can just use my_url twice in the params, but that's not the point :)

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