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  • How do you avoid an invalid search space in a genetic algorithm?

    - by Dave
    I am developing a GA for a school project and I've noticed that upon evaluating my functions for fitness, an individual is equivalent to its inverse. For example, the set (1, 1, -1, 1) is equivalent to (-1, -1, 1, -1). To shrink my search space and reach a solution more efficiently, how can I avoid my crossovers from searching in this second half of the search space?

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  • What does it mean to do/determine something "programmatically"?

    - by Chris Lutz
    Programmatically. (alt. programmically) I've never used it, but I see it in questions a lot, i.e. "How to programmatically determine [insert task here]". Firefox immediately tells me that neither of these two words are real (at least, it doesn't recognize them). I've also never seen them used anywhere but here. 1) What does it mean to do/determine something "programmatically"? 2) Why do so many people ask how to do/determine something "programmatically"? Isn't it assumed that, if you're asking how to do something on a programming help board, you're asking how to do it "programmatically"? 3) Why is it that I've never seen the word "programmatically" anywhere else?

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  • Mutual Information / Entropy Calculation Help

    - by Fillip
    Hi, Hoping someone can give me some pointers with this entropy problem. Say X is chosen randomly from the uniform integer distribution 0-32 (inclusive). I calculate the entropy, H(X) = 32 bits, as each Xi has equal probability of occurring. Now, say the following pseudocode executes. int r = rand(0,1); // a random integer 0 or 1 r = r * 33 + X; How would I work out the mutual information between the two variables r and X? Mutual Information is defined as I(X; Y) = H(X) - H(X|Y) but I don't really understand how to apply the conditional entropy H(X|Y) to this problem. Thanks

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  • Are .NET's regular expressions Turing complete?

    - by Robert
    Regular expressions are often pointed to as the classical example of a language that is not Turning complete. For example "regular expressions" is given in as the answer to this SO question looking for languages that are not Turing complete. In my, perhaps somewhat basic, understanding of the notion of Turning completeness, this means that regular expressions cannot be used check for patterns that are "balanced". Balanced meaning have an equal number of opening characters as closing characters. This is because to do this would require you to have some kind of state, to allow you to match the opening and closing characters. However the .NET implementation of regular expressions introduces the notion of a balanced group. This construct is designed to let you backtrack and see if a previous group was matched. This means that a .NET regular expressions: ^(?<p>a)*(?<-p>b)*(?(p)(?!))$ Could match a pattern that: ab aabb aaabbb aaaabbbb ... etc. ... Does this means .NET's regular expressions are Turing complete? Or are there other things that are missing that would be required for the language to be Turing complete?

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  • Task vs. process, is there really any difference?

    - by DASKAjA
    Hi there, I'm studying for my final exams in my CS major on the subject distributed systems and operating systems. I'm in the need for a good definition for the terms task, process and threads. So far I'm confident that a process is the representation of running (or suspended, but initiated) program with its own memory, program counter, registers, stack, etc (process control block). Processes can run threads which share memory, so that communication via shared memory is possible in contrast to processes which have to communicate via IPC. But what's the difference between tasks and process. I often read that they're interchangable and that the term task isn't used anymore. Is that really true?

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  • Approximate timings for various operations on a "typical desktop PC" anno 2010

    - by knorv
    In the article "Teach Yourself Programming in Ten Years" Peter Norvig (Director of Research, Google) gives the following approximate timings for various operations on a typical 1GHz PC back in 2001: execute single instruction = 1 nanosec = (1/1,000,000,000) sec fetch word from L1 cache memory = 2 nanosec fetch word from main memory = 10 nanosec fetch word from consecutive disk location = 200 nanosec fetch word from new disk location (seek) = 8,000,000 nanosec = 8 millisec What would the corresponding timings be for your definition of a typical PC desktop anno 2010?

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  • What is the best way to implement this composite GetHashCode()

    - by Frank Krueger
    I have a simple class: public class TileName { int Zoom, X, Y; public override bool Equals (object obj) { var o = obj as TileName; return (o != null) && (o.Zoom == Zoom) && (o.X == X) && (o.Y == Y); } public override int GetHashCode () { return (Zoom + X + Y).GetHashCode(); } } I was curious if I would get a better distribution of hash codes if I instead did something like: public override int GetHashCode () { return Zoom.GetHashCode() + X.GetHashCode() + Y.GetHashCode(); } This class is going to be used as a Dictionary key, so I do want to make sure there is a decent distribution.

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  • O(log N) == O(1) - Why not?

    - by phoku
    Whenever I consider algorithms/data structures I tend to replace the log(N) parts by constants. Oh, I know log(N) diverges - but does it matter in real world applications? log(infinity) < 100 for all practical purposes. I am really curious for real world examples where this doesn't hold. To clarify: I understand O(f(N)) I am curious about real world examples where the asymptotic behaviour matters more than the constants of the actual performance. If log(N) can be replaced by a constant it still can be replaced by a constant in O( N log N). This question is for the sake of (a) entertainment and (b) to gather arguments to use if I run (again) into a controversy about the performance of a design.

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  • P=NP?-Problem: What are the most promising methods?

    - by phimuemue
    Hello everybody, I know that P=NP has not been solved up to now, but can anybody tell me something about the following: What are currently the most promising mathematical / computer scientific methods that could be helpful to tackle this problem? Or are there even none such methods known to be potentially helpful up to now? Is there any (free) compendium on this topic where I can find all / most of the research done in this area?

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  • How to save the world from your computer?

    - by Francisco Garcia
    Sometimes I miss the "help other people" factor within computer related careers. Sure that out there I could find many great projects improving society, but that is not common. However there are little things that we all can do to make this a better place beyond trying to erradicate annoynig stuff such as Visual Basic. You could join a cloud computing network such as World Community Grid to fight cancer. Write a charityware application such as Vim, improve an office IT infrastructure to support telecommuting and reduce CO2 emissions, use an ebook reader for saving paper... what else would you? which projects do you think can have an impact?

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  • how to merge file lines having the same first word in python?

    - by user1377135
    I have written a program to merge lines in a file containing the same first word in python. However I am unable to get the desired output. Can anyone please suggest me the mistake in my program? input "file.txt" line1: a b c line2: a b1 c1 line3: d e f line4: i j k line5: i s t line6: i m n ` output a b c a b1 c1 d e f i j k i s t i m n my code a = [line.split() for line in open('file.txt')] L=[] for i in range(0,len(a)): j=i while True: if a[j][0] == a[j+1][0]: L.append(a[j]) L.append(a[j+1]) j=j+2 else: print a[i] print L break

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  • Three most critical programming concepts

    - by Todd
    I know this has probably been asked in one form or fashion but I wanted to pose it once again within the context of my situation (and probably others here @ SO). I made a career change to Software Engineering some time ago without having an undergrad or grad degree in CS. I've supplemented my undergrad and grad studies in business with programming courses (VB, Java,C, C#) but never performed academic coursework in the other related disciplines (algorithms, design patterns, discrete math, etc.)...just mostly self-study. I know there are several of you who have either performed interviews and/or made hiring decisions. Given recent trends in demand, what would you say are the three most essential Comp Sci concepts that a developer should have a solid grasp of outside of language syntax? For example, I've seen blog posts of the "Absolute minimum X that every programmer must know" variety...that's what I'm looking for. Again if it's truly a redundancy please feel free to close; my feelings won't be hurt. (Closest ones I could find were http://stackoverflow.com/questions/164048/basic-programming-algorithmic-concepts- which was geared towards a true beginner, and http://stackoverflow.com/questions/648595/essential-areas-of-knowledge-which I didn't feel was concrete enough). Thanks in advance all! T.

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  • UV-vis detector [Hardware]

    - by aaa
    hello. This is not hundred percent programming related question, but I was not able to find answer on the net. Is there some kind of detector to record frequency/intensity of light radiation source? something like spectroscopy detector, but instead of actual machine, just the module which can be integrated in project. I have tried searching on Google but I do not even know what such device is called if you know the more appropriate place to ask, can you let me know please. Thank you

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  • Standard term for a thread I/O reorder buffer?

    - by Crashworks
    I have a case where many threads all concurrently generate data that is ultimately written to one long, serial file. I need to somehow serialize these writes so that the file gets written in the right order. ie, I have an input queue of 2048 jobs j0..jn, each of which produces a chunk of data oi. The jobs run in parallel on, say, eight threads, but the output blocks have to appear in the file in the same order as the corresponding input blocks — the output file has to be in the order o0o1o2... The solution to this is pretty self evident: I need some kind of buffer that accumulates and writes the output blocks in the correct order, similar to a CPU reorder buffer in Tomasulo's algorithm, or to the way that TCP reassembles out-of-order packets before passing them to the application layer. Before I go code it, I'd like to do a quick literature search to see if there are any papers that have solved this problem in a particularly clever or efficient way, since I have severe realtime and memory constraints. I can't seem to find any papers describing this though; a Scholar search on every permutation of [threads, concurrent, reorder buffer, reassembly, io, serialize] hasn't yielded anything useful. I feel like I must just not be searching the right terms. Is there a common academic name or keyword for this kind of pattern that I can search on?

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  • Convert a post-order binary tree traversal index to an level-order (breadth-first) index

    - by strfry
    Assuming a complete binary tree, each node can be adressed with the position it appears in a given tree traversal algorithm. For example, the node indices of a simple complete tree with height 3 would look like this: breadth first (aka level-order): 0 / \ 1 2 / \ / \ 3 4 5 6 post-order dept first: 6 / \ 2 5 / \ / \ 0 1 3 4 The height of the tree and an index in the post-order traversal is given. How can i calculate the breadth first index from this information?

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  • How computer multiplies 2 numbers?

    - by ckv
    How does a computer perform a multiplication on 2 numbers say 100 * 55. My guess was that the computer did repeated addition to achieve multiplication. Of course this could be the case for integer numbers. However for floating point numbers there must be some other logic. Note: This was asked in an interview.

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  • CS Majors: Hardest concept(s) you learned in school?

    - by Mark Lubin
    For the CS majors out there what were the hardest CS classes or concepts that you learned in your undergraduate schooling? Did you find once you learned the basics,(data structs, OOP fundamentals, discrete math, pointers, recursion, etc) the rest followed naturally or did you hit a wall at any point in your higher classes like OS'es and Compilers? Thanks for the input!

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  • Best (Java) book for understanding 'under the bonnet' for programming?

    - by Ben
    What would you say is the best book to buy to understand exactly how programming works under the hood in order to increase performance? I've coded in assembly at university, I studied computer architecture and I obviously did high level programming, but what I really dont understand is things like: -what is happening when I perform a cast -whats the difference in performance if I declare something global as opposed to local? -How does the memory layout for an ArrayList compare with a Vector or LinkedList? -Whats the overhead with pointers? -Are locks more efficient than using synchronized? -Would creating my own array using int[] be faster than using ArrayList -Advantages/disadvantages of declaring a variable volatile I have got a copy of Java Performance Tuning but it doesnt go down very low and it contains rather obvious things like suggesting a hashmap instead of using an ArrayList as you can map the keys to memory addresses etc. I want something a bit more Computer Sciencey, linking the programming language to what happens with the assembler/hardware. The reason im asking is that I have an interview coming up for a job in High Frequency Trading and everything has to be as efficient as possible, yet I cant remember every single possible efficiency saving so i'd just like to learn the fundamentals. Thanks in advance

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  • why IEEE floating point number calculate exponent using a biased form?

    - by lenatis
    let's say, for the float type in c, according to the IEEE floating point specification, there are 8-bit used for the fraction filed, and it is calculated as first taken these 8-bit and translated it into an unsigned number, and then minus the BIASE, which is 2^7 - 1 = 127, and the result is an exponent ranges from -127 to 128, inclusive. But why can't we just treat these 8-bit pattern as a signed number, since the resulting range is [-128,127], which is almost the same as the previous one.

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  • P implies Q, how to read in english

    - by user177883
    how to read P implies Q in classical logic? example : Distributivity: Ka(X->Y) -> (KaX -> KaY) This is model logic which uses classical logic rules. KaX : a knows the that X is true. I m curious about how to read implication in english? if then else?

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  • Can a variable like 'int' be considered a primitive/fundamental data structure?

    - by Ravi Gupta
    A rough definition of a data structure is that it allows you to store data and apply a set of operations on that data while preserving consistency of data before and after the operation. However some people insist that a primitive variable like 'int' can also be considered as a data structure. I get that part where it allows you to store data but I guess the operation part is missing. Primitive variables don't have operations attached to them. So I feel that unless you have a set of operations defined and attached to it you cannot call it a data structure. 'int' doesn't have any operation attached to it, it can be operated upon with a set of generic operators. Please advise if I got something wrong here.

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