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• dd on entire disk, but do not want empty portion

  - by Jonathan Henson

  I have a disk, say /dev/sda. Here is fdisk -l: Disk /dev/sda: 64.0 GB, 64023257088 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 7783 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0000e4b5 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 27 209920 83 Linux Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2 27 525 4000768 5 Extended Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda5 27 353 2621440 83 Linux /dev/sda6 353 405 416768 83 Linux /dev/sda7 405 490 675840 83 Linux /dev/sda8 490 525 282624 83 Linux I need to make an image to store on our file server for use in flashing other devices we are manufacturing so I only want the used space (only about 4gb). I want to keep the mbr etc... as this device should be boot ready as soon as the copy is finished. Any ideas? I previously had been using dd if=/dev/sda of=[//fileserver/file], but at that time, my master copy was on a 4gb flash ide.

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• How long will a "safely stored" Solid-State-Drive (SSD) keep its data? (e.g. bank safety-deposit box)

  - by user31575

  Here's my usecase: once-and-only-once copy off photos/videos to an internal SATA Solid State Drive (SSD) put this drive in a well-ventilated, air-conditioned bank "safety deposit box" for safe keeping The question: How long can I safely store a solid-state-drive in such an environment? i.e. 0% bitrot, 100% success when "plugged in" Are some SSD drives more reliable than other for this usecase? (e.g. smaller size vs larger size, SLC vs MLC, different brands, etc) More fodder: I have read that solid state memory cards (e..g compactflash, or sd cards) have much longer durability than other media (DVD's, CD's, hard drives) for this usecase (guaranteed against bitrot/other dysfunction on the order of ~ a decades vs a year ). I don't know if this applies to "SSD hard drives". Copying to one 500Gb ssd vs 8 64gb flash drives is easier SSD SATA hard drives have no moving parts, but they have more "visible electronics" than a compact flash card. I don't know if this "visible electronics" can fail, i.e. in contr I know many will point to carbonite, other cloud backup stuff, but I like the simplicity of having physical copies and wanted to understand the risks/implications thanks,

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• How to completely disable IPv6 for loopback interface on RHEL 5.6

  - by Marc D

  I've done lots of research on how to disable IPv6 on RedHat Linux and I have it almost completely disabled. However the loopback interface is still getting an inet6 loopback address (::1/128). I can't find where IPV6 is still enabled for loopback. To disable IPV6 I added the following settings to /etc/sysctl.conf: net.ipv6.conf.default.disable_ipv6=1 net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6=1 And also added the following line to /etc/sysconfig/network: NETWORKING_IPV6=no After rebooting, the inet6 address is gone from my physical interface (eth0), but is still there for lo: # ip addr show 1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 16436 qdisc noqueue link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00 inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo inet6 ::1/128 scope host valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever 2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast qlen 1000 link/ether 00:50:56:xx:xx:xx brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff inet 10.x.x.x/21 brd 10.x.x.x scope global eth0 If I manually remove the IPV6 address from loopback and then bounce the interface, it comes back: # ip addr del ::1/128 dev lo # ip addr show lo 1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 16436 qdisc noqueue link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00 inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo # ip link set lo down # ip link set lo up # ip addr show lo 1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 16436 qdisc noqueue link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00 inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo inet6 ::1/128 scope host valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever I believe IPV6 should be disabled at the kernel level as confirmed by sysctl: # sysctl net.ipv6.conf.lo.disable_ipv6 net.ipv6.conf.lo.disable_ipv6 = 1 Any ideas on what else would cause the loopback interface to get an IPV6 address?

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• Dell Vostro Desktop error.

  - by goldenmean

  Faced a strange situation at work today. We have people sitting at a table on opposite sides, with power cables underneath the table. This morning when the person sitting opposite to me banged his feet on ground, it disturbed the power cable to my PC and it turned-off. So when I turned it on, it says, "No boot device found" Press F1 to setup or F5 to perform test... There was no physical impact/crash/fall of the desktop cabinet, which could have crashed/damaged the hard disk physically. EDIT: The OS is Windows 7 So I tried to recognize it in the Bios setup, but even there it could not find the SATA disk that is connected to this machine. So then I opened the cabinet, removed the power supply and plugged it back again. Tried to reboot, same error, "Boot device not found" It is not recognizing the hard disk. Any ideas about what might be wrong? Hard-disk crash, OS Crash(But it doesn't even go to the point of loading the disk after the initial Bios execution, so doubt this...) Any pointers about how I should proceed to troubleshoot/solve this error are welcome.

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• How to setup a hyper-v domain with internet access

  - by fynnbob

  First off let me say that I'm not a network admin or server guy, I know very little about that stuff. What I'm trying to do is setup a virtualized domain using hyper-V. Here is the configuration: Physical Server: 4Mb RAM Windows Server 2008 R2 running Hyper-V Virtual Environment: One Domain Controller running Windows Server 2008 R2 One Client running Windows Server 2008 R2 I have been successful in setting up a virtual domain controller and adding a virtual client to that domain controller but I'm stuck at trying to give the virtual Environment Internet access. I can give the client VM Internet access if I remove them from the virtual domain but once I add them back to the virtual domain, Internet access is gone. I've read articles describing many different ways this can be done (using RRAS with NAT, using a wireless connection, etc...) but all of those articles only cover a small piece of the setup and also seem to be geared towards people who know there way around networking and servers which I don't. I'd like to know more but my thing is software development and I have my hands full trying to keep up with everything in that realm. I simply want to setup a virtual domain with Internet access for testing. Can anyone point me to any "for Dummy's" type information on how to setup this type of environment or can anyone provide this kind of step-by-step help. Any help would be very much appreciated.

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• Licensing SQL Server 2012 Reporting Services w/ SharePoint 2010

  - by Evan M.

  Here's my situation: I have 1 VM that is running SharePoint 2010 SP1. I have a different physical server that is running SQL Server 2008 R2 that hosts all the configuration and content database for SharePoint. Now, we want to start providing BI capabilities to our users with SharePoint and SQL Server. With it's new features, 2012 is the obvious way to go. To support this, I'm looking to build a new VM that will have SQL Server 2012 installed w/ Analysis services and SSIS, which will be the platform that gets our data from our Oracle databases, puts it in a warehouse hosted by the SQL 2012 instance, and is put into cubes. What's getting me about the platform is licensing for Reporting Services and PowerPivot. My plan was to install SSRS and PowerPivot on the current SharePoint server. But my understanding of the licensing means that instead of the new SQL server being licensed, I'd have to license both new server, and the SharePoint server. Conversely, I could install SharePoint onto the SQL server, and only have to get a second SP license, but then I'd have the added complexity of deploying a separated application server, and combines my data and application servers. Is my licensing understanding correct, or can I have SSRS and PowerPivot installed separately without incurring additional licensing costs?

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• NTFS frequent corruption when writing many small files, index $I30 error

  - by david sedai

  I'm running Windows 7 Ultimate on a laptop with a 500G HDD, and had all partitions formatted as NTFS. I do a lot of programming and LaTeX typesetting, both of these involves a large amount of reading/writing/deleting to a lot of small files, such as C++ library headers or LaTeX packages. The problem is that frequently, when there is a large number of writing to files, the partition being written to often corrupts, the chkntfs e: returns dirty, where e: is the partition being written. I've re-formatted the drive, I've contacted the laptop manufacturer and had the HDD checked, the HDD is not faulty, there are no bad sectors, and I've tried a brand new HDD, to no avail, and the other partition on the same physical drive doesn't have this issue. I'm pretty sure that it's no hardware related. I've searched the Microsoft support pages, one page http://support.microsoft.com/kb/982018 provides an update for Advanced Format Disks, which I've already installed. The chkntfs log shows $130 index errors. I'm at a loss here. Can anyone help? Thanks in advance.

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• tc u32 --- how to match L2 protocols in recent kernels?

  - by brownian

  I have a nice shaper, with hashed filtering, built at a linux bridge. In short, br0 connects external and internal physical interfaces, VLAN tagged packets are bridged "transparently" (I mean, no VLAN interfaces are there). Now, different kernels do it differently. I can be wrong with exact kernel verions ranges, please forgive me. Thanks. 2.6.26 So, in debian, 2.6.26 and up (up to 2.6.32, I believe) --- this works: tc filter add dev internal protocol 802.1q parent 1:0 prio 100 \ u32 ht 1:64 match ip dst 192.168.1.100 flowid 1:200 Here, "kernel" matches two bytes in "protocol" field with 0x8100, but counts the beginning of ip packet as a "zero position" (sorry for my English, if I'm a bit unclear). 2.6.32 Again, in debian (I've not built vanilla kernel), 2.6.32-5 --- this works: tc filter add dev internal protocol 802.1q parent 1:0 prio 100 \ u32 ht 1:64 match ip dst 192.168.1.100 at 20 flowid 1:200 Here, "kernel" matches the same for protocol, but counts offset from the beginning of this protocol's header --- I have to add 4 bytes to offset (20, not 16 for dst address). It's ok, seems more logical, as for me. 3.2.11, the latest stable now This works --- as if there is no 802.1q tag at all: tc filter add dev internal protocol ip parent 1:0 prio 100 \ u32 ht 1:64 match ip dst 192.168.1.100 flowid 1:200 The problem is that I couldn't find a way to match 802.1q tag so far. Matching 802.1q tag at past I could do this before as follows: tc filter add dev internal protocol 802.1q parent 1:0 prio 100 \ u32 match u16 0x0ed8 0x0fff at -4 flowid 1:300 Now I'm unable to match 802.1q tag with at 0, at -2, at -4, at -6 or like that. The main issue that I have zero hits count --- this filter is not being checked at all, "wrong protocol", in other words. Please, anyone, help me :-) Thanks!

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• How do I prevent a tar pipe from causing swapping?

  - by Jeff Shattock

  I have a rather large filesystem that I need to transfer from one Linux server to another. I figured the best way to do this was via a tar/netcat pipe arrangment, something like tar c . | pv | nc blah blah blah And it works great, the network stays fairly saturated, life is good. Until the source machine starts swapping. The files are on a raid on the source system, so the read speed is much faster than the write speed on the other end. Since the dest machine hasnt picked up the data yet, the source machine needs to stick it somewhere, so into RAM it goes, until there is no more free RAM. It then starts swapping, which is horribly painful since that machine has its OS installed on a somewhat slow CF card. Both machines have 4GB of physical ram, 64 bit Ubuntu 9.04 server. GigE link between them. How do I prevent this swapping? Can I put a "speed-limit" on the tar or netcat process so that the transfer speed doesn't overwhelm the write throughput on the destination end? The man pages didn't list anything, but there might be something I'm overlooking.

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• a disk read error occurred [closed]

  - by kellogs

  Hi, ¨a disk read error occurred¨ appears on screen after choosing to boot into Windows XP from GRUB. [root@localhost linux]# fdisk -lu Disk /dev/sda: 160.0 GB, 160041885696 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 19457 cylinders, total 312581808 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x48424841 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 63 204214271 102107104+ 7 HPFS/NTFS Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2 204214272 255606783 25696256 af HFS / HFS+ Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda3 255606784 276488191 10440704 c W95 FAT32 (LBA) Partition 3 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda4 276490179 312576704 18043263 5 Extended /dev/sda5 * 276490240 286709759 5109760 83 Linux /dev/sda6 286712118 310488254 11888068+ b W95 FAT32 /dev/sda7 310488318 312576704 1044193+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris sda is a 160GB hard disk with quite a few partitions and 3 OSes installed. I am able to boot into Linux and Mac OS fine, but not into Windows anymore. The Windows system is located on /dev/sda1. I can not recall how exactly have I used testdisk but it once said that ¨The harddisk /dev/sda (160GB / 149 GB) seems too small! (< 172GB / 157GB)¨ or something simillar. So far I have tried to ¨fixboot¨ and ¨chkdsk¨ from a recovery console on the affected windows partition (/dev/sda1), the plug off power cord for 15 seconds trick, reinstalling GRUB, repairing the MFT and boot sector of the affected partition via testdisk, what next please ? Thank you!

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• Do background processes get a SIGHUP when logging off?

  - by Massimo

  This is a followup to this question. I've run some more tests; looks like it really doesn't matter if this is done at the physical console or via SSH, neither does this happen only with SCP; I also tested it with cat /dev/zero > /dev/null. The behaviour is exactly the same: Start a process in the background using & (or put it in background after it's started using CTRL-Z and bg); this is done without using nohup. Log off. Log on again. The process is still there, running happily, and is now a direct child of init. I can confirm both SCP and CAT quits immediately if sent a SIGHUP; I tested this using kill -HUP. So, it really looks like SIGHUP is not sent upon logoff, at least to background processes (can't test with a foreground one for obvious reasons). This happened to me initially with the service console of VMware ESX 3.5 (which is based on RedHat), but I was able to replicate it exactly on CentOS 5.4. The question is, again: shouldn't a SIGHUP be sent to processes, even if they're running in background, upon logging off? Why is this not happening? Edit I checked with strace, as per Kyle's answer. As I was expecting, the process doesn't get any signal when logging off from the shell where it was launched. This happens both when using the server's console and via SSH.

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• do I need to create an AD site for VPN network

  - by ykyri

  I have Windows Domain level 2008 R2. There are four GC DC in four different physical locations. I have Kerio-based VPN network for replication and remote administration. Here is how network configured: dc1: local IP: 192.168.0.10 VPN IP: 192.168.1.10 dc2: local IP: 10.10.8.11 VPN IP: 192.168.1.11 dc3: local IP: 10.10.9.12 VPN IP: 192.168.1.12 dc4: local IP: 10.10.10.13 VPN IP: 192.168.1.13 That's simple, replication and all works fine but when running dcdiag on dc3 I have an error: A warning event occurred. EventID: 0x000016AF During the past 4.12 hours there have been 216 connections to this Domain Controller from client machines whose IP addresses don't map to any of the existing sites in the enterprise. <...> The log(s) may contain additional unrelated debugging information. To filter out the needed information, please search for lines which contain text 'NO_CLIENT_SITE:'. The first word after this string is the client name and the second word is the client IP address. Here is netlogon.log lines example: 05/30 12:07:39 DOMAIN.NAME: NO_CLIENT_SITE: dc2 192.168.1.11 05/31 09:52:11 DOMAIN.NAME: NO_CLIENT_SITE: dc4 192.168.1.13 05/31 19:49:31 DOMAIN.NAME: NO_CLIENT_SITE: adm-note 192.168.1.101 07/01 05:16:26 DOMAIN.NAME: NO_CLIENT_SITE: dc1 192.168.1.10 All VPN-joined computers are generates same log line as above. Computer amd-note is for example administrator's notebook, also have VPN. Question is should I add new AD site and bind VPN subnet 192.168.1.0/24 with that site?

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• EC2 AMI won't boot after edit

  - by Eric Lars0n

  I did something stupid, I got a new laptop and copied everything over to the new one, then wiped the old one clean. Then I realized that I forgot to copy the private key out of .ssh that I use to connect to my AWS EBS backed instance. So I can't log in to my custom AMI. So I created a new Volume from the Snapshot of the AMI, then started up a public instance and attached the Volume to it, edit the sshd_config to allow for password log in. Unmounted the volume, detached it, made a snapshot of it, then made a new AMI from the snapshot. The new AMI launches, but never passes the Status Checks and is not reachable. What am I doing wrong? Or alternatively how can I fix my problem? Edit: Adding some of the console output Linux version 2.6.16-xenU ([email protected]) (gcc version 4.0.1 20050727 (Red Hat 4.0.1-5)) #1 SMP Mon May 28 03:41:49 SAST 2007 BIOS-provided physical RAM map: Xen: 0000000000000000 - 000000006a400000 (usable) 980MB HIGHMEM available. 727MB LOWMEM available. NX (Execute Disable) protection: active IRQ lockup detection disabled RAMDISK driver initialized: 16 RAM disks of 4096K size 1024 blocksize NET: Registered protocol family 2 Registering block device major 8 XENBUS: Timeout connecting to devices! Kernel panic - not syncing: VFS: Unable to mount root fs on unknown-block(8,0)

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• vSphere Promiscuous mode only receiving packets one way from network switch

  - by steve.lippert

  We have two network switches, a POE switch (SwitchA) to power our phones / users computers and a non-POE switch (SwitchB for the rest network.) Each switch is setup to do port mirroring to support our VoIP recording system. SwitchA does port mirroring on specific ports if we need to record a user. SwitchB mirrors one port to monitor our work at home users (Internet comes in from managed router, to switch, back out to our firewall.) These two port mirroring setups feed into one vmware vSphere 4.1 server, it has four total physical cards. The other two NICs feed into an unmanaged switch for connecting to the rest of the network. Once into the vSphere server all network ports go into a vSwitch, and then one of the servers (Windows 2008 R2) sniffs them out and does its thing. Everything is working fine and dandy from SwitchB. But on SwitchA we only receive one side of the VoIP packets (going out to the phone, nothing coming in from the phone). Troubleshooting steps I have taken so far: I hooked up my laptop to the monitor port on SwitchB and I see both sides of the packets. I swapped which network interface is plugged into the monitor port on SwitchA. Because everything feeds into one vSwitch / vNetwork and both sides of the conversation arrive just fine from SwitchB I believe everything is configured correctly on the vSphere server/guest. What could be causing one way packets to arrive on my guest machine from only one interface, but not the other? Could a bad cable be causing the problems from SwitchB?

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• How do I lower the hardware volume? (volume too high)

  - by Zom-B

  I have a 4yo Dell laptop with Windows XP Pro (modern ones unfortunately don't have a physical volume knob), and lately I'm using my Apple earphones, because they have much better low frequency response than my $10 earphones. They also have the side effect of being much louder. To give an indication of my agony, for most tasks (movie, music, games) I have my main volume at 3 ticks: drag to 0 with the mouse and press the up key 3 times (the handle does not even raise 1 pixel) and my wave volume at 50%. I notice that when I do this, I have a lot of digital noise, because I'm using just a tiny fraction of the 16-bit space. If I drag the Wave slider down until I barely hear the audio, it becomes really distorted and noisy, indicating that this is digital volume (in the DirectSound driver or something) and not hardware volume. I experimented in Audition. When I make a tone of 1000Hz at -50db, (all windows volumes at max) the volume is just below my pain threshold. When I zoom in to see how high the sample values reach, I see that just 8 of the 16 bits are used (about -100 ~ 100). When I generate such tone at -80db (minimum I can specify) then I can still clearly hear the tone, although really noisy. When I zoom in, I see that just 3 out of 16 bits are used. I created a squarewave tone that is just 1 bit high, and I can still hear it! For most uses, this is not a big problem (audiophiles will disagree!), as I just have more noise than usual (about the same as old 8 bit hardware), but I'm also in the process of programming a hearing test program, in which case this problem is a death blow as the test subjects will even hear tones at the bottom of the theoretical range (lowering the windows volume is futile, see above) (I cannot update drivers, as Dell has discontinued XP support for my model)

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• Extending ext4 partition on debian7.0 on vsphere

  - by VoidPointer

  I have allocated thin provisioning of 15GB when i found 8GB as insufficient. Now debian guest is not able to recognize the change of size. root@debian7-x64:~# lvdisplay --- Logical volume --- LV Path /dev/debian7-x64/root LV Name root VG Name debian7-x64 LV UUID EU6mg0-XTXC-ci3D-bQJi-7XN6-r8Hp-SYxcj0 LV Write Access read/write LV Creation host, time debian7-x64, 2013-06-25 12:02:49 +0530 LV Status available # open 1 LV Size 7.39 GiB Current LE 1892 Segments 1 Allocation inherit Read ahead sectors auto - currently set to 256 Block device 254:0 --- Logical volume --- LV Path /dev/debian7-x64/swap_1 LV Name swap_1 VG Name debian7-x64 LV UUID xDNtoz-tJUq-M5D6-GGCN-gzcD-fwUv-fYYDR1 LV Write Access read/write LV Creation host, time debian7-x64, 2013-06-25 12:02:49 +0530 LV Status available # open 2 LV Size 376.00 MiB Current LE 94 Segments 1 Allocation inherit Read ahead sectors auto - currently set to 256 Block device 254:1 root@debian7-x64:~# pvdisplay --- Physical volume --- PV Name /dev/sda5 VG Name debian7-x64 PV Size 7.76 GiB / not usable 2.00 MiB Allocatable yes (but full) PE Size 4.00 MiB Total PE 1986 Free PE 0 Allocated PE 1986 PV UUID SehkzH-Gq8Y-jI2f-27Tb-uv1Z-tR1R-5OnTxR root@debian7-x64:~# sfdisk -s /dev/sda: 15728640 /dev/mapper/debian7--x64-root: 7749632 /dev/mapper/debian7--x64-swap_1: 385024 total: 23863296 blocks Help me to extend this partition. No problem in rebooting. I dont have any live CD. Environment : debian 7, with lvm, on vsphere, ext4 partition. Can provide more details when needed.

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• Same native and tagged vlan possible on Redhat?

  - by Chris Phillips

  Hi guys and gals, I'm looking at implementing a systems using a number of tagged and a native vlan connected to a server over a a/p bonded interface. The untagged vlan is for physical machine access, the tagged vlans are connected to bridges and then to QEMU VM's inside the machine. Hopefully this plan is fine, but I'm trying to implement a crippled version of this in a dev environment due to a lack of underlying network config in this location where I just have the same single vlan delivered to the machine on a tag AND plain. I'm nto clear if this is going to work (and that I should just be confident that it will work using different vlans) as I'm seeing odd things like a vm is arping out over the vlan out to the core switch, but the arp reply is coming back on the untagged interface. Now an ARP reply is unicast right? So it's a deliberate thing to send the ARP response on the untagged interface, and not a case that a broadcast response isn't being passed on the tagged side... i.e. there's some underlying logic pushing it that way. Something about the MACs somehow? This is on a CentOS 5.5 machine, vlan's from vconfig. (I've seen reference to the Linux mac-vlan project work, but that's not available here by default.) so 1) Should having the SAME vlan tagged and untagged work? 2) Will different tagged vlans to the untagged interface work nice and easily?

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• Windows 7 Paging file apparently not being used

  - by Daniel F.

  I'm running Windows 7 Home Premium 32bit on a mobo with 24GB RAM. Of those 24GB, 20GB are assigned as a RAMDISK via ASRock XFastRAM. This RAMDISK has the drive letter X assigned to it. On X:\ I'm storing the temporary files folder, as well as pagefile.sys. Pagefile.sys has 6GB of size. The X:\ has usually around 14GB free space, so the temporary files are negligible, it's mostly the browsers which are storing their caches on there. Now my issue is that Firefox is crashing a lot on me, no error message pops up, but I know that this is because it's out of memory. I could kind of live with that, but now that I switched from using Eclipse to Android Studio, I know that I'm in trouble, because Java isn't capable of allocating, and Android Studio, together with the Java instances it launches, is quite a memory hog. So I tried to figure out what's wrong, and apparently Windows isn't swapping out memory onto the paging file. While my applications are crashing (firefox) / not starting (java vm's), the paging file is only using constantly around 15% of its size (checked with the performance monitor). 15% equals to 1GB aprox. I know that the correct solution would be to switch to 64 bit Windows, but I had to use the 32 bit version because of driver issues which I had about two years ago, and I guess that I'll have them again if I reformat and install the 64 bit version. Also, the machine is running quite stable, the only issue is the memory, so I'd like to use it as it is (as the apps are installed and configured) Is there a way to make Windows use the paging file more efficiently? None of my processes require more than 1GB, I'd just like it to swap out some seldomly used stuff, like GoogleCrashHandler.exe and stuff like that in order to have "more physical memory avaliable". Is that possible?

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• Backup data from RAID 1 disk out of its server

  - by Doomsday

  I'm facing with a pretty easy problem in my opinion. I've extracted a working disk from a RAID1 and I'm looking to copy only data (FS and RAID configuration doesn't matter) into another location (another FS). My problem is I'm not able to mount properly this disk into another linux. I've first looked the partition table : # fdisk -l /dev/sdc Disk /dev/sdc: 640.1 GB, 640135028736 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 77825 cylinders, total 1250263728 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdc1 63 1249535699 624767818+ fd Linux raid autodetect /dev/sdc2 1249535700 1250017649 240975 fd Linux raid autodetect /dev/sdc3 1250017650 1250258624 120487+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris I've understood I should use dmraid tools. Once installed : # cat /proc/mdstat Personalities : md0 : inactive sdc1[1](S) 624767744 blocks unused devices: <none> And some other informations : # mdadm --examine /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdc1: Magic : a92b4efc Version : 0.90.00 UUID : 8f292f54:7e5aef72:7e5ab5fd:b348fd05 Creation Time : Mon Jun 2 03:39:41 2008 Raid Level : raid1 Used Dev Size : 624767744 (595.82 GiB 639.76 GB) Array Size : 624767744 (595.82 GiB 639.76 GB) Raid Devices : 2 Total Devices : 2 Preferred Minor : 0 Update Time : Tue Feb 7 22:34:59 2012 State : clean Active Devices : 2 Working Devices : 2 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 0 Checksum : a505b324 - correct Events : 15148 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State this 1 8 1 1 active sync /dev/sda1 0 0 8 17 0 active sync /dev/sdb1 1 1 8 1 1 active sync /dev/sda1 From here, I've tried to mount but I'm not comfortable with dmtools and how it's working. # mount /dev/sdc1 /mnt/sdc1 mount: unknown filesystem type 'linux_raid_member' # mount /dev/md0 /mnt/sdc1 mount: /dev/md0: can't read superblock I've seen some options to alter RAID array with mdadm but I only want to copy data on its filesystem before wiping them... Anyone has a clue ?

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• K8NDRE motherboard in server fails to complete BIOS load with error 0078

  - by John

  K8NDRE motherboard with 4 sata drives, was running fine. Drives had raid-0 and raid-1 partitions, using mdadm. The onboard raid is disabled. Upon reformatting the drives, setting a new partition structure and new raid partitions, the bios fails to finish loading, with 0078 in the bottom right corner. Tried using completely new set of drives, and bios worked fine. Able to boot from a usb, format the drives, partition them, start raid, and then installed os. Reboot and received the same error from the bios, 0078. Works fine if I unplug the sata drives. Any thoughts? Physical inspection reveals no damage cables, connectors, or capacitors. Server was running happily for over a year, and this is the first problem it has had. Per Michael Hampton's answer: The drives, unjumpered and supporting sata III worked fine originally, and worked fine for formatting and having new partitions and raid installed on them. I did try jumpering one, with no change. If I put a brand new unformatted drive in, the motherboard recognizes it and I can proceed with formatting and installing. When I reboot, I get the 0078. I have 4 sata cables-the board supports 4 drives, so I tried each and no change. I am close to calling the motherboard done.

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• Drive letter not appearing after heat-related crash

  - by NickAldwin

  I recently had my old PC (has 3 physical hard drives partitioned into 6 partitions) off while on vacation. When I came back, I turned it on. I hadn't realized the room was warmer than it usually is due to hot weather while I was away. The computer was extremely slow to start up, then it crashed. When i rebooted, it got halfway through chkdsk on one of the non-system partitions, then crashed again. I opened it up and felt the hard drives and immediately shut down the computer and moved it to my basement to cool down because it was so hot. I left it there for a length of time while I reinstalled the A/C. I have now turned it on again. It is working fine, and every drive except for the one with the partition that was being checked has appeared in Windows. I scheduled chkdsk for all of the other partitions anyway, just in case, but I'm worried about that drive. I'm pretty sure the drive itself hasn't broken but that crashing in the middle of a chkdsk repair may have corrupted the data. What would you do in this situation? Most of the data on that drive was backed up, so it's not a huge deal if I lost it, but I'd like to get it back if I could. I also would love to regain usability of the drive, even if I have to wipe it -- but that's a last-resort sort of thing. What do you suggest I do?

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• How to reinstall bootloader after migration to SSD

  - by hijarian

  I must say, it was difficult to name this question. Basically, I need to properly reinstall the bootloader on my system, because I already have the working system disks for my OSes. The long story is this: I had the large slow HDD with Windows7 & Debian Wheezy dual-boot on it, perfectly bootable. Then, I ordered the SSD drive and prepared my system partitions to fit onto the much smaller SSD. I wanted the following schema: 128 GB Windows 24 GB / on Debian 86 GB /home on Debian Strange size for /home because there's no such thing as true 256GB disk drive. So, I've prepared such a partitions on my initial HDD and installed the new SSD and then I loaded the GParted live USB (can't remember now how it was really named), and then just copypasted the partitions from HDD to SSD. So, now I have the following partitions across the physical disks: SSD 128 GB copy of original Windows partition 24 GB copy of presumably Debian / 86 GB copy of presumably Debian /home HDD 128 GB Windows 24 GB / on Debian 86 GB /home on Debian ... several other partitions with non-system data ... And the behavior of the system right after the Ctrl+C, Ctrl+V in GParted was as follows: no GRUB, system boots right into the Windows on HDD. In BIOS settings are to boot from SSD first. I managed to create the Debian Testing installation USB and loaded it into the rescue mode, found that it identified my SSD as /dev/sda and installed the GRUB to the /dev/sda. Now my system loads the GRUB which lists both Windows and Debian. From HDD. So, I am now back into initial position. Please, how I should set up the GRUB so it'll load the OSes correctly from SSD? Should I fire up my Debian, fiddle with the GRUB's config and reinstall it again to the same place (at SSD)?

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• file system that allow to specify different RAID level per directory and change it afterward

  - by Adam Ryczkowski

  I have 5 hard drives, where I want to keep my data. Some of my files are more important, and some of them are less. So some of them I wish to put on RAID-6, and for some it RAID-5 is sufficient. It is difficult to predict at the moment of creation of the arrays how much space of each type to declare. What I would do if I didn't hear about zfs, is partition the hard drives into identical 100GB partitions, and as my needs grow, assemble those partitions into md devices using linux-raid. Then, I'd combine those devices using lvm into logical volumes where I'd put my data. So when I'd need more space of e.g. RAID-6, I'd take 100GB partition from each hard drive and assemble them into another RAID-6 md device and would use it as physical storage for the logical volume group dedicated for RAID-6 data. Then I could grow the file system on this logical volume. On top of RAID-6 and RAID-5 Volume Groups (managed by lvm) would reside completely independent file systems, which I'd later merge with multiple mount --bind into a single directory structure that would reflect the logical structure of data rather that of the storage. But now, when I heard about the ZFS with all the performance, data-healing and compression capabilities I cannot stop thinking if it can help me. If so, what do you think would be the best setup?

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• Setup ejabberd with SQL Server 2008

  - by wonster

  Here's what I have got so far. Windows 2008 Server 64 bit. Installed the latest version of ejabberd, ejabberd-2.1.8-windows-installer.exe. The windows service starts up fine but seems ineffective. However, using the start & stop scripts work. I am able to login to the admin page which so far doesn't seem that versatile. Opened up ports 5222, 5226 and 5280 for my workstation to talk to the server. I've got Spark and Jabbear Windows clients to register, login and instant message with multiple accounts using the server. After confirming that I've got the very basics working, I've decided to make use of SQL Server 2008 as the database. Reason? Mainly, I am very comfortable with SQL Server. I can deal with redundancy, failover, data analysis easily. Not sure if ejabberd's built in DB provides all that. Following the instructions from ejabberd's documentation, I setup a system DSN that points to another physical database. The DSN checks out fine. (Tried both Named Pipes and TCP/IP) Modified ejabberd.cfg. Commented line %%{auth_method, internal} and uncommented line {auth_method, odbc} Uncommented and modified {odbc_server, "DSN=ejabberd;UID=somelogin;PWD=somepassword"}. After making these changes, I restarted. No errors are found in the log files. The jabber clients are no longer able to register new accounts. I'm not sure where to look for errors besides the /logs/ folder as I'm new to all this. I am basically stuck here on step 5. Has anyone got this setup to work recently? Some of the posts I've found around are years old and of no help. I can't be the only one setting up ejabberd with MS SQL. Any help would be appreciated!

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• Debian Wheezy (testing) df reported volume size

  - by TheRoadrunner

  I am a bit confused about the /dev/sda* references since I installed Wheezy instead of Squeeze on a testing box. fdisk -l returns: Disk /dev/sda: 250.1 GB, 250059350016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 30401 cylinders, total 488397168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x000e9623 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 480278527 240138240 83 Linux /dev/sda2 480280574 488396799 4058113 5 Extended /dev/sda5 480280576 488396799 4058112 82 Linux swap / Solaris This seems correct. But df -h /dev/sda (and /dev/sda1 and /dev/sda2 and /dev/sda5) returns: Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on udev 10M 0 10M 0% /dev The same happens with every entry under /dev/disk/by-id and /dev/disk/by-path. Only one of two entries under /dev/disk/by-uuid returns the correct volume size: df -h /dev/disk/by-uuid/cacdbad6-7e6b-4e80-84ba-e3c77ef48796 Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/disk/by-uuid/cacdbad6-7e6b-4e80-84ba-e3c77ef48796 229G 22G 196G 11% / Contents of /etc/fstab: # /etc/fstab: static file system information. # # Use 'blkid' to print the universally unique identifier for a # device; this may be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name devices # that works even if disks are added and removed. See fstab(5). # # <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass> # / was on /dev/sda1 during installation UUID=cacdbad6-7e6b-4e80-84ba-e3c77ef48796 / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1 # swap was on /dev/sda5 during installation UUID=45840d13-ee36-4e77-8e73-16cbdff25eb1 none swap sw 0 0 /dev/sr0 /media/cdrom0 udf,iso9660 user,noauto 0 0 /dev/fd0 /media/floppy0 auto rw,user,noauto 0 0 It seems all other references than the uuid points to the swap partition. Is this because Wheezy is in testing, and should it be reported as an error?

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