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  • What is [assembly: InternalsVisibleTo("MyAssembly")]? A statement, directive, ...?

    - by Alix
    Hi. Sorry about the vocabulary question but I can't find this anywhere: how do you call this below? [assembly: System.Runtime.CompilerServices.InternalsVisibleTo("MyAssembly")] Is it a statement, a directive, ... ? I want to indicate that you have to insert that line in order to give MyAssembly access to your assembly's internal members, but I'd like to use a more specific term than "line". Thanks!

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  • Web Site Performance and Assembly Versioning – Part 2 Versioning Combined Files Using Subversion

    - by capgpilk
    Ok so it took a while to post this second part. Many apologies, we had a big roll out of a new platform at work and many things had to get sidelined. So this is the second part in a short series of website performance and using versioning to help improve it. Minification and Concatination of JavaScript and CSS Files Versioning Combined Files Using Subversion – this post Versioning Combined Files Using Mercurial – published shortly In the previous post we used AjaxMin to shrink js and css files then concatenated them into one file each which had the file name of site-script.combined.min.js and site-style.combined.min.css. These file names are fine, but you can configure IIS 7 to cache these static files and so lower the amount of data transferred between server and client. This is done by editing the response headers in IIS. 1. In IIS7 Manager, choose the directory where these files are located and select HTTP Response Headers. 2. Check the Expire Web Content and set a time period well into the future. 3. When refreshing the web page, the server will respond with HTTP 304 forcing the browser to retrieve the file from its cache. 4. As can be seen in FireBug, the Cache-Control header has a max age of 31536000 seconds which equates to 365 days.   The server will always send this HTTP 304 message unless the file changes forcing it to send new content. To help force this we can change the file name based on the latest build using the SVN revision number in the filename. So we have lowered data transfer on content that hasn’t changed, but forced it to be sent when you have made a change to the css or js files. Now to get the SVN revision number in to the file name. 1. Import the MSBuildCommunityTasks targets which can be dowloaded from here. 1: <Import Project="$(MSBuildExtensionsPath) 2: \MSBuildCommunityTasks 3: \MSBuild.Community.Tasks.Targets" /> 2. Edit the BeforeBuild target to call out to svn and get the latest revision 1: <SvnVersion LocalPath="$(MSBuildProjectDirectory)" 2: ToolPath="$(ProgramFiles)\VisualSVN Server\bin"> 3: <Output TaskParameter="Revision" PropertyName="Revision" /> 4: </SvnVersion> 3. Set it to update the project AssemblyInfo.cs file for the svn revision. 1: <FileUpdate Files="Properties\AssemblyInfo.cs" 2: Regex="(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)" 3: ReplacementText="$1.$2.$3.$(Revision)" /> 4. Now edit the AfterBuild target to get the full dll version. You could combine these two steps and just get the version from svn, I am working on one project that updates the AssemblyInfo file and another project that allows manual editing of the file, but needs that version within the file name; so I just combined the two for this post. 1: <MSBuild.ExtensionPack.Framework.Assembly 2: TaskAction="GetInfo" 3: NetAssembly="$(OutputPath)\mydll.dll"> 4: <Output TaskParameter="OutputItems" ItemName="Info" /> 5: </MSBuild.ExtensionPack.Framework.Assembly> 6: <Message Text="Version: %(Info.AssemblyVersion)" 7: Importance="High" /> 5. Use this Info.AssemblyVersion to write out the combined css and js files as described in the last post. 1: <WriteLinestoFile File="Scripts\site-%(Info.AssemblyVersion).combined.min.js" 2: Lines="@(JSLinesSite)" Overwrite="true" />   In the next post I will cover doing the same, but for a Mercurial repository.

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  • Purpose of NOP instruction and align statement in x86 assembly

    - by alvonellos
    It has been a year or so since I last took an assembly class. In that class, we were using MASM with the Irvine libraries to make it easier to program in. After we'd gone through most of the instructions, he said that the NOP instruction essentially did nothing and not to worry about using it. Anyway, it was about midterm and he has some example code that wouldn't run properly, so he told us to add a NOP instruction and it worked fine. I asked I'm after class why and what it actually did, and he said he didn't know. Anybody know?

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  • Learning to optimize with Assembly

    - by niktehpui
    I am a second year student of Computer Games Technology. I recently finished my first prototype of my "kind" of own pathfinder (that doesn't use A* instead a geometrical approach/pattern recognition, the pathfinder just needs the knowledge about the terrain that is in his view to make decisions, because I wanted an AI that could actually explore, if the terrain is already known, then it will walk the shortest way easily, because the pathfinder has a memory of nodes). Anyway my question is more general: How do I start optimizing algorithms/loops/for_each/etc. using Assembly, although general tips are welcome. I am specifically looking for good books, because it is really hard to find good books on this topic. There are some small articles out there like this one, but still isn't enough knowledge to optimize an algorithm/game... I hope there is a modern good book out there, that I just couldn't find...

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  • Role of linking, object files and executables

    - by Tim
    For a C or assembly program that does not require any other library, will linking be necessary? In other words, will conversion from C to Assembly and/or from Assembly to an object file be enough without being followed by linking? If linking is still needed, what will it do, given that there is just one object file which doesn't need a library to link to? Relatedly, how different are object files and executable files, given that in Linux, both have file format ELF? Are object files those ELF files that are not runnable? Are there some executable files that can be linked to object files? If yes, does it mean dynamical linking of executables to shared libraries?

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  • Why do we use to talk about addresses and memory of variable in C?

    - by user2720323
    Why do we use to talk about addresses and memory of variable in C, where in other languages (like in Java, .Net etc) we do not talk about variable address and memory in a program, we will directly use the variables. But in C Language we are listening the word address and memory. How to explain this? I hope C is high level language designed over the assembly language. So C is a thin layer over assembly language (in assembly language we will use memory locations to store a variable and track a variable). But in other languages these addresses and memory related things are wrapped in that specific language, so that we will not listen these words.

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  • What are steps in making an operating system in C ? [duplicate]

    - by ps06756
    This question already has an answer here: Compiler/OS Design - Where to start [closed] 3 answers I am trying to make an my own OS. This is for educational purpose only, so that I get to understand the internals as well as get a good idea of low level programming. I have some prior application development experience in C#/python/C++/C. I am a noob in assembly language(very less experience and knowledge). I understand that in writing an operating system,we can't go without assembly language. Currently, I have just printed a string in assembly language in the boot sector using qemu and BIOS interrupts. What I want is that, can someone specifically point out the steps that I need to follow to make my operating systems run C programs. So that, I can start writing my OS in C. Any other piece of advice to help a newbie, regarding the same is also welcome. Although, I have looked into many os development related tutorials/websites, I can't seem to find this information anywhere.

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  • VS2010 Assembly Load Error

    - by Nate
    I am getting the following error when I try to build an ASP.NET 4 project in Visual Studio 2010: "Could not load file or assembly 'file:///C:\Dev\project\trunk\bin\Elmah.dll' or one of its dependencies. Operation is not supported. (Exception from HRESULT: 0x80131515)". I have verified that the dll does, in fact, exist, and is getting copied to the bin folder correctly. I have also tried removing and then re-adding the reference to the project. The build only fails when I switch the Solution Configuration to "Release". It does not fail when the Solution Configuration is set to "Debug". The only difference between the two configurations (that I know of) is shown in the following Web.config transform, Web.Release.config: <?xml version="1.0"?> <configuration xmlns:xdt="http://schemas.microsoft.com/XML-Document-Transform"> <connectionStrings> <add name="SqlServer" connectionString="" providerName="System.Data.SqlClient" xdt:Transform="SetAttributes" xdt:Locator="Match(name)"/> </connectionStrings> <system.web> <compilation xdt:Transform="RemoveAttributes(debug)" /> <customErrors mode="On" xdt:Transform="Replace"> <error statusCode="404" redirect="lost.htm" /> <error statusCode="500" redirect="uhoh.htm" /> </customErrors> </system.web> </configuration> I have tried using Fusion Log Viewer to track down the assembly binding issue, but it looks like it is finding and loading the assembly correctly. Here is the log: *** Assembly Binder Log Entry (6/8/2010 @ 10:01:54 AM) *** The operation was successful. Bind result: hr = 0x0. The operation completed successfully. Assembly manager loaded from: C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\clr.dll Running under executable c:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft SDKs\Windows\v7.0A\bin\NETFX 4.0 Tools\sgen.exe --- A detailed error log follows. === Pre-bind state information === LOG: User = User LOG: Where-ref bind. Location = C:\Dev\project\trunk\bin\Elmah.dll LOG: Appbase = file:///c:/Program Files (x86)/Microsoft SDKs/Windows/v7.0A/bin/NETFX 4.0 Tools/ LOG: Initial PrivatePath = NULL LOG: Dynamic Base = NULL LOG: Cache Base = NULL LOG: AppName = sgen.exe Calling assembly : (Unknown). === LOG: This bind starts in LoadFrom load context. WRN: Native image will not be probed in LoadFrom context. Native image will only be probed in default load context, like with Assembly.Load(). LOG: No application configuration file found. LOG: Using host configuration file: LOG: Using machine configuration file from C:\Windows\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v4.0.30319\config\machine.config. LOG: Attempting download of new URL file:///C:/Dev/project/trunk/bin/Elmah.dll. LOG: Assembly download was successful. Attempting setup of file: C:\Dev\project\trunk\bin\Elmah.dll LOG: Entering run-from-source setup phase. LOG: Assembly Name is: Elmah, Version=1.1.11517.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=null LOG: Re-apply policy for where-ref bind. LOG: Where-ref bind Codebase does not match what is found in default context. Keep the result in LoadFrom context. LOG: Binding succeeds. Returns assembly from C:\Dev\project\trunk\bin\Elmah.dll. LOG: Assembly is loaded in LoadFrom load context. I feel like there is a fundamental lack of understanding on my part as to what exactly is going on here. Any explanation/help is much appreciated!

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  • Web Site Performance and Assembly Versioning

    - by capgpilk
    I originally wanted to write this post in one, but there is quite a large amount of information which can be broken down into different areas, so I am going to publish it in three posts. Minification and Concatination of JavaScript and CSS Files – this post Versioning Combined Files Using Subversion – published shortly Versioning Combined Files Using Mercurial – published shortly Website Performance There are many ways to improve web site performance, two areas are reducing the amount of data that is served up from the web server and reducing the number of files that are requested. Here I will outline the process of minimizing and concatenating your javascript and css files automatically at build time of your visual studio web site/ application. To edit the project file in Visual Studio, you need to first unload it by right clicking the project in Solution Explorer. I prefer to do this in a third party tool such as Notepad++ and save it there forcing VS to reload it each time I make a change as the whole process in Visual Studio can be a bit tedious. Now you have the project file, you will notice that it is an MSBuild project file. I am going to use a fantastic utility from Microsoft called Ajax Minifier. This tool minifies both javascript and css. 1. Import the tasks for AjaxMin choosing the location you installed to. I keep all third party utilities in a Tools directory within my solution structure and source control. This way I know I can get the entire solution from source control without worrying about what other tools I need to get the project to build locally. 1: <Import Project="..\Tools\MicrosoftAjaxMinifier\AjaxMin.tasks" /> 2. Now create ItemGroups for all your js and css files like this. Separating out your non minified files and minified files. This can go in the AfterBuild container. 1: <Target Name="AfterBuild"> 2:  3: <!-- Javascript files that need minimizing --> 4: <ItemGroup> 5: <JSMin Include="Scripts\jqModal.js" /> 6: <JSMin Include="Scripts\jquery.jcarousel.js" /> 7: <JSMin Include="Scripts\shadowbox.js" /> 8: </ItemGroup> 9: <!-- CSS files that need minimizing --> 10: <ItemGroup> 11: <CSSMin Include="Content\Site.css" /> 12: <CSSMin Include="Content\themes\base\jquery-ui.css" /> 13: <CSSMin Include="Content\shadowbox.css" /> 14: </ItemGroup>   1: <!-- Javascript files to combine --> 2: <ItemGroup> 3: <JSCat Include="Scripts\jqModal.min.js" /> 4: <JSCat Include="Scripts\jquery.jcarousel.min.js" /> 5: <JSCat Include="Scripts\shadowbox.min.js" /> 6: </ItemGroup> 7: <!-- CSS files to combine --> 8: <ItemGroup> 9: <CSSCat Include="Content\Site.min.css" /> 10: <CSSCat Include="Content\themes\base\jquery-ui.min.css" /> 11: <CSSCat Include="Content\shadowbox.min.css" /> 12: </ItemGroup>   3. Call AjaxMin to do the crunching. 1: <Message Text="Minimizing JS and CSS Files..." Importance="High" /> 2: <AjaxMin JsSourceFiles="@(JSMin)" JsSourceExtensionPattern="\.js$" 3: JsTargetExtension=".min.js" JsEvalTreatment="MakeImmediateSafe" 4: CssSourceFiles="@(CSSMin)" CssSourceExtensionPattern="\.css$" 5: CssTargetExtension=".min.css" /> This will create the *.min.css and *.min.js files in the same directory the original files were. 4. Now concatenate the minified files into one for javascript and another for css. Here we write out the files with a default file name. In later posts I will cover versioning these files the same as your project assembly again to help performance. 1: <Message Text="Concat JS Files..." Importance="High" /> 2: <ReadLinesFromFile File="%(JSCat.Identity)"> 3: <Output TaskParameter="Lines" ItemName="JSLinesSite" /> 4: </ReadLinesFromFile> 5: <WriteLinestoFile File="Scripts\site-script.combined.min.js" Lines="@(JSLinesSite)" 6: Overwrite="true" /> 7: <Message Text="Concat CSS Files..." Importance="High" /> 8: <ReadLinesFromFile File="%(CSSCat.Identity)"> 9: <Output TaskParameter="Lines" ItemName="CSSLinesSite" /> 10: </ReadLinesFromFile> 11: <WriteLinestoFile File="Content\site-style.combined.min.css" Lines="@(CSSLinesSite)" 12: Overwrite="true" /> 5. Save the project file, if you have Visual Studio open it will ask you to reload the project. You can now run a build and these minified and combined files will be created automatically. 6. Finally reference these minified combined files in your web page. In the next two posts I will cover versioning these files to match your assembly.

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  • Why does my App.Config codebase not help .NET locate my assembly?

    - by pkolodziej
    I have the following client application and its corresponding config file: namespace Chapter9 { class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { AppDomain.CurrentDomain.ExecuteAssembly("AssemblyPrivate.exe"); } } } <configuration> <runtime> <assemblyBinding xmlns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:asm.v1"> <dependentAssembly> <codeBase href="file://C:\Users\djpiter\Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\70536\AssemblyPrivate\bin\Debug\AssemblyPrivate.exe"/> </dependentAssembly> </assemblyBinding> </runtime> </configuration> The AssemblyPrivate.exe does not have a public key, nor is it located in the GAC. As far as I know, the runtime should parse the app.config file before looking for an assembly in the client app directory. The unhandled exception (wrapped for readability) is: Unhandled Exception: System.IO.FileNotFoundException: Could not load file or assembly 'file:///C:\Users\djpiter\Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\70536\Chapter9\bin\Debug\AssemblyPrivate.exe' or one of its dependencies. The system cannot find the file specified. Why it is not working? I need to use dynamic binding (not static). Kind Regards, PK

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  • How can I create an Assembly program WITHOUT using libraries?

    - by Newbie
    Hello. I've literally only just started looking to learn Assembly language. I'm using the NASM assembler on Windows Vista. Usually, when I begin to learn a new language, I'll copy someone else's Hello World code and try to understand it line-by-line. However, I'm finding it suprisingy difficult to find a Hello World program that doesn't reference other libraries! You see, there's no point trying to understand each line of the code if it is closely linked with a whole library of additional code! One of the reasons I want to learn Assembly is so that I can have near complete control over the programs I write. I don't want to be depending on any libraries. And so my question is this: Can anyone give me NASM-compatible Assembly code to a completely stand-alone Hello World program that can output to the Windows Vista console? Alternatively, I appreciate that a library may be required to tell the pogram WHERE to print the output (ie. the Windows console). Other than that, I can't see why any libraries should be required. Am I overlooking anything?

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  • Confusion of the "stack" in Assembly-level programming

    - by Bigyellow Bastion
    What is the "stack" exactly? I've read articles, tried comprehending it through my understanding, experience, and educated guessing of programming and computers, but I'm a bit perplexed here. The "stack" is a region in RAM? Or is it some other space I'm uncertain of here? The processor pushes bits through registers on to the stack in RAM, or do I have it wrong here? Also, the processor moves the bits from the RAM to the register to "process" it, such as maybe a compare, arithmetic, etc. But what actually can help understand, in some visual or verbal description or both, of how to implement the idea of a "stack" here? Is the stack actually the same in terminology with a "machine stack" meaning it's in RAM? I'm sorry, I don't want to solicit debate or arguments, but I really could use some help here if anyone can straighten things out. TO ADD: I know what a software stack is. I know about LIFO, FIFO, etc. I just want to gain a better understanding of the Assembly-level stack, what it is, where it is, how exactly it works, etc. Thanks for reading!

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  • Structure of a .NET Assembly

    - by Om Talsania
    Assembly is the smallest unit of deployment in .NET Framework.When you compile your C# code, it will get converted into a managed module. A managed module is a standard EXE or DLL. This managed module will have the IL (Microsoft Intermediate Language) code and the metadata. Apart from this it will also have header information.The following table describes parts of a managed module.PartDescriptionPE HeaderPE32 Header for 32-bit PE32+ Header for 64-bit This is a standard Windows PE header which indicates the type of the file, i.e. whether it is an EXE or a DLL. It also contains the timestamp of the file creation date and time. It also contains some other fields which might be needed for an unmanaged PE (Portable Executable), but not important for a managed one. For managed PE, the next header i.e. CLR header is more importantCLR HeaderContains the version of the CLR required, some flags, token of the entry point method (Main), size and location of the metadata, resources, strong name, etc.MetadataThere can be many metadata tables. They can be categorized into 2 major categories.1. Tables that describe the types and members defined in your code2. Tables that describe the types and members referenced by your codeIL CodeMSIL representation of the C# code. At runtime, the CLR converts it into native instructions

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  • NDepend query methods/types in framework assembly being used by other assemblies/types

    - by icelava
    I am trying to determine which types or methods in a base framework assembly are being used by other assemblies in the application system. I cannot seem to find a straight-cut query to do that. What i have to do is first determine which assemblies are directly using the framework assembly, then manually list them in a second query SELECT TYPES FROM ASSEMBLIES "IBM.Data.DB2" WHERE IsDirectlyUsedBy "ASSEMBLY:FirstDirectUsedByAssebmly" OR IsDirectlyUsedBy "ASSEMBLY:SecondDirectUsedByAssebmly" OR IsDirectlyUsedBy "ASSEMBLY:ThirdDirectUsedByAssebmly" OR IsDirectlyUsedBy "ASSEMBLY:FourthDirectUsedByAssebmly" Is there a better/faster way to query for this? Additionally, the query results are focused on the matched types only. The Dependency graph or matrix exported only shows details of those. I do not know how to render a graph that shows those types or methods plus show the dependent types/methods from other assemblies that are consuming them?

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  • The maven assembly plugin is not using the finalName for installing with attach=true?

    - by Roland Wiesemann
    I have configured following assembly: <build> <plugins> <plugin> <artifactId>maven-assembly-plugin</artifactId> <version>2.2-beta-5</version> <executions> <execution> <id>${project.name}-test-assembly</id> <phase>package</phase> <goals> <goal>single</goal> </goals> <configuration> <appendAssemblyId>false</appendAssemblyId> <finalName>${project.name}-test</finalName> <filters> <filter>src/assemble/test/distribution.properties</filter> </filters> <descriptors> <descriptor>src/assemble/distribution.xml</descriptor> </descriptors> <attach>true</attach> </configuration> </execution> <execution> <id>${project.name}-prod-assembly</id> <phase>package</phase> <goals> <goal>single</goal> </goals> <configuration> <appendAssemblyId>false</appendAssemblyId> <finalName>${project.name}-prod</finalName> <filters> <filter>src/assemble/prod/distribution.properties</filter> </filters> <descriptors> <descriptor>src/assemble/distribution.xml</descriptor> </descriptors> <attach>true</attach> </configuration> </execution> </executions> </plugin> </plugins> </build> This produced two zip-files: distribution-prod.zip distribution-test.zip My expectation for the property attach=true is, that the two zip-files are installed with the name as given in property finalName. But the result is, only one file is installed (attached) to the artifact. The maven protocol is: distrib-0.1-SNAPSHOT.zip distrib-0.1-SNAPSHOT.zip The plugin is using the artifact-id instead of property finalName! Is this a bug? The last installation is overwriting the first one. What can i do to install this two files with different names? Thanks for your investigation. Roland

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  • Are their any suggestions for this new assembly language?

    - by Noctis Skytower
    Greetings! Last semester in college, my teacher in the Computer Languages class taught us the esoteric language named Whitespace. In the interest of learning the language better with a very busy schedule (midterms), I wrote an interpreter and assembler in Python. An assembly language was designed to facilitate writing programs easily, and a sample program was written with the given assembly mnemonics. Now that it is summer, a new project has begun with the objective being to rewrite the interpreter and assembler for Whitespace 0.3, with further developments coming afterwards. Since there is so much extra time than before to work on its design, you are presented here with an outline that provides a revised set of mnemonics for the assembly language. This post is marked as a wiki for their discussion. Have you ever had any experience with assembly languages in the past? Were there some instructions that you thought should have been renamed to something different? Did you find yourself thinking outside the box and with a different paradigm than in which the mnemonics were named? If you can answer yes to any of those questions, you are most welcome here. Subjective answers are appreciated! Stack Manipulation (IMP: [Space]) Stack manipulation is one of the more common operations, hence the shortness of the IMP [Space]. There are four stack instructions. hold N Push the number onto the stack copy Duplicate the top item on the stack copy N Copy the nth item on the stack (given by the argument) onto the top of the stack swap Swap the top two items on the stack drop Discard the top item on the stack drop N Slide n items off the stack, keeping the top item Arithmetic (IMP: [Tab][Space]) Arithmetic commands operate on the top two items on the stack, and replace them with the result of the operation. The first item pushed is considered to be left of the operator. add Addition sub Subtraction mul Multiplication div Integer Division mod Modulo Heap Access (IMP: [Tab][Tab]) Heap access commands look at the stack to find the address of items to be stored or retrieved. To store an item, push the address then the value and run the store command. To retrieve an item, push the address and run the retrieve command, which will place the value stored in the location at the top of the stack. save Store load Retrieve Flow Control (IMP: [LF]) Flow control operations are also common. Subroutines are marked by labels, as well as the targets of conditional and unconditional jumps, by which loops can be implemented. Programs must be ended by means of [LF][LF][LF] so that the interpreter can exit cleanly. L: Mark a location in the program call L Call a subroutine goto L Jump unconditionally to a label if=0 L Jump to a label if the top of the stack is zero if<0 L Jump to a label if the top of the stack is negative return End a subroutine and transfer control back to the caller exit End the program I/O (IMP: [Tab][LF]) Finally, we need to be able to interact with the user. There are IO instructions for reading and writing numbers and individual characters. With these, string manipulation routines can be written. The read instructions take the heap address in which to store the result from the top of the stack. print chr Output the character at the top of the stack print int Output the number at the top of the stack input chr Read a character and place it in the location given by the top of the stack input int Read a number and place it in the location given by the top of the stack Question: How would you redesign, rewrite, or rename the previous mnemonics and for what reasons?

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  • Are there any suggestions for these new assembly mnemonics?

    - by Noctis Skytower
    Greetings! Last semester in college, my teacher in the Computer Languages class taught us the esoteric language named Whitespace. In the interest of learning the language better with a very busy schedule (midterms), I wrote an interpreter and assembler in Python. An assembly language was designed to facilitate writing programs easily, and a sample program was written with the given assembly mnemonics. Now that it is summer, a new project has begun with the objective being to rewrite the interpreter and assembler for Whitespace 0.3, with further developments coming afterwards. Since there is so much extra time than before to work on its design, you are presented here with an outline that provides a revised set of mnemonics for the assembly language. This post is marked as a wiki for their discussion. Have you ever had any experience with assembly languages in the past? Were there some instructions that you thought should have been renamed to something different? Did you find yourself thinking outside the box and with a different paradigm than in which the mnemonics were named? If you can answer yes to any of those questions, you are most welcome here. Subjective answers are appreciated! Stack Manipulation (IMP: [Space]) Stack manipulation is one of the more common operations, hence the shortness of the IMP [Space]. There are four stack instructions. hold N Push the number onto the stack copy Duplicate the top item on the stack copy N Copy the nth item on the stack (given by the argument) onto the top of the stack swap Swap the top two items on the stack drop Discard the top item on the stack drop N Slide n items off the stack, keeping the top item Arithmetic (IMP: [Tab][Space]) Arithmetic commands operate on the top two items on the stack, and replace them with the result of the operation. The first item pushed is considered to be left of the operator. add Addition sub Subtraction mul Multiplication div Integer Division mod Modulo Heap Access (IMP: [Tab][Tab]) Heap access commands look at the stack to find the address of items to be stored or retrieved. To store an item, push the address then the value and run the store command. To retrieve an item, push the address and run the retrieve command, which will place the value stored in the location at the top of the stack. save Store load Retrieve Flow Control (IMP: [LF]) Flow control operations are also common. Subroutines are marked by labels, as well as the targets of conditional and unconditional jumps, by which loops can be implemented. Programs must be ended by means of [LF][LF][LF] so that the interpreter can exit cleanly. L: Mark a location in the program call L Call a subroutine goto L Jump unconditionally to a label if=0 L Jump to a label if the top of the stack is zero if<0 L Jump to a label if the top of the stack is negative return End a subroutine and transfer control back to the caller halt End the program I/O (IMP: [Tab][LF]) Finally, we need to be able to interact with the user. There are IO instructions for reading and writing numbers and individual characters. With these, string manipulation routines can be written. The read instructions take the heap address in which to store the result from the top of the stack. print chr Output the character at the top of the stack print int Output the number at the top of the stack input chr Read a character and place it in the location given by the top of the stack input int Read a number and place it in the location given by the top of the stack Question: How would you redesign, rewrite, or rename the previous mnemonics and for what reasons?

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  • Assembly.CodeBase: when is it no file-URI?

    - by Marc Wittke
    Assembly.Location gives a plain path to the assembly. Unfortunately this is empty when running in a shadowed environment, such as unit test or ASP.NET. Hovever, the Codebase property is available and provides a URI that can be used instead. In which cases it returns no URI starting with file:///? Or in other words: what are the cases in which this won't work or will return unusable results? Assembly assembly = GetType().Assembly; Uri codeBaseUri = new Uri(assembly.CodeBase); string path = codeBaseUri.LocalPath;

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  • Hiding an internal interface in a "friend" assembly

    - by dmo
    I have two assemblies: A and B. A has InternalsVisibleTo set for B. I would like to make calls from A to get information that can only be known by a type defined in B in a way that keeps things internal. I can do this using an internal interface defined in A and implemented explicitly in B. Assembly A internal interface IHasData { Data GetData(); } class ClassA { DoSomething(IHasData); } Assembly B public abstract class ClassB : IHasData { Data IHasData.GetData() { /** do something internal **/ } } The trouble comes when someone references assembly B and derives from ClassB - they get the error: "The type 'AssemblyA.IHasData' is defined in an assembly that is not referenced" even though that type should be invisible to them. If I look at the public type definition I see what I expect - ClassB with no interfaces implemented. Why do I get this error? All of the implementation is in assembly B. I could use IHasData internally in ClassB and that wouldn't require assembly A to be referenced. Can someone help me understand what is going on?

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  • Assembly Level Language? Unlock iPhone 3GS with latest Baseband. Need Opinion

    - by getkenny
    Hi Guys, So its more like advice i need. I got 2 iPhone 3GS (Bootloader 06.02 and BB 05.11) which are lying around useless cause it was bought it from US and now i am in Dubai. Cannot use the phone because there is no unlock. Now rather than waiting and relying on other people to provide a unlock for the baseband , i was thinking of learning what it takes to unlock a iPhone. I currently don't even know what i got to learn to do this. I understand from soem reading around that i will need to learn ARM to understand the baseband and try to find a exploit: is it correct? I really want to help people out in getting their iPhones working. Also the iPhones cost was $645 each (16GB) so its not like Apple is going to loose any money of it, the person who bought it for me thought that if your not buying with an AT&T contract it means that it is unlocked but it is not true. I need help, i am willing to learn and you guys are the best bunch around to give me advice. Regards.

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  • Globalization, Localization And Why My Application Stopped Launching

    - by Paulo Morgado
    When I was localizing a Windows Phone application I was developing, I set the argument on the constructor of the AssemblyCultureAttribute for the neutral culture (en-US in this particular case) for my application. As it was late at night (or early in the dawn ) I went to sleep and, on the next day, the application wasn’t launching although it compiled just fine. I’ll have to confess that it took me a couple of nights to figure out what I had done to my application. Have you figured out what I did wrong? The documentation for the AssemblyCultureAttribute states that: The attribute is used by compilers to distinguish between a main assembly and a satellite assembly. A main assembly contains code and the neutral culture's resources. A satellite assembly contains only resources for a particular culture, as in [assembly:AssemblyCultureAttribute("de")]. Putting this attribute on an assembly and using something other than the empty string ("") for the culture name will make this assembly look like a satellite assembly, rather than a main assembly that contains executable code. Labeling a traditional code library with this attribute will break it, because no other code will be able to find the library's entry points at runtime. So, what I did was marking the once main assembly as a satellite assembly for the en-US culture which made it impossible to find its entry point. To set the the neutral culture for the assembly resources I should haveused (and eventually did) the NeutralResourcesLanguageAttribute. According to its documentation: The NeutralResourcesLanguageAttribute attribute informs the ResourceManager of the application's default culture, and also informs the ResourceManager that the default culture's resources are found in the main application assembly. When looking up resources in the same culture as the default culture, the ResourceManager automatically uses the resources located in the main assembly instead of searching for a satellite assembly. This improves lookup performance for the first resource you load, and can reduce your working set.

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