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  • Ruby Programming Techniques: simple yet not so simple object manipulation

    - by Shyam
    Hi, I want to create an object, let's say a Pie. class Pie def initialize(name, flavor) @name = name @flavor = flavor end end But a Pie can be divided in 8 pieces, a half or just a whole Pie. For the sake of argument, I would like to know how I could give each Pie object a price per 1/8, 1/4 or per whole. I could do this by doing: class Pie def initialize(name, flavor, price_all, price_half, price_piece) @name = name @flavor = flavor @price_all = price_all @price_half = price_half @price_piece = price_piece end end But now, if I would create fifteen Pie objects, and I would take out randomly some pieces somewhere by using a method such as getPieceOfPie(pie_name) How would I be able to generate the value of all the available pies that are whole and the remaining pieces? Eventually using a method such as: myCurrentInventoryHas(pie_name) # output: 2 whole strawberry pies and 7 pieces. I know, I am a Ruby nuby. Thank you for your answers, comments and help!

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  • How to manage test fixtures for end-to-end testing?

    - by Peter Becker
    Having just set up a test framework for a new web application, I realized I missed one of the big questions: "How do I make tests independent from each other?" Years ago I have set up some complicated Ant scripting to do full cycles of deleting all database tables, creating the schema again, adding test data, starting the application, running one test and then stopping the application. That was a pain to maintain and restricted us to nightly tests due to the time it took to run the full suite. It was still worth it, but I wonder if there is an easier way. Are there alternatives to this approach? The main criterion is that each test should not be affected by any other test in the suite, no matter if it failed or succeeded.

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  • Haskell Parsec Numeration

    - by Martin
    I'm using Text.ParserCombinators.Parsec and Text.XHtml to parse an input like this: - First type A\n -- First type B\n - Second type A\n -- First type B\n --Second type B\n And my output should be: <h11 First type A\n</h1 <h21.1 First type B\n</h2 <h12 Second type A\n</h2 <h22.1 First type B\n</h2 <h22.2 Second type B\n</h2 I have come to this part, but I cannot get any further: title1= do{ ;(count 1 (char '-')) ;s <- many1 anyChar newline ;return (h1 << s) } title2= do{ ;(count 2 (char '--')) ;s <- many1 anyChar newline ;return (h1 << s) } text=do { ;many (choice [try(title1),try(title2)]) } main :: IO () main = do t putStr "Error: " print err Right x - putStrLn $ prettyHtml x This is ok, but it does not include the numbering. Any ideas? Thanks!

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  • Cartesian product in Scheme

    - by John Retallack
    I've been trying to do a function that returns the Cartesian Product of n sets,in Dr Scheme,the sets are given as a list of lists,I've been stuck at this all day,I would like a few guidelines as where to start,I've wrote a pice of code but it dosen't work. (define cart-n(?(l) (if (null? l) '(()) (map (?(lst) (cons (car ( car(l))) lst)) (cart-n (cdr l) )))))

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  • Linq Query Performance , comparing Compiled query vs Non-Compiled.

    - by AG.
    Hello Guys, I was wondering if i extract the common where clause query into a common expression would it make my query much faster, if i have say something like 10 linq queries on a collection with exact same 1st part of the where clause. I have done a small example to explain a bit more . public class Person { public string First { get; set; } public string Last { get; set; } public int Age { get; set; } public String Born { get; set; } public string Living { get; set; } } public sealed class PersonDetails : List<Person> { } PersonDetails d = new PersonDetails(); d.Add(new Person() {Age = 29, Born = "Timbuk Tu", First = "Joe", Last = "Bloggs", Living = "London"}); d.Add(new Person() { Age = 29, Born = "Timbuk Tu", First = "Foo", Last = "Bar", Living = "NewYork" }); Expression<Func<Person, bool>> exp = (a) => a.Age == 29; Func<Person, bool> commonQuery = exp.Compile(); var lx = from y in d where commonQuery.Invoke(y) && y.Living == "London" select y; var bx = from y in d where y.Age == 29 && y.Living == "NewYork" select y; Console.WriteLine("All Details {0}, {1}, {2}, {3}, {4}", lx.Single().Age, lx.Single().First , lx.Single().Last, lx.Single().Living, lx.Single().Born ); Console.WriteLine("All Details {0}, {1}, {2}, {3}, {4}", bx.Single().Age, bx.Single().First, bx.Single().Last, bx.Single().Living, bx.Single().Born); So can some of the guru's here give me some advice if it would be a good practice to write query like var lx = "Linq Expression " or var bx = "Linq Expression" ? Any inputs would be highly appreciated. Thanks, AG

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  • cartesian product

    - by John Retallack
    I've been trying to do a function that returns the Cartesian Product of n sets,in Dr Scheme,the sets are given as a list of lists,I've been stuck at this all day,I would like a few guidelines as where to start,I've wrote a pice of code but it dosen't work. (define cart-n(?(l) (if (null? l) '(()) (map (?(lst) (cons (car ( car(l))) lst)) (cart-n (cdr l) )))))

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  • Scalaz Kleisli question

    - by oxbow_lakes
    There is a trait called Kleisli in the scalaz library. Looking at the code: import scalaz._ import Scalaz._ type StringPair = (String, String) val f: Int => List[String] = (i: Int) => List((i |+| 1).toString, (i |+| 2).toString) val g: String => List[StringPair] = (s: String) => List("X" -> s, s -> "Y") val k = kleisli(f) >=> kleisli(g) //this gives me a function: Int => List[(String, String)] Calling the function k with the value of 2 gives: println( k(2) ) //Prints: List((X,3), (3,Y), (X,4), (4,Y)) My question is: how would I use Scalaz to combine f and g to get a function m such that the output of m(2) would be: val m = //??? some combination of f and g println( m(2) ) //Prints: List((X,3), (X,4), (3,Y), (4,Y)) Is this even possible?

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  • Why is Haskell used so little in the industry?

    - by bugspy.net
    It is a wonderful, very fast, mature and complete language. It exists for a very long time and has a big set of libraries. Yet, it appears not to be widely used. Why ? I suspect it is because it is pretty rough and unforgiving for beginners, and maybe because its lazy execution makes it even harder

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  • Don't understand the typing of Scala's delimited continuations (A @cps[B,C])

    - by jkff
    I'm struggling to understand what precisely does it mean when a value has type A @cps[B,C] and what types of this form should I assign to my values when using the delimited continuations facility. I've looked at some sources: http://lamp.epfl.ch/~rompf/continuations-icfp09.pdf http://www.scala-lang.org/node/2096 http://dcsobral.blogspot.com/2009/07/delimited-continuations-explained-in.html http://blog.richdougherty.com/2009/02/delimited-continuations-in-scala_24.html but they didn't give me much intuition into this. In the last link, the author tries to give an explicit explanation, but it is not clear enough anyway. The A here represents the output of the computation, which is also the input to its continuation. The B represents the return type of that continuation, and the C represents its "final" return type—because shift can do further processing to the returned value and change its type. I don't understand the difference between "output of the computation", "return type of the continuation" and "final return type of the continuation". They sound like synonyms.

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  • Scalaz: request for use case for Cokleisli composition

    - by oxbow_lakes
    This question isn't meant as flame-bait! As it might be apparent, I've been looking at Scalaz recently. I'm trying to understand why I need some of the functionality that the library provides. Here's something: import scalaz._ import Scalaz._ type NEL[A] = NonEmptyList[A] val NEL = NonEmptyList I put some println statements in my functions to see what was going on (aside: what would I have done if I was trying to avoid side effects like that?). My functions are: val f: NEL[Int] => String = (l: NEL[Int]) => {println("f: " + l); l.toString |+| "X" } val g: NEL[String] => BigInt = (l: NEL[String]) => {println("g: " + l); BigInt(l.map(_.length).sum) } Then I combine them via a cokleisli and pass in a NEL[Int] val k = cokleisli(f) =>= cokleisli(g) println("RES: " + k( NEL(1, 2, 3) )) What does this print? f: NonEmptyList(1, 2, 3) f: NonEmptyList(2, 3) f: NonEmptyList(3) g: NonEmptyList(NonEmptyList(1, 2, 3)X, NonEmptyList(2, 3)X, NonEmptyList(3)X) RES: 57 The RES value is the character count of the (String) elements in the final NEL. Two things occur to me: How could I have known that my NEL was going to be reduced in this manner from the method signatures involved? (I wasn't expecting the result at all) What is the point of this? Can a reasonably simple and easy-to-follow use case be distilled for me? This question is a thinly-veiled plea for some lovely person like retronym to explain how this powerful library actually works.

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  • Function syntax puzzler in scalaz

    - by oxbow_lakes
    Following watching Nick Partidge's presentation on deriving scalaz, I got to looking at this example, which is just awesome: import scalaz._ import Scalaz._ def even(x: Int) : Validation[NonEmptyList[String], Int] = if (x % 2 ==0) x.success else "not even: %d".format(x).wrapNel.fail println( even(3) <|*|> even(5) ) //prints: Failure(NonEmptyList(not even: 3, not even: 5)) I was trying to understand what the <|*|> method was doing, here is the source code: def <|*|>[B](b: M[B])(implicit t: Functor[M], a: Apply[M]): M[(A, B)] = <**>(b, (_: A, _: B)) OK, that is fairly confusing (!) - but it references the <**> method, which is declared thus: def <**>[B, C](b: M[B], z: (A, B) => C)(implicit t: Functor[M], a: Apply[M]): M[C] = a(t.fmap(value, z.curried), b) So I have a few questions: How come the method appears to take a monad of one type parameter (M[B]) but can get passed a Validation (which has two type paremeters)? How does the syntax (_: A, _: B) define the function (A, B) => C which the 2nd method expects? It doesn't even define an output via =>

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  • What is a 'Closure'?

    - by Ben
    I asked a question about Currying and closures where mentioned. What is a closure? How does it relate to currying? Additional: Kyle's answer is great but to my poor procedural/OO mind Ben Childs answer is really useful.

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  • Screen Resolutions

    - by JPJedi
    I am testing an application and need to test it with different screen resolutions with windows form applications. What is the common resolution tested for now days?

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  • Testing devise with shoulda

    - by cristian
    Hello, I'm having some difficulties in testing devise with shoulda: 2) Error: test: handle :index logged as admin should redirect to Daily page. (Admin::DailyClosesControllerTest): NoMethodError: undefined method `env' for nil:NilClass devise (1.0.6) [v] lib/devise/test_helpers.rb:52:in `setup_controller_for_warden' I have this in my test_helper: include Devise::TestHelpers Thoughts ? Thanks in advance, Cristi

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  • How do I make a module in PLT Scheme?

    - by kunjaan
    I tried doing this: #lang scheme (module duck scheme/base (provide num-eggs quack) (define num-eggs 2) (define (quack n) (unless (zero? n) (printf "quack\n") (quack (sub1 n))))) But I get this error: module: illegal use (not at top-level) in: (module duck scheme/base (provide num-eggs quack) (define num-eggs 2) (define (quack n) (unless (zero? n) (printf "quack\n") (quack (sub1 n))))) what is the correct way?

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  • Confused over behavior of List.mapi in F#

    - by James Black
    I am building some equations in F#, and when working on my polynomial class I found some odd behavior using List.mapi Basically, each polynomial has an array, so 3*x^2 + 5*x + 6 would be [|6, 5, 3|] in the array, so, when adding polynomials, if one array is longer than the other, then I just need to append the extra elements to the result, and that is where I ran into a problem. Later I want to generalize it to not always use a float, but that will be after I get more working. So, the problem is that I expected List.mapi to return a List not individual elements, but, in order to put the lists together I had to put [] around my use of mapi, and I am curious why that is the case. This is more complicated than I expected, I thought I should be able to just tell it to make a new List starting at a certain index, but I can't find any function for that. type Polynomial() = let mutable coefficients:float [] = Array.empty member self.Coefficients with get() = coefficients static member (+) (v1:Polynomial, v2:Polynomial) = let ret = List.map2(fun c p -> c + p) (List.ofArray v1.Coefficients) (List.ofArray v2.Coefficients) let a = List.mapi(fun i x -> x) match v1.Coefficients.Length - v2.Coefficients.Length with | x when x < 0 -> ret :: [((List.ofArray v1.Coefficients) |> a)] | x when x > 0 -> ret :: [((List.ofArray v2.Coefficients) |> a)] | _ -> [ret]

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  • What are the most interesting equivalences arising from the Curry-Howard Isomorphism?

    - by Tom
    I came upon the Curry-Howard Isomorphism relatively late in my programming life, and perhaps this contributes to my being utterly fascinated by it. It implies that for every programming concept there exists a precise analogue in formal logic, and vice versa. Here's an "obvious" list of such analogies, off the top of my head: program/definition | proof type/declaration | proposition inhabited type | theorem function | implication function argument | hypothesis/antecedent function result | conclusion/consequent function application | modus ponens recursion | induction identity function | tautology non-terminating function | absurdity tuple | conjunction (and) disjoint union | exclusive disjunction (xor) parametric polymorphism | universal quantification So, to my question: what are some of the more interesting/obscure implications of this isomorphism? I'm no logician so I'm sure I've only scratched the surface with this list. For example, here are some programming notions for which I'm unaware of pithy names in logic: currying | "((a & b) => c) iff (a => (b => c))" scope | "known theory + hypotheses" And here are some logical concepts which I haven't quite pinned down in programming terms: primitive type? | axiom set of valid programs? | theory ? | disjunction (or)

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  • Bubble sort algorithm implementations (Haskell vs. C)

    - by kingping
    Hello. I have written 2 implementation of bubble sort algorithm in C and Haskell. Haskell implementation: module Main where main = do contents <- readFile "./data" print "Data loaded. Sorting.." let newcontents = bubblesort contents writeFile "./data_new_ghc" newcontents print "Sorting done" bubblesort list = sort list [] False rev = reverse -- separated. To see rev2 = reverse -- who calls the routine sort (x1:x2:xs) acc _ | x1 > x2 = sort (x1:xs) (x2:acc) True sort (x1:xs) acc flag = sort xs (x1:acc) flag sort [] acc True = sort (rev acc) [] False sort _ acc _ = rev2 acc I've compared these two implementations having run both on file with size of 20 KiB. C implementation took about a second, Haskell — about 1 min 10 sec. I have also profiled the Haskell application: Compile for profiling: C:\Temp ghc -prof -auto-all -O --make Main Profile: C:\Temp Main.exe +RTS -p and got these results. This is a pseudocode of the algorithm: procedure bubbleSort( A : list of sortable items ) defined as: do swapped := false for each i in 0 to length(A) - 2 inclusive do: if A[i] > A[i+1] then swap( A[i], A[i+1] ) swapped := true end if end for while swapped end procedure I wonder if it's possible to make Haskell implementation work faster without changing the algorithm (there's are actually a few tricks to make it work faster, but neither implementations have these optimizations)

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  • Why is the Clojure Hello World program so slow compared to Java and Python?

    - by viksit
    Hi all, I'm reading "Programming Clojure" and I was comparing some languages I use for some simple code. I noticed that the clojure implementations were the slowest in each case. For instance, Python - hello.py def hello_world(name): print "Hello, %s" % name hello_world("world") and result, $ time python hello.py Hello, world real 0m0.027s user 0m0.013s sys 0m0.014s Java - hello.java import java.io.*; public class hello { public static void hello_world(String name) { System.out.println("Hello, " + name); } public static void main(String[] args) { hello_world("world"); } } and result, $ time java hello Hello, world real 0m0.324s user 0m0.296s sys 0m0.065s and finally, Clojure - hellofun.clj (defn hello-world [username] (println (format "Hello, %s" username))) (hello-world "world") and results, $ time clj hellofun.clj Hello, world real 0m1.418s user 0m1.649s sys 0m0.154s Thats a whole, garangutan 1.4 seconds! Does anyone have pointers on what the cause of this could be? Is Clojure really that slow, or are there JVM tricks et al that need to be used in order to speed up execution? More importantly - isn't this huge difference in performance going to be an issue at some point? (I mean, lets say I was using Clojure for a production system - the gain I get in using lisp seems completely offset by the performance issues I can see here). The machine used here is a 2007 Macbook Pro running Snow Leopard, a 2.16Ghz Intel C2D and 2G DDR2 SDRAM. BTW, the clj script I'm using is from here and looks like, #!/bin/bash JAVA=/System/Library/Frameworks/JavaVM.framework/Versions/1.6/Home/bin/java CLJ_DIR=/opt/jars CLOJURE=$CLJ_DIR/clojure.jar CONTRIB=$CLJ_DIR/clojure-contrib.jar JLINE=$CLJ_DIR/jline-0.9.94.jar CP=$PWD:$CLOJURE:$JLINE:$CONTRIB # Add extra jars as specified by `.clojure` file if [ -f .clojure ] then CP=$CP:`cat .clojure` fi if [ -z "$1" ]; then $JAVA -server -cp $CP \ jline.ConsoleRunner clojure.lang.Repl else scriptname=$1 $JAVA -server -cp $CP clojure.main $scriptname -- $* fi

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  • Practical Scheme Programming

    - by Ixmatus
    It's been a few months since I've touched Scheme and decided to implement a command line income partitioner using Scheme. My initial implementation used plain recursion over the continuation, but I figured a continuation would be more appropriate to this type of program. I would appreciate it if anyone (more skilled with Scheme than I) could take a look at this and suggest improvements. I'm that the multiple (display... lines is an ideal opportunity to use a macro as well (I just haven't gotten to macros yet). (define (ab-income) (call/cc (lambda (cc) (let ((out (display "Income: ")) (income (string->number (read-line)))) (cond ((<= income 600) (display (format "Please enter an amount greater than $600.00~n~n")) (cc (ab-income))) (else (let ((bills (* (/ 30 100) income)) (taxes (* (/ 20 100) income)) (savings (* (/ 10 100) income)) (checking (* (/ 40 100) income))) (display (format "~nDeduct for bills:---------------------- $~a~n" (real->decimal-string bills 2))) (display (format "Deduct for taxes:---------------------- $~a~n" (real->decimal-string taxes 2))) (display (format "Deduct for savings:-------------------- $~a~n" (real->decimal-string savings 2))) (display (format "Remainder for checking:---------------- $~a~n" (real->decimal-string checking 2)))))))))) Invoking (ab-income) asks for input and if anything below 600 is provided it (from my understanding) returns (ab-income) at the current-continuation. My first implementation (as I said earlier) used plain-jane recursion. It wasn't bad at all either but I figured every return call to (ab-income) if the value was below 600 kept expanding the function. (please correct me if that apprehension is incorrect!)

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