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  • Multiple levels of 'collection.defaultdict' in Python

    - by Morlock
    Thanks to some great folks on SO, I discovered the possibilities offered by collections.defaultdict, notably in readability and speed. I have put them to use with success. Now I would like to implement three levels of dictionaries, the two top ones being defaultdict and the lowest one being int. I don't find the appropriate way to do this. Here is my attempt: from collections import defaultdict d = defaultdict(defaultdict) a = [("key1", {"a1":22, "a2":33}), ("key2", {"a1":32, "a2":55}), ("key3", {"a1":43, "a2":44})] for i in a: d[i[0]] = i[1] Now this works, but the following, which is the desired behavior, doesn't: d["key4"]["a1"] + 1 I suspect that I should have declared somewhere that the second level defaultdict is of type int, but I didn't find where or how to do so. The reason I am using defaultdict in the first place is to avoid having to initialize the dictionary for each new key. Any more elegant suggestion? Thanks pythoneers!

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  • Manipulating Directory Paths in Python

    - by G Ullman
    Basically I've got this current url and this other key that I want to merge into a new url, but there are three different cases. Suppose the current url is localhost:32401/A/B/foo if key is bar then I want to return localhost:32401/A/B/bar if key starts with a slash and is /A/bar then I want to return localhost:32401/A/bar finally if key is its own independent url then I just want to return that key = htt p://foo.com/bar - http://foo.com/bar I assume there is a way to do at least the first two cases without manipulating the strings manually, but nothing jumped out at me immediately in the os.path module.

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  • Python: How should I make instance variables available?

    - by swisstony
    Suppose I have: class myclass: def __init__(self): self.foo = "bar" where the value of foo needs to be available to users of myclass. Is it OK to just read the value of foo directly from an instance of myclass? Should I add a get_foo method to myclass or perhaps add a foo property? What's the best practice here?

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  • python and overflowing byte?

    - by Meloun
    Hi all, I need to make a variable with similar behaviour like in C lanquage. I need byte or unsigned char with range 0-255. This variable should overflow, that means... myVar = 255 myVar += 1 print myVar #!!myVar = 0!!

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  • Appending item to lists - python

    - by ariel
    I have a list lets say a=[[1,2],[3,4],[5,6]]. I want to add to each item in a the char 'a'. when I use a=[x.append('a') for x in a] it return [None,None,None]. But if I use a1=[x.append('a') for x in a] then it do someting odd. a and not a1 is [[1,2,a],[3,4,a],[5,6,a]]. I don't understand why the first return [None, None, None] nor why the second works on a.

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  • what is a good way to do countif in python

    - by tolomea
    I want to count how many members of an iterable meet a given condition. I'd like to do it in a way that is clear and simple and preferably reasonably optimal. My current best ideas are: sum(meets_condition(x) for x in my_list) and len([x for x in my_list if meets_condition(x)]) The first one being iterator based is presumably faster for big lists. And it's the same form as you'd use for testing any and all. However it depends on the fact that int(True) == 1, which is somewhat ugly. The second one seems easier to read to me, but it is different from the any and all forms. Does anyone have any better suggestions? is there a library function somewhere that I am missing?

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  • Python: How to transfer varrying length arrays over a network connection

    - by Devin
    Hi, I need to transfer an array of varying length in which each element is a tuple of two integers. As an example: path = [(1,1),(1,2)] path = [(1,1),(1,2),(2,2)] I am trying to use pack and unpack, however, since the array is of varying length I don't know how to create a format such that both know the format. I was trying to turn it into a single string with delimiters, such as: msg = 1&1~1&2~ sendMsg = pack("s",msg) or sendMsg = pack("s",str(msg)) on the receiving side: path = unpack("s",msg) but that just prints 1 in this case. I was also trying to send 4 integers as well, which send and receive fine, so long as I don't include the extra string representing the path. sendMsg = pack("hhhh",p.direction[0],p.direction[1],p.id,p.health) on the receive side: x,y,id,health = unpack("hhhh",msg) The first was for illustration as I was trying to send the format "hhhhs", but either way the path doesn't come through properly. Thank-you for your help. I will also be looking at sending a 2D array of ints, but I can't seem to figure out how to send these more 'complex' structures across the network. Thank-you for your help.

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  • Replace special characters in python

    - by Marcos Placona
    Hi, I have some text coming from the web as such: £6.49 Obviously I would like this to be displayed as: £6.49 I have tried the following so far: s = url['title'] s = s.encode('utf8') s = s.replace(u'Â','') And a few variants on this (after finding it on this very same forum) But still no luck as I keep getting: UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte 0xc3 in position 100: ordinal not in range(128) Could anyone help me getting this right? UPDATE: Adding the reppr examples and content type u'Star Trek XI &#xA3;3.99' u'Oscar Winners Best Pictures Box Set \xc2\xa36.49' Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8 Thanks in advance

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  • Serialize the @property methods in a Python class.

    - by ashchristopher
    Is there a way to have any @property definitions passed through to a json serializer when serializing a Django model class? example: class FooBar(object.Model) name = models.CharField(...) @property def foo(self): return "My name is %s" %self.name Want to serialize to: [{ 'name' : 'Test User', 'foo' : 'My name is Test User', },]

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  • change values in a list - python

    - by ariel
    I have this code: a=[['a','b','c'],['a','f','c'],['a','c','d']] for x in a: for y in x: if 'a' in x: x.replace('a','*')` but the result is: a=[['a','b','c'],['a','f','c'],['a','c','d']] and bot a=[['b','c'],['f','c'],['c','d']] What should I do so the changes will last?

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  • Python/Django: log to console under runserver, log to file under Apache

    - by Justin Grant
    How can I send trace messages to the console (like print) when I'm running my Django app under manage.py runserver, but have those messages sent to a log file when I'm running the app under Apache? I reviewed Django logging and although I was impressed with its flexibility and configurability for advanced uses, I'm still stumped with how to handle my simple use-case. My apologies for not being able to find the answer elsewhere-- this is a newbie question I know.

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  • python convert 12 bit image encoded in a string to 8 bit png

    - by ks
    I have a string that is read from a usb apogee camera that is a 12-bit grayscale image with the 12-bits each occupying the lowest 12 bits of 16-bits words. I want to create a 8-bit png from this string by ignoring the lowest 4 bits. I can convert it to a 16-bit image where the highest 4 bits are always zero using PIL with import Image imageStr is the image string imageSize is the image size img=Image.fromstring("I", imageSize, imageStr, "raw", "I;16", 0,1) img.save("MyImage.png", "PNG") Anyway I can do something similar to create a 8-bit image without completely unpacking the string doing arithmetic and making a new string?

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  • Efficient way to access a mapping of identifiers in Python

    - by sixbelo
    I am writing an app to do a file conversion and part of that is replacing old account numbers with a new account numbers. Right now I have a CSV file mapping the old and new account numbers with around 30K records. I read this in and store it as dict and when writing the new file grab the new account from the dict by key. My question is what is the best way to do this if the CSV file increases to 100K+ records? Would it be more efficient to convert the account mappings from a CSV to a sqlite database rather than storing them as a dict in memory?

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  • Importing data from a text file using python

    - by Will
    I have a text file containing data in rows and columns (~17000 rows in total). Each column is a uniform number of characters long, with the 'unused' characters filled in by spaces. For example, the first column is 11 characters long, but the last four characters in that column are always spaces (so that it appears to be a nice column when viewed with a text editor). Sometimes it's more than four if the entry is less than 7 characters. The columns are not otherwise separated by commas, tabs, or spaces. They are also not all the same number of characters (the first two are 11, the next two are 8 and the last one is 5 - but again, some are spaces). What I want to do is import the entires (which are numbers) in the last two columns if the second column contains the string 'OW' somewhere in it. Any help would be greatly appreciated.

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  • undo or reverse argsort(), python

    - by Vincent
    Given an array 'a' I would like to sort the array by columns "a.sort(axis=0)" do some stuff to the array and then undo the sort. By that I don't mean re sort but basically reversing how each element was moved. I assume argsort() is what I need but it is not clear to me how to sort an array with the results of argsort() or more importantly apply the reverse/inverse of argsort() Here is a little more detail I have an array a, shape(a) = rXc I need to sort each column aargsort = a.argsort(axis=0) # May use this later aSort = a.sort(axis=0) now average each row aSortRM = asort.mean(axis=1) now replace each col in a row with the row mean. is there a better way than this aWithMeans = ones_like(a) for ind in range(r) # r = number of rows aWithMeans[ind]* aSortRM[ind] Now I need to undo the sort I did in the first step. ????

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  • Python lxml - returns null list

    - by Chris Finlayson
    I cannot figure out what is wrong with the XPATH when trying to extract a value from a webpage table. The method seems correct as I can extract the page title and other attributes, but I cannot extract the third value, it always returns an empty list? from lxml import html import requests test_url = 'SC312226' page = ('https://www.opencompany.co.uk/company/'+test_url) print 'Now searching URL: '+page data = requests.get(page) tree = html.fromstring(data.text) print tree.xpath('//title/text()') # Get page title print tree.xpath('//a/@href') # Get href attribute of all links print tree.xpath('//*[@id="financial"]/table/tbody/tr/td[1]/table/tbody/tr[2]/td[1]/div[2]/text()') Unless i'm missing something, it would appear the XPATH is correct: Chrome screenshot I checked Chrome console, appears ok! So i'm at a loss $x ('//*[@id="financial"]/table/tbody/tr/td[1]/table/tbody/tr[2]/td[1]/div[2]/text()') [ "£432,272" ]

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  • encrypting passwords in a python conf file on a windows platform

    - by Richard
    Hello all. I have a script running on a remote machine. db info is stored in a configuration file. I want to be able to encrypt the password in the conf text so that no one can just read the file and gain access to the database. This is my current set up: My conf file sensitive info is encoded with base64 module. The main script then decodes the info. I have compiled the script using py2exe to make it a bit harder to see the code. My question is: Is there a better way of doing this? I know that base64 is not a very safe way of encrypting. Is there a way to encode using a key? I also know that py2exe can be reversed engineered very easily and the key could be found. Any other thoughts? I am also running this script on a windows machine, so any modules that are suggested should be able to run in a windows environment with ease. I know there are several other posts on this topic but I have not found one with a windows solution, or at least one that is will explained.

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  • How do you create a daemon in Python?

    - by DavidM
    Searching on Google reveals x2 code snippets. The first result is to this code recipe which has a lot of documentation and explanation, along with some useful discussion underneath. However, another code sample, whilst not containing so much documentation, includes sample code for passing commands such as start, stop and restart. It also creates a PID file which can be handy for checking if the daemon is already running etc. These samples both explain how to create the daemon. Are there any additional things that need to be considered? Is one sample better than the other, and why?

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