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  • one 16K random read I/O issues 2 scsi I/O (16K and 4K) requests in linux

    - by hiroyuki
    I noticed weird issue when benchmarking random read I/O for files in linux (2.6.18). The Benchmarking program is my own program and it simply keeps reading 16KB of a file from a random offset. I traced I/O behavior at system call level and scsi level by systemtap and I noticed that one 16KB sysread issues 2 scsi I/Os as following. SYSPREAD random(8472) 3, 0x16fc5200, 16384, 128137183232 SCSI random(8472) 0 1 0 0 start-sector: 226321183 size: 4096 bufflen 4096 FROM_DEVICE 1354354008068009 SCSI random(8472) 0 1 0 0 start-sector: 226323431 size: 16384 bufflen 16384 FROM_DEVICE 1354354008075927 SYSPREAD random(8472) 3, 0x16fc5200, 16384, 21807710208 SCSI random(8472) 0 1 0 0 start-sector: 1889888935 size: 4096 bufflen 4096 FROM_DEVICE 1354354008085128 SCSI random(8472) 0 1 0 0 start-sector: 1889891823 size: 16384 bufflen 16384 FROM_DEVICE 1354354008097161 SYSPREAD random(8472) 3, 0x16fc5200, 16384, 139365318656 SCSI random(8472) 0 1 0 0 start-sector: 254092663 size: 4096 bufflen 4096 FROM_DEVICE 1354354008100633 SCSI random(8472) 0 1 0 0 start-sector: 254094879 size: 16384 bufflen 16384 FROM_DEVICE 1354354008111723 SYSPREAD random(8472) 3, 0x16fc5200, 16384, 60304424960 SCSI random(8472) 0 1 0 0 start-sector: 58119807 size: 4096 bufflen 4096 FROM_DEVICE 1354354008120469 SCSI random(8472) 0 1 0 0 start-sector: 58125415 size: 16384 bufflen 16384 FROM_DEVICE 1354354008126343 As shown above, one 16KB pread issues 2 scsi I/Os. (I traced scsi io dispatching with probe scsi.iodispatching. Please ignore values except for start-sector and size.) One scsi I/O is 16KB I/O as requested from the application and it's OK. The thing is the other 4KB I/O which I don't know why linux issues that I/O. of course, I/O performance is degraded by the weired 4KB I/O and I am having trouble. I also use fio (famous I/O benchmark tool) and noticed the same issue, so it's not from the application. Does anybody know what is going on ? Any comments or advices are appreciated. Thanks

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  • USB sticks optimized for OS booting and virus removal [closed]

    - by Rupert
    I'm looking to buy some usb sticks which will mainly be used in tech support for the purposes of removing viruses and booting up various OS's. Therefore, I am looking for the following features: Write protected switch (so that they may be safely plugged in to potentially infected machines) As fast as possible (so that loading, for example, a windows recovery, doesn't take forever) At least 4GB in size Any other features that might be useful for the above purpose Price is no object but, of course, the cheaper the better.

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  • Software RAID 1 Configuration

    - by Corve
    I have created a software RAID 1 quite some while ago and it always seemed to work for me. However I am not completely sure that I have configured everything right and do not have the experience to check so I would be very grateful for some advice or just verification that all seems right so far. I am using Linux Fedora 20 (32 bit with plans to upgrade to 64bit) The RAID 1 should consist of two 1TB SATA hard drives. This is the output of mdadm --detail /dev/md0 /dev/md0: Version : 1.2 Creation Time : Sun Jan 29 11:25:18 2012 Raid Level : raid1 Array Size : 976761424 (931.51 GiB 1000.20 GB) Used Dev Size : 976761424 (931.51 GiB 1000.20 GB) Raid Devices : 2 Total Devices : 1 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Sat Jun 7 10:38:09 2014 State : clean, degraded Active Devices : 1 Working Devices : 1 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 0 Name : argo:0 (local to host argo) UUID : 1596d0a1:5806e590:c56d0b27:765e3220 Events : 996387 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 0 0 0 removed 1 8 0 1 active sync /dev/sda The RAID is mounted successfully: friedrich@argo:~ ? sudo mount -l | grep md0 /dev/md0 on /mnt/raid type ext4 (rw,relatime,data=ordered) Basically my question are: Why do I only have 1 active device? What does the State removed at bottom mean? Also I noticed some strange error messages that I see on the console on system start and shutdown and always repeating in the background when I switch with Ctrl + Alt + F2: ... ata2: irq_stat 0x00000040 connection status changed ata2: SError: { CommWake DevExch } ata2: COMRESET failed (errno=-32) ata2: exception Emask 0x10 SAct 0x0 SErr 0x4040000 action 0xe frozen ata2: irq_stat 0x00000040 connection status changed ata2: SError: { CommWake DevExch } ata2: exception Emask 0x10 SAct 0x0 SErr 0x4040000 action 0xe frozen ... Are these errors related to the RAID? Something seems wrong with the SATA devices.. All together the system works (I can read and write to the mounted raid) but I always had these strange errors on startup shutdown (probably always in the background). Thx for your help

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  • Would an array of SSD drives be able to succesfully substitute the system memory?

    - by Florin Mircea
    I watched a few videos trying to answer this. This video (youtube.com/watch?v=eULFf6F5Ri8) shows a bunch of guys stacking 24 SSD's reaching a peak of around 2GBps r/w. That's under the limit of the worst DDR3 in this list (memorybenchmark.net/write_ddr3_amd.html) - that shows DDR3 memory performance varying from 2.78 to 6.55 Gb per second, but that video is over 3 years old. This video (youtube.com/watch?v=27GmBzQWwP0) shows a more optimistic situation, but for PCI-E SSD drives: 5 drives peaking at around 4Gb. And this other video shows that stacking up more than 3 SSD's doesn't realistically offer a substantial added performance. This and the fact that in all benchmarks the drives act quite poorly when dealing with small files (5k file read/write averaging from 10MB to around 30-40MBps) as opposed to how native memory handles such files, seems to indicate a definite NO to this question. Also, the write life cycle is indeed limited and the drives might wear out quickly, as kindly pointed out by paddy. However, I wanted to get more opinions on this. Would it be possible to at least obtain current memory performance with SSD's in RAID 0? And if so, in what circumstances? I am assuming using this configuration with a Windows OS that has a memory pagefile resident to that stack of SSD's, thus making it very fast to work with.

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  • Removing orphan vmware images

    - by Brad Bruce
    I am trying to remove some VMWare images that were created by a machine that is no longer available. We do not plan to use VMWare and would like to clear up the space. I get a message Cannot delete [filename]... for all of the files in these directories. Can anyone tell me how to delete them (short of reformatting)? Thanks

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  • Find largest directories/files recursively

    - by Robert Munteanu
    I'm looking for a script/program which will display the top x largest directories/files and then descend into those folders and display the x largest directories/files for a configurable depth. 231MB bin - 220MB ls - 190MB dir - 15MB def - 3MB lpr - 10MB asd - 1MB link How can I do that?

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  • Pendrive not working on USB port - USB2 Enhanced Host Controller - 27CC

    - by user1664417
    I have a situation here, is kind of weird. Situation as below: If i enable the 'Intel(R) 82801G (ICH7 Family) USB2 Enhanced Host Controller - 27CC' , then my pc will not be able to read any USB stick/pendrive, but usb port work fine with keyboard and mouse. If I disable the device driver, then all kind of pendrive can be read. Below is What i have done : 1) try the same pendrive on other pc, it work like charm. 2) try others pendrive on issue pc, same problem, but it work fine in others pc. 3) try all the port, including the port that connected to mouse n keyboard. 4) update the driver version. 5) restore default setting of usb in bios Please help to solve these issue if anyone experience it before. Many thanks.. :

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  • Install Windows 8 Apps to custom directory

    - by Timothy Ford
    I'm running Windows 8 Pro on a laptop. I initially installed the OS just to fiddle round with it and get to know something I'd inevitably end up having to fix for someone. The problem being I only gave the partition about 32gb and that ran out pretty quick. I'd like to install office and get used to that as well but unfortunately I'm a few gigabytes short. I'd like to know if I can change the install location of office 2013 and other apps so that I can run them from another partition because there is no space left to the right of this partition I can't extend it.

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  • Windows 8.1 - Why are there multiple recovery partitions in the system?

    - by Abhiram
    DISKPART> list partition Partition ### Type Size Offset ------------- ---------------- ------- ------- Partition 1 System 500 MB 1024 KB Partition 2 OEM 40 MB 501 MB Partition 3 Reserved 128 MB 541 MB Partition 4 Recovery 490 MB 669 MB Partition 5 Primary 920 GB 1159 MB Partition 6 Recovery 350 MB 921 GB Partition 7 Recovery 9 GB 921 GB Above is the list of partitions on my system that I recently upgraded to Windows 8.1. Why are there multiple recovery partitions (4,6,7)? Shouldn't there be just one recovery partition? And what is the Reserved partition (#3) for?

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  • Need help toubleshooting PC

    - by brux
    I have had problems since my dog pee'd on my computer. Problem: loads windows fine, at random intervals from 5 minutes to 30 minutes it restarts itself. There is nothing in the event log such as errors, no BSOD, just cold restart. after restarting - sometimes- it POST's and restarts itself at the end of POST. It will do this many times and then finally load windows. The cycle then begins again, it will restart eventually. What I have done: I thought it was HDD at first, since this is the only part of the computer which actually got wet with any fluid ( the case is off the PC and the dog pee'd down the front where the HDD is located). Seatool, the seagate HDD tool, found errors when I ran it inside windows, so I ran it in DOS mode from boo-table USB and ran it. It found the same number of errors and fixed them all. I ran the scan again and it says "Good". I loaded windows and ran the scan and it also said "Good there. So the HDD appears to be fine but the problem persists, random restarts. What else could this be? I have taken the computer apart and cleaned everything and also taken the PSU apart and cleaned it thoroughly. The problem still persists, what should my next steps be?

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  • Is it wise to use SSHDs (Solid state hybrid drives) on a server?

    - by Seb
    I have a bunch of servers with very heavy I/O that currently use SATA3/SAS drives, but do suffer from I/O wait on the SATA drives, and I have just been alerted to the existence of SSHDs which cost the same for 1TB as the 1TB SATA drives that we currently use. However, previously (until Seagate shipped their first 3.5" SSHD in March) they seemed to be exclusively for Netbooks/Notebooks, which leads me to suspect they're not exactly built for the heavy I/O they'd be in for with my servers. So, would an SSHD give me a performance boost over my SATA3 drives in a heavy I/O environment (such as multiple very large high speed file transfers) or is it best to stick with SATA3 with I/O wait??

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  • Can I change from BIOS IDE mode to AHCI mode at any time?

    - by Software Monkey
    Currently my Windows 7 computer is crashing during startup, after loading the AMD achix64s.sys driver, if I enable BIOS AHCI mode for the disks. It boots fine with IDE mode. Since I need my computer working, I am wondering if I can just use IDE mode for now, and later change to AHCI mode, when I figure out what is wrong. Background: I was running RAID mode, which needed additional drivers to install/boot Windows. But the MoBo RAID is flaky so I'm trying to switch to using a Windows mirrored volume instead - for that I expected to use AHCI mode.

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  • Tool to test USB sticks?

    - by Tony_Henrich
    Some of the files I copy to a USB stick seems to be corrupted? Maybe the stick is bad but I haven't used it much and want to know for sure. Is there a Windows utility to test the stick? Mark bad areas as bad so the file system doesn't save to them? I format before I copy but I still get corrupted files? Does chkdsk work on USB sticks reliably?

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  • Can't start Windows 7 after cloning HDD

    - by Paul
    Brief description: cloned HDD1 - HDD2 HDD1 partition 1 boots HDD1 partition 2 boots HDD2 partition 1 boots HDD2 partition 2 doesn't boot Windows, but is bootable in general Now verbosely: In all the cases computer is the same. I have two Windows 7 installations on HDD1 - both are booting fine. I choose between them using standard Windows 7 boot loader menu. Technically there are 4 partitions: 100 MB Boot loader partition (active), Windows 7 copy 1 (25 GB), Windows 7 copy 2 (150 GB) and Working partition. All are primary. In past few days I tried to clone the whole HDD1 to HDD2 of the same size (but 2,5 inch form factor) as is using Minitool Partition wizard. Everything has been copied, all files are accessible, no faults in file system structure, even boot loader wasn't damaged and I hadn't to repair it. But I can boot only first installation of Windows 7 (it boots without issues). When I choose the second installation, I get immediately a completely black screen without any texts, cursors and other data. HDD isn't accessed after that. This black screen is sensitive to Ctrl-Alt-Delete which causes computer reboot. I did some experimenting: Installed Windows 7 to that partition - it booted fine. Then I renamed "Windows" to "Windows.old" and copied Windows directory from HDD1 as it was, using Far Manager, and got the same troubles - black screen. (Of course I performed renaming and copying from other copy of Windows). So, it seems that problems are inside this installation of Windows, somewhere in its files.

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  • DVD RW: Are they still relevant for backups?

    - by Harry
    Hello, With the availability of compact USB memory sticks with much, MUCH higher storage capacities is there still any use-case for taking periodic, incremental backups on DVD/RWs? The DVD/RW has an additional annoyance that you cannot drag and drop files to it as easily as you can on a USB memory stick. So, if I have a 4.7GB DVD/RW, I must re-burn the whole image every time I backup new stuff... with possibly rearranged file/folder structure. Secondly, why in this day and age you cannot install a file-system (like ext3 or FAT32) on a DVD/RW... and likewise on CD/RW's as you can on a USB memory stick? Many thanks, /HS

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  • Can't find partition tab in disk utility osX ver. 10.6.8

    - by John W
    I just got a used Mac Book Pro. I created a new admin account and deleted the old one as well as one other user. This is an older late 2007 MBP... the osX upgrade to 10.6.8 was just performed. My Macintosh HD is showing up as Partition 2. I ran disk utility (not from install disk), but there was no partition tab. I have a 160GB drive with only 53GB of space left on it. Since I am the only user and have no files on the laptop yet, I don't understand why there is so little space left. Surely the OS can't use up over 100GB. I wanted to run disk utility to see if there were any recovery partitions or other partition left over from the previous owner that could be erased to make room for expanding the main partition. Unfortunately, there is no partition tab in disk utility. The documentation I have found on line states that this version of osX includes that utility. The osX disks I have are for an older version so I wasn't sure if they would be of any use in solving this problem. Also, I was afraid if using the disks, would I lose the little bit of data/apps that I have assembled. I would rather not do a fresh install and have to do all the updates again to achieve this. The previous owner had some apps that I don't want to lose as I would have to pay handsomely to get them back. Simply, if all the previous users data is backed up on here after deleting user is still taking up space on a recovery partition (that I can't see)... I need to locate it erase it and expand the primary partition to re-aquire disk space for my files. I am new to Mac, so please be as descriptive as possible. Thanks.

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  • DVD RW: Are they still relevant for backups?

    - by Harry
    Hello, With the availability of compact USB memory sticks with much, MUCH higher storage capacities is there still any use-case for taking periodic, incremental backups on DVD/RWs? The DVD/RW has an additional annoyance that you cannot drag and drop files to it as easily as you can on a USB memory stick. So, if I have a 4.7GB DVD/RW, I must re-burn the whole image every time I backup new stuff... with possibly rearranged file/folder structure. Secondly, why in this day and age you cannot install a file-system (like ext3 or FAT32) on a DVD/RW... and likewise on CD/RW's as you can on a USB memory stick? Many thanks, /HS

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  • Need to reformat SQL Cluster Disk. How do I recover my SQL installation?

    - by I.T. Support
    We need to reformat the SQL cluster disk in our SQL cluster. The drive contains the shared installation files for SQL as well as databases. My concern is how SQL/The Cluster will react to after we wipe the disk resource. Questions: Is there a defined procedure for this? How should we backup and restore the disk? After the reformat, how do we get the clustered SQL server back online? Thanks

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  • Program to swap files between drives?

    - by josi
    Has anyone built a program/script to transfer files between 2 hard drives, but like if both are near full....so one copies 1 file over then the other copies the other file, then they delete the files that were copied? Kind of annoying, have a 6tb raid at about 4tb full, then 1 4.5tb basically full, can't really swap them easily....without doing many copies and deletes of files.... Anyone know a way to make them just swap? lol

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  • DVD stops working in windows 7 64 bit

    - by Skadlig
    I have the same problem as described in this question: http://superuser.com/questions/105928/dvd-cd-rom-drives-stop-working-in-windows-7 I know I have got some games that are using starforce and/or securerom. What I don't have is the upper and lower filter in my registry tag. Oh and a reboot temporarily fixes my problem. After a random time though it goes missing again. I found a Microsoft knowledge base article regarding this but since I didn't have the filter tags they couldn't help me. Does anyone have any other tips bar removing the despicable drm:s? I would like to go on playing my games so that is not really an option for me.

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