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  • What is the difference between /sbin/nologin and /bin/false?

    - by Michael Hampton
    I have often heard it recommended that a user account should be disabled by setting its shell to /bin/false. But, on my existing Linux systems, I see that a great number of existing accounts (all of them service accounts) have a shell of /sbin/nologin instead. I see from the man page that /sbin/nologin prints a message to the user saying the account is disabled, and then exits. Presumably /bin/false would not print anything. I also see that /sbin/nologin is listed in /etc/shells, while /bin/false is not. The man page says that FTP will disable access for users with a shell not listed in /etc/shells and implies that other programs may do the same. Does that mean that somebody could FTP in with an account that has /sbin/nologin as its shell? What is the difference here? Which one of these should I use to disable a user account, and in what circumstances? What other effects does a listing in /etc/shells have?

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  • How do I securely execute commands as root via a web control panel?

    - by Chris J
    I would like to build a very simple PHP based web based control panel to add and remove users to/from and add and remove sections to/from nginx config files on my linode vps (Ubuntu 8.04 LTS). What is the most secure way of executing commands as root based on input from a web based control panel? I am loathe to run PHP as root (even if behind an IP tables firewall) for the obvious reasons. Suggestions welcome. It must be possible as several commercial (and bloated, for my needs) control panels offer similar functionality. Thanks

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  • fail2ban and denyhosts constantly ban me on Ubuntu

    - by Trey Parkman
    I just got an Ubuntu instance on Linode. To secure the SSH on it, I installed fail2ban (using apt-get), but then had a problem: fail2ban kept banning my IP (for limited durations, thankfully) even though I was entering the correct password. So I removed fail2ban and installed denyhosts instead. Same problem, but more severe: It seems like every time I SSH in, my IP gets banned. I remove it from /etc/hosts.deny, restart denyhosts and log in again, and my IP gets banned again. The only explanation I can think of is that I've been SSH-ing in as root (yes, yes, I know); maybe something is set somewhere that blocks anyone who SSH-es in as root, even if they log in successfully? This seems bizarre to me. Any ideas? (Whitelisting my IP is a temporary fix. I don't want to only be able to log on from one IP.)

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  • Spam in Whois: How is it done and how do I protect my domain?

    - by user2964971
    Yes, there are answered questions regarding spam in Whois. But still unclear: How do they do it? How should I respond? What precautions can I take? For example: Whois for google.com [...] Server Name: GOOGLE.COM.ZOMBIED.AND.HACKED.BY.WWW.WEB-HACK.COM IP Address: 217.107.217.167 Registrar: DOMAINCONTEXT, INC. Whois Server: whois.domaincontext.com Referral URL: http://www.domaincontext.com Server Name: GOOGLE.COM.ZZZZZ.GET.LAID.AT.WWW.SWINGINGCOMMUNITY.COM IP Address: 69.41.185.195 Registrar: TUCOWS DOMAINS INC. Whois Server: whois.tucows.com Referral URL: http://domainhelp.opensrs.net Server Name: GOOGLE.COM.ZZZZZZZZZZZZZ.GET.ONE.MILLION.DOLLARS.AT.WWW.UNIMUNDI.COM IP Address: 209.126.190.70 Registrar: PDR LTD. D/B/A PUBLICDOMAINREGISTRY.COM Whois Server: whois.PublicDomainRegistry.com Referral URL: http://www.PublicDomainRegistry.com Server Name: GOOGLE.COM.ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ.HAVENDATA.COM IP Address: 50.23.75.44 Registrar: PDR LTD. D/B/A PUBLICDOMAINREGISTRY.COM Whois Server: whois.PublicDomainRegistry.com Referral URL: http://www.PublicDomainRegistry.com Server Name: GOOGLE.COMMAS2CHAPTERS.COM IP Address: 216.239.32.21 Registrar: CRAZY DOMAINS FZ-LLC Whois Server: whois.crazydomains.com Referral URL: http://www.crazydomains.com [...] >>> Last update of whois database: Thu, 05 Jun 2014 02:10:51 UTC <<< [...] >>> Last update of WHOIS database: 2014-06-04T19:04:53-0700 <<< [...]

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  • Noob proftpd questions

    - by Camran
    I have setup my VPS pretty much now, and want to upload some basic files to the server. How is this done in Ubuntu 9.10? I have PuTTY and use the terminal there... Is there any ftp program, like in regular managed hostings, to just upload files with? I was thinking about proftpd, but don't have a clue how to get it to work. I am using my home-laptop with windows xp to command the VPS. Thanks

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  • Noob proftpd questions

    - by Camran
    I have setup my VPS pretty much now, and want to upload some basic files to the server. How is this done in Ubuntu 9.10? I have PuTTY and use the terminal there... Is there any ftp program, like in regular managed hostings, to just upload files with? I was thinking about proftpd, but don't have a clue how to get it to work. I am using my home-laptop with windows xp to command the VPS. Thanks

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  • File auditing software for Windows Server 2003

    - by David Collantes
    I am looking for a program or program suite that will allow the auditing of network shared resources (specifically storage space), and render reports (who created, deleted, moved, modified files, etc). Yes, I know I can turn on auditing on Windows, but the Event Log isn't quite the "charmer" for the job.

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  • Can't connect using Jail SFTP account

    - by Fazal
    I've been following this tutorial "Limiting Access with SFTP Jails on Debian and Ubuntu" and whilst I've had no errors setting it up, I've had issues on Ubuntu 10.04LTS logging in as a user on a virtualhost. I've changed my SSH port to 22022, and enter all the credentials when attempting to login. I ran these commands to add a user to the virtualhost: # useradd -d /srv/www/[domain] [username] # passwd [username] # usermod -G filetransfer [username] # chown [username]:[username] /srv/www/[domain]/public_html I should add that this is the only time I've setup the user they have no other /home directories or such. The directory that does exist is at /srv/www/example.com/public_html When I try using a desktop package such as cyberduck to login to the site, I keep getting a "Login failed with this username or password". I am completely lost as what to do next... The reason why I'm trying this method is because I want my clients to use SFTP and not FTP to upload files to their websites. Any help or direction is appreciated.

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  • Can a malicious hacker share Linux distributions which trust bad root certificates?

    - by iamrohitbanga
    Suppose a hacker launches a new Linux distro with firefox provided with it. Now a browser contains the certificates of the root certification authorities of PKI. Because firefox is a free browser anyone can package it with fake root certificates. Thus a fake root certificate would contain a the certification authority that is not actually certified. Can this be used to authenticate some websites. How? Many existing linux distros are mirrored by people. They can easily package software containing certificates that can lead to such attacks. Is the above possible? Has such an attack taken place before?

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  • Reviewing firewall rules

    - by chmeee
    I need to review firewall rules of a CheckPoint firewall for a customer (with 200+ rules). I have used FWDoc in the past to extract the rules and convert them to other formats but there was some errors with exclusions. I then analyze them manually to produce an improved version of the rules (usually in OOo Calc) with comments. I know there are several visualization techniques but they all go down to analyzing the traffic and I want static analysis. So I was wondering, what process do you follow to analyze firewall rules? What tools do you use (not only for Checkpoint)?

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  • Web Application Vulnerability Scanner suggestions?

    - by Chris_K
    I'm looking for a new tool for the ol' admin toolkit and would value some suggestions. I would like to do some "automated" testing of handful of websites for XSS (cross site scripting) vulns, along with checking for SQL injection opportunities. I realize that an automated tool approach isn't necessarily the only or best solution, but I'm hoping it would give me a nice start. The sites I need to scan cover the range in stacks from PHP / MySQL to Coldfusion, with some classic ASP and ASP.NET mixed in for good measure. What tools would you use to scan for Web application vulns? (Please note I'm focusing on the web apps directly, not the servers themselves).

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  • How Hacker Can Access VPS CentOS 6 content?

    - by user2118559
    Just want to understand. Please, correct mistakes and write advices Hacker can access to VPS: 1. Through (using) console terminal, for example, using PuTTY. To access, hacker need to know port number, username and password. Port number hacker can know scanning open ports and try to login. The only way to login as I understand need to know username and password. To block (make more difficult) port scanning, need to use iptables configure /etc/sysconfig/iptables. I followed this https://www.digitalocean.com/community/articles/how-to-setup-a-basic-ip-tables-configuration-on-centos-6 tutorial and got *nat :PREROUTING ACCEPT [87:4524] :POSTROUTING ACCEPT [77:4713] :OUTPUT ACCEPT [77:4713] COMMIT *mangle :PREROUTING ACCEPT [2358:200388] :INPUT ACCEPT [2358:200388] :FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0] :OUTPUT ACCEPT [2638:477779] :POSTROUTING ACCEPT [2638:477779] COMMIT *filter :INPUT DROP [1:40] :FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0] :OUTPUT ACCEPT [339:56132] -A INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --tcp-flags FIN,SYN,RST,PSH,ACK,URG NONE -j DROP -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp ! --tcp-flags FIN,SYN,RST,ACK SYN -m state --state NEW -j DROP -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --tcp-flags FIN,SYN,RST,PSH,ACK,URG FIN,SYN,RST,PSH,ACK,URG -j DROP -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 110 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -s 11.111.11.111/32 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp -m tcp --dport 21 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -s 11.111.11.111/32 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 21 -j ACCEPT COMMIT Regarding ports that need to be opened. If does not use ssl, then seems must leave open port 80 for website. Then for ssh (default 22) and for ftp (default 21). And set ip address, from which can connect. So if hacker uses other ip address, he can not access even knowing username and password? Regarding emails not sure. If I send email, using Gmail (Send mail as: (Use Gmail to send from your other email addresses)), then port 25 not necessary. For incoming emails at dynadot.com I use Email Forwarding. Does it mean that emails “does not arrive to VPS” (before arriving to VPS, emails are forwarded, for example to Gmail)? If emails does not arrive to VPS, then seems port 110 also not necessary. If use only ssl, must open port 443 and close port 80. Do not understand regarding port 3306 In PuTTY with /bin/netstat -lnp see Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:3306 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 992/mysqld As understand it is for mysql. But does not remember that I have opened such port (may be when installed mysql, the port is opened automatically?). Mysql is installed on the same server, where all other content. Need to understand regarding port 3306 2. Also hacker may be able access console terminal through VPS hosting provider Control Panel (serial console emergency access). As understand only using console terminal (PuTTY, etc.) can make “global” changes (changes that can not modify with ftp). 3. Hacker can access to my VPS exploiting some hole in my php code and uploading, for example, Trojan. Unfortunately, faced situation that VPS was hacked. As understand it was because I used ZPanel. On VPS ( \etc\zpanel\panel\bin) ) found one php file, that was identified as Trojan by some virus scanners (at virustotal.com). Experimented with the file on local computer (wamp). And appears that hacker can see all content of VPS, rename, delete, upload etc. From my opinion, if in PuTTY use command like chattr +i /etc/php.ini then hacker could not be able to modify php.ini. Is there any other way to get into VPS?

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  • Start multiple Firefoxes; Xephyr rootless mode

    - by Vi
    How to have multiple independent instances of Mozilla Firefox 3.5 on the same X server, but started from different user accounts (consequently, different profiles)? Limited success was only with Xephyr :1, DISPLAY=:1 /usr/local/bin/firefox, but Xephyr has no Cygwin/X's "rootless" mode so it not comfortable. The idea is to have one Firefox instance for various "Serious Business" things and the other for regular browsing with dozens of add-ons securely isolated. /* Requested tags: xephyr rootless */

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  • Ways to use ClamWin Antivirus

    - by Charles Gargent
    I dont use on On Access AV scanner, I just use Clamwin. My download manager invokes a scan on any files I download, and I dont share files. Apart from scheduling a system scan every week (seems an awful waste of resources) what other ways can I use Clamwin to keep your PC virus free. Ideas such as: scan files in open folders, adaptive batch scripts that scan most frequently used folders / last used folders things like that

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  • Cannot access an application folder in Program files

    - by GiddyUpHorsey
    I recently installed Windows 7 Professional 64bit on a new machine. I installed an application using a ClickOnce installer. The application runs fine, but I cannot access the application folder it created in c:\Program files (x86). It bombs with access denied. I try to view the properties on the folder and it takes about 1 minute to display (other folders take 1 second). It says I cannot view any information because I'm not the owner. It doesn't say who the current owner is (instead - Unable to display current owner.) but says I can take ownership. When I try it fails again with Access Denied, even though I have administrative permissions. Why can't I access this folder nor take ownership?

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  • How do I block IP addresses in SuSEFirewall?

    - by Evgeny
    Does SuSEfirewall in OpenSuSE 11 provide an easy way to block all traffic from a list of IP addresses? Ideally just a textfile into which I can put all IP addresses I want blocked, otherwise some configuration option. I've looked through /etc/sysconfig/SuSEfirewall2, but haven't been able to find anything like that.

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  • Disable the user of Internet explorer through policies when called from HTML help

    - by Stephane
    Hello, I have a locked down environment where users are prohibited from doing, well, basically anything but run the specific programs we specify. We just switched a program from using the venerable "WinHELP" help format to HTML help (CHM) but that seem to have an unwanted and rather dangerous side effect: when a user click on a hyperlink inside the HTML help, a new internet explorer window is opened and the user is free to browse and do terrible things to my server (well, not that much, but still...) I have checked the session in this case and the IE window is actually hosted within the help engine: there is no iexplore.exe process running in the user session (and it cannot: it's explicitly prohibited). We have disable all help right now until we find a solution. I'm working with the help team to have all external URLs removed from the help file but that is going to be a long and error-prone task. Meanwhile, I've checked all the group policies option but I have to say that I was unable to find anything that would prevent a standalone IE window hosted in a random process from running. I don't want to disable WinHTTP or the IE rendering engine or anything of the sort. But I need to prevent all users members of a specific AD user group from ever having an IE window displayed to them. The servers are running Windows 2003 and Citrix metaframe 4.5. Thanks in advance

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  • What permissions / ownership to set on PHP Sessions Folder when running FastCGI / PHP-FPM (as user "nobody")?

    - by Professor Frink
    I'm having trouble getting a number of scripts running because PHP-FPM can't write to my session folder: "2009/10/01 23:54:07 [error] 17830#0: *24 FastCGI sent in stderr: "PHP Warning: Unknown: open(/var/lib/php/session/sess_cskfq4godj4ka2a637i5lq41o5, O_RDWR) failed: Permission denied (13) in Unknown on line 0 PHP Warning: Unknown: Failed to write session data (files). Please verify that the current setting of session.save_path is correct (/var/lib/php/session) in Unknown on line 0" while reading upstream" Obviously this is a permission issue; my session folder's owner/group is the webserver's user, NGINX. PHP-FPM runs as nobody though, and hence adding it to the nginx group is not so trivial. A temporary solution is to set the permissions of /var/lib/php/session to 777 - I have a feeling that's not the "best practice" though. What is the best practice when you need to assign a daemon write access to a folder, but it is running as nobody ?

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  • Remove identifying information from SSH.

    - by The Rook
    When I do an nmap -sV 127.0.0.1 -p 22 of my system I get the following information: SF-Port22-TCP:V=4.62%I=7%D=11/9%Time=4916402C%P=i686-pc-linux-gnu%r(NULL,2 SF:7,"SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_5.1p1\x20Debian-3ubuntu1\r\n"); How do I go about chaining these two pieces of information? i686-pc-linux-gnu and SSH-2\.0-OpenSSH_5\.1p1\x20Debian-3ubuntu1.

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  • XP Suddenly asking for password

    - by ProfKaos
    Is there any sane explanation for a client's Acer Aspire 1 netbook, running XP Home SP 2, suddenly starting to ask for a login password at boot? He has a strict policy of not using passwords, and I removed his login password weeks ago. The story is that suddenly this morning, for the first time, it is asking for a login password.

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  • XP Suddenly asking for password

    - by ProfKaos
    Is there any sane explanation for a client's Acer Aspire 1 netbook, running XP Home SP 2, suddenly starting to ask for a login password at boot? He has a strict policy of not using passwords, and I removed his login password weeks ago. The story is that suddenly this morning, for the first time, it is asking for a login password.

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  • How to tell credentials used for a Network Mapping?

    - by shanecourtrille
    I have a networking mapping that doesn't appear to work. When I connect to the mapping I get access denied when I try to create a folder. When I created the mapping I told it to login as another account. I have verified that account has the proper rights on the server side of things. How can I verify that my local machine is connecting with the right credentials?

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