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  • GPG - why am I encrypting with subkey instead of primary key?

    - by khedron
    When encrypting a file to send to a collaborator, I see this message: gpg: using subkey XXXX instead of primary key YYYY Why would that be? I've noticed that when they send me an encrypted file, it also appears to be encrypted towards my subkey instead of my primary key. For me, this doesn't appear to be a problem; gpg (1.4.x, macosx) just handles it & moves on. But for them, with their automated tool setup, this seems to be an issue, and they've requested that I be sure to use their primary key. I've tried to do some reading, and I have the Michael Lucas's "GPG & PGP" book on order, but I'm not seeing why there's this distinction. I have read that the key used for signing and the key used for encryption would be different, but I assumed that was about public vs private keys at first. In case it was a trust/validation issue, I went through the process of comparing fingerprints and verifying, yes, I trust this key. While I was doing that, I noticed the primary & subkeys had different "usage" notes: primary: usage: SCA subkey: usage: E "E" seems likely to mean "Encryption". But, I haven't been able to find any documentation on this. Moreover, my collaborator has been using these tools & techniques for some years now, so why would this only be a problem for me?

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  • solution for an offline server

    - by dashmug
    I'm trying to setup a development server at work that will ideally be able to test drive a couple of projects in PHP, Rails, or Django (not always running at the same time). I develop the apps locally on a Mac and then I'll put the projects up on this server for testing with my actual users (non-techies) before deploying to a production server. My problem is that we have a very poor internet connection (almost negligible) at work and doing the usual apt-get/yum/ports (make, clean, install) processes for setting up servers always get their packages from online repositories somewhere. I know I could probably download the source and then compile them myself but that's going to be too much of a hassle for me. I'm thinking about two solutions: Plan A: Run a server VM on my Mac and then use this VM as the source repository for the offline server. I've read about Ubuntu's apt-proxy and it seems to be good enough though I haven't tried it yet. I'm not sure if this is possible but can I simply do apt-get install nginx --downloadonly so that the package and its dependencies will be downloaded into my VM and my server can use the VM as the source repo for apt-get? Plan B: Run a server VM on my Mac (which I can setup/update easily when I'm home) and then clone the VM to the offline development server. Maybe I should simply make the server a VM host so I can simply copy the VM over. I think this is okay for the first-time setup but subsequent updates will take too long (cloning the VM image). If I was working on Windows, I imagine it'd be easier because most services have an installer file that I can download and then run at the server. If you could suggest another way, it would be much appreciated. Update: From Michael Hampton's answer, I found a possible solution which is apt-cacher. I also found this page on Ubuntu's website. I wonder if there is a better tool than this one.

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  • Content Box is a Little Off in IE9 ... How to Fix?

    - by Kelsey Nealon
    Hi there! I have a website at www.thetotempole.ca and when viewed in IE9... My websites content box (The green wooden backgrounded box with content inside) is moved slightly over to the left making a space between the actual container and the content box... Is there anyway I can fix this without harming any of the other browsers? Thanks! Screenshot: HTML: <!DOCTYPE html> <head> <title>The Totem Pole News - Movies</title> <!-- Start WOWSlider.com HEAD section --> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="engine1/style.css" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="engine1/jquery.js"></script> <!-- End WOWSlider.com HEAD section --> <script type="text/javascript"> var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-45342007-1']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })(); </script> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="description" content="A totem pole themed news website posting articles on news, music, movies, video games, and health."> <link href="thecss2.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> <link rel="icon" type="image/ico" href="images/favicon.ico"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=8" /> </head> <body> <div id="container"> <div id="contentbox" align="Center"> <a href="index.html"><div id="banner" align="Center"> </div></a> <div id="navbar"> <p><a href="index.html"><img src="images/home.png" width="65" height="54" alt="picture of a house to relate to the home page (content)" style="position: absolute; left: 23px; top: 16px; width: 57px; height: 48px;"><span style="position: absolute; left: 24px; z-index:2; top: 71px; height: 23px;">Content</span></a> <a href="#"><img src="images/eagleicon.gif" width="73" height="39" alt="An Eagle icon for the News section of the Totem Pole" style="position: absolute; left: 111px; top: 28px;"><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 2; left: 127px; top: 72px;">News</span></a> <a href="#"><img src="images/owlicon.gif" width="81" height="61" alt="An Owl icon for the Music section of the totem pole" style="position: absolute; left: 210px; top: 11px;"><span style="position: absolute; z-index:2; left: 226px; top: 73px;"><strong>Music</strong></span></a><a href="movies.html"><img src="images/wolficon.gif" width="88" height="54" alt="A Wolf icon for the Movies section of the totem pole" style="position: absolute; left: 320px; top: 15px;"><span style="position: absolute; left: 336px; top: 72px; z-index:2;"><strong>Movies</strong></span></a> <a href="#"><img src="images/hareimage.gif" width="60" height="56" alt="A Hare icon for Video Game section of the Totem Pole" style="position: absolute; left: 441px; top: 13px;"><span style="position: absolute; z-index:2; left: 428px; top: 73px;"><strong>Video Games</strong></span></a> <a href="#"><img src="images/bearicon.gif" width="91" height="57" alt="A bear icon for the Health section of The Totem Pole" style="position: absolute; left: 551px; top: 13px;"><span style="position: absolute; left: 580px; top: 72px; z-index:2;">Health</span></a></p> </div> <!--Nav Bar 2--> <div id="navbar2"> <a href="#">About Us</a> <a href="#">Feedback</a> <a href="#">Subscribe</a> </div> <!-- Atomz HTML for Search --> <div id="searchbar"> <form method="get" action="http://search.atomz.com/search/"> <input id="searchbox" size="13" name="sp_q" value="Search..." onFocus="if (this.value == 'Search...') {this.value=''}"> <input class="css_btn_class" type="submit" value="Search"> <input type="hidden" name="sp_a" value="sp1005092e"> <input type="hidden" name="sp_p" value="all"> <input type="hidden" name="sp_f" value="UTF-8"> </form> </div> <!-- Start WOWSlider.com BODY section --> <div id="mywowslider"> <div id="wowslider-container1"> <div class="ws_images"> <ul> <li><img src="images/anchor.jpg" alt="Ron Burgundy" title="Ron Burgundy" id="wows1_0"/>Played by Will Ferrell</li> <li><img src="images/anchor2.jpg" alt="Brian Fantana" title="Brian Fantana" id="wows1_1"/>Played by Paul Rudd</li> <li><img src="images/anchor3.jpg" alt="Brick Tamland" title="Brick Tamland" id="wows1_2"/>Played by Steve Carrell</li> <li><img src="images/anchor4.jpg" alt="Champ Kind" title="Champ Kind" id="wows1_3"/>Played by David Koechner</li> </ul> </div> <div class="ws_bullets"><div> <a href="#" title="Ron Burgundy"><img src="images/anchor.jpg" alt="Ron Burgundy"/>1</a> <a href="#" title="Brian Fantana"><img src="images/anchor2.jpg" alt="Brian Fantana"/>2</a> <a href="#" title="Brick Tamland"><img src="images/anchor3.jpg" alt="Brick Tamland"/>3</a> <a href="#" title="Champ Kind"><img src="images/anchor4.jpg" alt="Champ Kind"/>4</a> </div> </div> <span class="wsl"><a href="http://wowslider.com"></a></span> <div class="ws_shadow"></div> </div> <script type="text/javascript" src="engine1/wowslider.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="engine1/script.js"></script> </div> <!-- End WOWSlider.com BODY section --> <!-- AddThis Smart Layers BEGIN --> <!-- Go to http://www.addthis.com/get/smart-layers to customize --> <script type="text/javascript" src="//s7.addthis.com/js/300/addthis_widget.js#pubid=ra-5279b96309e7df24"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> addthis.layers({ 'theme' : 'transparent', 'share' : { 'position' : 'left', 'numPreferredServices' : 5 } }); </script> <!-- AddThis Smart Layers END --> <div id="sources"><p> Source(s): <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchorman_2:_The_Legend_Continues">wikipedia.com</a></p></div> <div id="infocontent"> <p align="left"><em><strong> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Anchorman 2: The Legend Continues</strong></em> is an upcoming American comedy film being released on December 20, 2013, also a sequel to the 2004 film <em>Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgandy</em>. On March 28, 2012, actor Will Ferrell officially announced the sequel dressed in character as Ron Burgundy on the late-night talk-show <em>Conan</em>. As with the original film, it is directed by Adam McKay, produced by Judd Apatow, stars Will Ferrell and is written by Adam McKay and Will Ferrell. Unlike the original film, which was distributed by DreamWorks Pictures, <em>The Legend Continues</em> will be distributed by Paramount Pictures.</p> <p align="left"><em><strong>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</strong></em>The movie now has a website at <a href="www.anchormanmovie.com">www.anchormanmovie.com</a> where a countdown for the release of this film can be seen. By the looks of these images, I think we can expect big things when the movie comes out this December. Enjoy the poster photos and trailers all posted below, and don't forget to submit your vote in the poll!</p> </div> <div id="trailer1"><iframe width="560" height="315" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/Elczv0ghqw0?rel=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></div> <div id="trailer2"> <iframe width="560" height="315" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/mZ-JX-7B3uM?rel=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <div id="poll"> <form method="post" action="http://poll.pollcode.com/763294"><table style="border: black 1px solid;" border="1" width="175" bgcolor="EEEEEE" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0"><tr><td colspan="2" height="10"><font face="Verdana" size="2" color="000000"><b>What Rating Do You Think This Will Recieve</b></font></td></tr><tr><td width="5"><input type="radio" name="answer" value="1" id="763294answer1"></td><td>&nbsp;<font face="Verdana" size="2" color="000000"><label for="763294answer1">10</label></font></td></tr><tr><td width="5"><input type="radio" name="answer" value="2" id="763294answer2"></td><td>&nbsp;<font face="Verdana" size="2" color="000000"><label for="763294answer2">9</label></font></td></tr><tr><td width="5"><input type="radio" name="answer" value="3" id="763294answer3"></td><td>&nbsp;<font face="Verdana" size="2" color="000000"><label for="763294answer3">8</label></font></td></tr><tr><td width="5"><input type="radio" name="answer" value="4" id="763294answer4"></td><td>&nbsp;<font face="Verdana" size="2" color="000000"><label for="763294answer4">7</label></font></td></tr><tr><td width="5"><input type="radio" name="answer" value="5" id="763294answer5"></td><td>&nbsp;<font face="Verdana" size="2" color="000000"><label for="763294answer5">6</label></font></td></tr><tr><td width="5"><input type="radio" name="answer" value="6" id="763294answer6"></td><td>&nbsp;<font face="Verdana" size="2" color="000000"><label for="763294answer6">5</label></font></td></tr><tr><td width="5"><input type="radio" name="answer" value="7" id="763294answer7"></td><td>&nbsp;<font face="Verdana" size="2" color="000000"><label for="763294answer7">4</label></font></td></tr><tr><td width="5"><input type="radio" name="answer" value="8" id="763294answer8"></td><td>&nbsp;<font face="Verdana" size="2" color="000000"><label for="763294answer8">3</label></font></td></tr><tr><td width="5"><input type="radio" name="answer" value="9" id="763294answer9"></td><td>&nbsp;<font face="Verdana" size="2" color="000000"><label for="763294answer9">2</label></font></td></tr><tr><td width="5"><input type="radio" name="answer" value="10" id="763294answer10"></td><td>&nbsp;<font face="Verdana" size="2" color="000000"><label for="763294answer10">1</label></font></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" height="10"><center><input type="submit" value=" Vote ">&nbsp;&nbsp;<input title="Clicking this will send you to a new page" type="submit" name="view" value=" View "></center></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" align="right"><font face="Verdana" height="5" size="1" color="000000"></font></td></tr></table></form></div> <span style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 225px; width: 1000px; border-bottom: 2px black double; height: 58px;"> <h1 style="font-weight: normal; font-size:28px"><em>Anchorman 2 Arrives Soon</em></h1></span> <div id="contentbox2"></div> <!--Footer Div --> <center><div id="footer"><a href="#">Sitemap</a> <a href="#">About Us</a> <a href="#">Feedback</a></div></center> <div id="disqus"><div id="disqus_thread"></div> <script type="text/javascript"> /* * * CONFIGURATION VARIABLES: EDIT BEFORE PASTING INTO YOUR WEBPAGE * * */ var disqus_shortname = 'thetotempoleanchorman2'; // required: replace example with your forum shortname /* * * DON'T EDIT BELOW THIS LINE * * */ (function() { var dsq = document.createElement('script'); dsq.type = 'text/javascript'; dsq.async = true; dsq.src = '//' + disqus_shortname + '.disqus.com/embed.js'; (document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0] || document.getElementsByTagName('body')[0]).appendChild(dsq); })(); </script> <noscript>Please enable JavaScript to view the <a href="http://disqus.com/?ref_noscript">comments powered by Disqus.</a></noscript> <a href="http://disqus.com" class="dsq-brlink">comments powered by <span class="logo-disqus">Disqus</span></a></div> <!-- This is the end of the contentbox --></div> <!-- This is the end of the container div --> </div> </body> </html> CSS: html { background: url(images/pine.jpg) no-repeat center center fixed; -webkit-background-size: cover; -moz-background-size: cover; -o-background-size: cover; background-size: cover; filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src='images/pine.jpg', sizingMethod='scale'); -ms-filter: "progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src='images/pine.jpg', sizingMethod='scale')"; } body { margin-bottom:0px; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; } a { outline : none; border: none; } a:hover { color: #0FC; } #container { width: 1000px; height:1924px; position:relative; margin-right: auto; margin-left: auto; z-index:1; margin-bottom: 50px; } #facebook { position:fixed; right:100px; z-index:15; } #twitter { position:fixed; z-index:16; right:120px; } #google { position:fixed; top:7px; right: 135px; } #socialmediaplugins { text-align: right; position: fixed; background: rgb(125,126,125); /* Old browsers */ background: -moz-linear-gradient(top, rgba(125,126,125,1) 0%, rgba(247,247,247,1) 100%); /* FF3.6+ */ background: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, left bottom, color-stop(0%,rgba(125,126,125,1)), color-stop(100%,rgba(247,247,247,1))); /* Chrome,Safari4+ */ background: -webkit-linear-gradient(top, rgba(125,126,125,1) 0%,rgba(247,247,247,1) 100%); /* Chrome10+,Safari5.1+ */ background: -o-linear-gradient(top, rgba(125,126,125,1) 0%,rgba(247,247,247,1) 100%); /* Opera 11.10+ */ background: -ms-linear-gradient(top, rgba(125,126,125,1) 0%,rgba(247,247,247,1) 100%); /* IE10+ */ background: linear-gradient(to bottom, rgba(125,126,125,1) 0%,rgba(247,247,247,1) 100%); /* W3C */ filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient( startColorstr='#7d7e7d', endColorstr='#f7f7f7',GradientType=0 ); /* IE6-9 */ margin: 0px; top: 0px; left: 0px; right: 0px; z-index:14; } #searchbox { background-color:#01bff6; border-radius:4px; } #searchbox:hover { background-color:#76b618; border-radius:4px; } #searchbox:active { background-color:#01bff6; border-radius:4px; } #contentbox { background-color:black; background-image:url(images/wooden.jpg); width: 1000px; margin-bottom:50px; height: 1924px; box-shadow:2px 2px 10px 10px #060606; -webkit-box-shadow:2px 2px 10px 10px #060606; -moz-box-shadow:2px 2px 10px 10px #060606; /* For IE<9 */ filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.Shadow(color=#060606,direction=0,strength=5), progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.Shadow(color=#060606,direction=45,strength=2), progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.Shadow(color=#060606,direction=90,strength=5), progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.Shadow(color=#060606,direction=135,strength=5), progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.Shadow(color=#060606,direction=180,strength=10), progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.Shadow(color=#060606,direction=225,strength=5), progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.Shadow(color=#060606,direction=270,strength=5), progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.Shadow(color=#060606,direction=315,strength=2); } #contentbox2 { background-image:url(images/woodenmovies.jpg); top:299px; width: 1000px; margin-bottom:50px; height: 1625px; position: absolute; } #banner { background-image:url(images/totempolebanner.gif); position:absolute; top:25px; width:768px; height:120px; left:116px; } #navbar { float: left; 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color:#ff0000; display:inline-block; text-shadow:0px 0px 1px #117cff; -webkit-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px #117cff; -moz-box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px #117cff; box-shadow: 0px 0px 0px 0px #117cff; background-image: url(images/unnamed.gif); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:right; }.css_btn_class:hover { width:90px; background:-webkit-gradient( linear, left top, left bottom, color-stop(5%, #ffe711), color-stop(100%, #ff9d00) ); background:-moz-linear-gradient( center top, #ffe711 5%, #ff9d00 100% ); background:-ms-linear-gradient( top, #ffe711 5%, #ff9d00 100% ); background-color:#ffe711; background-image: url(images/unnamed.gif); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:right; }.css_btn_class:active { position:relative; width:90px; top:1px; background-image: url(images/unnamed.gif); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position:right; } /* This css button was generated by css-button-generator.com */ img {border:none;} #eagle { position:relative; right: 144px; top:299px; } #owl { top:624px; position:absolute; left:0px; } #wolf { top:949px; position:absolute; right:0px; } #hare { top:1274px; position:absolute; left:0px; } #bear { top:1599px; position:absolute; right:0px; } #footer { position: absolute; left: 393px; top: 1941px; width: 251px; color: #0F9; } #footer a { color: #0f9; } .atss { left: 0; } #infocontent { position: absolute; z-index: 3; left: 15px; top: 333px; height: 348px; width: 789px; } #mywowslider { position: absolute; z-index: 3; left: 640px; top: 684px; } #poll { position: absolute; z-index: 3; left: 815px; top: 344px; } #trailer1 { position: absolute; z-index: 3; left: 40px; top: 598px; } #trailer2 { position: absolute; z-index: 3; left: 40px; top: 948px; } #trailer1header { position: absolute; z-index: 3; left: 200px; top: 550px; width: 240px; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; } #trailer2header { position: absolute; z-index: 3; left: 200px; top: 898px; width: 241px; height: 51px; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; } #disqus { position: absolute; 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  • Handling inheritance with overriding efficiently

    - by Fyodor Soikin
    I have the following two data structures. First, a list of properties applied to object triples: Object1 Object2 Object3 Property Value O1 O2 O3 P1 "abc" O1 O2 O3 P2 "xyz" O1 O3 O4 P1 "123" O2 O4 O5 P1 "098" Second, an inheritance tree: O1 O2 O4 O3 O5 Or viewed as a relation: Object Parent O2 O1 O4 O2 O3 O1 O5 O3 O1 null The semantics of this being that O2 inherits properties from O1; O4 - from O2 and O1; O3 - from O1; and O5 - from O3 and O1, in that order of precedence. NOTE 1: I have an efficient way to select all children or all parents of a given object. This is currently implemented with left and right indexes, but hierarchyid could also work. This does not seem important right now. NOTE 2: I have tiggers in place that make sure that the "Object" column always contains all possible objects, even when they do not really have to be there (i.e. have no parent or children defined). This makes it possible to use inner joins rather than severely less effiecient outer joins. The objective is: Given a pair of (Property, Value), return all object triples that have that property with that value either defined explicitly or inherited from a parent. NOTE 1: An object triple (X,Y,Z) is considered a "parent" of triple (A,B,C) when it is true that either X = A or X is a parent of A, and the same is true for (Y,B) and (Z,C). NOTE 2: A property defined on a closer parent "overrides" the same property defined on a more distant parent. NOTE 3: When (A,B,C) has two parents - (X1,Y1,Z1) and (X2,Y2,Z2), then (X1,Y1,Z1) is considered a "closer" parent when: (a) X2 is a parent of X1, or (b) X2 = X1 and Y2 is a parent of Y1, or (c) X2 = X1 and Y2 = Y1 and Z2 is a parent of Z1 In other words, the "closeness" in ancestry for triples is defined based on the first components of the triples first, then on the second components, then on the third components. This rule establishes an unambigous partial order for triples in terms of ancestry. For example, given the pair of (P1, "abc"), the result set of triples will be: O1, O2, O3 -- Defined explicitly O1, O2, O5 -- Because O5 inherits from O3 O1, O4, O3 -- Because O4 inherits from O2 O1, O4, O5 -- Because O4 inherits from O2 and O5 inherits from O3 O2, O2, O3 -- Because O2 inherits from O1 O2, O2, O5 -- Because O2 inherits from O1 and O5 inherits from O3 O2, O4, O3 -- Because O2 inherits from O1 and O4 inherits from O2 O3, O2, O3 -- Because O3 inherits from O1 O3, O2, O5 -- Because O3 inherits from O1 and O5 inherits from O3 O3, O4, O3 -- Because O3 inherits from O1 and O4 inherits from O2 O3, O4, O5 -- Because O3 inherits from O1 and O4 inherits from O2 and O5 inherits from O3 O4, O2, O3 -- Because O4 inherits from O1 O4, O2, O5 -- Because O4 inherits from O1 and O5 inherits from O3 O4, O4, O3 -- Because O4 inherits from O1 and O4 inherits from O2 O5, O2, O3 -- Because O5 inherits from O1 O5, O2, O5 -- Because O5 inherits from O1 and O5 inherits from O3 O5, O4, O3 -- Because O5 inherits from O1 and O4 inherits from O2 O5, O4, O5 -- Because O5 inherits from O1 and O4 inherits from O2 and O5 inherits from O3 Note that the triple (O2, O4, O5) is absent from this list. This is because property P1 is defined explicitly for the triple (O2, O4, O5) and this prevents that triple from inheriting that property from (O1, O2, O3). Also note that the triple (O4, O4, O5) is also absent. This is because that triple inherits its value of P1="098" from (O2, O4, O5), because it is a closer parent than (O1, O2, O3). The straightforward way to do it is the following. First, for every triple that a property is defined on, select all possible child triples: select Children1.Id as O1, Children2.Id as O2, Children3.Id as O3, tp.Property, tp.Value from TriplesAndProperties tp -- Select corresponding objects of the triple inner join Objects as Objects1 on Objects1.Id = tp.O1 inner join Objects as Objects2 on Objects2.Id = tp.O2 inner join Objects as Objects3 on Objects3.Id = tp.O3 -- Then add all possible children of all those objects inner join Objects as Children1 on Objects1.Id [isparentof] Children1.Id inner join Objects as Children2 on Objects2.Id [isparentof] Children2.Id inner join Objects as Children3 on Objects3.Id [isparentof] Children3.Id But this is not the whole story: if some triple inherits the same property from several parents, this query will yield conflicting results. Therefore, second step is to select just one of those conflicting results: select * from ( select Children1.Id as O1, Children2.Id as O2, Children3.Id as O3, tp.Property, tp.Value, row_number() over( partition by Children1.Id, Children2.Id, Children3.Id, tp.Property order by Objects1.[depthInTheTree] descending, Objects2.[depthInTheTree] descending, Objects3.[depthInTheTree] descending ) as InheritancePriority from ... (see above) ) where InheritancePriority = 1 The window function row_number() over( ... ) does the following: for every unique combination of objects triple and property, it sorts all values by the ancestral distance from the triple to the parents that the value is inherited from, and then I only select the very first of the resulting list of values. A similar effect can be achieved with a GROUP BY and ORDER BY statements, but I just find the window function semantically cleaner (the execution plans they yield are identical). The point is, I need to select the closest of contributing ancestors, and for that I need to group and then sort within the group. And finally, now I can simply filter the result set by Property and Value. This scheme works. Very reliably and predictably. It has proven to be very powerful for the business task it implements. The only trouble is, it is awfuly slow. One might point out the join of seven tables might be slowing things down, but that is actually not the bottleneck. According to the actual execution plan I'm getting from the SQL Management Studio (as well as SQL Profiler), the bottleneck is the sorting. The problem is, in order to satisfy my window function, the server has to sort by Children1.Id, Children2.Id, Children3.Id, tp.Property, Parents1.[depthInTheTree] descending, Parents2.[depthInTheTree] descending, Parents3.[depthInTheTree] descending, and there can be no indexes it can use, because the values come from a cross join of several tables. EDIT: Per Michael Buen's suggestion (thank you, Michael), I have posted the whole puzzle to sqlfiddle here. One can see in the execution plan that the Sort operation accounts for 32% of the whole query, and that is going to grow with the number of total rows, because all the other operations use indexes. Usually in such cases I would use an indexed view, but not in this case, because indexed views cannot contain self-joins, of which there are six. The only way that I can think of so far is to create six copies of the Objects table and then use them for the joins, thus enabling an indexed view. Did the time come that I shall be reduced to that kind of hacks? The despair sets in.

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  • Design by Contract with Microsoft .Net Code Contract

    - by Fredrik N
    I have done some talks on different events and summits about Defensive Programming and Design by Contract, last time was at Cornerstone’s Developer Summit 2010. Next time will be at SweNug (Sweden .Net User Group). I decided to write a blog post about of some stuffs I was talking about. Users are a terrible thing! Protect your self from them ”Human users have a gift for doing the worst possible thing at the worst possible time.” – Michael T. Nygard, Release It! The kind of users Michael T. Nygard are talking about is the users of a system. We also have users that uses our code, the users I’m going to focus on is the users of our code. Me and you and another developers. “Any fool can write code that a computer can understand. Good programmers write code that humans can understand.” – Martin Fowler Good programmers also writes code that humans know how to use, good programmers also make sure software behave in a predictable manner despise inputs or user actions. Design by Contract   Design by Contract (DbC) is a way for us to make a contract between us (the code writer) and the users of our code. It’s about “If you give me this, I promise to give you this”. It’s not about business validations, that is something completely different that should be part of the domain model. DbC is to make sure the users of our code uses it in a correct way, and that we can rely on the contract and write code in a way where we know that the users will follow the contract. It will make it much easier for us to write code with a contract specified. Something like the following code is something we may see often: public void DoSomething(Object value) { value.DoIKnowThatICanDoThis(); } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } Where “value” can be uses directly or passed to other methods and later be used. What some of us can easily forget here is that the “value” can be “null”. We will probably not passing a null value, but someone else that uses our code maybe will do it. I think most of you (including me) have passed “null” into a method because you don’t know if the argument need to be specified to a valid value etc. I bet most of you also have got the “Null reference exception”. Sometimes this “Null reference exception” can be hard and take time to fix, because we need to search among our code to see where the “null” value was passed in etc. Wouldn’t it be much better if we can as early as possible specify that the value can’t not be null, so the users of our code also know it when the users starts to use our code, and before run time execution of the code? This is where DbC comes into the picture. We can use DbC to specify what we need, and by doing so we can rely on the contract when we write our code. So the code above can actually use the DoIKnowThatICanDoThis() method on the value object without being worried that the “value” can be null. The contract between the users of the code and us writing the code, says that the “value” can’t be null.   Pre- and Postconditions   When working with DbC we are specifying pre- and postconditions.  Precondition is a condition that should be met before a query or command is executed. An example of a precondition is: “The Value argument of the method can’t be null”, and we make sure the “value” isn’t null before the method is called. Postcondition is a condition that should be met when a command or query is completed, a postcondition will make sure the result is correct. An example of a postconditon is “The method will return a list with at least 1 item”. Commands an Quires When using DbC, we need to know what a Command and a Query is, because some principles that can be good to follow are based on commands and queries. A Command is something that will not return anything, like the SQL’s CREATE, UPDATE and DELETE. There are two kinds of Commands when using DbC, the Creation commands (for example a Constructor), and Others. Others can for example be a Command to add a value to a list, remove or update a value etc. //Creation commands public Stack(int size) //Other commands public void Push(object value); public void Remove(); .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }   A Query, is something that will return something, for example an Attribute, Property or a Function, like the SQL’s SELECT.   There are two kinds of Queries, the Basic Queries  (Quires that aren’t based on another queries), and the Derived Queries, queries that is based on another queries. Here is an example of queries of a Stack: //Basic Queries public int Count; public object this[int index] { get; } //Derived Queries //Is related to Count Query public bool IsEmpty() { return Count == 0; } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } To understand about some principles that are good to follow when using DbC, we need to know about the Commands and different Queries. The 6 Principles When working with DbC, it’s advisable to follow some principles to make it easier to define and use contracts. The following DbC principles are: Separate commands and queries. Separate basic queries from derived queries. For each derived query, write a postcondition that specifies what result will be returned, in terms of one or more basic queries. For each command, write a postcondition that specifies the value of every basic query. For every query and command, decide on a suitable precondition. Write invariants to define unchanging properties of objects. Before I will write about each of them I want you to now that I’m going to use .Net 4.0 Code Contract. I will in the rest of the post uses a simple Stack (Yes I know, .Net already have a Stack class) to give you the basic understanding about using DbC. A Stack is a data structure where the first item in, will be the first item out. Here is a basic implementation of a Stack where not contract is specified yet: public class Stack { private object[] _array; //Basic Queries public uint Count; public object this[uint index] { get { return _array[index]; } set { _array[index] = value; } } //Derived Queries //Is related to Count Query public bool IsEmpty() { return Count == 0; } //Is related to Count and this[] Query public object Top() { return this[Count]; } //Creation commands public Stack(uint size) { Count = 0; _array = new object[size]; } //Other commands public void Push(object value) { this[++Count] = value; } public void Remove() { this[Count] = null; Count--; } } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }   Note: The Stack is implemented in a way to demonstrate the use of Code Contract in a simple way, the implementation may not look like how you would implement it, so don’t think this is the perfect Stack implementation, only used for demonstration.   Before I will go deeper into the principles I will simply mention how we can use the .Net Code Contract. I mention before about pre- and postcondition, is about “Require” something and to “Ensure” something. When using Code Contract, we will use a static class called “Contract” and is located in he “System.Diagnostics.Contracts” namespace. The contract must be specified at the top or our member statement block. To specify a precondition with Code Contract we uses the Contract.Requires method, and to specify a postcondition, we uses the Contract.Ensure method. Here is an example where both a pre- and postcondition are used: public object Top() { Contract.Requires(Count > 0, "Stack is empty"); Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result<object>() == this[Count]); return this[Count]; } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }   The contract above requires that the Count is greater than 0, if not we can’t get the item at the Top of a Stack. We also Ensures that the results (By using the Contract.Result method, we can specify a postcondition that will check if the value returned from a method is correct) of the Top query is equal to this[Count].   1. Separate Commands and Queries   When working with DbC, it’s important to separate Command and Quires. A method should either be a command that performs an Action, or returning information to the caller, not both. By asking a question the answer shouldn’t be changed. The following is an example of a Command and a Query of a Stack: public void Push(object value) public object Top() .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }   The Push is a command and will not return anything, just add a value to the Stack, the Top is a query to get the item at the top of the stack.   2. Separate basic queries from derived queries There are two different kinds of queries,  the basic queries that doesn’t rely on another queries, and derived queries that uses a basic query. The “Separate basic queries from derived queries” principle is about about that derived queries can be specified in terms of basic queries. So this principles is more about recognizing that a query is a derived query or a basic query. It will then make is much easier to follow the other principles. The following code shows a basic query and a derived query: //Basic Queries public uint Count; //Derived Queries //Is related to Count Query public bool IsEmpty() { return Count == 0; } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }   We can see that IsEmpty will use the Count query, and that makes the IsEmpty a Derived query.   3. For each derived query, write a postcondition that specifies what result will be returned, in terms of one or more basic queries.   When the derived query is recognize we can follow the 3ed principle. For each derived query, we can create a postcondition that specifies what result our derived query will return in terms of one or more basic queries. Remember that DbC is about contracts between the users of the code and us writing the code. So we can’t use demand that the users will pass in a valid value, we must also ensure that we will give the users what the users wants, when the user is following our contract. The IsEmpty query of the Stack will use a Count query and that will make the IsEmpty a Derived query, so we should now write a postcondition that specified what results will be returned, in terms of using a basic query and in this case the Count query, //Basic Queries public uint Count; //Derived Queries public bool IsEmpty() { Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result<bool>() == (Count == 0)); return Count == 0; } The Contract.Ensures is used to create a postcondition. The above code will make sure that the results of the IsEmpty (by using the Contract.Result to get the result of the IsEmpty method) is correct, that will say that the IsEmpty will be either true or false based on Count is equal to 0 or not. The postcondition are using a basic query, so the IsEmpty is now following the 3ed principle. We also have another Derived Query, the Top query, it will also need a postcondition and it uses all basic queries. The Result of the Top method must be the same value as the this[] query returns. //Basic Queries public uint Count; public object this[uint index] { get { return _array[index]; } set { _array[index] = value; } } //Derived Queries //Is related to Count and this[] Query public object Top() { Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result<object>() == this[Count]); return this[Count]; } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }   4. For each command, write a postcondition that specifies the value of every basic query.   For each command we will create a postconditon that specifies the value of basic queries. If we look at the Stack implementation we will have three Commands, one Creation command, the Constructor, and two others commands, Push and Remove. Those commands need a postcondition and they should include basic query to follow the 4th principle. //Creation commands public Stack(uint size) { Contract.Ensures(Count == 0); Count = 0; _array = new object[size]; } //Other commands public void Push(object value) { Contract.Ensures(Count == Contract.OldValue<uint>(Count) + 1); Contract.Ensures(this[Count] == value); this[++Count] = value; } public void Remove() { Contract.Ensures(Count == Contract.OldValue<uint>(Count) - 1); this[Count] = null; Count--; } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }   As you can see the Create command will Ensures that Count will be 0 when the Stack is created, when a Stack is created there shouldn’t be any items in the stack. The Push command will take a value and put it into the Stack, when an item is pushed into the Stack, the Count need to be increased to know the number of items added to the Stack, and we must also make sure the item is really added to the Stack. The postconditon of the Push method will make sure the that old value of the Count (by using the Contract.OldValue we can get the value a Query has before the method is called)  plus 1 will be equal to the Count query, this is the way we can ensure that the Push will increase the Count with one. We also make sure the this[] query will now contain the item we pushed into the Stack. The Remove method must make sure the Count is decreased by one when the top item is removed from the Stack. The Commands is now following the 4th principle, where each command now have a postcondition that used the value of basic queries. Note: The principle says every basic Query, the Remove only used one Query the Count, it’s because this command can’t use the this[] query because an item is removed, so the only way to make sure an item is removed is to just use the Count query, so the Remove will still follow the principle.   5. For every query and command, decide on a suitable precondition.   We have now focused only on postcondition, now time for some preconditons. The 5th principle is about deciding a suitable preconditon for every query and command. If we starts to look at one of our basic queries (will not go through all Queries and commands here, just some of them) the this[] query, we can’t pass an index that is lower then 1 (.Net arrays and list are zero based, but not the stack in this blog post ;)) and the index can’t be lesser than the number of items in the stack. So here we will need a preconditon. public object this[uint index] { get { Contract.Requires(index >= 1); Contract.Requires(index <= Count); return _array[index]; } } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } Think about the Contract as an documentation about how to use the code in a correct way, so if the contract could be specified elsewhere (not part of the method body), we could simply write “return _array[index]” and there is no need to check if index is greater or lesser than Count, because that is specified in a “contract”. The implementation of Code Contract, requires that the contract is specified in the code. As a developer I would rather have this contract elsewhere (Like Spec#) or implemented in a way Eiffel uses it as part of the language. Now when we have looked at one Query, we can also look at one command, the Remove command (You can see the whole implementation of the Stack at the end of this blog post, where precondition is added to more queries and commands then what I’m going to show in this section). We can only Remove an item if the Count is greater than 0. So we can write a precondition that will require that Count must be greater than 0. public void Remove() { Contract.Requires(Count > 0); Contract.Ensures(Count == Contract.OldValue<uint>(Count) - 1); this[Count] = null; Count--; } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }   6. Write invariants to define unchanging properties of objects.   The last principle is about making sure the object are feeling great! This is done by using invariants. When using Code Contract we can specify invariants by adding a method with the attribute ContractInvariantMethod, the method must be private or public and can only contains calls to Contract.Invariant. To make sure the Stack feels great, the Stack must have 0 or more items, the Count can’t never be a negative value to make sure each command and queries can be used of the Stack. Here is our invariant for the Stack object: [ContractInvariantMethod] private void ObjectInvariant() { Contract.Invariant(Count >= 0); } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; }   Note: The ObjectInvariant method will be called every time after a Query or Commands is called. Here is the full example using Code Contract:   public class Stack { private object[] _array; //Basic Queries public uint Count; public object this[uint index] { get { Contract.Requires(index >= 1); Contract.Requires(index <= Count); return _array[index]; } set { Contract.Requires(index >= 1); Contract.Requires(index <= Count); _array[index] = value; } } //Derived Queries //Is related to Count Query public bool IsEmpty() { Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result<bool>() == (Count == 0)); return Count == 0; } //Is related to Count and this[] Query public object Top() { Contract.Requires(Count > 0, "Stack is empty"); Contract.Ensures(Contract.Result<object>() == this[Count]); return this[Count]; } //Creation commands public Stack(uint size) { Contract.Requires(size > 0); Contract.Ensures(Count == 0); Count = 0; _array = new object[size]; } //Other commands public void Push(object value) { Contract.Requires(value != null); Contract.Ensures(Count == Contract.OldValue<uint>(Count) + 1); Contract.Ensures(this[Count] == value); this[++Count] = value; } public void Remove() { Contract.Requires(Count > 0); Contract.Ensures(Count == Contract.OldValue<uint>(Count) - 1); this[Count] = null; Count--; } [ContractInvariantMethod] private void ObjectInvariant() { Contract.Invariant(Count >= 0); } } .csharpcode, .csharpcode pre { font-size: small; color: black; font-family: consolas, "Courier New", courier, monospace; background-color: #ffffff; /*white-space: pre;*/ } .csharpcode pre { margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .rem { color: #008000; } .csharpcode .kwrd { color: #0000ff; } .csharpcode .str { color: #006080; } .csharpcode .op { color: #0000c0; } .csharpcode .preproc { color: #cc6633; } .csharpcode .asp { background-color: #ffff00; } .csharpcode .html { color: #800000; } .csharpcode .attr { color: #ff0000; } .csharpcode .alt { background-color: #f4f4f4; width: 100%; margin: 0em; } .csharpcode .lnum { color: #606060; } Summary By using Design By Contract we can make sure the users are using our code in a correct way, and we must also make sure the users will get the expected results when they uses our code. This can be done by specifying contracts. To make it easy to use Design By Contract, some principles may be good to follow like the separation of commands an queries. With .Net 4.0 we can use the Code Contract feature to specify contracts.

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  • The Definitive C++ Book Guide and List

    - by grepsedawk
    After more than a few questions about deciding on C++ books I thought we could make a better community wiki version. Providing QUALITY books and an approximate skill level. Maybe we can add a short blurb/description about each book that you have personally read / benefited from. Feel free to debate quality, headings, etc. Note: There is a similar post for C: The Definitive C Book Guide and List Reference Style - All Levels The C++ Programming Language - Bjarne Stroustrup C++ Standard Library Tutorial and Reference - Nicolai Josuttis Beginner Introductory: C++ Primer - Stanley Lippman / Josée Lajoie / Barbara E. Moo Accelerated C++ - Andrew Koenig / Barbara Moo Thinking in C++ - Bruce Eckel (2 volumes, 2nd is more about standard library, but still very good) Best practices: Effective C++ - Scott Meyers Effective STL - Scott Meyers Intermediate More Effective C++ - Scott Meyers Exceptional C++ - Herb Sutter More Exceptional C++ - Herb Sutter C++ Coding Standards: 101 Rules, Guidelines, and Best Practices - Herb Sutter / Andrei Alexandrescu C++ Templates The Complete Guide - David Vandevoorde / Nicolai M. Josuttis Large Scale C++ Software Design - John Lakos Above Intermediate Modern C++ Design - Andrei Alexandrescu C++ Template Metaprogramming - David Abrahams and Aleksey Gurtovoy Inside the C++ Object Model - Stanley Lippman Classics / Older Note: Some information contained within these books may not be up to date and no longer considered best practice. The Design and Evolution of C++ - Bjarne Stroustrup Ruminations on C++ Andrew Koenig / Barbara Moo Advanced C++ Programming Styles and Idioms - James Coplien

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  • TFS Build errors TF224003, TF215085, TF215076

    - by iamdudley
    Hi, I am using TFS2008 and VS2008. I run nightly builds for about 20 applications using one build agent and the builds are scheduled for either 1am or 2am. Most of the build succeed, however 6 of them fail regularly with similar errors. The errors are either the first two below, or the third one by itself: TF215085: An error occurred while connecting to agent \xxxx\BUILDMACHINE: TF215076: Team Foundation Build on computer BUILDMACHINE (port 9191) is not responding. (Detail Message: The request was aborted: The operation has timed out.) 11/04/2010 2:10:10 AM TF224003: An exception occurred on the build computer BUILDMACHINE: The build (vstfs:///Build/Build/2632) has already completed and cannot be started again.. TF215085: An error occurred while connecting to agent \yyyyy\BA_WKSTFSBUILD: Team Foundation services are not available from server srvtfs. Technical information (for administrator): The operation has timed out It looks to me like some kind of communication error, maybe the port gets over loaded - can this happen? Should I spread the builds out a bit more? In the build definition it says "Queue the build on the default build agent at", so I figured if I scheduled them to start at the same time they would be queued and occur sequentially. Most of the suggestions I've found online for these errors are for all or nothing scenarios where no builds work at all whereas my problem is most build but some consistently do not. Judging by the dates of the last successful builds of these 6 failing builds I believe it is the same 6 failing every night. (I'm editing the build definitions now to keep the failed builds so I can get some more info on the problem) Any help on this would be much appreciated. James.

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  • .NET "must-have" development tools

    - by nzpcmad
    James Avery wrote a classic article a while back entitled Ten Must-Have Tools Every Developer Should Download Now which is a companion to Visual Studio Add-Ins Every Developer Should Download Now and Scott Hanselman has an excellent list on his blog but if you were on a desert island and were only allowed three .NET development tools which ones would you pick? Update: Assuming you already have an IDE like Visual Studio ... Update (5) : Up to 08/01 : The current state of play: Reflector 13 Resharper 9 NUnit + TestDriven.Net 7 Refactor Pro 4 Process Explorer (other Sysinternals) 3 SnippetCompiler 3 CodeRush 3 MSDN Library 2 LinqPad 2 Cruisecontrol.net 2 VMWare 2 RhinoMocks 2 Fiddler 2 PowerShell 2 PowerCommands for VS 2008 1 Sandcastle 1 SQL Profiler 1 Redgate ANTS profiler 11 NCover 1 VisualSVN 1 Rubber Ducky 1 WinMerge 1 NAnt 1 ViEmu 1 AnkhSVN 1 dotTrace Profiler 1 BeyondCompare 1 DPack VS Plugin 1 WCF Trace Viewer (SDK) 1 xUnit.net 1 SourceGear DiffMerge 1 Ghostdoc 1 Expression Studio 1 XAML Pad 1 KaXaml 1 Blender for 3D modeling 1 Snoop a WPF tool 1 DiffMerge 1 DPack 1 NDepend 1 Kodos 1 WatiN 1 HTTPWatch Basic Edition 1 Paint.Net 1 Mole For VS 1 What I find particularly interesting about this is that "NUnit + TestDriven.Net " is right up there in third place which shows the growing emphasis on testing as an integral part of the development process rather than as an adjunct which is simply bolted on. And I'm somewhat perplexed that Codesmith didn't receive a single vote?

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  • Top-Rated JavaScript Blogs

    - by Andreas Grech
    I am currently trying to find some blogs that talk (almost solely) on the JavaScript Language, and this is due to the fact that most of the time, bloggers with real life experience at work or at home development can explain more clearly and concisely certain quirks and hidden features than most 'Official Language Specifications' Below find a list of blogs that are JavaScript based (will update the list as more answers flow in): DHTML Kitchen, by Garrett Smith Robert's Talk, by Robert Nyman EJohn, by John Resig (of jQuery) Crockford's JavaScript Page, by Douglas Crockford Dean.edwards.name, by Dean Edwards Ajaxian, by various (@Martin) The JavaScript Weblog, by various SitePoint's JavaScript and CSS Page, by various AjaxBlog, by various Eric Lippert's Blog, by Eric Lippert (talks about JScript and JScript.Net) Web Bug Track, by various (@scunliffe) The Strange Zen Of JavaScript , by Scott Andrew Alex Russell (of Dojo) (@Eran Galperin) Ariel Flesler (@Eran Galperin) Nihilogic, by Jacob Seidelin (@llimllib) Peter's Blog, by Peter Michaux (@Borgar) Flagrant Badassery, by Steve Levithan (@Borgar) ./with Imagination, by Dustin Diaz (@Borgar) HedgerWow (@Borgar) Dreaming in Javascript, by Nosredna spudly.shuoink.com, by Stephen Sorensen Yahoo! User Interface Blog, by various (@Borgar) remy sharp's b:log, by Remy Sharp (@Borgar) JScript Blog, by the JScript Team (@Borgar) Dmitry Baranovskiy’s Web Log, by Dmitry Baranovskiy James Padolsey's Blog (@Kenny Eliasson) Perfection Kills; Exploring JavaScript by example, by Juriy Zaytsev DailyJS (@Ric) NCZOnline (@Kenny Eliasson), by Nicholas C. Zakas Which top-rated blogs am I currently missing from the above list, that you think should be imperative to any JavaScript developer to read (and follow) concurrently?

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  • nHibernate, Automapping and Chained Abstract Classes

    - by Mr Snuffle
    I'm having some trouble using nHibernate, automapping and a class structure using multiple chains of abstract classes It's something akin to this public abstract class AbstractClassA {} public abstract class AbstractClassB : AbstractClassA {} public class ClassA : AbstractClassB {} When I attempt to build these mappings, I receive the following error "FluentNHibernate.Cfg.FluentConfigurationException was unhandled Message: An invalid or incomplete configuration was used while creating a SessionFactory. Check PotentialReasons collection, and InnerException for more detail. Database was not configured through Database method." However, if I remove the abstract keyword from AbstractClassB, everything works fine. The problem only occurs when I have more than one abstract class in the class hierarchy. I've manually configured the automapping to include both AbstractClassA and AbstractClassB using the following binding class public class BindItemBases : IManualBinding { public void Bind(FluentNHibernate.Automapping.AutoPersistenceModel model) { model.IncludeBase<AbstractClassA>(); model.IncludeBase<AbstractClassB>(); } } I've had to do a bit of hackery to get around this, but there must be a better way to get this working. Surely nHibernate supports something like this, I just haven't figured out how to configure it right. Cheers, James

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  • C: Running Unix configure file in Windows

    - by Shiftbit
    I would like to port a few applications that I use on Linux to Windows. In particular I have been working on wdiff. A program that compares the differences word by word of two files. Currently I have been able to successfully compile the program on windows through Cygwin. However, I would like to run the program natively on Windows similar to the Project: UnixUtils. How would I go about porting unix utilities on a windows environment? My possible guess it to manually create the ./configure file so that I can create a proper makefile. Am I on the right track? Has anyone had experience porting GNU software to windows? Update: I've compiled it on Code::Blocks and I get two errors: wdiff.c|226|error: `SIGPIPE' undeclared (first use in this function) readpipe.c:71: undefined reference to `_pipe' readpipe.c:74: undefined reference to `_fork This is a linux signal that is not supported by windows... equvilancy? wdiff.c|1198|error: `PRODUCT' undeclared (first use in this function)| this is in the configure.in file... hardcode would probably be the fastest solution... Outcome: MSYS took care of the configure problems, however MinGW couldnt solve the posix issues. I attempt to utilize pthreads as recommended by mrjoltcola. However, after several hours I couldnt get it to compile nor link using the provided libraries. I think if this had worked it would have been the solution I was after. Special mention to Michael Madsen for MSYS.

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  • Reachability sometimes fails, even when we do have an internet connection

    - by stoutyhk
    Hi I've searched but can't see a similar question. I've added a method to check for an internet connection per the Reachability example. It works most of the time, but when installed on the iPhone, it quite often fails even when I do have internet connectivity (only when on 3G/EDGE - WiFi is OK). Basically the code below returns NO. If I switch to another app, say Mail or Safari, and connect, then switch back to the app, then the code says the internet is reachable. Kinda seems like it needs a 'nudge'. Anyone seen this before? Any ideas? Many thanks James + (BOOL) doWeHaveInternetConnection{ BOOL success; // google should always be up right?! const char *host_name = [@"google.com" cStringUsingEncoding:NSASCIIStringEncoding]; SCNetworkReachabilityRef reachability = SCNetworkReachabilityCreateWithName(NULL, host_name); SCNetworkReachabilityFlags flags; success = SCNetworkReachabilityGetFlags(reachability, &flags); BOOL isAvailable = success && (flags & kSCNetworkFlagsReachable) && !(flags & kSCNetworkFlagsConnectionRequired); if (isAvailable) { NSLog(@"Google is reachable: %d", flags); }else{ NSLog(@"Google is unreachable"); } return isAvailable; }

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  • Color scheme: Smooth Dark

    - by xsl
    As requested by James McNellis I exported my Visual Studio color scheme and posted it here. It is basically the default Visual Studio color scheme with a dark background and slightly modified colors. Visual Studio 2010 Download: http://www.file-upload.net/download-2588083/Smooth-Dark.vssettings.html Installation: Select Tools > Import and Export Settings. Choose Import Selected Environment Settings. Select the file you downloaded. Import only the color settings. Click Finish. Console2 Installation In the file console.xml replace the color element with: <colors> <color id="0" r="23" g="27" b="32"/> <color id="1" r="120" g="150" b="180"/> <color id="2" r="139" g="163" b="137"/> <color id="3" r="119" g="181" b="181"/> <color id="4" r="181" g="122" b="119"/> <color id="5" r="186" g="141" b="183"/> <color id="6" r="168" g="171" b="129"/> <color id="7" r="182" g="182" b="182"/> <color id="8" r="114" g="114" b="114"/> <color id="9" r="120" g="150" b="180"/> <color id="10" r="139" g="163" b="137"/> <color id="11" r="119" g="181" b="181"/> <color id="12" r="181" g="122" b="119"/> <color id="13" r="186" g="141" b="183"/> <color id="14" r="168" g="171" b="129"/> <color id="15" r="255" g="255" b="255"/> </colors>

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  • Nested dereferencing arrows in Perl: to omit or not to omit?

    - by DVK
    In Perl, when you have a nested data structure, it is permissible to omit de-referencing arrows to 2d and more level of nesting. In other words, the following two syntaxes are identical: my $hash_ref = { 1 => [ 11, 12, 13 ], 3 => [31, 32] }; my $elem1 = $hash_ref->{1}->[1]; my $elem2 = $hash_ref->{1}[1]; # exactly the same as above Now, my question is, is there a good reason to choose one style over the other? It seems to be a popular bone of stylistic contention (Just on SO, I accidentally bumped into this and this in the space of 5 minutes). So far, none of the usual suspects says anything definitive: perldoc merely says "you are free to omit the pointer dereferencing arrow". Conway's "Perl Best Practices" says "whenever possible, dereference with arrows", but it appears to only apply to the context of dereferencing the main reference, not optional arrows on 2d level of nested data structures. "MAstering Perl for Bioinfirmatics" author James Tisdall doesn't give very solid preference either: "The sharp-witted reader may have noticed that we seem to be omitting arrow operators between array subscripts. (After all, these are anonymous arrays of anonymous arrays of anonymous arrays, etc., so shouldn't they be written [$array-[$i]-[$j]-[$k]?) Perl allows this; only the arrow operator between the variable name and the first array subscript is required. It make things easier on the eyes and helps avoid carpal tunnel syndrome. On the other hand, you may prefer to keep the dereferencing arrows in place, to make it clear you are dealing with references. Your choice." Personally, i'm on the side of "always put arrows in, since itg's more readable and obvious tiy're dealing with a reference".

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  • Detect if any USB drive is detected or if not using WinForm Application in Visual C#

    - by Pavan Kumar
    I want to do the following things in my application 1) I want to display whether any USB drive is inserted or not in my application to prompt the user to insert a USB drive. I just want to notify the user if any USB dirve is inserted else prompt him to insert one using a label or something (i want to avoid messagebox as it will keep appearing whenever a device is inserted or removed. It will be irritating for the end user) in my Visual C# WinForm Application. If any USB drive is present display "USB drive detected" in the label. The user may add one or more USB sticks but the status will remain same. When there is none then the status of the label will change to "No USB drives found.Please insert a USB drive". 2) When one or more USB drive is added the volume name with the drive letter for example "James(F:)" is added to the Combobox list. The combobox list also needs to remove the entry for the USB drive added in the list automatically when it is removed . So when there is no USB the list should be empty and the label will again prompt user to insert a USB stick or drive.

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  • Are Django template tags cached?

    - by thebossman
    I have gone through the (painful) process of writing a custom template tag for use in Django. It is registered as an inclusion_tag so that it renders a template. However, this tag breaks as soon as I try to change something. I've tried changing the number of parameters and correspondingly changing the parameters when it's called. It's clear the new tag code isn't being loaded, because an error is thrown stating that there is a mismatch in the number of parameters, and it's evident that it's attempting to call the old function. The same problem occurs if I try to change the name of the template being rendered and correspondingly change the name of the template on disk. It continues to try to call the old template. I've tried clearing old .pyc files with no luck. Overall, the system is acting as though it's caching the template tags, likely due to the register command. I have dug through endless threads trying to find out if this is so, but all could find it James Bennett stating here that register doesn't do anything. Please help!

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  • Detect if any USB drive is detected or not using WinForm Application in Visual C#

    - by Pavan Kumar
    I want to do the following things in my application 1) I want to display whether any USB drive is inserted or not in my application to prompt the user to insert a USB drive. I just want to notify the user if any USB dirve is inserted else prompt him to insert one using a label or something (i want to avoid messagebox as it will keep appearing whenever a device is inserted or removed. It will be irritating for the end user) in my Visual C# WinForm Application. If any USB drive is present display "USB drive detected" in the label. The user may add one or more USB sticks but the status will remain same. When there is none then the status of the label will change to "No USB drives found.Please insert a USB drive". 2) When one or more USB drive is added the volume name with the drive letter for example "James(F:)" is added to the Combobox list. The combobox list also needs to remove the entry for the USB drive added in the list automatically when it is removed . So when there is no USB the list should be empty and the label will again prompt user to insert a USB stick or drive.

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  • ASP.Net MVC 3 Full Name In DropDownList

    - by tgriffiths
    I am getting a bit confused with this and need a little help please. I am developing a ASP.Net MVC 3 Web application using Entity Framework 4.1. I have a DropDownList on one of my Razor Views, and I wish to display a list of Full Names, for example Tom Jones Michael Jackson James Brown In my Controller I retrieve a List of User Objects, then select the FirstName and LastName of each User, and pass the data to a SelectList. List<User> Requesters = _userService.GetAllUsersByTypeIDOrgID(46, user.organisationID.Value).ToList(); var RequesterNames = from r in Requesters let person = new { UserID = r.userID, FullName = new { r.firstName, r.lastName } } orderby person.FullName ascending select person; viewModel.RequestersList = new SelectList(RequesterNames, "UserID", "FullName"); return View(viewModel); In my Razor View I have the following @Html.DropDownListFor(model => model.requesterID, Model.RequestersList, "Select", new { @class = "inpt_a"}) @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.requesterID) However, when I run the code I get the following error At least one object must implement IComparable. I feel as if I am going about this the wrong way, so could someone please help with this? Thanks.

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  • Reset.css and then a Set.css

    - by Sixfoot Studio
    I have, for a while now been using a reset.css file to reset everything before I start laying out my html designs. The reset is great in that it allows one to better control attributes such as margins, padding, line-height etc for all browsers. In essence the flatliner of css files. Now to get the heart beating again, I need a "set.css" file. So what I have done is created an Html file with all the possible elements on the page to then go and set the padding, margins etc of the h1, h2, p, td etc. I need some help with this as I am not sure what the defaults normally are. I had a look at the Firefox default css file that's used to generate all these attributes on a raw html file but it doesn't cover all the scenarios I could come up with when developing a site. Here's an example of the set.html file (a work in progress) which can be used as a lorem ipsum filler to add to your first page in a cms and then to style with a "set.css" file http://www.sixfoot.co.za/labs/Html-Css/set.html I'd appreciate it if someone knows if something like a set.css file exists or if someone could tell me what the general padding and margins are in cases like this when you have reset the css. Cheers, James

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  • Use jquery to create a multidimensional array

    - by Simon M White
    I'd like to use jquery and a multidemensional array to show a random quote plus the name of the individual who wrote it as a separate item. I'll then be able to use css to style them differently. The quote will change upon page refresh. So far i have this code which combines the quote and the name and person who wrote it: $(document).ready(function(){ var myQuotes = new Array(); myQuotes[0] = "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Donec in tortor mauris. Peter Jones, Dragons Den"; myQuotes[1] = "Curabitur interdum, nibh et fringilla facilisis, lacus ipsum pulvinar mauris, eu facilisis justo arcu eget diam. Duis id sagittis elit. Theo Pathetis, Dragons Den"; myQuotes[2] = "Vivamus purus purus, tincidunt et porttitor et, euismod sit amet urna. Etiam sollicitudin eros nec metus pretium scelerisque. James Caan, Dragons Den"; var myRandom = Math.floor(Math.random()*myQuotes.length); $('.quote-holder blockquote span').html(myQuotes[myRandom]); }); any help would be greatly appreciated.

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  • Visual C++ Testing problem

    - by JamesMCCullum
    Hi there I have installed VisualAssert and cFix. I have been using Visual Studio C++ and programming in CLI/C++. I have a working Chess Game Program that works perfectly by itself.....and I have been studying testing and have many examples(with tutorials) I have found on the net, that compile and run in Visual Studio..... But as soon as I try and implement those tests on my chess game......I get this problem.... This is what its telling me 1>------ Build started: Project: ChessRound1, Configuration: Debug Win32 ------ 1>Compiling... 1>stdafx.cpp 1>C:\Program Files\VisualAssert\include\cfixpe.h(137) : error C3641: 'CfixpCrtInitEmbedding' : invalid calling convention '__cdecl ' for function compiled with /clr:pure or /clr:safe 1>C:\Program Files\VisualAssert\include\cfixpe.h(235) : error C4394: 'CfixpCrtInitEmbeddingRegistration' : per-appdomain symbol should not be marked with __declspec(allocate) 1>C:\Program Files\VisualAssert\include\cfixpe.h(235) : error C2393: 'CfixpCrtInitEmbeddingRegistration' : per-appdomain symbol cannot be allocated in segment '.CRT$XCX' 1>C:\Program Files\VisualAssert\include\cfixpe.h(244) : error C2440: 'initializing' : cannot convert from 'void (__cdecl *)(void)' to 'const CFIX_CRT_INIT_ROUTINE' 1> Address of a function yields __clrcall calling convention in /clr:pure and /clr:safe; consider using __clrcall in target type 1>C:\Program Files\VisualAssert\include\cfixpe.h(137) : error C3641: 'CfixpCrtInitEmbedding' : invalid calling convention '__cdecl ' for function compiled with /clr:pure or /clr:safe 1>Build log was saved at "file://c:\Users\james\Documents\Visual Studio 2008\Projects\ChessRound1\ChessRound1\Debug\BuildLog.htm" 1>ChessRound1 - 4 error(s), 0 warning(s) ========== Build: 0 succeeded, 1 failed, 0 up-to-date, 0 skipped ========== Any ideas what I'm doing wrong? Im working with windows forms and have a heap of cpp source files. Any help would be appreciated. Thanks

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  • Help with editing data in entity framework.

    - by Levelbit
    Title of this question is simple because there is no an easy explanation for what I'm trying to ask you. I hope you'll understand in the end :). I have to tables in my database: Company and Location (relationship:one to many) and corresponding entity sets. In my wpf application I have some datagrid which I want to fill with locations and to be able to edit every row in separate window as some form of details view (so I don't want to edit my data in datagrid). I did this by accessing Location entity from selected row and creating a new Location entity and then I copy properties from original entity to newly created. Something like cloning the object. After editing if I press OK changed data is copied to original object back, and if I press Cancel nothing happens. Of course, you probably thinking I could use NoTracking option and AttachAsModified method as was mentioned as solution in some earlier questions(see:http://stackoverflow.com/questions/803022/changing-entities-in-the-entityframework) by Alex James, but lets say I had some problems about that and I have my own reasons for doing this. Finally, because navigation property(Company) of my location entity is assigned to newly created location object(during cloning) from some reason in object context additional object as copy of object I want to edit from datagrid is created without my will(similar problem :http://blogs.msdn.com/alexj/archive/2009/12/02/tip-47-how-fix-up-can-make-it-hard-to-change-relationships.aspx). So, when I do ObjectContext.SaveChanges it inserts additional row of data into my database table Location, the same as the one i wanted to edit. I read about sth like this, but I don't quite understand why is that and how to block or override this. I hope I was clear as I could. Please, solutions or some other ideas.

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  • How can I effectively test against the Windows API?

    - by Billy ONeal
    I'm still having issues justifying TDD to myself. As I have mentioned in other questions, 90% of the code I write does absolutely nothing but Call some Windows API functions and Print out the data returned from said functions. The time spent coming up with the fake data that the code needs to process under TDD is incredible -- I literally spend 5 times as much time coming up with the example data as I would spend just writing application code. Part of this problem is that often I'm programming against APIs with which I have little experience, which forces me to write small applications that show me how the real API behaves so that I can write effective fakes/mocks on top of that API. Writing implementation first is the opposite of TDD, but in this case it is unavoidable: I do not know how the real API behaves, so how on earth am I going to be able to create a fake implementation of the API without playing with it? I have read several books on the subject, including Kent Beck's Test Driven Development, By Example, and Michael Feathers' Working Effectively with Legacy Code, which seem to be gospel for TDD fanatics. Feathers' book comes close in the way it describes breaking out dependencies, but even then, the examples provided have one thing in common: The program under test obtains input from other parts of the program under test. My programs do not follow that pattern. Instead, the only input to the program itself is the system upon which it runs. How can one effectively employ TDD on such a project?

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  • Embedding a CMS in an MVC Web App

    - by Mr Snuffle
    I'm working on a website for searching for businesses, then displaying a listing page. We've been toying with the idea of letting the clients manage their listing page using an external CMS. I'm not sure how often this is done, or if it's even best practice. Ideally, we want to be able to setup a listing on our website, then give the clients access to an external CRM when they can manage their listing page. We then want to embed this custom page within our website, possibly using an iframe (which will come along with it's own set of complications). We'd like this integration to be as seamless as possible. I'd personally prefer it if we could directly inject the HTML into our own page and bypass an iframe all together, but I don't know of any CMS hosting services that provide the interface for such a thing. We've experimented a little with Squarespace, and we can get a fairly clean version of someone's page which would be well suited for an iframe. I'm wondering if anyone else has looked and integrating an external hosting CMS into a website (in this case, we're using ASP.NET MVC). We'd also want to automate the creation of accounts on this external CMS, so when a user signed up we could just point them to the website with some login details. I have no idea if anyone offers a service like this, but any recommendations would be greatly appreciated. We could host a service ourself too, but the aim is to have an external system that clients can use to manage their pages. Cheers, James

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  • C# WPF DataBind boolean

    - by jtdangelo
    I have been using this website to learn a lot about C# for a while, but this is my first time posting a question. I look forward to hearing back from some of the seasoned C# veterans! I have been working on a C# 4.0 WPF project and need to figure out how to databind a boolean value. I have a reference to my Application.Current object in a window. My "App" object contains a boolean field called "Downloaded" that is true if the user has downloaded information from a web service. I need to databind a textbox's IsEnabled field to this Downloaded value. Any tips? Here is what I have come up with so far. (Any useful links to better learn WPF XAML are greatly appreciated!) C# Code: class MainWindow : Window { ... private App MyApp = App.Current as App; ... } XAML: <TextBox ... IsEnabled="{Binding Source=MyApp, Path=Downloaded}" /> James

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