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• What do different patterns mean in Windows 8 file copy dialog

  - by MainMa

  When copying or extracting files, Windows 8 shows the chart with the speed of the operation. I noticed several patterns: Randomness, High speed at the beginning, then low speed during the most part of the operation, Mostly constant speed. 1. Randomness/nice mountains. 2. High speed at the beginning, then low speed during the most part of the operation. 3. Low speed at the beginning, then high speed during the most part of the operation. (Similar to the previous image, but inverted) 3. Mostly constant speed. (Same as previous image, but without the fast start) I'm curious, what each of those patterns mean? Do some indicate that there may be a problem with hard disk performance? Why the nearly constant speed is so rare, even when copying a single large file from and to a spinning drive, or when copying a single large file or a bunch of small files from and to an SSD?

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• VPN Trunk Between Cisco ASA 5520 and DrayTek Vigor 2930

  - by David Heggie

  I'm a bit of a VPN newbie, so please go easy on me ... I'm trying to use the VPN trunking capabilities of the DrayTek Vigor 2930 firewall to bond two IPSec VPN connections to a Cisco ASA 5520 device and I'm getting myself tied in knots and hope someone here with more knowledge / experience can help. I have a remote site with two ADSL connections and the DrayTek box. The main office site has the Cisco ASA device. I am able to setup a single IPSec connection between the two sites on either of the ADSL connections' public IP addresses, but as soon as I try to use the VPN bonding, nothing works. The VPN tunnels are both still up, but the traffic is getting lost somewhere. I suspect it's due to the ASA not knowing how to route the traffic back over the VPN - one minute, traffic from my remote office's network is coming from public ip address #1, the next it's coming from public address #2 and it doesn't know what to do. Well, that's my newbie impression of what's going wrong, but I don't really know: If this is really what's happening If what I'm trying to do (bond two VPN connections from a single remote network to improve the bandwidth / resiliency) is possible with the kit I've got Could anyone help?

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• 32 core (each physical core) 2.2 GhZ or 12 core (6 physical cores) 3.0GHZ?

  - by Tejaswi Rana

  I am working on a multithreaded application (Forex trading app built on C#) and had the client upgrade from the 12 core 3.0GHZ machine (Intel) to a 32 core 2.2 Ghz machine (AMD). The PassMark benchmark results were significantly higher when using multicores doing Integer, Floating and other calculations while for a single core calculation it was a bit slower than the pack (others that were being compared to with similar config as the 12 core one). Oh it also comes with 64 GB RAM (4 times as the other one) and a much faster SSD. So after configuring and running the application on that machine, not only did it not perform as well, it was significantly slower. We're talking about 30seconds - 1 minute slower on an app that usually completes processing within 5-20 secs. The application uses MAX DEGREE of PARALLELISM (TPL) which I've tried setting to number of cores and also half of that. I've also tried running single threaded and without setting any limits in parallel threading. While it may be the hardware has some issues, I am wondering if the CPU processing speed is the issue. I can overclock to 3.0 GHZ. But is that even a good idea? Server Info - AMD http://www.passmark.com/forum/showthread.php?4013-AMD-Dual-6272-performance-is-60-lower-than-benchmarks Seems that benchmark was wrong to start with - officially. Intel i7 3930k OS (same in both) Windows 7 Professional 64-bit

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• Deploying workstations - best practices?

  - by V. Romanov

  Hi guys I've been researching on the subject of workstation deployment for a while, and found a ton of info and dozens different methods and tools, but no "best practice" method that doesn't lack at least one feature that i consider required for the solution to be perfect. I'm currently interested in windows workstation deployment, but if the tools can be extended to Linux, then it's an added value. I want the deployment tools I use to be able to do the following: hardware independent - I want my image or installation to have a minimum of hardware and driver dependency, so that i can use a single image/package for all workstations easily updatable - I want to be able to update my image as easily as possible without redeploying/rebuilding/reimaging all configurations PXE bootable deployment - I want the tools to be bootable off the network so that I don't need a boot cd/DOK. scriptable for minimum human input - Ideally, the tool should run automatically after being booted and perform a "default" deployment (including partitioning) unless prompted otherwise. i.e - take a pc, hook it up, power on, PXE boot and forget about it until the OS is deployed. I found no single product or environment that does all this. Closest i came to is the windows deployment services/WIM image format. I also checked out numerous imaging and deployment tools including clonezilla, ghost, g4u, wpkg and others, but most of them lack the hardware Independence and updatability features. We currently have a Symantec Ghost server setup that does imaging over the network, but I'm not satisfied with it as it has all the drawbacks i listed above. Do you have suggestions how to optimize the process of workstation deployment? How do you deploy them in your organization? Thanks! Vadim.

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• Is basing storage requirements based on IOPS sufficient?

  - by Boden

  The current system in question is running SBS 2003, and is going to be migrated on new hardware to SBS 2008. Currently I'm seeing on average 200-300 disk transfers per second total across all the arrays in the system. The array seeing the bulk of activity is a 6 disk 7200RPM RAID 6 and it struggles to keep up during high traffic times (idle time often only 10-20%; response times peaking 20-50+ ms). Based on some rough calculations this makes sense (avg ~245 IOPS on this array at 70/30 read to write ratio). I'm considering using a much simpler disk configuration using a single RAID 10 array of 10K disks. Using the same parameters for my calculations above, I'm getting 583 average random IOPS / sec. Granted SBS 2008 is not the same beast as 2003, but I'd like to make the assumption that it'll be similar in terms of disk performance, if not better (Exchange 2007 is easier on the disk and there's no ISA server). Am I correct in believing that the proposed system will be sufficient in terms of performance, or am I missing something? I've read so much about recommended disk configurations for various products like Exchange, and they often mention things like dedicating spindles to logs, etc. I understand the reasoning behind this, but if I've got more than enough random I/O overhead, does it really matter? I've always at the very least had separate spindles for the OS, but I could really reduce cost and complexity if I just had a single, good performing array. So as not to make you guys do my job for me, the generic version of this question is: if I have a projected IOPS figure for a new system, is it sufficient to use this value alone to spec the storage, ignoring "best practice" configurations? (given similar technology, not going from DAS to SAN or anything)

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• Copying email with qmail and Plesk

  - by Greg

  I need to keep a copy of all outgoing and incoming email (for a single domain if possible) using qmail or Plesk. I can't recompile qmail, so qmailtap is out of the question, as is setting QUEUE_EXTRA in extra.h. I'm pretty sure it should be possible with Plesk's mailmng utility, aka Mail Handlers but I'm having trouble getting them to work. I've registered 2 hooks: incoming hook ./mailmng --add-handler --handler-name=incoming --recipient-domain=example.com --executable=/xxx/incoming.sh --context=/xxx/incoming/ --hook=before-local incoming.sh #!/bin/bash # The email is passed on stdin - grab it to a variable e=`cat -` # $1 = context (/xxx/incoming) # $3 = recipient ([email protected]) # Create /xxx/incoming/[email protected] mkdir -p $1$3 # Save the email to /xxx/incoming/[email protected]/0123456789.txt echo "$e" > $1$3/`date +%s%N`.txt # Echo PASS to stderr echo 'PASS' >&2 # Echo the email to stdout echo "$e" outgoing hook # ./mailmng --add-handler --handler-name=outgoing --sender-domain=holidaysplease.com --executable=/xxx/outgoing.sh --context=/xxx/outgoing/ --hook=before-remote The outgoing.sh file is the same as incoming.sh, except replace $3 (recipient) with $2 (sender). The incoming hook does work, but saves 2 copies of each email - one before and one after SpamAssassin has run. The outgoing hook doesn't seem to get called at all. So finally, my questions are: How can I make the incoming hook save only a single copy (preferably after SpamAssassin has run)? How can I get the outgoing hook to work?

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• OSX root user keeps re-enabling itself on reboot

  - by geodave

  Running Snow Leopard. Completely inexplicably, I seem to have enabled the OSX root user by accident. I honestly have no idea how it happened, but if memory serves I was looking at the login pane (with my two user accounts) when I must have hit something, and suddenly the two accounts were replaced by one that just said "Other..." Clicking the "Other..." account allows me to type a username and password, but neither of the normal two accounts would work. Since I never set a root password, it wouldn't let me in that way either. So I booted into Single User mode and ran these commands: /sbin/mount -uw / fsck -fy launchctl load /System/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.apple.DirectoryServices.plist dscl . -passwd /Users/root newpassword and that let me login as root. Then, I went to System Preferences, Accounts, Login Options, clicked Join, Open Directory Utility, and lastly in the Edit menu I clicked "Disable Root User" Great, I thought, back to normal. Except rebooting, I still only have the Other... account visible, and the root password I set beforehand doesn't work anymore! I have to reboot into Single User Mode and go through the whole process again just to get back into the system (as root) How on Earth did I accidentally enable this? I didn't even know about the Directory Utility before now. And most importantly, why the heck would it be re-enabling the root user on boot? Thanks in advance to any help!

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• I/O APIC on Virtualbox

  - by RidDeBakTiYar

  I'm trying to use the PIT to do APIC timer calibration, and I want to use the PIT through I/O APIC instead of PIC. On Bochs I get interrupts from the PIT at the asked frequency from the I/O APIC, while on Virtualbox I can't receive a single interrupt. It must be an I/O APIC configuration problem because as I unmask the first PIC entry, the IRQ fires. However that's not what I want. Can you imagine any possible condition that wouldn't make Virtualbox fire the IRQ? I'm not assuming single I/O APIC configuration (even though Virtualbox has only 1). I'm not assuming identity mappings between ISA IRQs and I/O APIC GSIs (using ACPI MADT table to get I/O APIC base address and Int override). I'm setting the Trigger Mode and Polarity bits correctly (on Virtualbox they are set as '00 - default' which means edge high right?). I'm putting the BSP APIC ID into the Destination field (using Physical destination) and vector 0x20. Being the BSP APIC ID 0 on Virtualbox, it ends up with 0x0000000000000020 written to the IOREDTBL. And, just in case I'm getting the wrong values from the Interrupt Override descriptor, I'm setting this value to all the IOREDTBL entries (I know this is very very bad, and it wont be kept as I understand what's going on). The only thing I didn't check out is Local APIC configuration. Actually I'm not writing any value to the BSP LAPIC. Just reading the APIC ID and using it to boot APs through IPIs. And obviously I'm setting bit 11 in the IA32_APIC_BASE MSR to enable the LAPIC. Any ideas? Thanks in advance.

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• How can I manage AWS VPC ssh access accounts and keys across multiple instances?

  - by deitch

  I am setting up a standard AWS VPC structure: a public subnet some private subnets, hosts on each, ELB, etc. Operational network access will be via either an ssh bastion host or an openvpn instance. Once on the network (bastion or openvpn), admins use ssh to access the individual instances. From what I can tell all of the docs seem to depend on a single user with sudo rights and a single public ssh key. But is that really best practice? Isn't it much better to have each user access each host under their own name? So I can deploy accounts and ssh public keys to each server, but that rapidly gets unmanageable. How do people recommend managing user accounts? I've looked at: IAM: It doesn't like like IAM has a method for automatically distributing accounts and ssh keys to VPC instances. IAM via LDAP: IAM doesn't have an LDAP API LDAP: set up my own LDAP servers (redundant, of course). Bit of a pain to manage, still better than managing on every host, especially as we grow. Shared ssh key: rely on the VPN/bastion to track user activities. I don't love it, but... What do people recommend? NOTE: I moved this over from accidentally posting in StackOverflow.

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• SQL Server 2005 standard filegroups / files for performance on SAN

  - by Blootac

  Ok so I've just been on a SQL Server course and we discussed the usage scenarios of multiple filegroups and files when in use over local RAID and local disks but we didn't touch SAN scenarios so my question is as follows; I currently have a 250 gig database running on SQL Server 2005 where some tables have a huge number of writes and others are fairly static. The database and all objects reside in a single file group with a single data file. The log file is also on the same volume. My interpretation is that separate data files should be used across different disks to lessen disk contention and that file groups should be used for partitioning of data. However, with a SAN you obviously don't really have the same issue of disk contention that you do with a small RAID setup (or at least we don't at the moment), and standard edition doesn't support partitioning. So in order to improve parallelism what should I do? My understanding of various Microsoft publications is that if I increase the number of data files, separate threads can act across each file separately. Which leads me to the question how many files should I have. One per core? Should I be putting tables and indexes with high levels of activity in separate file groups, each with the same number of data files as we have cores? Thank you

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• Performance Test and TCP tuning

  - by Mithir

  We are in the process of performance testing an application which receives tcp requests converts them to soap requests (WCF-httpBinding) which other services work on. The server is Windows Server 2008 R2. The TCP requests are received by TcpListener instance (.NET C#). There are 3 http-binded WCF services running on the same server. We have built a performance test client which goal is to simulate multiple concurrent requests(each request has to be different and recognizable by the application). We built a test running 150 requests that run on the same time (by 150 different threads), and we noticed straight away that some requests get the TCP connection slowly, but once they get it, they act fast. A single request writes twice on the same connection- request and an application ack. Although a single request+ack can take about 150ms, the 150 test takes about 7 seconds. The Problem When we try to run this test from 2 different computers we lose requests. some clients requests are getting no connection was made because the target machine actively refused it So I got here and got convinced it was because of the backlog. I changed the TcpListener parameters and did the registry AFD backlog changes written here but it still didn't work, so I inserted all of the TCP tuning suggested plus some netsh commands which were recommended, but still no change, we still get that error. Is there anything else I need to know? Are there any other solutions?

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• Load Sharing Regarding Large Websites

  - by JHarley1

  Hello, I have a question regarding Load Sharing for large websites. My Understanding: So if you have a website that has millions of fits a day you will need to have an architecture that can support this sort of pressure. You can either do one or two things: Invest in a single large server that has huge amounts of processing power, memory and storage (such as Microsoft's TerraServer). Spread the load of your website across a number of machines. Let me tackle the second approach, so you have a collection of machines all running Web Server Software and all having access to identical copies of the websites pages. You can either spread the load across these machines using a cyclic pattern in a DNS or you can use a Load Ballancing Switch. The advantages of this approach is: - Redundancy - servers can fail and the others would "pick up the slack" - Incremental - the ability to easily add new machines to this set-up. My Question's Is there a Virtual approach to this issue of load balancing now? If the website runs from a database - is there still only a single copy of the database? If a user had a session running on one Server (e.g. they had gone to www.example.org and had been assigned to Server 2 - were they had created a session) if they refreshed the website (and were allocated Server 3) would they still have their session? What are the other disadvantages associated with Load Balancing? Many Thanks, J

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• cpu load measure with hyperthreading on linux

  - by dronus

  How can I get the true usage of a multicore hyperthreading enabled cpu? For example lets consider a 2 core CPU, expressing 4 virtual cores. A single threaded workload would now show up as 100% in top, as one core of the virtual cores is completely used. The CPU and top work as expected, like there would be 4 real cores. With two threads however, the things get arkward: If all works well, they are balanced to the two real cores, so we got 200% usage: Two times 100% and two idle virtual cores, and are using all of the available CPU power. Seems ok to me. However, if the two threads would run on a single real core, they would show up as using two times 100%, that makes 200% virtual core usage. But on the real side, that would be one core sharing its power on the two threads, which are then using only one half of the total CPU power. So the usage numbers shown by top can not be used to measure the total CPU workload. I also wonder how hyperthreading balances two virtual on a real core. If two threads take a different amount of cycles, would the virtual cores 'adapt' so that both show a 100% load even if the real load differ?

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• Backup software for incremental swapped-out drives?

  - by user13743

  We're using Acronis Home 11 to backup our main Windows machine at the office. We have a set of portable hard drives that we swap out each week, for redundancy. We have incremental sets ( a new diff of the entire series each night) building on each drive. However, from time to time, Acronis gets confused and sometimes makes a new full backup. This eats up a lot of drive on the disks. Also, I have to trick the Acronis script each time I swap out a drive and point it to the new incremental backup set. Finally, if a drive gets full, there's no way to partition the backup set on a drive. I found this out the hard way, and now one drive is full with one backup set. So now on the other drive, I have three folders of backup sets. When one starts to get full, I delete the oldest one and start a new set. That way one single drive never gets filled up with one single backup set. I'm looking for a backup software that can backup Windows in incremental sets, and doesn't get tripped up with swapped out drives. Is there a better solution?

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• AMD 700, 800 series chipset. I'm lost.

  - by Shiki

  I've been an Intel / NVidia user ever since I started using computers. Intel really gone up with the prices, and they won't get cheaper. So I decided to get an AMD. But WHICH one? I mean.. not shopping question but.. what are the differences? Like: 880GMA comes only with a single PCI ex and it looks like a chinese replica (no offense). While 890FX comes with 5PCI-ex for QuadCrossfire. Also.. what's the deal with 7xx series? I mean.. its the same price. Yet its older? Or why is it 7xx? Isn't there a single chipset between? Not chinese YET it's durable/fine for long-term usage? What it should know (desktop stuff): NVidia GPU (Zalman AMP2 GTX 260^2 (one card)) Phenom 1090T cpu A somewhat good audio. Any ideas which is the chipset I'm searching for? If this sounds too much of a shopping question, feel free to edit. I just want some clarification on these chipsets.

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• Loop through several servers, find specific dlls , get the dll version, internal filename and path?

  - by Graham

  I am a newby to Powershell, and using PS v2. I can see the massive potential it has, but I just can't get the following code to work fully. I am trying to end up with a csv file that contains the wild carded required dlls in the GAC_MSIL or sub-directory, get the dll version, internal filename and path, and the server IP address. The code is below, and it is in single line format because it appears easier to remote onto one of the servers in the server farm and run the single line from that console, ue to security log-ins etc. The code has produced a set of results, but only for the last server, it probably does the first server, then overwrites it but I am not sure about that. I have done a lot of reading about using arrays, and custom objects, and had a go at doing that, but my scripting skills in PS are not yet up to it. Code: $out = "Ouput_dll_ver_results.csv";foreach ($server in '11.222.33.123', '11.222.33.124') {$VersionInfo = (Get-ChildItem \$server\C$\windows\assembly\GAC_MSIL -recurse -Include abc*.dll,def*.dll,ghi*.dll,jkl*.dll | Where-Object { $.FullName -notmatch "\windows\assembly\temp\" })}; $VersionInfo | %{Get-Command $.FullName} | select -expand File* |Export-Csv $out Can you please advise if/how the above code can be corrected, and if not, what alternatives do I have to get the information I need. Many thanks in advance. Graham

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• MacBook Pro (OSX Lion) - shutdown automatically before reaching login screen

  - by mkk

  When I try to lunch my MacBook Pro I can see a progress bar on loading screen. It goes to 1/15 or something like this and then it shut downs - I cannot reach even login screen. It happened to me 2 months ago, I have 'fixed' this by formatting my hard drive and installing OSX (Lion) again. This time I think that situation is a little bit different - I am able to enter single-user mode by pressing cmd + s. I then type /sbin/fsck -yf, I get the error: ** Checking Journaled HFS Plus volume. The volume name is Macintosh HD ** Checking extents overflow file. ** Checking catalog file. Invalid node structure (4, 24704) ** The volume Macintosh HD could not be verified completely. /dev/rdisk0s2 (hfs) EXITED WITH SIGNAL 8 but when I type exit, I can the login screen and I can log in. I tried a lot of things, booting from recovery partition and choosing disk utility to repair the disc, but I get error that it cannot be repaired. I have googled for hours and the only real solution I have found was to buy Disc warrior that might fix the issue. Any other suggestions? Secondary question is what causes this issue? I thought the reason are bad sectors, but Smart Utility haven't found any. I found suggestion that RAM could cause this kind of issue as well, so I downloaded rember and made memory test - all tests passed. Right now I have used my solution of entering single-mode user and then typing exit, however I am not sure how long it will 'work'. Of course I have back-uped what I considered important. Thanks for the help in advance! UPDATE: I guess Smart Utility was not very useful, I mnaged to get input/output error, which I believe is equivalent to bad sector.

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• Formula to calculate probability of unrecoverable read error during RAID rebuild

  - by OlafM

  I need to compare the reliability of different RAID systems with either consumer or enterprise drives. The formula to have the probability of success of a rebuild, ignoring mechanical problems, is simple: error_probability = 1 - (1-per_bit_error_rate)^bit_read and with 3 TB drives I get 38% probability to experience an URE (unrecoverable read error) for a 2+1 disks RAID5 (4.7% for enterprise drives) 21% for a RAID1 (2.4% for enterprise drives) 51% probability of error during recovery for the 3+1 RAID5 often used by users of SOHO products like Synologys. Most people don't know about this. Calculating the error for single disk tolerance is easy, my question concerns systems tolerant to multiple disks failures (RAID6/Z2, RAIDZ3 and RAID1 with multiple disks). If only the first disk is used for rebuild and the second one is read again from the beginning in case or an URE, then the error probability is the one calculated above squared (14.5% for consumer RAID5 2+1, 4.5% for consumer RAID1 1+2). However, I suppose (at least in ZFS that has full checksums!) that the second parity/available disk is read only where needed, meaning that only few sectors are needed: how many UREs can possibly happen in the first disk? not many, otherwise the error probability for single-disk tolerance systems would skyrocket even more than I calculated. If I'm correct, a second parity disk would practically lower the risk to extremely low values. Am I correct?

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• GRE Tunnel over IPsec with Loopback

  - by Alek

  Hello, I'm having a really hard time trying to estabilish a VPN connection using a GRE over IPsec tunnel. The problem is that it involves some sort of "loopback" connection which I don't understand -- let alone be able to configure --, and the only help I could find is related to configuring Cisco routers. My network is composed of a router and a single host running Debian Linux. My task is to create a GRE tunnel over an IPsec infrastructure, which is particularly intended to route multicast traffic between my network, which I am allowed to configure, and a remote network, for which I only bear a form containing some setup information (IP addresses and phase information for IPsec). For now it suffices to estabilish a communication between this single host and the remote network, but in the future it will be desirable for the traffic to be routed to other machines on my network. As I said this GRE tunnel involves a "loopback" connection which I have no idea of how to configure. From my previous understanding, a loopback connection is simply a local pseudo-device used mostly for testing purposes, but in this context it might be something more specific that I do not have the knowledge of. I have managed to properly estabilish the IPsec communication using racoon and ipsec-tools, and I believe I'm familiar with the creation of tunnels and addition of addresses to interfaces using ip, so the focus is on the GRE step. The worst part is that the remote peers do not respond to ping requests and the debugging of the general setup is very difficult due to the encrypted nature of the traffic. There are two pairs of IP addresses involved: one pair for the GRE tunnel peer-to-peer connection and one pair for the "loopback" part. There is also an IP range involved, which is supposed to be the final IP addresses for the hosts inside the VPN. My question is: how (or if) can this setup be done? Do I need some special software or another daemon, or does the Linux kernel handle every aspect of the GRE/IPsec tunneling? Please inform me if any extra information could be useful. Any help is greatly appreciated.

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• Network Misconfiguration when adding first host to new vSphere cluster

  - by dunxd

  I am building a new vSphere cluster from scratch. I have installed ESXi on the first host, and built a vCenter server on a VM residing on that host (storage is on the local hard drive, although we have iSCSI targets which I can reach from the host). The cluster is configured for HA. When I try and add the host to the cluster, I get an error at the point where HA is configured - Cannot complete the . I have stripped the network configuration of the host down to the most basic - a single NIC attached to a single vSwitch - this is running the VMKernel Port on VLAN 8 - that is our Management VLAN. The vCenter server will have a network address on this VLAN, so I also set the initial Virtual Machine Port Group to this VLAN, and connected the vCenter server NIC to this port group. I understand I can't connect the vCenter server to the VMkernel port group, but shouldn't I be able to connect the vCenter server to a Port Group in the same VLAN? If not, do I need to create a VLAN specifically for VMKernel Port Group? I plan to set up another port group for vMotion with a dedicated and isolated VLAN (i.e. VLAN isn't routed) so this wouldn't allow vCenter to communicate. Does anyone have any suggestions, or other ideas for what might be causing the problem. I've read through the documentation, but it isn't giving me any pointers, and the error message isn't helping me beyond telling me something is wrong with my network config.

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• Representing server state with a metric

  - by Sal

  I'm using Microsoft's Performance Monitor to dump logs of RAM, CPU, network, and disk usage from multiple servers. I'd like to get a single metric that captures the state of a given variable to a good extent. For instance, disk usage is pretty stable, so if I take a single reading that says I have 50% remaining disk space, that reading will give me an accurate measure for the day. (The servers aren't doing heavy IO writing.) However, the tricky part here is monitoring CPU and network usage. The logs currently dump the % CPU usage every ten seconds. If I take a straight average of the numbers, it may not represent reality, as % CPU will be much lower during the night than day. (We host websites that sell appliance items.) I'd like to get an average over a span during peak hours (about 5 hours in the day) and present a daily peak hour metric. Of course, there are most likely some readings that will come in as overly spiked (if multiple users pinged the server at once) or no use (a momentary idle state). Is there a standard distribution/test industries use in these situation?

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• Forwarding HTTP Request with Direct Server Return

  - by Daniel Crabtree

  I have servers spread across several data centers, each storing different files. I want users to be able to access the files on all servers through a single domain and have the individual servers return the files directly to the users. The following shows a simple example: 1) The user's browser requests http://www.example.com/files/file1.zip 2) Request goes to server A, based on the DNS A record for example.com. 3) Server A analyzes the request and works out that /files/file1.zip is stored on server B. 4) Server A forwards the request to server B. 5) Server B returns file1.zip directly to the user without going through server A. Note: steps 4 and 5 must be transparent to the user and cannot involve sending a redirect to the user as that would violate the requirement of a single domain. From my research, what I want to achieve is called "Direct Server Return" and it is a common setup for load balancing. It is also sometimes called a half reverse proxy. For step 4, it sounds like I need to do MAC Address Translation and then pass the request back onto the network and for servers outside the network of server A tunneling will be required. For step 5, I simply need to configure server B, as per the real servers in a load balancing setup. Namely, server B should have server A's IP address on the loopback interface and it should not answer any ARP requests for that IP address. My problem is how to actually achieve step 4? I have found plenty of hardware and software that can do this for simple load balancing at layer 4, but these solutions fall short and cannot handle the kind of custom routing I require. It seems like I will need to roll my own solution. Ideally, I would like to do the routing / forwarding at the web server level, i.e. in PHP or C# / ASP.net. However, I am open to doing it at a lower level such as Apache or IIS, or at an even lower level, i.e. a custom proxy service in front of everything. Thanks.

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• Poor SSL performance with vsftpd

  - by petrus

  I'm trying to tweak vsftpd to achieve maximum performance for my usage: I have only one or two clients that connect to the server. File size is between ~15MB and 1GB. Typical transfer batch represent between 1 and 2GB of data. For testing purposes, I'm using a tmpfs on both sides (thus eliminating any disks bottleneck) with a single 1GB file. When SSL is disabled, performance is good, with a transfer rate at ~120MB/s (reaching the limits of gigabit networking). With SSL enabled only for control traffic (and not data traffic), performance drops at about 112MB/s, which is still within the acceptable limits. However, when SSL is enabled for data flows, the transfer speed drops dramatically: 6.7MB/s using 3DES & SHA (ssl_ciphers=DES-CBC3-SHA in vsftpd.conf) 16MB/s using DES & SHA (ssl_ciphers=DES-CBC-SHA) I didn't tested other ciphers, but from what I can see from the CPU usage during the transfer, it seems that vsftpd is only using a single cpu/core per client. While this can fit for large ftp sites with hundreds of clients, I'd like to avoid this behavior and use more ressources on the server. On a side note, if you have any ideas regarding other openssl ciphers...

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• How would I setup iMail to forward a user's mail to another service w/o leaving a copy locally?

  - by Scott Mayfield

  I have an iMail 2006 server installation in which I have a particular user that has several aliases that all point to a single user (me, for the record). I've been copying all of my mail to GMail and reading it there, but it annoys me that I have to go back weekly and log into my mail account on iMail and delete between 6 and 10 thousand copies of messages I've already received, in order to keep my mailbox from filling up (yes, I have it set with no quota, but I consider it bad form to just let the box grow indefinitely). I've got the copying setup via an inbound user rule, but I'm wondering how to accomplish a "copy and delete" rule. The manual isn't clear on what happens with multiple matching rules (will they be processed in order, or is it a first match situation?) and there isn't a means to combine multiple actions into a single rule. If I use the "forward" action, I THINK that it's going to screw up all the sender information once the mail reaches my GMail account and show it as coming from me instead of the original senders (can anyone confirm that this is accurate?) An easy answer would be to delete my user account entirely, replace it with an alias that maps to my GMail account, but then I would lose my ability to log into the system for admin duties. So that leads me to creating a second, lesser known account for admin use, but since it's a real account, sooner or later I'm going to get mail sent to it and I'll be back to the same situation of having a user account that doesn't get emptied periodically. I imagine I can set the quota to 0 MB to cause all incoming mail to my admin account to bounce, or setup an inbound rule to bounce everything, but this is starting to sound kludgy to me. Does anyone know of a more direct work around to copying a user's incoming mail to an outside server and then deleting the local copy w/o removing their account entirely? Or is this just wishful thinking? Thanks in advance. Scott

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• Ping server NETBIOS name returns wrong IP and "Destination host unreachable"

  - by music2myear

  Problem server is Windows 2008 R2 VM running on VMWare ESXi 4 host. Single network adapter manually assigned single IP address (192.168.1.11). When I ping the server from any other network computer, it returns 192.168.1.124 and "Destination host unreachable". Yesterday I found a second network adapter assigned to this server with an IP of 169.254... indicating it had no real valid IP. Using the MAC addresses I determined which adapter was not needed/not wanted, and removed it using VMWare systems. This is the network Printer Server and, understandably, nothing is printing right now. I've looked at the solutions here Why was my ping answered by a different IP address than the one pinged? and they aren't applicable to my situation for the following reasons: Output of arp -a on another computer returns the correct IP address (.1.11) assigned to the correct MAC address, the incorrect IP .1.124 is not listed, and the MAC of the network adapter I removed yesterday is not listed at all. I checked out the Microsoft KB article which listed pretty much my exact symptoms ( http://support.microsoft.com/kb/981953 ) and it says to check binding orders and look for hidden adapters. But there are no hidden adapters, and there is only one Network Adapter listed in the Binding Order list. Essentially, I can communicate from the server TO any other network device, but I cannot communicate from any other network device TO the server. Help! UPDATE: Solution found, see this solution for the details.

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