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• Network Sniffing and Hubs

  - by Chris_K

  This will likely seem naive to the experts... but it has been on my mind lately. For years I've been using ntop and a cheap 4 port hub to sniff client networks to determine who's doing what -- and how much. Great way to see what's going on when they call and say "Geeze, the network seems really slow today." No need to bring in a managed switch (or access the existing one) and no need to configure spanning or mirroring. I just drop in the hub inline where I want to measure. Lately I noticed it is just about impossible to buy a real honest-to-goodness hub anymore. While looking for a new one, I had someone tell me that I should be sure to get a full-duplex hub or I'd only be seeing half the traffic when I monitor. Really? I've been using a crusty old Netgear DS104 all this time. No clue if it is half or FD. Have I really been understating my measurements? I'm just not bright enough about the physical layer to really know... Side note: Just ordered a Dualcomm Ethernet Switch TAP as a hub replacement. Seems like a nifty gadget. Any notes or tips about it would be welcome in the comments :-)

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• What I should know about memory management?

  - by bua

  first of all: I don't use stackadmin or similar so please don't vote for moving there, I'm reading man top and paper "what every programmer should know about memory ..." I need really simple explanation like for retard ;) Having following top dump: top - 11:21:19 up 37 days, 21:16, 4 users, load average: 0.41, 0.75, 1.09 Tasks: 313 total, 5 running, 308 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie Cpu(s): 0.4%us, 0.6%sy, 0.9%ni, 96.2%id, 0.1%wa, 0.0%hi, 1.9%si, 0.0%st Mem: 132103848k total, 131916948k used, 186900k free, 54000k buffers Swap: 73400944k total, 73070884k used, 330060k free, 13931192k cached PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 3305 tudb 25 10 144m 52m 940 R 6.0 0.0 1306:09 app 3011 tudb 15 0 71528 19m 604 S 3.3 0.0 171:57.83 app 3373 tudb 25 10 209m 93m 940 S 3.0 0.1 1074:53 app 3338 tudb 25 10 144m 47m 940 R 2.7 0.0 780:48.48 app 4227 tudb 25 10 208m 99m 904 S 1.3 0.1 198:56.01 app 8506 tudb 25 10 80.7g 49g 932 S 2.0 39.6 458:31.22 app I'm wondering what is: RES (my expl. physical memory consumption ? see 49GB) VIRT (memory mapped disk to cache? see 80GB) SHR (shared pages?) Swap: (is this cached label - for memory mapped disk into swap cache?) Should sum of RES give MEM: X used? or maybe sum of VIRT?

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• Why just splitting an Ethernet cable does not work?

  - by Sin Jeong-hun

  I thought the Ethernet is logically one-line communication bus (for argument's sake, I am excluding hubs). All machines attached in the bus hears the same signals and the machines themselves try to avoid collisions by randomly backing off. http://computer.howstuffworks.com/ethernet6.htm If so, why splitting one Ethernet line from my home router into two and connecting two computers would not work? Why do I have to add a switch to it? *What the Internet said would not work. [4 port home router] ------[one Ethernet cable]-----[simple splitter]======[two computers] *What the Internet said I should do [4 port home router] ------[one Ethernet cable]-----[switch]======[two computers] Is this because of the signal degradation (reduced electric current)? Thank you for all the answers! The reason why I did not just use the two ports of my home router is... The 4-port gigabit router is in my room and I had put a computer in another room (also my room, though). Since wired network is far more reliable and secure, I had bought a long Ethernet cable and and connected the computer to the router. Now I was thinking about adding another computer to that room. I could buy another long Ethernet cable, but then there will be two cables between the rooms. The one line already is a minor annoyance, so I thought if I could share the one line between the two computers in that room. A switch would work, but it requires power and is a little bit pricey. That is why I wondered why it would not work to simply split the physical Ethernet cable. Apparently I do not completely understand how Ethernet and a switch work. I just have some bit of knowledge I heard in my college class.

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• Installing a new Motherboard in a HP xw6200 case

  - by thing2k

  I have a HP xw6200 Workstation, that is rather long in the tooth, and with 2 physical CPUs, it is quite inefficient. So, the plan was to upgrade the internals. Nothing special: AMD Athlon II X4 640 ASUS M4A78KT-M LE (mATX) 2x 2GB DDR3 1333MHz RAM. 3p under my £150 budget The issues: The pin connector for the front panel isn't a good fit, but I can trim it to size. The PSU has a 8-Pin Power connector, unsurprisingly, the new board has a 4 pin socket. The pins do line up, but I would have to cut it in half to fit. Finally, due to the weight of heat-sinks, they are screwed directly into the case. It turns out that these screws also lock the motherboard in place. As to remove it, you remove the heat-sinks, slide the motherboard across and lift it out. I tested the new board for fit, and while it slots in fine, it's not secure. There is nowhere to screw the board down, it is just held in place with plastic standoffs. The only idea I had, was to wedging something between the side of the motherboard and part of the case. Any suggestions?

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• Allowing Sharepoint to relay email through Exchange

  - by dunxd

  I have written a Sharepoint 2007 web part that sends a field from a form to a specified email address. I have got the form working as I require, but at present it can only send to internal email addresses. Sharepoint's email functions use SMTP to send to our Exchange 2003 server, but because our Exchange server is configured to prevent relaying, if the To: address is not at a local domain, it won't deliver the mail. I don't want to open up our Exchange server to be a completely open relay. What I want is to allow my Sharepoint servers to send mail to addresses outside our domain. The following seem possible: Allow all mail sent from one of the Sharepoint servers to be relayed Allow all mail from a web application pool account to be relayed (I am not sure that the application pool authenticates to the SMTP server though) A combination of the two Can anyone advise on the best way of doing this? Is setting up a dedicated SMTP server on the Exchange server (not a separate physical server) the right way of going about this? EDIT: Note this is for Exchange 2003. There is a post on setting this up in Exchange 2007 which appears to have recognised the frequent requirement to do what I need. It doesn't give much detail on 2003 though. Can anyone expand?

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• File descriptor linked to socket or pipe in proc

  - by primero

  i have a question regarding the file descriptors and their linkage in the proc file system. I've observed that if i list the file descriptors of a certain process from proc ls -la /proc/1234/fd i get the following output: lr-x------ 1 root root 64 Sep 13 07:12 0 -> /dev/null l-wx------ 1 root root 64 Sep 13 07:12 1 -> /dev/null l-wx------ 1 root root 64 Sep 13 07:12 2 -> /dev/null lr-x------ 1 root root 64 Sep 13 07:12 3 -> pipe:[2744159739] l-wx------ 1 root root 64 Sep 13 07:12 4 -> pipe:[2744159739] lrwx------ 1 root root 64 Sep 13 07:12 5 -> socket:[2744160313] lrwx------ 1 root root 64 Sep 13 07:12 6 -> /var/lib/log/some.log I get the meaning of a file descriptor and i understand from my example the file descriptors 0 1 2 and 6, they are tied to physical resources on my computer, and also i guess 5 is connected to some resource on the network(because of the socket), but what i don't understand is the meaning of the numbers in the brackets. Do the point to some property of the resource? Also why are some of the links broken? And lastly as long as I asked a question already :) what is pipe?

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• vSphere education - What are the downsides of configuring virtual machines with *too* much RAM?

  - by ewwhite

  VMware memory management seems to be a tricky balancing act. With cluster RAM, Resource Pools, VMware's management techniques (TPS, ballooning, host swapping), in-guest RAM utilization, swapping, reservations, shares and limits, there are a lot of variables. I'm in a situation where clients are using dedicated vSphere cluster resources. However, they are configuring the virtual machines as though they were on physical hardware. In turn, this means a standard VM build may have 4 vCPUs and 16GB or more of RAM. I come from the school of starting small (1 vCPU, minimal RAM), checking real-world use and adjusting up as necessary. Some examples from a "problem" cluster. Resource pool summary - Looks almost 4:1 overcommitted. Note the high amount of ballooned RAM. Resource allocation - The Worst Case Allocation column shows that these VMs would have access to less than 50% of their configured RAM under constrained conditions. The real-time memory utilization graph of the top VM in the listing above. 4 vCPU and 64GB RAM allocated. It averages under 9GB use. Summary of the same VM What are the downsides of overcommitting and overconfiguring resources (specifically RAM) in vSphere environments? Assuming that the VMs can run in less RAM, is it fair to say that there's overhead to configuring virtual machines with more RAM than they need? What is the counter-argument to: "if a VM has 16GB of RAM allocated, but only uses 4GB, what's the problem??"? E.g. do customers need to be educated? What specific metric should be used to meter RAM usage. Tracking the peaks of "Active" versus time?

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• Siege - running a stress test benchmark

  - by morgoth84

  I need to do a benchmark test of a HTTPS server using Siege, to see how it behaves under massive load. I'm initiating tests from another machine which is quite powerful and it is connected to the same physical switch the server is connected on. But when I initiate a test, I can't get it to make more than 170 requests per second. With this load the server's CPU usage is at 15-20% and the average response time for a request is approx. 0.03 seconds. Load of the client machine is approx. at 10%. So, I gradually increase the number of users in Siege (the number of worker threads) and request rate linearly increases up to 170 reqs/sec, but it never gets over it. No matter how many more worker threads I start, the load on the server is never more than 20% (and the client's load also doesn't increase any more). How can I overcome this? I've googled a bit and found out that after a request is completed, a socket associated with one ephermal port remains in WAIT_TIME state for some time during which it can't be reused. I tried to overcome this by doing these things: sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range="1024 65535" echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_tw_recycle Oh, and the client machine is a Linux (RedHat, I think, but I'm not sure). Any help would be appreciated.

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• Hard Reset USB in Ubuntu 10.04

  - by Cory

  I have a USB device (a modem) that is really finicky. Sometimes it works fine, but other times it refuses to connect. The only solution I have found to fix it once it gets into a bad state is to physically unplug the device and plug it back in. However, I don't always have physical access to the machine it is plugged in on, so I'm looking for a way to do this through the command line. This post suggests running: $ sudo modprobe -w -r usb_storage; sudo modprobe usb_storage However I get an "unknown option -w" output. This slightly modified command: $ sudo modprobe -r usb_storage Fails with the message FATAL: Module usb_storage is in use. If I try to kill -9 the processes marked [usb-storage] before running they refuse to die (I think because they are deeply tied to the kernel). Anyone know of a way to do this? NOTE: I cross-posted this on serverfault as I didn't know which was more appropriate. I will delete and/or link whichever one is answered first.

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• File corruption (bad checksums) in large files copied to VMware guest

  - by AllanA

  In setting up a development lab, I've got a desktop system running ESXi 4.1.0 (free license) on SATA RAID 0 (already purchased and configured when I started this job; I'm open to hardware input as it pertains to my problem.) Its guests so far include two Win2008 Server R2 64-bit VMs and on Ubuntu 10.04 64-bit VM. I'm installing onto the Windows servers. We've been copying off some fairly large files (over a gigabyte) for an installation, hoping to install more quickly from a (virtual) hard drive than from the network for from BD-ROM. The problem is that they keep coming up with different checksums from the originals. The file sizes are the same, but md5sum reports different numbers (and so does the installer, as it refuses to continue when the checksums don't match.) I've tried copying directly from the BD-ROM (attaching the OS drive to the host system's physical drive). I've tried copying the large files onto a co-worker's Windows machine from his Blu-Ray drive; when I do that, the checksums match. But when I copy from his machine to the VM guest over a network share, the checksums no longer match. Thinking this meant a corrupt destination drive, I deleted it in vSphere and added another freshly created drive. The problem persists. I'm not sure what to try next.

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• Setting up test an dlive enviornment - how?

  - by Sean

  I am a bit new to servers and stuff so had a question. I have my development team working on my website. They are in different countries and currently they put all the work live on the test site. But the test site is open to anyone who knows the URL. It is behind a directory but this effects my QA process because i cannot use the accurate URL structures to prevent the general public from seeing it. So what I want to do it: Have my site live on the net but only for me and my team, so like an internal network. Also I will need to mirror this to my live site when i put it live. So i guess this is something like setting up a staging and live environment. So how to do it and are both environments on the same physical server or do i need to buy two servers? And if i setup a staging environment how will i access it and my team since we are all spread out so i assume we need to log into something to access it? What about the URL - do i need a different URL for the test site or can i use the same live url for the test site? I plan to get a dedicated server + CDN for my site.

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• Exchange 2010 mail routing with Hub Transport in multiple sites

  - by jmreicha

  I have two separate physical sites, Site A and Site B. In site A, I have following: 2 CAS servers 2 Hub Transport servers 2 Mailbox servers 2 Edge servers In site B, I have the following: 1 CAS 1 Hub 1 Mailbox 1 Edge Currently everything is working out of site A. That is, all users are housed on mailboxes that are in site A and all inbound mail flow is pointing to site A. I would eventually like to be able to move some of the mailboxes to site B without causing a disruption for resliency and redundancy purposes but I am not quite sure how to go about setting this up or if it is even possible. So far I have created an Edge subscription in site B and am able to send emails out from test accounts set up with mailboxes on the site B Mailbox server. However, I am unable to receive incoming mail messages and am confused. So I'm thinking incoming mail messages are still being directed to site A and then they are getting stuck because there is no way to route the mail to the site B mailboxes. Is this assumption correct? I am unfamiliar with mail flow and routing so I am not really sure what I need to be looking at? Would I add the site B hub transport to the Edge subscription in site A? Or I guess more specifically, how would I go about enabling communication and mail flow between mailboxes split up on site A and B?

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• Boot stuck at blinking cursor before GRUB - only works via BIOS boot menu

  - by delta1

  I have a new box running Debian Squeeze. Grub is installed on /dev/sda, but when booting up I just get a blinking cursor, before the Grub menu. I can only boot to grub successfully when I choose boot options (during post) and select that specific drive! I have made sure the correct drive is set to boot first in the BIOS. So Grub works, but the system won't boot to that drive automatically? Any ideas on what could cause this? Drives sda/b/c are all 2TB (sda runs the system with b/c as raid device md0) with the following partitions: $ cat /proc/partitions major minor #blocks name 8 0 1953514584 sda 8 1 977 sda1 8 2 9765625 sda2 8 3 6445313 sda3 8 4 1937302627 sda4 8 32 1953514584 sdc 8 16 1953514584 sdb 9 0 1953513424 md0 but # fdisk -l /dev/sda gives WARNING: GPT (GUID Partition Table) detected on '/dev/sda'! The util fdisk doesn't support GPT. Use GNU Parted. Disk /dev/sda: 2000.4 GB, 2000398934016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 243201 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 1 243202 1953514583+ ee GPT Any insight into this strange behaviour would be greatly appreciated.

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• Why is there an extra HDD under /dev being added in my Linux Kernel?

  - by user1279156

  I have created a Linux kernel and for some reason an extra drive is always added at bootup. My hard drive is listed as /dev/sdb. /dev/sda is created too, and it is 8 MB in size. I can't find anything in the kernel config that is creating this, but if I use a different kernel it is not there. Kernel logs show it as an attached SCSI device, looks just like my hard drive but only 8 MB, and has no partition table. It also doesn't appear to be a physical device. I've tried the kernel on many different models of PCs and it is always there. Does anyone know how to remove it? /dev/disk/by-id gives me: scsi-1AMCC_U21413034D98EB000584 scsi-1AMCC_U21413034D98EB000584-part1 scsi-353333330000007d0 scsi-SATA_ST3250312AS_5VY7SH42 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD800JD-60L_WD-WMAM9Y085675 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD800JD-60L_WD-WMAM9Y085675-part1 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD800JD-60L_WD-WMAM9Y085675-part2 hdparm -i /dev/sda gives me an "invalid argument". dd if=/dev/sda of=sda.img the resulting file does not have any content sdparm results: /dev/sda: Linux scsi_debug 0004 Device identification VPD page: Addressed logical unit: designator type: T10 vendor identification, code set: ASCII vendor id: Linux vendor specific: scsi_debug 2000 designator type: NAA, code set: Binary 0x53333330000007d0 Target port: designator type: Relative target port, code set: Binary transport: Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) Relative target port: 0x1 designator type: NAA, code set: Binary transport: Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) 0x52222220000007ce designator type: Target port group, code set: Binary transport: Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) Target port group: 0x100 Target device that contains addressed lu: designator type: NAA, code set: Binary transport: Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) 0x52222220000007cd designator type: SCSI name string, code set: UTF-8 transport: Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) SCSI name string: naa.52222220000007CD

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• Automatically creating volume partitions on boot

  - by Justin Meltzer

  I followed this guide: http://www.mongodb.org/display/DOCS/Amazon+EC2+Quickstart to set up Mongodb. It had me create a RAID 10 array out of the four devices on EBS. Then it had me create a physical volume, a volume group, and three logical volumes out of that RAID 10 array. Lastly it had me create ext4 filesystems out of the logical volumes and mount them. Now the quickstart guide had me put two things in place so that these steps would be replicated on reboot of the system. It had me add some instructions to the mdadm.conf file to automatically create the RAID 10 array, and it also had me add instructions to the fstab file to automatically mount the filesystem for each logical volume. However, the quickstart guide does not have anything for automatically creating the logical volumes from the RAID 10 array. I checked my system and see that each of the four devices are part of a RAID array: $ sudo mdadm -Q /dev/sdh1 /dev/sdh1: is not an md array /dev/sdh1: device 0 in 4 device unknown raid10 array. Use mdadm --examine for more detail. However, the filesystem is never created or mounted from fstab because it's trying to mount it from logical volumes that were never created (or so it seems). My question is, how can I automatically accomplish all the steps from the quickstart guide on a reboot of the system, and what config file do I need to add data to so that I can automatically create these volume partions after the RAID 10 is created but before the filesystem is mounted. Also I'm unsure whether fstab actually creates and mounts the filesystem or just mounts the filesystem.

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• nginx reverse proxy slows down my throughput by half

  - by Isaac A Mosquera

  I'm currently using nginx to proxy back to gunicorn with 8 workers. I'm using an amazon extra large instance with 4 virtual cores. When I connect to gunicorn directly I get about 10K requests/sec. When I serve a static file from nginx I get about 25 requests/sec. But when I place gunicorn behind nginx on the same physical server I get about 5K requests/sec. I understand there will be some latency from nginx, but I think there might be a problem since it's a 50% drops. Anybody heard of something similar? any help would be great! Here is the relevant nginx conf: worker_processes 4; worker_rlimit_nofile 30000; events { worker_connections 5120; } http { sendfile on; tcp_nopush on; tcp_nodelay on; keepalive_timeout 65; types_hash_max_size 2048; } sites-enabled/default: upstream backend { server 127.0.0.1:8000; } server { server_name api.domain.com ; location / { proxy_pass http://backend; proxy_buffering off; } }

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• How to tell Linux to explicitly swap out main memory of suspended process?

  - by Vi

  I run a memory-hungry process (mkcromfs) which consumes more memory than I have physical memory on my latop, so it is paging and swappin and thrashing all the time and loadavg is about 2 (compcache is already in use with usual swap partition as well), but slowly moving forward (Although I afraid it will finally try to allocate 2GB and crash draining 2 days of thrashing). When I want to use the laptop for something else, I stop the process, start X server, firefox and other programs. The problem is that when I start Firefox the loadavg jumps to 10 and the system becomes almost unresponsive at all (long time to turn on/off caps lock, slow mouse cursor position updates, slow switching from X server to Linux console, slow login). The stopped mkcromfs still holds a lot of memory (464.8 MiB and slowly falling) and moves it to swap only when more memory is needed for some other program, which results in a great slowdown. How to tell the Linux to swap out this process entirely (e.g. I'm not intending to resume it in short term), possibly waking from swap other data? Also it will be useful to be able to specify the exact swap device to swap the given process out.

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• IPTABLES syntax help to forward Remote Desktop requests to a VM [CentOS host]

  - by NVRAM

  I've a VM running MSWindows XP hosted on my CentOS 5.4 machine. I can rdesktop into it from the hosting machine and work just fine using the private ddress (192.168.122.65), but I now need to allow Remote Desktop access from other computers (not just the machine hosting the VM). [Edit] I only need to allow access for a day or so, so don't want to add a NIC (for XP activation reasons). Could someone help me with the iptables syntax? The VM is on a private/virtual network: 192.168.122.65 and my CentOS machine is on a physical network, at 10.1.3.38 (and 192.168.122.1 as the GW for the virtual net). I found this question, but none of the answers seemed to work and I'm a bit timid at blindly trying variations. My FORWARD rules are as listed. Thanks in advance. # iptables -L FORWARD Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination ACCEPT all -- anywhere 192.168.122.0/24 state RELATED,ESTABLISHED ACCEPT all -- 192.168.122.0/24 anywhere ACCEPT all -- anywhere anywhere REJECT all -- anywhere anywhere reject-with icmp-port-unreachable REJECT all -- anywhere anywhere reject-with icmp-port-unreachable RH-Firewall-1-INPUT all -- anywhere anywhere [Edit] If I do play "blindly" is there a simple way to reset the settings on CentOS (a la service network restart)?

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• Windows 7 VPN only works if I connect it to itself first

  - by user1799075

  Just so you have some detail, VPN request are port forwarded from a linksys router hosting the global static IP (to the world) to the windows 7 machine. The ports have been added to the OK list. I have the incoming VPN connection setup on win 7 but the only way it will work from anywhere outside the physical machine is if I connect from itself to itself first. For example, let's say my internal static IP is 10.0.0.50 and incoming VPN server connection IP is 10.0.0.80 (both on the same machine). I can't connect via VPN from anywhere unless I first VPN from the machines .50 address back to itself on the .80 address. Once I do that, I can connect form anywhere, even my phone. It's as if once the machine reboots it thinks it should block requests on .80 until .50 connects first. BitDefender antivirus/firewall is loaded (windows firewall is off) I don't see anywhere to exclude ports in the BitDefender control panel. Maybe this initial connection opens the ports and tags them as safe because the initial request came from the same machine? Any thoughts? It's driving me nuts and I'm sick of having to drive half way across town over to the server, try to get building access and do the initial connection. Please help

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• How to make lighttpd respect X-Forwarded-Proto when constructing redirects for directories?

  - by Tim Landscheidt

  We have an nginx proxy at tools.wmflabs.org that receives requests by http and https and passes them by http on to lighttpds on a grid (one lighttpd per top-level path). Requests that reach the proxy by https are received by the lighttpds like this: HEAD /lighttpd-test/test HTTP/1.1 Connection: close Host: tools.wmflabs.org X-Forwarded-Proto: https X-Original-URI: /lighttpd-test/test User-Agent: curl/7.29.0 Accept: */* This works great except in the case where the URL references a physical directory and misses the trailing slash ("/"), as lighttpd then generates a redirect to the http URL: HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently Location: http://tools.wmflabs.org/lighttpd-test/test/ Connection: close Date: Fri, 06 Jun 2014 14:50:29 GMT Server: lighttpd/1.4.28 The relevant parts of our lighttpd configurations are: server.modules = ( "mod_setenv", "mod_access", "mod_accesslog", "mod_alias", "mod_compress", "mod_redirect", "mod_rewrite", "mod_fastcgi", "mod_cgi", ) server.port = $port [...] server.document-root = "$home/public_html" [...] server.follow-symlink = "enable" [...] server.stat-cache-engine = "fam" ssl.engine = "disable" alias.url = ( "/$tool" => "$home/public_html/" ) index-file.names = ( "index.php", "index.html", "index.htm" ) dir-listing.encoding = "utf-8" server.dir-listing = "disable" url.access-deny = ( "~", ".inc" ) [...] How can I make lighttpd respect X-Forwarded-Proto and use it when constructing redirects for directories? I'm aware that I could try to tackle this in nginx, but I'd prefer if I can fix it in lighttpd.

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• ZFS & Deduplicating FLAC Data

  - by jasongullickson

  I'm experimenting with using ZFS to deduplicate a large library of FLAC files. The purpose of this is twofold: Reduce storage utilization Reduce bandwidth needed to sync the library with cloud storage Many of these files are of the same music tracks but from different physical media. This means that for the most part they are the same and usually close to the same size, which makes me think that they should benefit from block-level deduplication. However in my testing I'm not seeing good results. When I create a pool and add three of these tracks (identical songs from different source media) zpool list reports 1.00 dedupe. If I copy all of the files (make exact duplicates of the three) dedupe climbs, so I know that it is enabled and functioning, but it's not finding any duplication in the original collection of files. My first thought was that perhaps some of the variable header data (metadata tags, etc.) might be mis-aligning the bulk of the data in these files (the audio frames) but even making the header data consistent across the three files doesn't seem to have any impact on deduplication. I'm considering taking alternate routes (testing other dedupe filesystems as well as some custom code) but since we're already using ZFS and I like the ZFS replication options, I'd prefer to use ZFS dedupe for this project; but perhaps it's simply not capable of working well with this sort of data. Any feedback regarding tuning that might improve dedupe performance for this sort of dataset, or confirmation that ZFS dedupe is not the right tool for this job are appreciated.

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• How to fix missing RAID1 drive

  - by Sodved

  I had to do some fiddling about with my cables inside thebox and now I am getting a "Critical Error" about the RAID disks during startup. I have a gigabyte GA-MA770T-UD3 motherboard. Aparently the RAID controller is an AMD SB710 chip. I'm pretty sure I know what happenned. The first time I rebooted I had forgotten the power cable on one of the disks in the RAID1 (mirror) and let it boot up. So I shut down and put the power back in. So now when it boots up I go into the RAID admin interface (between the BIOS screen and the OS loading): it shows the RAID1 as in error the logical device has one disk and says the other is disconnected or missing the other physical disk shows up as a single disk If I boot to the OS (Windows 7 32 bit) the data all seems to be there. If I go into computer management it says my partition is on a disk and working OK. But the other disk is offline because: "The disk is offline because it has a signature collision with another disk that is online" So I am guessing because I STUPIDLY booted up with only one of the disks powered on, the other disk fell out of synch with the mirror and so now cannot rejoin the mirror. How do I fix this? I want to get the RAID1 mirror working again. There does not appear to be any "Repair" option in the basic RAID admin tool which I get into during startup before the OS boots. I have not made any explicit changes to the online one (but I guess the OS has probably written some admin data).

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• How to "open" existing VMs in Hyper-V without importing them?

  - by Borek

  I had a PC with two physical disks: C: containing the host operating system D: containing a folder D:\VMs where all my virtual machines were stored Now, the C: disk died. I bought a new one, reinstalled Windows on it, enabled Hyper-V feature and now I just need to open the VMs from the D:\VMs folder. However, I don't seem to be able to find a menu item or anything that would allow me to do that - the only thing I see is the "import" command which unfortunately requires the VMs to be explicitly exported (my machines weren't). I firmly believe that when I have all the files constituting a VM (the VHD file, some XML files describing the settings etc.) it must be somehow possible to just "open" these existing VMs in Hyper-V, right? What command am I missing? Edit: I know I can create a blank virtual machines and then just point them to use existing VHDs. However, I am not sure about all the different settings I've made to those VMs so I hope there's a way to simply open those existing VMs instead of recreating them.

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• Optimize Apache performance

  - by Phliplip

  I'm looking for ways to optimize our current web server hosted in-house. I'm trying to supply as much relevant information below. Please let me know if you would require additional information in order to assist. Server is running 1 single website, which is an online pizza ordering platform built on Zend Framework (ver1). On traffic stats from the last month aprox 6.000 pageloads per day, concentrated mainly around dinnertime. Around 1500 loads/hour peaks in that period. We recently upgraded from a 2/2mbit aDSL-line to 100/100mbit fiber, and we still have performance issues at dinner time. We assumed the 2mbit was the issue. Website is pretty snappy in low-load periods. Hardware CPU: Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU 5160 @ 3.00GHz (3000.13-MHz K8-class CPU) Mem: 328M Active, 4427M Inact, 891M Wired, 244M Cache, 623M Buf, 33M Free Swap: 16G Total, 468K Used, 16G Free (6GB physical, 16GB swap) Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Capacity Mounted on /dev/ad7s1a ufs 4.8G 768M 3.7G 17% / devfs devfs 1.0K 1.0K 0B 100% /dev /dev/ad7s1g ufs 176G 5.2G 157G 3% /home /dev/ad7s1e ufs 4.8G 2.8M 4.5G 0% /tmp /dev/ad7s1f ufs 19G 3.5G 14G 19% /usr /dev/ad7s1d ufs 4.8G 550M 3.9G 12% /var Server OS FreeBSD 8.2-RELEASE Software apache-2.2.17 php5-5.3.8 mysql-server-5.5 Apache footprint (example, taken from # top) 31140 www 1 45 0 377M 41588K lockf 2 0:00 0.00% httpd 31122 www 1 44 0 375M 35416K lockf 2 0:00 0.00% httpd 31109 www 1 44 0 375M 38188K lockf 2 0:00 0.00% httpd 31113 www 1 44 0 375M 35188K lockf 2 0:00 0.00% httpd Apache is using the prefork MPM, APC (Alternative PHP Cache). SSL module is loaded, but not utilized (as in don't really work, thus not used). There is a file containing settings for MPM modules, but as i see it's not included in the httpd.conf file, the include line is commented out. Thus i would guess that the prefork MPM is working of default values too. Here are some other Apache conf values that i found - which are included in https.conf Timeout 300 KeepAlive On MaxKeepAliveRequests 100 KeepAliveTimeout 5 UseCanonicalName Off HostnameLookups Off

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• How to keep multiple servers in sync file wise?

  - by GForceSys

  I'm currently managing a cluster of PHP-FPM servers, all of which tend to get out of sync with each other. The application that I'm using on top of the app servers (Magento) allows for admins to modify various files on the system, but now that the site is in a clustered set up modifying a file only modifies it on a single instance (on one of the app servers) of the various machines in the cluster. Is there an open-source application for Linux that may allow me to keep all of these servers in sync? I have no problem with creating a small VM instance that can listen for changes from machines to sync. In theory, the perfect application would have small clients that run on each machine to be synced, which would talk to the master server which would then decide how/what to sync from each machine. I have already examined the possibilities of running a centralized file server, but unfortunately my app servers are spread out between EC2 and physical machines, which makes this unfeasible. As there are multiple app servers (some of which are dynamically created depending on the load of the site), simply setting up a rsync cron job is not efficient as the cron job would have to be modified on each machine to send files to every other machine in the cluster, and that would just be a whole bunch of unnecessary data transfers/ssh connections.

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