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• Why does Google mark one e-mail as spam while does not the other?

  - by nKn

  I've a Postfix installation which works fine, I don't get any trouble with mails sent through a mail client (in my case, Thunderbird or RoundCube) when the To: address is a GMail account. However, I recently needed to use the PHPMailer tool to send some e-mails to some GMail accounts, so I configured an account to be used via SASL authentication + TLS. I don't mean mass mailing, just 2-3 mails. If I send the e-mail from the Thunderbird or RoundCube clients, the mail is not marked as spam. However, if I use PHPMailer, it always gets catalogued as spam. So I compared both headers and I just can't find the reason why the second is marked as spam while the first one is just ok. The first header sent from a mail client which is not marked as spam: Delivered-To: [email protected] Received: by 10.76.153.102 with SMTP id vf6csp230573oab; Tue, 19 Aug 2014 11:08:19 -0700 (PDT) X-Received: by 10.60.23.39 with SMTP id j7mr45544050oef.20.1408471699715; Tue, 19 Aug 2014 11:08:19 -0700 (PDT) Return-Path: <[email protected]> Received: from mail.mydomain.com (X.ip-92-222-X.eu. [92.222.X.X]) by mx.google.com with ESMTPS id t5si27115082oej.10.2014.08.19.11.08.18 for <[email protected]> (version=TLSv1.2 cipher=ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 bits=128/128); Tue, 19 Aug 2014 11:08:19 -0700 (PDT) Received-SPF: pass (google.com: domain of [email protected] designates 92.222.X.X as permitted sender) client-ip=92.222.X.X; Authentication-Results: mx.google.com; spf=pass (google.com: domain of [email protected] designates 92.222.X.X as permitted sender) [email protected]; dkim=pass (test mode) [email protected] Received: by mail.mydomain.com (Postfix, from userid 111) id D8F69120293D; Tue, 19 Aug 2014 19:08:17 +0100 (BST) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=mydomain.com; s=mail; t=1408471697; bh=wKMX9gkQ7tCLv8ezrG5t4bICm/SSLQsNfTdZMToksWw=; h=Date:From:To:Subject:From; b=qRNcYVdmk+n3D1uuv0FInTx7/LzH2ojck9DgCmabFPvfke233lkojUOjezCUGx7iV DL8EayZ28mzzzHpB7ETeMzop/5OS3BmvFtGKVD9gzc78cDIFXTDoRFAnkRWDR2IOxI SOn5tiyODTFpkbDgJOndzQ6qL5K0S9ASNGCZrNL4= X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.4.0 (2014-02-07) on vpsX.ovh.net X-Spam-Level: X-Spam-Status: No, score=-1.0 required=3.0 tests=ALL_TRUSTED,T_DKIM_INVALID autolearn=ham autolearn_force=no version=3.4.0 Received: from [192.168.1.111] (unknown [77.231.X.X]) (using TLSv1 with cipher ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA (128/128 bits)) (No client certificate requested) (Authenticated sender: [email protected]) by mail.mydomain.com (Postfix) with ESMTPSA id 910341202624 for <[email protected]>; Tue, 19 Aug 2014 19:08:17 +0100 (BST) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=mydomain.com; s=mail; t=1408471697; bh=wKMX9gkQ7tCLv8ezrG5t4bICm/SSLQsNfTdZMToksWw=; h=Date:From:To:Subject:From; b=qRNcYVdmk+n3D1uuv0FInTx7/LzH2ojck9DgCmabFPvfke233lkojUOjezCUGx7iV DL8EayZ28mzzzHpB7ETeMzop/5OS3BmvFtGKVD9gzc78cDIFXTDoRFAnkRWDR2IOxI SOn5tiyODTFpkbDgJOndzQ6qL5K0S9ASNGCZrNL4= Message-ID: <[email protected]> Date: Tue, 19 Aug 2014 19:08:24 +0100 From: My Name <[email protected]> User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:24.0) Gecko/20100101 Thunderbird/24.6.0 MIME-Version: 1.0 To: My other account <[email protected]> Subject: . Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit . The second header sent from PHPMailer which is always marked as spam: Delivered-To: [email protected] Received: by 10.76.153.102 with SMTP id vf6csp230832oab; Tue, 19 Aug 2014 11:12:10 -0700 (PDT) X-Received: by 10.60.121.67 with SMTP id li3mr44086252oeb.17.1408471930520; Tue, 19 Aug 2014 11:12:10 -0700 (PDT) Return-Path: <[email protected]> Received: from mail.mydomain.com (X.ip-92-222-X.eu. [92.222.X.X]) by mx.google.com with ESMTPS id w8si27103806obn.30.2014.08.19.11.12.10 for <[email protected]> (version=TLSv1.2 cipher=ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 bits=128/128); Tue, 19 Aug 2014 11:12:10 -0700 (PDT) Received-SPF: pass (google.com: domain of [email protected] designates 92.222.X.X as permitted sender) client-ip=92.222.X.X; Authentication-Results: mx.google.com; spf=pass (google.com: domain of [email protected] designates 92.222.X.X as permitted sender) [email protected]; dkim=pass (test mode) [email protected] Received: by mail.mydomain.com (Postfix, from userid 111) id 1999D120293D; Tue, 19 Aug 2014 19:12:09 +0100 (BST) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=mydomain.com; s=mail; t=1408471929; bh=N1JuHq1S+8GrjHcEK3xn8P1JS+ygEBv5LKe0BiXuVJo=; h=Date:To:From:Reply-to:Subject:From; b=K7tcPyArzSTY91VEw6mAAFtDurSGwgTLGkfUZdC5mqsg0g/1LzmZkgwdjj4NdJa6M E2kDz3dwYN8FcZmbampJYFXxj4NQVtSnzjiWV40rpfOFqD2rXDGNIyB2QOjBZZ4WK3 7s4lyoJ/BrdQH4en8ctLVsDHed/KpHD4iGFEl67E= X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.4.0 (2014-02-07) on vpsX.ovh.net X-Spam-Level: X-Spam-Status: No, score=-1.0 required=3.0 tests=ALL_TRUSTED,T_DKIM_INVALID autolearn=ham autolearn_force=no version=3.4.0 Received: from rpi.mydomain.com (unknown [77.231.X.X]) (using TLSv1 with cipher ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA (256/256 bits)) (No client certificate requested) (Authenticated sender: [email protected]) by mail.mydomain.com (Postfix) with ESMTPSA id B42AF1202624 for <[email protected]>; Tue, 19 Aug 2014 19:12:08 +0100 (BST) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=mydomain.com; s=mail; t=1408471928; bh=N1JuHq1S+8GrjHcEK3xn8P1JS+ygEBv5LKe0BiXuVJo=; h=Date:To:From:Reply-to:Subject:From; b=iXPM0tS36swudPTT4FOHHtPi5Ll6LbR60kNqCinZ8utcWoFE31SFTpoMEq5aCM5ux wQMdFiN8c6vkjRGabmvqFTTIbwJsrToHo/4+Lt5HEBoQQE2Y3T+xGmnmGAHCS6stKB yb7SVmtrIAsVtSMKA8VYIbmu2oYqV3afYt7g0OMQ= Date: Tue, 19 Aug 2014 20:12:07 +0200 To: [email protected] From: Trying another account <[email protected]> Reply-to: Trying another account <[email protected]> Subject: . Message-ID: <[email protected]> X-Priority: 3 X-Mailer: PHPMailer 5.1 (phpmailer.sourceforge.net) MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Content-Type: text/plain; charset="UTF-8" . I also tried: Adding a User-Agent header to match the first one. Removing the X-Mailer header. No one of them made a difference. Is there some significant difference which is making the second e-mail to be marked as spam by Google?

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• How did my email end up in spam? Spam only filters this specific email, other email contents work

  - by mugetsu

  My website has users buy our products and when the purchase completes, it sends the user an email. However, this email always ends up in spam! When the user first registers, the site also sends an email, this email however is not filtered and goes into the normal inbox. I'm not quite sure why this is so, gmail vaguely tells me that " It's similar to messages that were detected by our spam filters." So I'm thinking that I need to reword the following email better. Can I get some tips? Or could something else be causing this? thanks! here's the unformatted email: Delivered-To: [email protected] Received: by 10.112.32.98 with SMTP id h2csp61953lbi; Tue, 20 Mar 2012 21:09:13 -0700 (PDT) Received: by 10.180.79.72 with SMTP id h8mr22836827wix.1.1332302953175; Tue, 20 Mar 2012 21:09:13 -0700 (PDT) Return-Path: <[email protected]> Received: from mail26.elasticemail.org (mail26.elasticemail.org. [178.32.180.26]) by mx.google.com with SMTP id 6si518487wiz.41.2012.03.20.21.09.12; Tue, 20 Mar 2012 21:09:12 -0700 (PDT) Received-SPF: pass (google.com: domain of [email protected] designates 178.32.180.26 as permitted sender) client-ip=178.32.180.26; Authentication-Results: mx.google.com; spf=pass (google.com: domain of [email protected] designates 178.32.180.26 as permitted sender) [email protected]; dkim=pass [email protected] DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha1; bh=qjc8jxQuGy9pLN1YV9TR2PHQYKg=; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=website.com; s=api; h=DomainKey-Signature:MIME-Version:From:To:List-Unsubscribe:Subject:Date:Reply-To:Message-ID:Content-Type; b=Odt+nYhjntXPl7JPVHeJWjkStemt6so+FPVYY6oMKziMFzmW8YiLhN8WwSLY0faMcn/rirKsO2dOm/kvcHlqUJC7ldhaydE6bPekkBDa9kBovlGwPNm6xy9QWPP9I1fXDLDCwqqeAXv8kN0daXbh3pVyqWNUOk5cgQ35OgpQpKI= DomainKey-Signature: q=dns; a=rsa-sha1; c=simple; d=website.com; s=api; h=MIME-Version:X-Mailer:From:To:X-Priority:List-Unsubscribe:Subject:Date:Reply-To:Message-ID:Content-Type; b=F7NNZIEyEV+64uYD8pVpe91WLP19Tw2Whk4OKpkLeAfkmrNIA7AjP0XYU1JWTlEyibHQJjjbhR62I3MvVJBSGp75eWfOuwb2AqYWZ/jAlMWznnfQLVv7OlYJsErGxYP6GUNNcuJaqlTPFDanJwtaEvR+tqXZRB7xrUisMd8lq2I= MIME-Version: 1.0 X-Mailer: email.website.com From: "Website Contact" <[email protected]> To: [email protected] X-Priority: 3 (Normal) List-Unsubscribe: <http://email.website.com/tracking/unsubscribe?msgid=su6g-8kfd0s0g>, <mailto:[email protected]?subject=unsubscribe> Subject: Website Tickets: event Date: Wed, 21 Mar 2012 04:09:17 +0000 Reply-To: "Website Contact" <[email protected]> Message-ID: <[email protected]> Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_3F77_7A0DF805.A8C886C0" ------=_NextPart_000_3F77_7A0DF805.A8C886C0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 SGVsbG8hIAoKIEhlcmUgYXJlIHlvdXIgdGlja2V0KHMpIGZvciBDVEFTIGVDc1RBU3kgMjAxMjog CgpodHRwczovL2NhbXB1c2FtcC5jb20vP3RpY2tldHMvNy95aGloZ3Znd3Z3cWR3cXhtdnQKClNp bXBseSBicmluZyBpdCB3aXRoIHlvdSBvbiB5b3VyIHNtYXJ0cGhvbmUsIG9yIHByaW50IHRoZSB0 aWNrZXQgb3V0IHRvIGJlIHNjYW5uZWQgYXQgdGhlIGV2ZW50LiBFbmpveSwgYW5kIHdlIGFwcHJl Y2lhdGUgeW91ciBwdXJjaGFzZS4KClNpbmNlcmVseSwKVGhlIENhbXB1c0FtcCBUZWFt ------=_NextPart_000_3F77_7A0DF805.A8C886C0 Content-Type: text/html; charset="utf-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 SGVsbG8hIDxici8+PGJyLz4gSGVyZSBhcmUgeW91ciB0aWNrZXQocykgZm9yIENUQVMgZUNzVEFT eSAyMDEyOjxici8+PGEgaHJlZj0iaHR0cDovL2VtYWlsLmNhbXB1c2FtcC5jb20vdHJhY2tpbmcv Y2xpY2s/bXNnaWQ9c3U2Zy04a2ZkMHMwZyZ0YXJnZXQ9aHR0cHMlM2ElMmYlMmZjYW1wdXNhbXAu Y29tJTJmJTNmdGlja2V0cyUyZjclMmZ5aGloZ3Znd3Z3cWR3cXhtdnQiPiBodHRwczovL2NhbXB1 c2FtcC5jb20vP3RpY2tldHMvNy95aGloZ3Znd3Z3cWR3cXhtdnQgIDwvYT4gPGJyLz48YnIvPlNp bXBseSBicmluZyBpdCB3aXRoIHlvdSBvbiB5b3VyIHNtYXJ0cGhvbmUsIG9yIHByaW50IHRoZSB0 aWNrZXQgb3V0IHRvIGJlIHNjYW5uZWQgYXQgdGhlIGV2ZW50LiBFbmpveSwgYW5kIHdlIGFwcHJl Y2lhdGUgeW91ciBwdXJjaGFzZS48YnIvPjxici8+U2luY2VyZWx5LDxici8+VGhlIENhbXB1c0Ft cCBUZWFtPGltZyBzcmM9Imh0dHA6Ly9lbWFpbC5jYW1wdXNhbXAuY29tL3RyYWNraW5nL29wZW4/ bXNnaWQ9c3U2Zy04a2ZkMHMwZyIgc3R5bGU9IndpZHRoOjFweDtoZWlnaHQ6MXB4IiBhbHQ9IiIg Lz4= ------=_NextPart_000_3F77_7A0DF805.A8C886C0--

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• Subterranean IL: Custom modifiers

  - by Simon Cooper

  In IL, volatile is an instruction prefix used to set a memory barrier at that instruction. However, in C#, volatile is applied to a field to indicate that all accesses on that field should be prefixed with volatile. As I mentioned in my previous post, this means that the field definition needs to store this information somehow, as such a field could be accessed from another assembly. However, IL does not have a concept of a 'volatile field'. How is this information stored? Attributes The standard way of solving this is to apply a VolatileAttribute or similar to the field; this extra metadata notifies the C# compiler that all loads and stores to that field should use the volatile prefix. However, there is a problem with this approach, namely, the .NET C++ compiler. C++ allows methods to be overloaded using properties, like volatile or const, on the parameters; this is perfectly legal C++: public ref class VolatileMethods { void Method(int *i) {} void Method(volatile int *i) {} } If volatile was specified using a custom attribute, then the VolatileMethods class wouldn't be compilable to IL, as there is nothing to differentiate the two methods from each other. This is where custom modifiers come in. Custom modifiers Custom modifiers are similar to custom attributes, but instead of being applied to an IL element separately to its declaration, they are embedded within the field or parameter's type signature itself. The VolatileMethods class would be compiled to the following IL: .class public VolatileMethods { .method public instance void Method(int32* i) {} .method public instance void Method( int32 modreq( [mscorlib]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.IsVolatile)* i) {} } The modreq([mscorlib]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.IsVolatile) is the custom modifier. This adds a TypeDef or TypeRef token to the signature of the field or parameter, and even though they are mostly ignored by the CLR when it's executing the program, this allows methods and fields to be overloaded in ways that wouldn't be allowed using attributes. Because the modifiers are part of the signature, they need to be fully specified when calling such a method in IL: call instance void Method( int32 modreq([mscorlib]System.Runtime.CompilerServices.IsVolatile)*) There are two ways of applying modifiers; modreq specifies required modifiers (like IsVolatile), and modopt specifies optional modifiers that can be ignored by compilers (like IsLong or IsConst). The type specified as the modifier argument are simple placeholders; if you have a look at the definitions of IsVolatile and IsLong they are completely empty. They exist solely to be referenced by a modifier. Custom modifiers are used extensively by the C++ compiler to specify concepts that aren't expressible in IL, but still need to be taken into account when calling method overloads. C++ and C# That's all very well and good, but how does this affect C#? Well, the C++ compiler uses modreq(IsVolatile) to specify volatility on both method parameters and fields, as it would be slightly odd to have the same concept represented using a modifier or attribute depending on what it was applied to. Once you've compiled your C++ project, it can then be referenced and used from C#, so the C# compiler has to recognise the modreq(IsVolatile) custom modifier applied to fields, and vice versa. So, even though you can't overload fields or parameters with volatile using C#, volatile needs to be expressed using a custom modifier rather than an attribute to guarentee correct interoperability and behaviour with any C++ dlls that happen to come along. Next up: a closer look at attributes, and how certain attributes compile in unexpected ways.

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• Swap not available on System Monitor

  - by Zaki

  I had a swap partition of 1GB (RAM 1GB, Ubuntu 12.04 lts). Now swap is not shown on System Monitor neither can I hibernate my pc (sudo pm-hibernate). blkid output: /dev/sda1: UUID="B8B4FBB1B4FB706C" TYPE="ntfs" /dev/sda2: UUID="2ea7d608-2d89-4e41-9436-d05cb3ce8871" TYPE="swap" /dev/sda3: UUID="3219d03a-67e4-454b-8ce7-a27831846e35" TYPE="ext4" /dev/sda5: LABEL="Softwares" UUID="AC1CC3301CC2F47C" TYPE="ntfs" /dev/sda6: LABEL="Education" UUID="1E103E6C103E4B53" TYPE="ntfs" /dev/sda7: LABEL="Recreation" UUID="2CC8D181C8D149AA" TYPE="ntfs" /dev/sda8: LABEL="Miscellaneous" UUID="0274D6B174D6A727" TYPE="ntfs" /etc/fstab # <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass> proc /proc proc nodev,noexec,nosuid 0 0 # / was on /dev/sda6 during installation UUID=3219d03a-67e4-454b-8ce7-a27831846e35 / ext4 errors=remount-ro 0 1 # swap was on /dev/sda5 during installation UUID=2ea7d608-2d89-4e41-9436-d05cb3ce8871 none swap sw 0 0 free -m total used free shared buffers cached Mem: 991 867 123 0 27 418 -/+ buffers/cache: 421 569 Swap: 0 0 0 cat /proc/swaps Filename Type Size Used Priority fdisk -l Disk /dev/sda: 160.0 GB, 160041885696 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 19457 cylinders, total 312581808 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x9f369f36 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 63 31471334 15735636 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda2 31471616 33470447 999416 82 Linux swap / Solaris /dev/sda3 33472512 62539775 14533632 83 Linux /dev/sda4 62541045 312592769 125025862+ f W95 Ext'd (LBA) /dev/sda5 62541108 125066024 31262458+ 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda6 125066088 187591004 31262458+ 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda7 187591068 250115984 31262458+ 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT /dev/sda8 250116048 312576704 31230328+ 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT swapon --all swapon: /dev/sda2: swapon failed: Invalid argument dmesg | grep -A 5 -B 5 -i swap [ 9.487404] EXT4-fs (sda3): ext4_orphan_cleanup: deleting unreferenced inode 131645 [ 9.487413] EXT4-fs (sda3): ext4_orphan_cleanup: deleting unreferenced inode 131330 [ 9.487418] EXT4-fs (sda3): 16 orphan inodes deleted [ 9.487420] EXT4-fs (sda3): recovery complete [ 9.578600] EXT4-fs (sda3): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null) [ 20.580539] Swap area shorter than signature indicates [ 20.588363] IPv6: ADDRCONF(NETDEV_UP): eth0: link is not ready [ 20.619443] udevd[330]: starting version 175 [ 20.649959] lp: driver loaded but no devices found [ 20.662972] [drm] Initialized drm 1.1.0 20060810 [ 20.675515] i915 0000:00:02.0: setting latency timer to 64 -- [ 72.288573] PM: thaw of drv:sr dev:3:0:0:0 complete after 178.143 msecs [ 72.288578] PM: thaw of drv:scsi_device dev:3:0:0:0 complete after 178.136 msecs [ 72.299677] PM: thaw of drv:scsi_device dev:2:0:0:0 complete after 189.270 msecs [ 72.309473] PM: thaw of devices complete after 202.763 msecs [ 72.309668] PM: writing image. [ 72.309670] PM: Cannot find swap device, try swapon -a. [ 72.309699] PM: Cannot get swap writer [ 72.329896] Restarting tasks ... done. [ 72.331777] PM: Basic memory bitmaps freed [ 72.331792] video LNXVIDEO:00: Restoring backlight state [ 72.420048] option1 ttyUSB0: option_instat_callback: error -84 [ 72.804047] option1 ttyUSB0: option_instat_callback: error -84 -- [ 145.960625] sd 7:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg2 type 0 [ 145.972036] sd 7:0:0:0: [sdb] Attached SCSI removable disk [ 172.430508] PPP BSD Compression module registered [ 172.455583] PPP Deflate Compression module registered [ 332.260789] type=1400 audit(1381814763.342:27): apparmor="DENIED" operation="capable" parent=1 profile="/usr/sbin/cupsd" pid=636 comm="cupsd" pid=636 comm="cupsd" capability=36 capname="block_suspend" [ 1913.030998] Swap area shorter than signature indicates [ 2022.530155] type=1400 audit(1381816453.610:28): apparmor="DENIED" operation="capable" parent=1 profile="/usr/sbin/cupsd" pid=636 comm="cupsd" pid=636 comm="cupsd" capability=36 capname="block_suspend" [ 4062.729509] Swap area shorter than signature indicates Please help. Thanks in advance. df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/sda3 14G 6.1G 7.0G 47% / udev 488M 4.0K 488M 1% /dev tmpfs 199M 868K 198M 1% /run none 5.0M 4.0K 5.0M 1% /run/lock none 496M 224K 496M 1% /run/shm

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• 11gR2 RAC ASM????

  - by Liu Maclean(???)

  11gR2 RAC?ocr?votedisk???????ASM??, ????10g??????2?RAC????????????,  ?? 11gR2 ?ASM?spfile??????ASM diskgroup???????ASM??????? ????????????,????? ASM?????mount diskgroup??????diskgroup????, ??ASM??????ASM spfile????????,?2???????? ????T.askmaclean.com?????ASM?????: hello maclean, ??spfile??ASMCMD> spget+CRSDG/rac/asmparameterfile/registry.253.787925627?????,ASM ?????ORACLE instance,?????????????diskgroup,????????????????????????????thanks.! ?????????: ?11.2??Oracle Cluterware??voting disk files?????????11.1?10.2????,11.2??voting disk file??????OCR?, ?????11.2??ocr?votedisk?????ASM? , ???11.2?voting disk file??GPNP profile??CSS voting file discovery string???? CSS voting disk file?discovery string???ASM,??????ASM discovery string???  ????????udev???????ASM???LUN, ??udev????????/dev/rasm-disk* , ????gpnptool get????gpnp profile: [grid@maclean1 trace]$ gpnptool get Warning: some command line parameters were defaulted. Resulting command line: /g01/grid/app/11.2.0/grid/bin/gpnptool.bin get -o- <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><gpnp:GPnP-Profile Version="1.0" xmlns="http://www.grid-pnp.org/2005/11/gpnp-profile" xmlns:gpnp="http://www.grid-pnp.org/2005/11/gpnp-profile" xmlns:orcl="http://www.oracle.com/gpnp/2005/11/gpnp-profile" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.grid-pnp.org/2005/11/gpnp-profile gpnp-profile.xsd" ProfileSequence="9" ClusterUId="452185be9cd14ff4ffdc7688ec5439bf" ClusterName="maclean-cluster" PALocation=""><gpnp:Network-Profile><gpnp:HostNetwork id="gen" HostName="*"><gpnp:Network id="net1" IP="192.168.1.0" Adapter="eth0" Use="public"/><gpnp:Network id="net2" IP="172.168.1.0" Adapter="eth1" Use="cluster_interconnect"/></gpnp:HostNetwork></gpnp:Network-Profile>< orcl:CSS-Profile id="css" DiscoveryString="+asm" LeaseDuration="400"/><orcl:ASM-Profile id="asm" DiscoveryString="/dev/rasm*" SPFile="+SYSTEMDG/maclean-cluster/asmparameterfile/registry.253.788682933"/>< ds:Signature xmlns:ds="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#"><ds:SignedInfo><ds:CanonicalizationMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2001/10/xml-exc-c14n#"/><ds:SignatureMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#rsa-sha1"/><ds:Reference URI=""><ds:Transforms><ds:Transform Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#enveloped-signature"/><ds:Transform Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2001/10/xml-exc-c14n#"> <InclusiveNamespaces xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2001/10/xml-exc-c14n#" PrefixList="gpnp orcl xsi"/></ds:Transform></ds:Transforms>< ds:DigestMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#sha1"/><ds:DigestValue>L1SLg10AqGEauCQ4ne9quucITZA=</ds:DigestValue>< /ds:Reference></ds:SignedInfo><ds:SignatureValue>rTyZm9vfcQCMuian6isnAThUmsV4xPoK2fteMc1l0GIvRvHncMwLQzPM/QrXCGGTCEvgvXzUPEKzmdX2oy5vLcztN60UHr6AJtA2JYYodmrsFwEyVBQ1D6wH+HQiOe2SG9UzdQnNtWSbjD4jfZkeQWyMPfWdKm071Ek0Rfb4nxE=</ds:SignatureValue></ds:Signature></gpnp:GPnP-Profile> Success. ?????2???: <orcl:CSS-Profile id=”css” DiscoveryString=”+asm” LeaseDuration=”400?/>==»css voting disk??+ASM<orcl:ASM-Profile id=”asm” DiscoveryString=”/dev/rasm*” SPFile=”+SYSTEMDG/maclean-cluster/asmparameterfile/registry.253.788682933?/>==»??????ASM?DiscoveryString=”/dev/rasm*”,?ASM??????????????,SPFILE???ASM Parameter FILE?ALIAS ???????GPNP???ASM Parameter FILE?ALIAS,?????ASM???????SPFILE,???Diskgroup?Mount???????ASM ALIAS?????? ??????+SYSTEMDG/maclean-cluster/asmparameterfile/registry.253.788682933??SPFILE?ASM??????: [grid@maclean1 wallets]$ sqlplus / as sysasm SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.3.0 Production on Tue Jul 17 05:45:35 2012 Copyright (c) 1982, 2011, Oracle. All rights reserved. Connected to: Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.3.0 - 64bit Production With the Real Application Clusters and Automatic Storage Management options SQL> set linesize 140 pagesize 1400 col "FILE NAME" format a40 set head on select NAME "FILE NAME", AU_KFFXP "AU NUMBER", NUMBER_KFFXP "FILE NUMBER", DISK_KFFXP "DISK NUMBER" from x$kffxp, v$asm_alias where GROUP_KFFXP = GROUP_NUMBER and NUMBER_KFFXP = FILE_NUMBER and name in ('REGISTRY.253.788682933') order by DISK_KFFXP,AU_KFFXP; FILE NAME AU NUMBER FILE NUMBER DISK NUMBER ---------------------------------------- ---------- ----------- ----------- REGISTRY.253.788682933 39 253 1 REGISTRY.253.788682933 35 253 3 REGISTRY.253.788682933 35 253 4 SQL> col path for a50 SQL> select disk_number,path from v$asm_disk where disk_number in (1,3,4) and GROUP_NUMBER=3; DISK_NUMBER PATH ----------- -------------------------------------------------- 3 /dev/rasm-diske 4 /dev/rasm-diskf 1 /dev/rasm-diskc ?????ASM SPFILE??????(redundancy=high),????? /dev/rasm-diskc?AU=39?/dev/rasm-diske AU=35?/dev/rasm-diskf AU=35? ????kfed?????????ASM DISK?header: [grid@maclean1 wallets]$ kfed read /dev/rasm-diske|grep spfile kfdhdb.spfile: 35 ; 0x0f4: 0x00000023 [grid@maclean1 wallets]$ kfed read /dev/rasm-diskc|grep spfile kfdhdb.spfile: 39 ; 0x0f4: 0x00000027 [grid@maclean1 wallets]$ kfed read /dev/rasm-diskf|grep spfile kfdhdb.spfile: 35 ; 0x0f4: 0x00000023 ????ASM disk header?kfdhdb.spfile??ASM SPFILE???DISK??AU NUMBER????, ASM???????????GPNP PROFILE?? DiscoveryString?????????,????ASM disk header?????kfdhdb.spfile??????,?????MOUNT DISKGROUP??????ASM SPFILE,?????ASM, ?????????????????

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• In WCF How Can I add SAML 2.0 assertion to SOAP Header?

  - by Tone

  I'm trying to add the saml 2.0 assertion node from the soap header example below - I came across the samlassertion type in the .net framework but that looks like it is only for saml 1.1. <S:Header> <To xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/08/addressing">https://rs1.greenwaymedical.com:8181/CONNECTGateway/EntityService/NhincProxyXDRRequestSecured</To> <Action xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/08/addressing">tns:ProvideAndRegisterDocumentSet-bRequest_Request</Action> <ReplyTo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/08/addressing"> <Address>http://www.w3.org/2005/08/addressing/anonymous</Address> </ReplyTo> <MessageID xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/08/addressing">uuid:662ee047-3437-4781-a8d2-ee91bc940ef0</MessageID> <wsse:Security S:mustUnderstand="1"> <wsu:Timestamp xmlns:ns17="http://docs.oasis-open.org/ws-sx/ws-secureconversation/200512" xmlns:ns16="http://www.w3.org/2003/05/soap-envelope" wsu:Id="_1"> <wsu:Created>2010-05-26T03:51:57Z</wsu:Created> <wsu:Expires>2010-05-26T03:56:57Z</wsu:Expires> </wsu:Timestamp> <saml2:Assertion xmlns:ds="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#" xmlns:exc14n="http://www.w3.org/2001/10/xml-exc-c14n#" xmlns:saml2="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:assertion" xmlns:xenc="http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlenc#" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" ID="bd1ecf8d-a6d8-488d-9183-a11227c6a219" IssueInstant="2010-05-26T03:51:57.959Z" Version="2.0"> <saml2:Issuer Format="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:1.1:nameid-format:X509SubjectName">CN=SAML User,OU=SU,O=SAML User,L=Los Angeles,ST=CA,C=US</saml2:Issuer> <saml2:Subject> <saml2:NameID Format="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:1.1:nameid-format:X509SubjectName">UID=kskagerb</saml2:NameID> <saml2:SubjectConfirmation Method="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:cm:holder-of-key"> <saml2:SubjectConfirmationData> <ds:KeyInfo> <ds:KeyValue> <ds:RSAKeyValue> <ds:Modulus>p4jUkEUg..gwO7U=</ds:Modulus> <ds:Exponent>AQAB</ds:Exponent> </ds:RSAKeyValue> </ds:KeyValue> </ds:KeyInfo> </saml2:SubjectConfirmationData> </saml2:SubjectConfirmation> </saml2:Subject> <saml2:AuthnStatement AuthnInstant="2009-04-16T13:15:39.000Z" SessionIndex="987"> <saml2:SubjectLocality Address="158.147.185.168" DNSName="cs.myharris.net"/> <saml2:AuthnContext> <saml2:AuthnContextClassRef>urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:ac:classes:X509</saml2:AuthnContextClassRef> </saml2:AuthnContext> </saml2:AuthnStatement> <saml2:AttributeStatement> <saml2:Attribute Name="urn:oasis:names:tc:xspa:1.0:subject:subject-id"> <saml2:AttributeValue xmlns:ns6="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ns7="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" ns6:type="ns7:string">Karl S Skagerberg</saml2:AttributeValue> </saml2:Attribute> <saml2:Attribute Name="urn:oasis:names:tc:xspa:1.0:subject:organization"> <saml2:AttributeValue xmlns:ns6="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ns7="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" ns6:type="ns7:string">InternalTest2</saml2:AttributeValue> </saml2:Attribute> <saml2:Attribute Name="urn:oasis:names:tc:xspa:1.0:subject:organization-id"> <saml2:AttributeValue xmlns:ns6="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ns7="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" ns6:type="ns7:string">2.2</saml2:AttributeValue> </saml2:Attribute> <saml2:Attribute Name="urn:nhin:names:saml:homeCommunityId"> <saml2:AttributeValue xmlns:ns6="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ns7="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" ns6:type="ns7:string">2.16.840.1.113883.3.441</saml2:AttributeValue> </saml2:Attribute> <saml2:Attribute Name="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:2.0:subject:role"> <saml2:AttributeValue> <hl7:Role xmlns:hl7="urn:hl7-org:v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" code="307969004" codeSystem="2.16.840.1.113883.6.96" codeSystemName="SNOMED_CT" displayName="Public Health" xsi:type="hl7:CE"/> </saml2:AttributeValue> </saml2:Attribute> <saml2:Attribute Name="urn:oasis:names:tc:xspa:1.0:subject:purposeofuse"> <saml2:AttributeValue> <hl7:PurposeForUse xmlns:hl7="urn:hl7-org:v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" code="PUBLICHEALTH" codeSystem="2.16.840.1.113883.3.18.7.1" codeSystemName="nhin-purpose" displayName="Use or disclosure of Psychotherapy Notes" xsi:type="hl7:CE"/> </saml2:AttributeValue> </saml2:Attribute> <saml2:Attribute Name="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:2.0:resource:resource-id"> <saml2:AttributeValue xmlns:ns6="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ns7="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" ns6:type="ns7:string">500000000^^^&amp;1.1&amp;ISO</saml2:AttributeValue> </saml2:Attribute> </saml2:AttributeStatement> <saml2:AuthzDecisionStatement Decision="Permit" Resource="https://158.147.185.168:8181/SamlReceiveService/SamlProcessWS"> <saml2:Action Namespace="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:1.0:action:rwedc">Execute</saml2:Action> <saml2:Evidence> <saml2:Assertion ID="40df7c0a-ff3e-4b26-baeb-f2910f6d05a9" IssueInstant="2009-04-16T13:10:39.093Z" Version="2.0"> <saml2:Issuer Format="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:1.1:nameid-format:X509SubjectName">CN=SAML User,OU=Harris,O=HITS,L=Melbourne,ST=FL,C=US</saml2:Issuer> <saml2:Conditions NotBefore="2009-04-16T13:10:39.093Z" NotOnOrAfter="2009-12-31T12:00:00.000Z"/> <saml2:AttributeStatement> <saml2:Attribute Name="AccessConsentPolicy" NameFormat="http://www.hhs.gov/healthit/nhin"> <saml2:AttributeValue xmlns:ns6="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ns7="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" ns6:type="ns7:string">Claim-Ref-1234</saml2:AttributeValue> </saml2:Attribute> <saml2:Attribute Name="InstanceAccessConsentPolicy" NameFormat="http://www.hhs.gov/healthit/nhin"> <saml2:AttributeValue xmlns:ns6="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ns7="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" ns6:type="ns7:string">Claim-Instance-1</saml2:AttributeValue> </saml2:Attribute> </saml2:AttributeStatement> </saml2:Assertion> </saml2:Evidence> </saml2:AuthzDecisionStatement> <ds:Signature xmlns:ds="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#"> <ds:SignedInfo> <ds:CanonicalizationMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2001/10/xml-exc-c14n#"/> <ds:SignatureMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#rsa-sha1"/> <ds:Reference URI="#bd1ecf8d-a6d8-488d-9183-a11227c6a219"> <ds:Transforms> <ds:Transform Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#enveloped-signature"/> <ds:Transform Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2001/10/xml-exc-c14n#"/> </ds:Transforms> <ds:DigestMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#sha1"/> <ds:DigestValue>ONbZqPUyFVPMx4v9vvpJGNB4cao=</ds:DigestValue> </ds:Reference> </ds:SignedInfo> <ds:SignatureValue>Dm/aW5bB..pF93s=</ds:SignatureValue> <ds:KeyInfo> <ds:KeyValue> <ds:RSAKeyValue> <ds:Modulus>p4jUkEU..bzqgwO7U=</ds:Modulus> <ds:Exponent>AQAB</ds:Exponent> </ds:RSAKeyValue> </ds:KeyValue> </ds:KeyInfo> </ds:Signature> </saml2:Assertion> <ds:Signature xmlns:ns17="http://docs.oasis-open.org/ws-sx/ws-secureconversation/200512" xmlns:ns16="http://www.w3.org/2003/05/soap-envelope" Id="_2"> <ds:SignedInfo> <ds:CanonicalizationMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2001/10/xml-exc-c14n#"> <exc14n:InclusiveNamespaces PrefixList="wsse S"/> </ds:CanonicalizationMethod> <ds:SignatureMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#rsa-sha1"/> <ds:Reference URI="#_1"> <ds:Transforms> <ds:Transform Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2001/10/xml-exc-c14n#"> <exc14n:InclusiveNamespaces PrefixList="wsu wsse S"/> </ds:Transform> </ds:Transforms> <ds:DigestMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#sha1"/> <ds:DigestValue> <Include xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2004/08/xop/include" href="cid:[email protected]"/> </ds:DigestValue> </ds:Reference> </ds:SignedInfo> <ds:SignatureValue> <Include xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2004/08/xop/include" href="cid:[email protected]"/> </ds:SignatureValue> <ds:KeyInfo> <wsse:SecurityTokenReference wsse11:TokenType="http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/oasis-wss-saml-token-profile-1.1#SAMLV2.0"> <wsse:KeyIdentifier ValueType="http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/oasis-wss-saml-token-profile-1.1#SAMLID">bd1ecf8d-a6d8-488d-9183-a11227c6a219</wsse:KeyIdentifier> </wsse:SecurityTokenReference> </ds:KeyInfo> </ds:Signature> </wsse:Security> </S:Header> I've been researching for days and cannot seem to come up with a straightforward way of doing this in WCF. The web service is running on Glassfish and is soap 1.1, I've tried using all the packaged wcf bindings but have not been able to get them to work. I started down the path of using a MessageInspector, and wrote one but then realized there must be a better way, surely WCF provides some way to insert saml 2.0 assertions. I've made the most progress writing a custom binding - i've been able to get the timestamp and signature nodes in the soap header, but cannot for the life of me figure out the saml assertion. Any ideas? public static System.ServiceModel.Channels.Binding BuildCONNECTCustomBinding() { TransportSecurityBindingElement transportSecurityBindingElement = SecurityBindingElement.CreateCertificateOverTransportBindingElement(MessageSecurityVersion.WSSecurity10WSTrustFebruary2005WSSecureConversationFebruary2005WSSecurityPolicy11BasicSecurityProfile10); TextMessageEncodingBindingElement textMessageEncodingBindingElement = new TextMessageEncodingBindingElement(MessageVersion.Soap11WSAddressing10, System.Text.Encoding.UTF8); HttpsTransportBindingElement httpsTransportBindingElement = new HttpsTransportBindingElement(); SecurityTokenReferenceType securityTokenReference = new SecurityTokenReferenceType(); BindingElementCollection bindingElementCollection = new BindingElementCollection(); bindingElementCollection.Add(transportSecurityBindingElement); bindingElementCollection.Add(textMessageEncodingBindingElement); bindingElementCollection.Add(httpsTransportBindingElement); CustomBinding cb = new CustomBinding(bindingElementCollection); cb.CreateBindingElements(); return cb; }

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• Preserving case in HTTP headers with Ruby's Net:HTTP

  - by emh

  Although the HTTP spec says that headers are case insensitive; Paypal, with their new adaptive payments API require their headers to be case-sensitive. Using the paypal adaptive payments extension for ActiveMerchant (http://github.com/lamp/paypal_adaptive_gateway) it seems that although the headers are set in all caps, they are sent in mixed case. Here is the code that sends the HTTP request: headers = { "X-PAYPAL-REQUEST-DATA-FORMAT" => "XML", "X-PAYPAL-RESPONSE-DATA-FORMAT" => "JSON", "X-PAYPAL-SECURITY-USERID" => @config[:login], "X-PAYPAL-SECURITY-PASSWORD" => @config[:password], "X-PAYPAL-SECURITY-SIGNATURE" => @config[:signature], "X-PAYPAL-APPLICATION-ID" => @config[:appid] } build_url action request = Net::HTTP::Post.new(@url.path) request.body = @xml headers.each_pair { |k,v| request[k] = v } request.content_type = 'text/xml' proxy = Net::HTTP::Proxy("127.0.0.1", "60723") server = proxy.new(@url.host, 443) server.use_ssl = true server.start { |http| http.request(request) }.body (i added the proxy line so i could see what was going on with Charles - http://www.charlesproxy.com/) When I look at the request headers in charles, this is what i see: X-Paypal-Application-Id ... X-Paypal-Security-Password... X-Paypal-Security-Signature ... X-Paypal-Security-Userid ... X-Paypal-Request-Data-Format XML X-Paypal-Response-Data-Format JSON Accept */* Content-Type text/xml Content-Length 522 Host svcs.sandbox.paypal.com I verified that it is not Charles doing the case conversion by running a similar request using curl. In that test the case was preserved.

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• Delegates in .NET: how are they constructed ?

  - by Saulius

  While inspecting delegates in C# and .NET in general, I noticed some interesting facts: Creating a delegate in C# creates a class derived from MulticastDelegate with a constructor: .method public hidebysig specialname rtspecialname instance void .ctor(object 'object', native int 'method') runtime managed { } Meaning that it expects the instance and a pointer to the method. Yet the syntax of constructing a delegate in C# suggests that it has a constructor new MyDelegate(int () target) where I can recognise int () as a function instance (int *target() would be a function pointer in C++). So obviously the C# compiler picks out the correct method from the method group defined by the function name and constructs the delegate. So the first question would be, where does the C# compiler (or Visual Studio, to be precise) pick this constructor signature from ? I did not notice any special attributes or something that would make a distinction. Is this some sort of compiler/visualstudio magic ? If not, is the T (args) target construction valid in C# ? I did not manage to get anything with it to compile, e.g.: int () target = MyMethod; is invalid, so is doing anything with MyMetod, e.g. calling .ToString() on it (well this does make some sense, since that is technically a method group, but I imagine it should be possible to explicitly pick out a method by casting, e.g. (int())MyFunction. So is all of this purely compiler magic ? Looking at the construction through reflector reveals yet another syntax: Func CS$1$0000 = new Func(null, (IntPtr) Foo); This is consistent with the disassembled constructor signature, yet this does not compile! One final interesting note is that the classes Delegate and MulticastDelegate have yet another sets of constructors: .method family hidebysig specialname rtspecialname instance void .ctor(class System.Type target, string 'method') cil managed Where does the transition from an instance and method pointer to a type and a string method name occur ? Can this be explained by the runtime managed keywords in the custom delegate constructor signature, i.e. does the runtime do it's job here ?

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• In a WCF Client How Can I add SAML 2.0 assertion to SOAP Header?

  - by Tone

  I'm trying to add the saml 2.0 assertion node from the soap header example below - I came across the samlassertion type in the .net framework but that looks like it is only for saml 1.1. <S:Header> <To xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/08/addressing">https://rs1.greenwaymedical.com:8181/CONNECTGateway/EntityService/NhincProxyXDRRequestSecured</To> <Action xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/08/addressing">tns:ProvideAndRegisterDocumentSet-bRequest_Request</Action> <ReplyTo xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/08/addressing"> <Address>http://www.w3.org/2005/08/addressing/anonymous</Address> </ReplyTo> <MessageID xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/08/addressing">uuid:662ee047-3437-4781-a8d2-ee91bc940ef0</MessageID> <wsse:Security S:mustUnderstand="1"> <wsu:Timestamp xmlns:ns17="http://docs.oasis-open.org/ws-sx/ws-secureconversation/200512" xmlns:ns16="http://www.w3.org/2003/05/soap-envelope" wsu:Id="_1"> <wsu:Created>2010-05-26T03:51:57Z</wsu:Created> <wsu:Expires>2010-05-26T03:56:57Z</wsu:Expires> </wsu:Timestamp> <saml2:Assertion xmlns:ds="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#" xmlns:exc14n="http://www.w3.org/2001/10/xml-exc-c14n#" xmlns:saml2="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:assertion" xmlns:xenc="http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlenc#" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" ID="bd1ecf8d-a6d8-488d-9183-a11227c6a219" IssueInstant="2010-05-26T03:51:57.959Z" Version="2.0"> <saml2:Issuer Format="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:1.1:nameid-format:X509SubjectName">CN=SAML User,OU=SU,O=SAML User,L=Los Angeles,ST=CA,C=US</saml2:Issuer> <saml2:Subject> <saml2:NameID Format="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:1.1:nameid-format:X509SubjectName">UID=kskagerb</saml2:NameID> <saml2:SubjectConfirmation Method="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:cm:holder-of-key"> <saml2:SubjectConfirmationData> <ds:KeyInfo> <ds:KeyValue> <ds:RSAKeyValue> <ds:Modulus>p4jUkEUg..gwO7U=</ds:Modulus> <ds:Exponent>AQAB</ds:Exponent> </ds:RSAKeyValue> </ds:KeyValue> </ds:KeyInfo> </saml2:SubjectConfirmationData> </saml2:SubjectConfirmation> </saml2:Subject> <saml2:AuthnStatement AuthnInstant="2009-04-16T13:15:39.000Z" SessionIndex="987"> <saml2:SubjectLocality Address="158.147.185.168" DNSName="cs.myharris.net"/> <saml2:AuthnContext> <saml2:AuthnContextClassRef>urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:2.0:ac:classes:X509</saml2:AuthnContextClassRef> </saml2:AuthnContext> </saml2:AuthnStatement> <saml2:AttributeStatement> <saml2:Attribute Name="urn:oasis:names:tc:xspa:1.0:subject:subject-id"> <saml2:AttributeValue xmlns:ns6="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ns7="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" ns6:type="ns7:string">Karl S Skagerberg</saml2:AttributeValue> </saml2:Attribute> <saml2:Attribute Name="urn:oasis:names:tc:xspa:1.0:subject:organization"> <saml2:AttributeValue xmlns:ns6="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ns7="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" ns6:type="ns7:string">InternalTest2</saml2:AttributeValue> </saml2:Attribute> <saml2:Attribute Name="urn:oasis:names:tc:xspa:1.0:subject:organization-id"> <saml2:AttributeValue xmlns:ns6="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ns7="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" ns6:type="ns7:string">2.2</saml2:AttributeValue> </saml2:Attribute> <saml2:Attribute Name="urn:nhin:names:saml:homeCommunityId"> <saml2:AttributeValue xmlns:ns6="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ns7="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" ns6:type="ns7:string">2.16.840.1.113883.3.441</saml2:AttributeValue> </saml2:Attribute> <saml2:Attribute Name="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:2.0:subject:role"> <saml2:AttributeValue> <hl7:Role xmlns:hl7="urn:hl7-org:v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" code="307969004" codeSystem="2.16.840.1.113883.6.96" codeSystemName="SNOMED_CT" displayName="Public Health" xsi:type="hl7:CE"/> </saml2:AttributeValue> </saml2:Attribute> <saml2:Attribute Name="urn:oasis:names:tc:xspa:1.0:subject:purposeofuse"> <saml2:AttributeValue> <hl7:PurposeForUse xmlns:hl7="urn:hl7-org:v3" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" code="PUBLICHEALTH" codeSystem="2.16.840.1.113883.3.18.7.1" codeSystemName="nhin-purpose" displayName="Use or disclosure of Psychotherapy Notes" xsi:type="hl7:CE"/> </saml2:AttributeValue> </saml2:Attribute> <saml2:Attribute Name="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:2.0:resource:resource-id"> <saml2:AttributeValue xmlns:ns6="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ns7="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" ns6:type="ns7:string">500000000^^^&amp;1.1&amp;ISO</saml2:AttributeValue> </saml2:Attribute> </saml2:AttributeStatement> <saml2:AuthzDecisionStatement Decision="Permit" Resource="https://158.147.185.168:8181/SamlReceiveService/SamlProcessWS"> <saml2:Action Namespace="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:1.0:action:rwedc">Execute</saml2:Action> <saml2:Evidence> <saml2:Assertion ID="40df7c0a-ff3e-4b26-baeb-f2910f6d05a9" IssueInstant="2009-04-16T13:10:39.093Z" Version="2.0"> <saml2:Issuer Format="urn:oasis:names:tc:SAML:1.1:nameid-format:X509SubjectName">CN=SAML User,OU=Harris,O=HITS,L=Melbourne,ST=FL,C=US</saml2:Issuer> <saml2:Conditions NotBefore="2009-04-16T13:10:39.093Z" NotOnOrAfter="2009-12-31T12:00:00.000Z"/> <saml2:AttributeStatement> <saml2:Attribute Name="AccessConsentPolicy" NameFormat="http://www.hhs.gov/healthit/nhin"> <saml2:AttributeValue xmlns:ns6="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ns7="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" ns6:type="ns7:string">Claim-Ref-1234</saml2:AttributeValue> </saml2:Attribute> <saml2:Attribute Name="InstanceAccessConsentPolicy" NameFormat="http://www.hhs.gov/healthit/nhin"> <saml2:AttributeValue xmlns:ns6="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ns7="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" ns6:type="ns7:string">Claim-Instance-1</saml2:AttributeValue> </saml2:Attribute> </saml2:AttributeStatement> </saml2:Assertion> </saml2:Evidence> </saml2:AuthzDecisionStatement> <ds:Signature xmlns:ds="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#"> <ds:SignedInfo> <ds:CanonicalizationMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2001/10/xml-exc-c14n#"/> <ds:SignatureMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#rsa-sha1"/> <ds:Reference URI="#bd1ecf8d-a6d8-488d-9183-a11227c6a219"> <ds:Transforms> <ds:Transform Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#enveloped-signature"/> <ds:Transform Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2001/10/xml-exc-c14n#"/> </ds:Transforms> <ds:DigestMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#sha1"/> <ds:DigestValue>ONbZqPUyFVPMx4v9vvpJGNB4cao=</ds:DigestValue> </ds:Reference> </ds:SignedInfo> <ds:SignatureValue>Dm/aW5bB..pF93s=</ds:SignatureValue> <ds:KeyInfo> <ds:KeyValue> <ds:RSAKeyValue> <ds:Modulus>p4jUkEU..bzqgwO7U=</ds:Modulus> <ds:Exponent>AQAB</ds:Exponent> </ds:RSAKeyValue> </ds:KeyValue> </ds:KeyInfo> </ds:Signature> </saml2:Assertion> <ds:Signature xmlns:ns17="http://docs.oasis-open.org/ws-sx/ws-secureconversation/200512" xmlns:ns16="http://www.w3.org/2003/05/soap-envelope" Id="_2"> <ds:SignedInfo> <ds:CanonicalizationMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2001/10/xml-exc-c14n#"> <exc14n:InclusiveNamespaces PrefixList="wsse S"/> </ds:CanonicalizationMethod> <ds:SignatureMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#rsa-sha1"/> <ds:Reference URI="#_1"> <ds:Transforms> <ds:Transform Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2001/10/xml-exc-c14n#"> <exc14n:InclusiveNamespaces PrefixList="wsu wsse S"/> </ds:Transform> </ds:Transforms> <ds:DigestMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#sha1"/> <ds:DigestValue> <Include xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2004/08/xop/include" href="cid:[email protected]"/> </ds:DigestValue> </ds:Reference> </ds:SignedInfo> <ds:SignatureValue> <Include xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2004/08/xop/include" href="cid:[email protected]"/> </ds:SignatureValue> <ds:KeyInfo> <wsse:SecurityTokenReference wsse11:TokenType="http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/oasis-wss-saml-token-profile-1.1#SAMLV2.0"> <wsse:KeyIdentifier ValueType="http://docs.oasis-open.org/wss/oasis-wss-saml-token-profile-1.1#SAMLID">bd1ecf8d-a6d8-488d-9183-a11227c6a219</wsse:KeyIdentifier> </wsse:SecurityTokenReference> </ds:KeyInfo> </ds:Signature> </wsse:Security> </S:Header> I've been researching for days and cannot seem to come up with a straightforward way of doing this in WCF. The web service is running on Glassfish and is soap 1.1, I've tried using all the packaged wcf bindings but have not been able to get them to work. I started down the path of using a MessageInspector, and wrote one but then realized there must be a better way, surely WCF provides some way to insert saml 2.0 assertions. I've made the most progress writing a custom binding - i've been able to get the timestamp and signature nodes in the soap header, but cannot for the life of me figure out the saml assertion. Any ideas? public static System.ServiceModel.Channels.Binding BuildCONNECTCustomBinding() { TransportSecurityBindingElement transportSecurityBindingElement = SecurityBindingElement.CreateCertificateOverTransportBindingElement(MessageSecurityVersion.WSSecurity10WSTrustFebruary2005WSSecureConversationFebruary2005WSSecurityPolicy11BasicSecurityProfile10); TextMessageEncodingBindingElement textMessageEncodingBindingElement = new TextMessageEncodingBindingElement(MessageVersion.Soap11WSAddressing10, System.Text.Encoding.UTF8); HttpsTransportBindingElement httpsTransportBindingElement = new HttpsTransportBindingElement(); SecurityTokenReferenceType securityTokenReference = new SecurityTokenReferenceType(); BindingElementCollection bindingElementCollection = new BindingElementCollection(); bindingElementCollection.Add(transportSecurityBindingElement); bindingElementCollection.Add(textMessageEncodingBindingElement); bindingElementCollection.Add(httpsTransportBindingElement); CustomBinding cb = new CustomBinding(bindingElementCollection); cb.CreateBindingElements(); return cb; }

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• How to exploit Diffie-hellman to perform a man in the middle attack

  - by jfisk

  Im doing a project where Alice and Bob send each other messages using the Diffie-Hellman key-exchange. What is throwing me for a loop is how to incorporate the certificate they are using in this so i can obtain their secret messages. From what I understand about MIM attakcs, the MIM acts as an imposter as seen on this diagram: Below are the details for my project. I understand that they both have g and p agreed upon before communicating, but how would I be able to implement this with they both having a certificate to verify their signatures? Alice prepares ?signA(NA, Bob), pkA, certA? where signA is the digital signature algorithm used by Alice, “Bob” is Bob’s name, pkA is the public-key of Alice which equals gx mod p encoded according to X.509 for a fixed g, p as specified in the Diffie-Hellman key- exchange and certA is the certificate of Alice that contains Alice’s public-key that verifies the signature; Finally, NA is a nonce (random string) that is 8 bytes long. Bob checks Alice's signature, and response with ?signB{NA,NB,Alice},pkB,certB?. Alice gets the message she checks her nonce NA and calculates the joint key based on pkA, pkB according to the Diffie-Hellman key exchange. Then Alice submits the message ?signA{NA,NB,Bob},EK(MA),certA? to Bob and Bobrespondswith?SignB{NA,NB,Alice},EK(MB),certB?. where MA and MB are their corresponding secret messages.

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• Twitter OAuth, Error when trying to POST direct message.

  - by Darxval

  So I am building a java script that is used in conjunction of my C++ application for sending direct messages to users. the script does the work of building the request that i send. When i send a request i receive "Incorrect signature" or "can not authenticate you" Does anyone see something i am missing or am doing wrong? I am continuing to investigate. Thank you in advance Javascript: var nDate = new Date(); var epoch = nDate.getTime(); var nounce = ""; nounce = Base64.encode(epoch+randomString()); var Parameters = [ "oauth_consumerkey="+sConsumerKey, "oauth_nonce="+nounce, "oauth_signature_method=HMAC-SHA1", "oauth_timestamp="+epoch, "oauth_token="+sAccessToken, "oauth_version=1.0", "text="+sText, "user="+sUser]; var SortedParameters = Parameters.sort(); var joinParameters = SortedParameters.join("&"); var encodeParameters = escape(joinParameters); signature_base_string = escape("POST&"+NormalizedURL+"&"+encodeParameters); signature_key = sConsumerSecret+"&"+sAccessSecret; signature = Base64.encode(hmacsha1(signature_base_string,signature_key)); sAuthHeader = " OAuth realm=, oauth_nonce="+nounce+", oauth_timestamp="+epoch+", oauth_consumer_key="+sConsumerKey+", oauth_signature_method=HMAC-SHA1, oauth_version=1.0, oauth_signature="+signature+", oauth_token="+sAccessToken+", text="+sText; goNVOut.Set("Header.Authorization: ", sAuthHeader);

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• Debugging PHP Mail() and/or PHPMailer

  - by Agos

  Hi, I'm quite stuck with a problem sending mail from a PHP script. Some data: Shared hosting, no SSH access, only hosting provider panel PHP version 5.2.5 Last year I built a site which had no problems sending mail with the same hosting Let's say the domain is “domain.com” and my private address is “[email protected]” for anonimity's sake in the following code. Here's the code: <?php error_reporting(E_ALL); ini_set("display_errors", 1); $to = "[email protected]"; $subject = "Hi"; $body = "Test 1\nTest 2\nTest 3"; $headers = 'From: [email protected]' . "\r\n" . 'errors-to: [email protected]' . "\r\n" . 'X-Mailer: PHP/' . phpversion(); if (mail($to, $subject, $body, $headers)) { echo("Message successfully sent"); } else { echo("Message sending failed"); } require('class.phpmailer.php'); $message = "Hello world"; $mail = new PHPMailer(); $mail->CharSet = "UTF-8"; $mail->AddAddress("[email protected]", "Agos"); $mail->SetFrom("[email protected]","My Site"); $mail->Subject = "Test Message"; $mail->Body = $message; $mail->Send(); ?> And here is what I get: Message sending failed 'ai' = 'application/postscript', 'eps' = 'application/postscript', 'ps' = 'application/postscript', 'smi' = 'application/smil', 'smil' = 'application/smil', 'mif' = 'application/vnd.mif', 'xls' = 'application/vnd.ms-excel', 'ppt' = 'application/vnd.ms-powerpoint', 'wbxml' = 'application/vnd.wap.wbxml', 'wmlc' = 'application/vnd.wap.wmlc', 'dcr' = 'application/x-director', 'dir' = 'application/x-director', 'dxr' = 'application/x-director', 'dvi' = 'application/x-dvi', 'gtar' = 'application/x-gtar', 'php' = 'application/x-httpd-php', 'php4' = 'application/x-httpd-php', 'php3' = 'application/x-httpd-php', 'phtml' = 'application/x-httpd-php', 'phps' = 'application/x-httpd-php-source', 'js' = 'application/x-javascript', 'swf' = 'application/x-shockwave-flash', 'sit' = 'application/x-stuffit', 'tar' = 'application/x-tar', 'tgz' = 'application/x-tar', 'xhtml' = 'application/xhtml+xml', 'xht' = 'application/xhtml+xml', 'zip' = 'application/zip', 'mid' = 'audio/midi', 'midi' = 'audio/midi', 'mpga' = 'audio/mpeg', 'mp2' = 'audio/mpeg', 'mp3' = 'audio/mpeg', 'aif' = 'audio/x-aiff', 'aiff' = 'audio/x-aiff', 'aifc' = 'audio/x-aiff', 'ram' = 'audio/x-pn-realaudio', 'rm' = 'audio/x-pn-realaudio', 'rpm' = 'audio/x-pn-realaudio-plugin', 'ra' = 'audio/x-realaudio', 'rv' = 'video/vnd.rn-realvideo', 'wav' = 'audio/x-wav', 'bmp' = 'image/bmp', 'gif' = 'image/gif', 'jpeg' = 'image/jpeg', 'jpg' = 'image/jpeg', 'jpe' = 'image/jpeg', 'png' = 'image/png', 'tiff' = 'image/tiff', 'tif' = 'image/tiff', 'css' = 'text/css', 'html' = 'text/html', 'htm' = 'text/html', 'shtml' = 'text/html', 'txt' = 'text/plain', 'text' = 'text/plain', 'log' = 'text/plain', 'rtx' = 'text/richtext', 'rtf' = 'text/rtf', 'xml' = 'text/xml', 'xsl' = 'text/xml', 'mpeg' = 'video/mpeg', 'mpg' = 'video/mpeg', 'mpe' = 'video/mpeg', 'qt' = 'video/quicktime', 'mov' = 'video/quicktime', 'avi' = 'video/x-msvideo', 'movie' = 'video/x-sgi-movie', 'doc' = 'application/msword', 'word' = 'application/msword', 'xl' = 'application/excel', 'eml' = 'message/rfc822' ); return (!isset($mimes[strtolower($ext)])) ? 'application/octet-stream' : $mimes[strtolower($ext)]; } /** * Set (or reset) Class Objects (variables) * * Usage Example: * $page-set('X-Priority', '3'); * * @access public * @param string $name Parameter Name * @param mixed $value Parameter Value * NOTE: will not work with arrays, there are no arrays to set/reset * @todo Should this not be using __set() magic function? */ public function set($name, $value = '') { try { if (isset($this-$name) ) { $this-$name = $value; } else { throw new phpmailerException($this-Lang('variable_set') . $name, self::STOP_CRITICAL); } } catch (Exception $e) { $this-SetError($e-getMessage()); if ($e-getCode() == self::STOP_CRITICAL) { return false; } } return true; } /** * Strips newlines to prevent header injection. * @access public * @param string $str String * @return string */ public function SecureHeader($str) { $str = str_replace("\r", '', $str); $str = str_replace("\n", '', $str); return trim($str); } /** * Set the private key file and password to sign the message. * * @access public * @param string $key_filename Parameter File Name * @param string $key_pass Password for private key */ public function Sign($cert_filename, $key_filename, $key_pass) { $this-sign_cert_file = $cert_filename; $this-sign_key_file = $key_filename; $this-sign_key_pass = $key_pass; } /** * Set the private key file and password to sign the message. * * @access public * @param string $key_filename Parameter File Name * @param string $key_pass Password for private key */ public function DKIM_QP($txt) { $tmp=""; $line=""; for ($i=0;$i<= $ord) && ($ord <= 0x3A)) || $ord == 0x3C || ((0x3E <= $ord) && ($ord <= 0x7E)) ) { $line.=$txt[$i]; } else { $line.="=".sprintf("%02X",$ord); } } return $line; } /** * Generate DKIM signature * * @access public * @param string $s Header */ public function DKIM_Sign($s) { $privKeyStr = file_get_contents($this-DKIM_private); if ($this-DKIM_passphrase!='') { $privKey = openssl_pkey_get_private($privKeyStr,$this-DKIM_passphrase); } else { $privKey = $privKeyStr; } if (openssl_sign($s, $signature, $privKey)) { return base64_encode($signature); } } /** * Generate DKIM Canonicalization Header * * @access public * @param string $s Header */ public function DKIM_HeaderC($s) { $s=preg_replace("/\r\n\s+/"," ",$s); $lines=explode("\r\n",$s); foreach ($lines as $key=$line) { list($heading,$value)=explode(":",$line,2); $heading=strtolower($heading); $value=preg_replace("/\s+/"," ",$value) ; // Compress useless spaces $lines[$key]=$heading.":".trim($value) ; // Don't forget to remove WSP around the value } $s=implode("\r\n",$lines); return $s; } /** * Generate DKIM Canonicalization Body * * @access public * @param string $body Message Body */ public function DKIM_BodyC($body) { if ($body == '') return "\r\n"; // stabilize line endings $body=str_replace("\r\n","\n",$body); $body=str_replace("\n","\r\n",$body); // END stabilize line endings while (substr($body,strlen($body)-4,4) == "\r\n\r\n") { $body=substr($body,0,strlen($body)-2); } return $body; } /** * Create the DKIM header, body, as new header * * @access public * @param string $headers_line Header lines * @param string $subject Subject * @param string $body Body */ public function DKIM_Add($headers_line,$subject,$body) { $DKIMsignatureType = 'rsa-sha1'; // Signature & hash algorithms $DKIMcanonicalization = 'relaxed/simple'; // Canonicalization of header/body $DKIMquery = 'dns/txt'; // Query method $DKIMtime = time() ; // Signature Timestamp = seconds since 00:00:00 - Jan 1, 1970 (UTC time zone) $subject_header = "Subject: $subject"; $headers = explode("\r\n",$headers_line); foreach($headers as $header) { if (strpos($header,'From:') === 0) { $from_header=$header; } elseif (strpos($header,'To:') === 0) { $to_header=$header; } } $from = str_replace('|','=7C',$this-DKIM_QP($from_header)); $to = str_replace('|','=7C',$this-DKIM_QP($to_header)); $subject = str_replace('|','=7C',$this-DKIM_QP($subject_header)) ; // Copied header fields (dkim-quoted-printable $body = $this-DKIM_BodyC($body); $DKIMlen = strlen($body) ; // Length of body $DKIMb64 = base64_encode(pack("H*", sha1($body))) ; // Base64 of packed binary SHA-1 hash of body $ident = ($this-DKIM_identity == '')? '' : " i=" . $this-DKIM_identity . ";"; $dkimhdrs = "DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=" . $DKIMsignatureType . "; q=" . $DKIMquery . "; l=" . $DKIMlen . "; s=" . $this-DKIM_selector . ";\r\n". "\tt=" . $DKIMtime . "; c=" . $DKIMcanonicalization . ";\r\n". "\th=From:To:Subject;\r\n". "\td=" . $this-DKIM_domain . ";" . $ident . "\r\n". "\tz=$from\r\n". "\t|$to\r\n". "\t|$subject;\r\n". "\tbh=" . $DKIMb64 . ";\r\n". "\tb="; $toSign = $this-DKIM_HeaderC($from_header . "\r\n" . $to_header . "\r\n" . $subject_header . "\r\n" . $dkimhdrs); $signed = $this-DKIM_Sign($toSign); return "X-PHPMAILER-DKIM: phpmailer.worxware.com\r\n".$dkimhdrs.$signed."\r\n"; } protected function doCallback($isSent,$to,$cc,$bcc,$subject,$body) { if (!empty($this-action_function) && function_exists($this-action_function)) { $params = array($isSent,$to,$cc,$bcc,$subject,$body); call_user_func_array($this-action_function,$params); } } } class phpmailerException extends Exception { public function errorMessage() { $errorMsg = '' . $this-getMessage() . " \n"; return $errorMsg; } } ? Fatal error: Class 'PHPMailer' not found in /mailtest.php on line 20 Which is baffling to say the least. Is there anything I can do to get at least some more meaningful errors? Why is code from the class showing up in my file?

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• Can't seem to sign AWS Cloud Front URL properly

  - by Joe Corkery

  Hi everybody, I found a lot of detailed examples online on how to sign an Amazon CloudFront URL for private content. Unfortunately, whenever I implement these examples my URL doesn't seem to work. The resource path is correct because I can download the file when it is set for world read, but the URL doesn't work when set just for authorized users. The PHP code I am using is below. If anybody has any insights as to what I might be doing wrong (I'm guessing it is something obvious that I am just not seeing right now), it would be greatly appreciated. function urlCloudFront($resource) { $AWS_CF_KEY = 'APKA...'; $priv_key = file_get_contents(path_to_pem_file); $pkeyid = openssl_get_privatekey($priv_key); $expires = strtotime("+ 3 hours"); $policy_str = '{"Statement":[{"Resource":"'.$resource.'","Condition":{"DateLessThan":{"AWS:EpochTime":'.$expires.'}}}]}'; $policy_str = trim( preg_replace( '/\s+/', '', $policy_str ) ); $res = openssl_sign($policy_str, $signature, $pkeyid, OPENSSL_ALGO_SHA1); $signature_base64 = (base64_encode($signature)); $repl = array('+' => '-','=' => '_','/' => '~'); $signature_base64 = strtr($signature_base64,$repl); $url = $resource . '?Expires=' .$expires. '&Signature=' . $signature_base64 . '&Key-Pair-Id='. $AWS_CF_KEY; print '<p><A href="' .$url. '">Download VIDA (CloudFrount)</A>'; } urlCloudFront("http://mydistcloud.cloudfront.net/mydir/myfile.tar.gz"); Thanks.

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• Universal oAuth for objective-c class?

  - by phpnerd211

  I have an app that connects to 6+ social networks via APIs. What I want to do is transfer over my oAuth calls to call directly from the phone (not from the server). Here's what I have (for tumblr): // Set some variables NSString *consumerKey = CONSUMER_KEY_HERE; NSString *sharedSecret = SHARED_SECRET_HERE; NSString *callToURL = @"https://tumblr.com/oauth/access_token"; NSString *thePassword = PASSWORD_HERE; NSString *theUsername = USERNAME_HERE; // Calculate nonce & timestamp NSString *nonce = [[NSString stringWithFormat:@"%d", arc4random()] retain]; time_t t; time(&t); mktime(gmtime(&t)); NSString *timestamp = [[NSString stringWithFormat:@"%d", (int)(((float)([[NSDate date] timeIntervalSince1970])) + 0.5)] retain]; // Generate signature NSString *baseString = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"GET&%@&%@",[callToURL urlEncode],[[NSString stringWithFormat:@"oauth_consumer_key=%@&oauth_nonce=%@&oauth_signature_method=HMAC-SHA1&oauth_timestamp=%@&oauth_version=1.0&x_auth_mode=client_auth&x_auth_password=%@&x_auth_username=%@",consumerKey,nonce,timestamp,thePassword,theUsername] urlEncode]]; NSLog(@"baseString: %@",baseString); const char *cKey = [sharedSecret cStringUsingEncoding:NSASCIIStringEncoding]; const char *cData = [baseString cStringUsingEncoding:NSASCIIStringEncoding]; unsigned char cHMAC[CC_SHA256_DIGEST_LENGTH]; CCHmac(kCCHmacAlgSHA256, cKey, strlen(cKey), cData, strlen(cData), cHMAC); NSData *HMAC = [[NSData alloc] initWithBytes:cHMAC length:sizeof(cHMAC)]; NSString *signature = [HMAC base64EncodedString]; NSString *theUrl = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@?oauth_consumer_key=%@&oauth_nonce=%@&oauth_signature=%@&oauth_signature_method=HMAC-SHA1&oauth_timestamp=%@&oauth_version=1.0&x_auth_mode=client_auth&x_auth_password=%@&x_auth_username=%@",callToURL,consumerKey,nonce,signature,timestamp,thePassword,theUsername]; From tumblr, I get this error: oauth_signature does not match expected value I've done some forum scouring, and no oAuth for objective-c classes worked for what I want to do. I also don't want to have to download and implement 6+ social API classes into my project and do it that way.

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• scala 2.8 CanBuildFrom

  - by oxbow_lakes

  Following on from another question I asked, I wanted to understand a bit more about the Scala method TraversableLike[A].map whose signature is as follows: def map[B, That](f: A => B)(implicit bf: CanBuildFrom[Repr, B, That]): That Notice a few things about this method: it takes a function turning each A in the traversable into a B it returns That and takes an implicit argument of type CanBuildFrom[Repr, B, That] I can call this as follows: > val s: Set[Int] = List("Paris", "London").map(_.length) s: Set[Int] Set(5,6) What I cannot quite grasp is how the fact that That is bound to B (i.e. it is some collection of B's) is being enforced by the compiler. The type parameters look to be independent in both the signature above and in the signature of the trait CanBuildFrom itself: trait CanBuildFrom[-From, -Elem, +To] How is the scala compiler ensuring that That cannot be forced into something which does not make sense? > val s: Set[String] = List("Paris", "London").map(_.length) //will not compile EDIT - this question of course boils down to: How does the compiler decide what implicit CanBuildFrom objects are in scope for the call?

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• install git on RHEL3

  - by Dan Littlejohn

  having a problem installing git on redhat enterprise 3. When I try and install the rpm it gives a circular dependency problem. [root@tflaus001 tmp]# rpm -i git-1.5.2.1-1.el3.rf.i386.rpm warning: git-1.5.2.1-1.el3.rf.i386.rpm: V3 DSA signature: NOKEY, key ID 6b8d79e6 error: Failed dependencies: perl(Git) is needed by git-1.5.2.1-1.el3.rf [root@tflaus001 tmp]# rpm -i perl-Git-1.5.2.1-1.el3.rf.i386.rpm warning: perl-Git-1.5.2.1-1.el3.rf.i386.rpm: V3 DSA signature: NOKEY, key ID 6b8d79e6 error: Failed dependencies: git = 1.5.2.1-1.el3.rf is needed by perl-Git-1.5.2.1-1.el3.rf perl(Error) is needed by perl-Git-1.5.2.1-1.el3.rf can anyone give me an idea of how to fix this or what I need to add to yum.conf to fix this?

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• Use an unsigned driver in Windows 7 x64

  - by rjmunro

  I'm trying to use the RBC9 SpaceNavigator TEST x64 build drivers for my SpaceNavigator 3d joystick so that it can work as a normal joystick in games like Quake. Unfortunately, I get the error "This version of windows requires all drivers to have a valid digital signature" and in the "Device status" in device manager, I get "Windows cannot verify the digital signature for the drivers required for this device. A recent hardware or software change might have installed a file that is signed incorrectly or damaged, or that might be malicious software from an unknown source. (Code 52)". Is there a way to work around this issue?

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• Hotlinking images in Outlook emails

  - by Alexander Voglund

  I want to create an email with a signature that contains an external image. For example, I would like to always include my SuperUser flair in my signature like so: http://superuser.com/users/flair/53525.png This can be done if I insert an image and select the above source. The problem occurs when I copy the image and paste it into the body of a new email. Outlook creates an embedded version and breaks the link to the original email. How can an image be pasted into Outlook and NOT be embedded (ie: the link to the original image is maintained?)

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• GTA 4 crashes while trying to run it

  - by Damian

  Hi! I got those two errors when I'm trying to run GTA4: Description: Critical runtime problem Problem signature: Event Name Problem: APPLICATION CRASH System RAM: -1 Available RAM: -532590592 Number of CPUs: 4 Video Card Manufacturer: NVIDIA Video Card Description: NVIDIA GeForce 9800 GT Video Card Driver Version: 8.17.0012.5919 Version system OS: 6.1.7600.2.0.0.256.1 ID settings Regional: 1045 And the second error: Problem signature: Event Name Problem: BEX Name Application: GTAIV.exe Version Application: 1.0.7.0 Timestamp Application: 4bd9efbe Module Name error: StackHash_fea7 Module Version with the error: 0.0.0.0 Timestamp module with error: 00000000 Exception Offset: 0000b513 Code exception: c0000005 Data exception: 00000008 System Version OS: 6.1.7600.2.0.0.256.1 ID settings Regional: 1045 Additional Information 1: fea7 Additional information 2: fea78afc140967119290cc27385e0510 Additional Information 3: 20ce Additional Information 4: 20ce3e492a2aa7e5b8cfe9b7b1f05b42 My PC spec: Proc: Intel i5 (4x2,66ghz) RAM: 8GB DDR3 1066mhz Graphics: ASUS EN9800GT/DI/1GD3 OS: WINDOWS 7 64-bit I think it should work well on my PC, I couldn't find the solution to get it working so I hope You can help me. P.S. Sorry for my English - I'm from Poland.

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• dovecot rhel 5 installation fails because of newer libraries

  - by kayhan yüksel

  to whom it may respond to, we are trying to install dovecot (dovecot-2.2.10-1_14.el5.x86_64) on a RHEL 5.4 server and we get the error : [root@asgfkm /]# rpm -i dovecot-2.1.17-0_136.el5.x86_64.rpm uyarý: dovecot-2.1.17-0_136.el5.x86_64.rpm: Header V4 DSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID 66534c2b: NOKEY hata: Failed dependencies: libcrypto.so.6()(64bit) is needed by dovecot-1:2.1.17-0_136.el5.x86_64 libldap-2.3.so.0()(64bit) is needed by dovecot-1:2.1.17-0_136.el5.x86_64 libmysqlclient.so.15()(64bit) is needed by dovecot-1:2.1.17-0_136.el5.x86_64 libmysqlclient.so.15(libmysqlclient_15)(64bit) is needed by dovecot-1:2.1.17-0_136.el5.x86_64 libssl.so.6()(64bit) is needed by dovecot-1:2.1.17-0_136.el5.x86_64 [root@asgfkm /]# but when we try to install requested libraries, it conflicts with the never libraries : uyarý: openssl-0.9.8e-27.el5_10.1.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 DSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID e8562897: NOKEY openssl-1.0.0-20.el6.x86_64 paketi zaten yüklü (openssl-0.9.8e-27.el5_10.1.x86_64 sürümünden daha yeni) this is happening with the other libraries also : libldap, libmysql, etc... Do you recommend --force option to install it or is there any other proper way around ? Thank you for your time,

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• Unable to install vlc and mplayer after update on fedora 18

  - by mahesh

  I just updated fedora 18 using # yum update Then if I try # rpm -ivh http://download1.rpmfusion.org/free/fedora/rpmfusion-free-release-stable.noarch.rpm I get, Retrieving http://download1.rpmfusion.org/free/fedora/rpmfusion-free-release-stable.noarch.rpm warning: /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.0K5pWw: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 172ff33d: NOKEY error: Failed dependencies: system-release >= 19 is needed by rpmfusion-free-release-19-1.noarch So I tried installing vlc from development version, # rpm -ivh http://download1.rpmfusion.org/free/fedora/rpmfusion-free-release-rawhide.noarch.rpm I get, Retrieving http://download1.rpmfusion.org/free/fedora/rpmfusion-free-release-rawhide.noarch.rpm warning: /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.WZC0gw: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 6446d859: NOKEY error: Failed dependencies: system-release >= 21 is needed by rpmfusion-free-release-21-0.1.noarch There's no system release after 20. What does this mean?

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• Curl, twitter oauth problem

  - by Darxval

  Does anyone see a problem with the following Curl call / how the Oauth request is built? (i am trying to get a correctly setup request so i can finish my app) So i am calling the following CURL call: C:\>curl -v -k --data-urlencode "status=Testing2" -H "Authorization: OAuth realm='', oauth_nonce=1276107867blah, oauth_timestamp=1276107867, oauth_consumer_key=yJDLH7BDdVi1OKIINSV7Q, oauth_signature_method=HMAC-SHA1, oauth_version=1.0, oauth_signature=NWU4MDdlNjk0OGIxYWQ1YTkyNmU5YjU1NGYyOTczMmU5ZDg5 YWNkNA==, staus=Testing2 " http://twitter.com/statuses/update.xml?status=Testing2 and i recieve this: * About to connect() to twitter.com port 80 (#0) * Trying 168.143.162.68... connected * Connected to twitter.com (168.143.162.68) port 80 (#0) > POST /statuses/update.xml?status=Testing2 HTTP/1.1 > User-Agent: curl/7.20.1 (i386-pc-win32) libcurl/7.20.1 OpenSSL/0.9.8n zlib/1.2.5 libidn/1.18 libssh2/1.2.5 > Host: twitter.com > Accept: */* > Authorization: OAuth realm='', oauth_nonce=1276106370blah, oauth_timestamp=1276106370, oauth_consumer_key=yJDLH7BDdVi1OKIINSV7Q, oauth_signature_method=HMAC-SHA1, oauth_version=1.0, oauth_signature=MjQzNDA1MGU4NGRmMWVjMzUwZmQ4YzE5NzMzY2I1ZDJlOTRkNmQ2Zg==, staus=Testing2 > Content-Length: 15 > Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded > < HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized < Date: Wed, 09 Jun 2010 18:00:22 GMT < Server: hi < Status: 401 Unauthorized < WWW-Authenticate: Basic realm="Twitter API" < X-Runtime: 0.00548 < Content-Type: application/xml; charset=utf-8 < Content-Length: 164 < Cache-Control: no-cache, max-age=1800 < Set-Cookie: k=209.234.229.21.1276106420885412; path=/; expires=Wed, 16-Jun-10 18:00:20 GMT; domain=.twitter.com < Set-Cookie: guest_id=127610642214871948; path=/; expires=Fri, 09 Jul 2010 18:00:22 GMT < Set-Cookie: _twitter_sess=BAh7CDoPY3JlYXRlZF9hdGwrCIm33h0pAToHaWQiJTkyMjllODE0NTdiYWE1%250AMWU1MzBmNjgwMTFiMDhkYjdlIgpmbGFzaElDOidBY3Rpb25Db250cm9sbGVy%250AOjpGbGFzaDo6Rmxhc2hIYXNoewAGOgpAdXNlZHsA--8ebb3c62d461d28f8fda7b8adab642af66969f7e; domain=.twitter.com; path=/ < Expires: Wed, 09 Jun 2010 18:30:20 GMT < Vary: Accept-Encoding < Connection: close < <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <hash> <request>/statuses/update.xml?status=Testing2</request> <error>Could not authenticate with OAuth.</error> </hash> * Closing connection #0 my Parameters are setup like so: var parameters = [encodeURIComponent("status="+status),encodeURIComponent("oauth_token="+ac_token),encodeURIComponent("oauth_consumer_key="+"yJDLH7BDdVi1OKIINSV7Q"),encodeURIComponent("oauth_nonce="+nonce,"oauth_signature_method=HMAC-SHA1"),encodeURIComponent("oauth_timestamp="+timestamp),encodeURIComponent("oauth_version=1.0")] var join = parameters.join("&"); var eparamjoin =encodeURIComponent(join); The key is like so: var key=con_secret+"&"+ac_secret; Signature base string is: var signaturebs = "POST&"+encodeURIComponent(url)+"&"+eparamjoin; giving this: POST&http%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2Fstatuses%2Fupdate.xml&status%253DTesting2%26oauth_token%253D142715285-yi2ch324S3zfyKyJby6WDUZOhCsiQuKNUtc3nAGe%26oauth_consumer_key%253DyJDLH7BDdVi1OKIINSV7Q%26oauth_nonce%253D1276107867blah%26oauth_timestamp%253D1276107867%26oauth_version%253D1.0 and signature built like so: var hmac = Crypto.HMAC(Crypto.SHA1, signaturebs,key ); var signature=Base64.encode(hmac); making the signature: NWU4MDdlNjk0OGIxYWQ1YTkyNmU5YjU1NGYyOTczMmU5ZDg5YWNkNA== Any help would be appreciated thank you!

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• C# struct and NuSOAP(php)

  - by opx

  Hello Im trying to build a client in c# that talks with some remote (php)server with SOAP using the NuSOAP library. Here im using a struct/object that will containt the user info of some user: public struct UserProfile { public string username; public string password; public string email; public string site; public string signature; public int age; public int points; And this is the PHP Code: server->wsdl->addComplexType( 'UserProfile', 'complexType', 'struct', 'all', '', array( 'username' => array('name' => 'username', 'type' => 'xsd:string'), 'password' => array('name' => 'password', 'type' => 'xsd:string'), 'email' => array('name' => 'email', 'type' => 'xsd:string'), 'site' => array('name' => 'site', 'type' => 'xsd:string'), 'signature' => array('name' => 'signature', 'type' => 'xsd:string'), 'age' => array('name' => 'age', 'type' => 'xsd:int'), 'points' => array('name' => 'username', 'type' => 'xsd:int'), ) ); $server->wsdl->addComplexType( 'UserProfileArray', 'complexType', 'array', '', 'SOAP-ENC:Array', array(), array(array('ref' => 'SOAP-ENC:arrayType', 'wsdl:arrayType' => 'tns:UserProfile[]')), 'tns:UserProfile' ); $server->register("getUserProfile", array(), array('return' => 'tns:UserProfileArray'), $namespace, false, 'rpc', false, 'Get the user profile object' ); function getUserProfile(){ $profile['username'] = "user"; $profile['password'] = "pass"; $profile['email'] = "usern@ame"; $profile['site'] = "u.com"; $profile['signature'] = "usucsdckme"; $profile['age'] = 111; $profile['points'] = time() / 2444; return $profile; } Now I already have a working login function, and I want to get the info about the logged in user but I dont know howto obtain these. This is what im using to get the userinfo: string user = txtUser.Text; string pass = txtPass.Text; SimpleService.SimpleService service = new SimpleService.SimpleService(); if(service.login(user, pass)){ //logged in } SoapApp.SimpleService.UserProfile[] user = service.getUserProfile(); // THIS LINE GIVES ME AN EXCEPTION MessageBox.Show(user[0].username + "--" + user[0].points); The getUserProfile() function produces an error: System.Web.Services.Protocols.SoapException was unhandled Message="unable to serialize result" Source="System.Web.Services" or I get something like 'cant parse xml' error. The article I used for this was from: http://www.sanity-free.org/125/php_webservices_and_csharp_dotnet_soap_clients.html The difference on what they are doing and what I try to do is that I only want to get one object returned instead of multiple 'MySoapObjects'. I hope someone is familiar with this and could help me, thanks in advance! Regards, opx

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• WinQual: Why would WER not accept code-signing certificates?

  - by Ian Boyd

  In 2005 i tried to establish a WinQual account with Microsoft, so i could pick up our (if any) crash dump files submitted automatically through Windows Error Reporting (WER). i was not allowed to have my crash dumps, because i don't have a Verisign certificate. Instead i have a cheaper one, generated by a Verisign subsidiary: Thawte. The method in which you join is: you digitally sign a sample exe they provide. This proves that you are the same signer that signed apps that they got crash dumps from in the wild. Cryptographically, the private key is needed to generate a digital signature on an executable. Only the holder of that private key can create a signature with for the matching public key. It doesn't matter who generated that private key. That includes certificates that are generated from: self-signing Wells Fargo DigiCert SecureTrust Trustware QuoVadis GoDaddy Entrust Cybertrust GeoTrust GlobalSign Comodo Thawte Verisign Yet Microsof's WinQual only accepts digital certificates generated by Verisign. Not even Verisign's subsidiaries are good enough (Thawte). Can anyone think of any technical, legal or ethical reason why Microsoft doesn't want to accept code-signing certificates? The WinQual site says: Why Is a Digital Certificate Required for Winqual Membership? A digital certificate helps protect your company from individuals who seek to impersonate members of your staff or who would otherwise commit acts of fraud against your company. Using a digital certificate enables proof of an identity for a user or an organization. Is somehow a Thawte digital certificate not secure? Two years later, i sent a reminder notice to WinQual that i've been waiting to be able to get at my crash dumps. The response from WinQual team was: Hello, Thanks for the reminder. We have notified the appropriate people that this is still a request. In 2008 i asked this question in a Microsoft support forum, and the response was: We are only setup to accept VeriSign Certificates at this point. We have not had an overwhelming demand to support other types of certificates. What can it possibly mean to not be "setup" to accept other kinds of certificates? If the thumbprint of the key that signed the WinQual.exe test app is the same as the thumbprint that signed the executable who's crash dump you got in the wild: it is proven - they are my crash dumps, give them to me. And it's not like there's a special API to check if a Verisign digital signature is valid, as opposed to all other digital signatures. A valid signature is valid no matter who generated the key. Microsoft is free to not trust the signer, but that's not the same as identity. So that is my question, can anyone think of any practical reason why WinQual isn't setup to support digital signatures? One person theorized that the answer is that they're just lazy: Not that I know but I would assume that the team running the winQual system is a live team and not a dev team - as in, personality and skillset geared towards maintenance of existing systems. I could be wrong though. They don't want to do work to change it. But can anyone think of anything that would need to be changed? It's the same logic no matter what generated the key: "does the thumbprint match". What am i missing?

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• C#/.NET Little Wonders: The EventHandler and EventHandler&lt;TEventArgs&gt; delegates

  - by James Michael Hare

  Once again, in this series of posts I look at the parts of the .NET Framework that may seem trivial, but can help improve your code by making it easier to write and maintain. The index of all my past little wonders posts can be found here. In the last two weeks, we examined the Action family of delegates (and delegates in general), and the Func family of delegates and how they can be used to support generic, reusable algorithms and classes. So this week, we are going to look at a handy pair of delegates that can be used to eliminate the need for defining custom delegates when creating events: the EventHandler and EventHandler<TEventArgs> delegates. Events and delegates Before we begin, let’s quickly consider events in .NET.  According to the MSDN: An event in C# is a way for a class to provide notifications to clients of that class when some interesting thing happens to an object. So, basically, you can create an event in a type so that users of that type can subscribe to notifications of things of interest.  How is this different than some of the delegate programming that we talked about in the last two weeks?  Well, you can think of an event as a special access modifier on a delegate.  Some differences between the two are: Events are a special access case of delegates They behave much like delegates instances inside the type they are declared in, but outside of that type they can only be (un)subscribed to. Events can specify add/remove behavior explicitly If you want to do additional work when someone subscribes or unsubscribes to an event, you can specify the add and remove actions explicitly. Events have access modifiers, but these only specify the access level of those who can (un)subscribe A public event, for example, means anyone can (un)subscribe, but it does not mean that anyone can raise (invoke) the event directly.  Events can only be raised by the type that contains them In contrast, if a delegate is visible, it can be invoked outside of the object (not even in a sub-class!). Events tend to be for notifications only, and should be treated as optional Semantically speaking, events typically don’t perform work on the the class directly, but tend to just notify subscribers when something of note occurs. My basic rule-of-thumb is that if you are just wanting to notify any listeners (who may or may not care) that something has happened, use an event.  However, if you want the caller to provide some function to perform to direct the class about how it should perform work, make it a delegate. Declaring events using custom delegates To declare an event in a type, we simply use the event keyword and specify its delegate type.  For example, let’s say you wanted to create a new TimeOfDayTimer that triggers at a given time of the day (as opposed to on an interval).  We could write something like this: 1: public delegate void TimeOfDayHandler(object source, ElapsedEventArgs e); 2:  3: // A timer that will fire at time of day each day. 4: public class TimeOfDayTimer : IDisposable 5: { 6: // Event that is triggered at time of day. 7: public event TimeOfDayHandler Elapsed; 8:  9: // ... 10: } The first thing to note is that the event is a delegate type, which tells us what types of methods may subscribe to it.  The second thing to note is the signature of the event handler delegate, according to the MSDN: The standard signature of an event handler delegate defines a method that does not return a value, whose first parameter is of type Object and refers to the instance that raises the event, and whose second parameter is derived from type EventArgs and holds the event data. If the event does not generate event data, the second parameter is simply an instance of EventArgs. Otherwise, the second parameter is a custom type derived from EventArgs and supplies any fields or properties needed to hold the event data. So, in a nutshell, the event handler delegates should return void and take two parameters: An object reference to the object that raised the event. An EventArgs (or a subclass of EventArgs) reference to event specific information. Even if your event has no additional information to provide, you are still expected to provide an EventArgs instance.  In this case, feel free to pass the EventArgs.Empty singleton instead of creating new instances of EventArgs (to avoid generating unneeded memory garbage). The EventHandler delegate Because many events have no additional information to pass, and thus do not require custom EventArgs, the signature of the delegates for subscribing to these events is typically: 1: // always takes an object and an EventArgs reference 2: public delegate void EventHandler(object sender, EventArgs e) It would be insane to recreate this delegate for every class that had a basic event with no additional event data, so there already exists a delegate for you called EventHandler that has this very definition!  Feel free to use it to define any events which supply no additional event information: 1: public class Cache 2: { 3: // event that is raised whenever the cache performs a cleanup 4: public event EventHandler OnCleanup; 5:  6: // ... 7: } This will handle any event with the standard EventArgs (no additional information).  But what of events that do need to supply additional information?  Does that mean we’re out of luck for subclasses of EventArgs?  That’s where the generic for of EventHandler comes into play… The generic EventHandler<TEventArgs> delegate Starting with the introduction of generics in .NET 2.0, we have a generic delegate called EventHandler<TEventArgs>.  Its signature is as follows: 1: public delegate void EventHandler<TEventArgs>(object sender, TEventArgs e) 2: where TEventArgs : EventArgs This is similar to EventHandler except it has been made generic to support the more general case.  Thus, it will work for any delegate where the first argument is an object (the sender) and the second argument is a class derived from EventArgs (the event data). For example, let’s say we wanted to create a message receiver, and we wanted it to have a few events such as OnConnected that will tell us when a connection is established (probably with no additional information) and OnMessageReceived that will tell us when a new message arrives (probably with a string for the new message text). So for OnMessageReceived, our MessageReceivedEventArgs might look like this: 1: public sealed class MessageReceivedEventArgs : EventArgs 2: { 3: public string Message { get; set; } 4: } And since OnConnected needs no event argument type defined, our class might look something like this: 1: public class MessageReceiver 2: { 3: // event that is called when the receiver connects with sender 4: public event EventHandler OnConnected; 5:  6: // event that is called when a new message is received. 7: public event EventHandler<MessageReceivedEventArgs> OnMessageReceived; 8:  9: // ... 10: } Notice, nowhere did we have to define a delegate to fit our event definition, the EventHandler and generic EventHandler<TEventArgs> delegates fit almost anything we’d need to do with events. Sidebar: Thread-safety and raising an event When the time comes to raise an event, we should always check to make sure there are subscribers, and then only raise the event if anyone is subscribed.  This is important because if no one is subscribed to the event, then the instance will be null and we will get a NullReferenceException if we attempt to raise the event. 1: // This protects against NullReferenceException... or does it? 2: if (OnMessageReceived != null) 3: { 4: OnMessageReceived(this, new MessageReceivedEventArgs(aMessage)); 5: } The above code seems to handle the null reference if no one is subscribed, but there’s a problem if this is being used in multi-threaded environments.  For example, assume we have thread A which is about to raise the event, and it checks and clears the null check and is about to raise the event.  However, before it can do that thread B unsubscribes to the event, which sets the delegate to null.  Now, when thread A attempts to raise the event, this causes the NullReferenceException that we were hoping to avoid! To counter this, the simplest best-practice method is to copy the event (just a multicast delegate) to a temporary local variable just before we raise it.  Since we are inside the class where this event is being raised, we can copy it to a local variable like this, and it will protect us from multi-threading since multicast delegates are immutable and assignments are atomic: 1: // always make copy of the event multi-cast delegate before checking 2: // for null to avoid race-condition between the null-check and raising it. 3: var handler = OnMessageReceived; 4: 5: if (handler != null) 6: { 7: handler(this, new MessageReceivedEventArgs(aMessage)); 8: } The very slight trade-off is that it’s possible a class may get an event after it unsubscribes in a multi-threaded environment, but this is a small risk and classes should be prepared for this possibility anyway.  For a more detailed discussion on this, check out this excellent Eric Lippert blog post on Events and Races. Summary Generic delegates give us a lot of power to make generic algorithms and classes, and the EventHandler delegate family gives us the flexibility to create events easily, without needing to redefine delegates over and over.  Use them whenever you need to define events with or without specialized EventArgs.   Tweet Technorati Tags: .NET, C#, CSharp, Little Wonders, Generics, Delegates, EventHandler

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