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  • Efficient way in Python to add an element to a comma-separated string

    - by ensnare
    I'm looking for the most efficient way to add an element to a comma-separated string while maintaining alphabetical order for the words: For example: string = 'Apples, Bananas, Grapes, Oranges' addition = 'Cherries' result = 'Apples, Bananas, Cherries, Grapes, Oranges' Also, a way to do this but while maintaining IDs: string = '1:Apples, 4:Bananas, 6:Grapes, 23:Oranges' addition = '62:Cherries' result = '1:Apples, 4:Bananas, 62:Cherries, 6:Grapes, 23:Oranges' Sample code is greatly appreciated. Thank you so much.

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  • Python/Biomolecular Physics- Trying to code a simple stochastic simulation of a system exhibiting co

    - by user359597
    *edited 6/17/10 I'm trying to understand how to improve my code (make it more pythonic). Also, I'm interested in writing more intuitive 'conditionals' that would describe scenarios that are commonplace in biochemistry. The conditional criteria in the below program is explained in Answer #2, but I am not satisfied with it- it is correct, but isn't obvious and isn't easy to implement for more complicated conditional scenarios. Ideas welcome. Comments/criticisms welcome. First posting experience @ stackoverflow- please comment on etiquette if needed. The code generates a list of values that are the solution to the following exercise: "In a programming language of your choice, implement Gillespie’s First Reaction Algorithm to study the temporal behaviour of the reaction A---B in which the transition from A to B can only take place if another compound, C, is present, and where C dynamically interconverts with D, as modelled in the Petri-net below. Assume that there are 100 molecules of A, 1 of C, and no B or D present at the start of the reaction. Set kAB to 0.1 s-1 and both kCD and kDC to 1.0 s-1. Simulate the behaviour of the system over 100 s." def sim(): # Set the rate constants for all transitions kAB = 0.1 kCD = 1.0 kDC = 1.0 # Set up the initial state A = 100 B = 0 C = 1 D = 0 # Set the start and end times t = 0.0 tEnd = 100.0 print "Time\t", "Transition\t", "A\t", "B\t", "C\t", "D" # Compute the first interval transition, interval = transitionData(A, B, C, D, kAB, kCD, kDC) # Loop until the end time is exceded or no transition can fire any more while t <= tEnd and transition >= 0: print t, '\t', transition, '\t', A, '\t', B, '\t', C, '\t', D t += interval if transition == 0: A -= 1 B += 1 if transition == 1: C -= 1 D += 1 if transition == 2: C += 1 D -= 1 transition, interval = transitionData(A, B, C, D, kAB, kCD, kDC) def transitionData(A, B, C, D, kAB, kCD, kDC): """ Returns nTransition, the number of the firing transition (0: A->B, 1: C->D, 2: D->C), and interval, the interval between the time of the previous transition and that of the current one. """ RAB = kAB * A * C RCD = kCD * C RDC = kDC * D dt = [-1.0, -1.0, -1.0] if RAB > 0.0: dt[0] = -math.log(1.0 - random.random())/RAB if RCD > 0.0: dt[1] = -math.log(1.0 - random.random())/RCD if RDC > 0.0: dt[2] = -math.log(1.0 - random.random())/RDC interval = 1e36 transition = -1 for n in range(len(dt)): if dt[n] > 0.0 and dt[n] < interval: interval = dt[n] transition = n return transition, interval if __name__ == '__main__': sim()

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  • Working with OAuth on Google with Python

    - by Dan Loewenherz
    I'm having a very frustrating time creating a valid signature for Google's OAuth implementation. I have narrowed it all down to the fact that my signature-generation code has an error of some sort; what it is I have no idea. This is the signature base string in its entirety: GET&https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Faccounts%2FOAuthGetAccessToken&oauth_consumer_key%3Ddlosplayground.appspot.com%26oauth_nonce%3D72815d55697cb24301fab03e1f7f1d66%26oauth_signature_method%3DHMAC-SHA1%26oauth_timestamp%3D1274327867%26oauth_token%3D4%252FX2cZ54JuseQbgRwzTBzZ7lqIwqof%26oauth_verifier%3Dihf0F2Fx%252FpnCmwbVQnk2xMre%26oauth_version%3D1.0 The OAuth Playground returns an oauth_signature of gF8qAfWjpdKjKb4KR%2FvA2Gy0vhU%3D. My code gives me ikMpIKJQJ58jseg%2BKPBTecjmYPE%3D, so obviously I'm doing something wrong. Here's my signature generation code (equivalent to that of the standard oauth.py library): binascii.b2a_base64(hmac.new(CONSUMER_SECRET, BASE_STRING, hashlib.sha1).digest())[:-1] Any thoughts?

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  • How to add columns to sqlite3 python?

    - by user291071
    I know this is simple but I can't get it working! I have no probs with insert,update or select commands, Lets say I have a dictionary and I want to populate a table with the column names in the dictionary what is wrong with my one line where I add a column? ##create con = sqlite3.connect('linksauthor.db') c = con.cursor() c.execute('''create table linksauthor (links text)''') con.commit() c.close() ##populate author columns allauthors={'joe':1,'bla':2,'mo':3} con = sqlite3.connect('linksauthor.db') c = con.cursor() for author in allauthors: print author print type(author) c.execute("alter table linksauthor add column '%s' 'float'")%author ##what is wrong here? con.commit() c.close()

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  • Access class instance "name" dynamically in Python

    - by user328317
    In plain english: I am creating class instances dynamically in a for loop, the class then defines a few attributes for the instance. I need to later be able to look up those values in another for loop. Sample code: class A: def init(self, name, attr): self.name=name self.attr=attr names=("a1", "a2", "a3") x=10 for name in names: name=A(name, x) x += 1 ... ... ... for name in names: print name.attr How can I create an identifier for these instances so they can be accessed later on by "name"? I've figured a way to get this by associating "name" with the memory location: class A: instances=[] names=[] def init(self, name, attr): self.name=name self.attr=attr A.instances.append(self) A.names.append(name) names=("a1", "a2", "a3") x=10 for name in names: name=A(name, x) x += 1 ... ... ... for name in names: index=A.names.index(name) print "name: " + name print "att: " + str(A.instances[index].att) This has had me scouring the web for 2 days now, and I have not been able to find an answer. Maybe I don't know how to ask the question properly, or maybe it can't be done (as many other posts seemed to be suggesting). Now this 2nd example works, and for now I will use it. I'm just thinking there has to be an easier way than creating your own makeshift dictionary of index numbers and I'm hoping I didn't waste 2 days looking for an answer that doesn't exist. Anyone have anything? Thanks in advance, Andy Update: A coworker just showed me what he thinks is the simplest way and that is to make an actual dictionary of class instances using the instance "name" as the key.

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  • python sending incomplete data over socket

    - by tipu
    I have this socket server script, import SocketServer import shelve import zlib class MyTCPHandler(SocketServer.BaseRequestHandler): def handle(self): self.words = shelve.open('/home/tipu/Dropbox/dev/workspace/search/words.db', 'r'); self.tweets = shelve.open('/home/tipu/Dropbox/dev/workspace/search/tweets.db', 'r'); param = self.request.recv(1024).strip() try: result = str(self.words[param]) except KeyError: result = "set()" self.request.send(str(result)) if __name__ == "__main__": HOST, PORT = "localhost", 50007 SocketServer.TCPServer.allow_reuse_address = True server = SocketServer.TCPServer((HOST, PORT), MyTCPHandler) server.serve_forever() And this receiver, from django.http import HttpResponse from django.template import Context, loader import shelve import zlib import socket def index(req, param = ''): HOST = 'localhost' PORT = 50007 s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) s.connect((HOST, PORT)) s.send(param) data = zlib.decompress(s.recv(131072)) s.close() print 'Received', repr(data) t = loader.get_template('index.html') c = Context({ 'foo' : data }) return HttpResponse(t.render(c)) I am sending strings to the receiver that are in the hundreds of kilobytes. I end up only receiving a portion of it. Is there a way that I can fix that so that the whole string is sent?

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  • Creating Thread's in python

    - by chrissygormley
    Hello, I have a script and I want one function to run at the same time as the other. Example code I have looked at: import threading def MyThread ( threading.thread ): doing something........ def MyThread2 ( threading.thread ): doing something........ MyThread().start() MyThread2().start() I am having trouble getting this working. I would prefer to get this going using a threaded function rather than a class. Thanks for any help.

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  • python popen and mysql import

    - by khelll
    I'm doing the following: from subprocess import PIPE from subprocess import Popen file = 'dump.sql.gz' p1 = Popen(["gzip", "-cd" ,file], stdout=PIPE) print "Importing temporary file %s" % file p2 = Popen(["mysql","--default-character-set=utf8", "--user=root" , "--password=something", "--host=localhost", "--port=3306" , 'my_db'],stdin=p1.stdout, stdout=PIPE,stderr=PIPE) err = p1.communicate()[1] if err: print err err = p2.communicate()[1] if err: print err But the db is not being populated. No errors are shown, also I have checked p1.stdout and it has the file contents. Any ideas?

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  • Python: Repeat elements in a list comprehension?

    - by User
    I have the following list comprehension which returns a list of coordinate objects for each location. coordinate_list = [Coordinates(location.latitude, location.longitude) for location in locations] This works. Now suppose the location object has a number_of_times member. I want a list comprehension to generate n Coordinate objects where n is the number_of_times for the particular location. So if a location has number_of_times = 5 then the coordinates for that location will be repeated 5 times in the list. (Maybe this is a case for a for-loop but I'm curious if it can be done via list comprehensions)

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  • python gui events out of order

    - by dave
    from Tkinter import * from tkMessageBox import * class Gui: def __init__(self, root): self.container = Frame(root) self.container.grid() self.inputText = Text(self.container, width=50, height=8) self.outputText = Text(self.container, width=50, height=8, bg='#E0E0E0', state=DISABLED) self.inputText.grid(row=0, column=0) self.outputText.grid(row=0, column=1) self.inputText.bind("<Key>", self.translate) def translate(self, event): input = self.inputText.get(0.0, END) output = self.outputText.get(0.0, END) self.outputText.config(state=NORMAL) self.outputText.delete(0.0, END) self.outputText.insert(INSERT, input) self.outputText.config(state=DISABLED) showinfo(message="Input: %s characters\nOutput: %s characters" % (len(input), len(input))) root = Tk() #toplevel object app = Gui(root) #call to the class where gui is defined root.mainloop() #enter event loop Working on a gui in tkinter I'm a little confused as to the sequence the event handlers are run. If you run the above code you'll hopefully see... 1) Editing the text widget triggers the event handler but it seems to fire it off without registering the actual change, 2) Even when the text widget is cleared (ie, keep pressing BackSpace) it still seems to have a one character length string, 3) The output widget only receives its update when the NEXT event trigger is fired despite the fact the data came on the previous event. Is this just how bindings work in tkinter or am i missing something here? The behaviour i would like when updating the input widget is: 1) Show the change, 2) Enter event handler, 3) Update output widget, 4) Show message box.

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  • python class decorator question?

    - by nsharish
    decorator 1: def dec(f): def wrap(obj, *args, **kwargs): f(obj, *args,**kwargs) return wrap decorator 2: class dec: def __init__(self, f): self.f = f def __call__(self, obj, *args, **kwargs): self.f(obj, *args, **kwargs) A sample class, class Test: @dec def disp(self, *args, **kwargs): print(*args,**kwargs) The follwing code works with decorator 1 but not with decorator 2. a = Test() a.disp("Message") I dont understand why decorator 2 is not working here. Can someone help me with this?

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  • Python sorting problem

    - by matt
    I'm sure this is simple but I can't figure it out. I have a list of strings like this(after using sorted on it): Season 2, Episode 1: A Flight to Remember Season 2, Episode 20: Anthology of Interest I Season 2, Episode 2: Mars University Season 2, Episode 3: When Aliens Attack .... Season 3, Episode 10: The Luck of the Fryrish Season 3, Episode 11: The Cyber House Rules Season 3, Episode 12: Insane in the Mainframe Season 3, Episode 1: The Honking Season 3, Episode 2: War Is the H-Word How can I make them sort out properly? (by episode #, ascending)

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  • Get class of caller's method (via inspect) in Python (alt: super() emulator)

    - by Slava Vishnyakov
    Is it possible to get reference to class B in this example? class A(object): pass class B(A): def test(self): test2() class C(B): pass import inspect def test2(): frame = inspect.currentframe().f_back cls = frame.[?something here?] # cls here should == B (class) c = C() c.test() Basically, C is child of B, B is child of A. Then we create c of type C. Then the call to c.test() actually calls B.test() (via inheritance), which calls to test2(). test2() can get the parent frame frame; code reference to method via frame.f_code; self via frame.f_locals['self']; but type(frame.f_locals['self']) is C (of course), but not B, where method is defined. Any way to get B?

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  • python json_encode throws KeyError exception

    - by MattM
    In a unit test case that I am running, I get a KeyError exception on the 4th json object in the json text below. I went through the sub-objects and found that it was the "cpuid" object that is the offending object, but I am completely at a loss as to what is wrong with the formatting. response = self.app.post( '/machinestats', params=dict(record=self.json_encode([ {"type": "crash", "instance_id": "xxx", "version": "0.2.0", "build_id": "unknown", "crash_text": "Gah!"}, {"type": "machine_info", "machine_info": "I'm awesome.", "version": "0.2.0", "build_id": "unknown", "instance_id": "yyy"}, {"machine_info": "Soup", "crash_text": "boom!", "version": "0.2.0", "build_id": "unknown", "instance_id": "zzz", "type": "crash"}, {"build_id" : "unknown", "cpu_brand" : "intel", "cpu_count" : 4, "cpuid": { "00000000": {"eax" :123,"ebx" :456, "ecx" :789,"edx" :321}, "00000001": {"eax" :123,"ebx" :456, "ecx" :789,"edx" :321}}, "driver_installed" : True, "instance_id" : "yyy", "version" : "0.2.0", "machine_info" : "I'm awesome.", "os_version" : "linux", "physical_memory_mib" : 1024, "product_loaded" : True, "type" : "machine_info", "virtualization_advertised" : True} ])))

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  • Appengine (python) returns empty for valid queries

    - by Grant
    I've got an app with around half a million 'records', each of which only stores three fields. I'd like to look up records by a string field with a query, but I'm running into problems. If I visit the console page, manually view a record and save it (without making changes) it shows up in a query: SELECT * FROM wordEntry WHERE wordStr = 'SomeString' If I don't do this, I get 'no results'. Does appengine need time to update? If so, how much? (I was also having trouble batch deleting and modifying data, but I was able to break the problem up into smaller chunks.)

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  • Python Eggs on Google App Engine

    - by ott
    Usually I would use virtualenv and pip for deployment of web applications. With Google App Engine this doesn't work, because all import statement are relative to directory of the application. The most common approach I saw was to simply copy the packages from site-packages to the directory of the application. This involves manual work and is error-prone. Another approach was to changes install_lib and install_scripts in ~/.pydisutils.cfg, but this doesn't allow me to use pip in my home directory simultaneously. Do you have any suggestions for this?

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  • super() in Python 2.x without args

    - by Slava Vishnyakov
    Trying to convert super(B, self).method() into a simple nice bubble() call. Did it, see below! Is it possible to get reference to class B in this example? class A(object): pass class B(A): def test(self): test2() class C(B): pass import inspect def test2(): frame = inspect.currentframe().f_back cls = frame.[?something here?] # cls here should == B (class) c = C() c.test() Basically, C is child of B, B is child of A. Then we create c of type C. Then the call to c.test() actually calls B.test() (via inheritance), which calls to test2(). test2() can get the parent frame frame; code reference to method via frame.f_code; self via frame.f_locals['self']; but type(frame.f_locals['self']) is C (of course), but not B, where method is defined. Any way to get B?

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  • Object-oriented GUI development in python

    - by ptabatt
    Hey guys, new programmer here. I have an assignment for class and I'm stuck... What I need to do is a create a GUI that gives someone a basic arithmetic problem in one box, asks the person to answer it, evaluates it, and tells you if you're right or wrong... Basically, what I have is this: [code] class Lesson(Frame): def init (self, parent=None): Frame.init(self, parent) self.pack() Lesson.make_widgets(self) def make_widgets(self): Label(self, text="").pack(side=TOP) ent = Entry(self) self.a = randrange(1,10) self.b = randrange(1,10) self.expr = choice(["+","-"]) ent.insert(END, str(self.a) + str(self.expr) + str(self.a)) [/code] I've broken this down into many little steps and basically, what I'm trying to do right now is insert a default random expression into the first entry widget. When I run this code, I just get a blank Label. Why is that? How can I put a something like "7+7" into the box? If you absolutely need background to the problem, it's question #3 on this link. http://reed.cs.depaul.edu/lperkovic/csc242/homeworks/Homework8.html -Thanks for all help in advance.

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  • python fdb save huge data from database to file

    - by peter
    I have this script SELECT = """ select coalesce (p.ID,'') as id, coalesce (p.name,'') as name, from TABLE as p """ self.cur.execute(SELECT) for row in self.cur.itermap(): xml +=" <item>\n" xml +=" <id>" + id + "</id>\n" xml +=" <name>" + name + "</name>\n" xml +=" </item>\n\n" #save xml to file here f = open... and I need to save data from huge database to file. There are 10 000s (up to 40000) of items in my database and it takes very long time when script runs (1 hour and more) until finish. How can I take data I need from database and save it to file "at once"? (as quick as possible? I don't need xml output because I can process data from output on my server later. I just need to do it as quickly as possible. Any idea?) Many thanks!

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  • Python: Getting the attribute name that the created object will be given

    - by cool-RR
    Before I ask this, do note: I want this for debugging purposes. I know that this is going to be some bad black magic, but I want to use it just during debugging so I could identify my objects more easily. It's like this. I have some object from class A that creates a few B instances as attributes: class A(object): def __init__(self) self.vanilla_b = B() self.chocolate_b = B() class B(object): def __init__(self): # ... What I want is that in B.__init__, it will figure out the "vanilla_b" or whatever attribute name it was given, and then put that as the .name attribute to this specific B. Then in debugging when I see some B object floating around, I could know which one it is. Is there any way to do this?

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