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• What are some languages that currently support mixins?

  - by leeand00

  Well obviously Ruby and Sass, but what are some other ones?

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• Where does "foo" come from in coding examples? [closed]

  - by ThePower

  Possible Duplicates: Using “Foo” and “Bar” in examples To foo bar, or not to foo bar: that is the question. Possible Duplicates: Using "Foo" and "Bar" in examples To foo bar, or not to foo bar: that is the question. Bit of a general question here, but it's something I would like to know! Whenever I am looking for resolutions to my C# problems online, I always come across "foo" being used as an example. Does this represent anything or is it just one of those unexplained catchy object names, used by many people in examples?

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• Find location using only distance and range?

  - by pinnacler

  Triangulation works by checking your angle to three KNOWN targets. "I know the that's the Lighthouse of Alexandria, it's located here (X,Y) on a map, and it's to my right at 90 degrees." Repeat 2 more times for different targets and angles. Trilateration works by checking your distance from three KNOWN targets. "I know the that's the Lighthouse of Alexandria, it's located here (X,Y) on a map, and I'm 100 meters away from that." Repeat 2 more times for different targets and ranges. But both of those methods rely on knowing WHAT you're looking at. Say you're in a forest and you can't differentiate between trees, but you know where key trees are. These trees have been hand picked as "landmarks." You have a robot moving through that forest slowly. Do you know of any ways to determine location based solely off of angle and range, exploiting geometry between landmarks? Note, you will see other trees as well, so you won't know which trees are key trees. Ignore the fact that a target may be occluded. Our pre-algorithm takes care of that. 1) If this exists, what's it called? I can't find anything. 2) What do you think the odds are of having two identical location 'hits?' I imagine it's fairly rare. 3) If there are two identical location 'hits,' how can I determine my exact location after I move the robot next. (I assume the chances of having 2 occurrences of EXACT angles in a row, after I reposition the robot, would be statistically impossible, barring a forest growing in rows like corn). Would I just calculate the position again and hope for the best? Or would I somehow incorporate my previous position estimate into my next guess? If this exists, I'd like to read about it, and if not, develop it as a side project. I just don't have time to reinvent the wheel right now, nor have the time to implement this from scratch. So if it doesn't exist, I'll have to figure out another way to localize the robot since that's not the aim of this research, if it does, lets hope it's semi-easy.

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• What's your most controversial programming opinion?

  - by Jon Skeet

  This is definitely subjective, but I'd like to try to avoid it becoming argumentative. I think it could be an interesting question if people treat it appropriately. The idea for this question came from the comment thread from my answer to the "What are five things you hate about your favorite language?" question. I contended that classes in C# should be sealed by default - I won't put my reasoning in the question, but I might write a fuller explanation as an answer to this question. I was surprised at the heat of the discussion in the comments (25 comments currently). So, what contentious opinions do you hold? I'd rather avoid the kind of thing which ends up being pretty religious with relatively little basis (e.g. brace placing) but examples might include things like "unit testing isn't actually terribly helpful" or "public fields are okay really". The important thing (to me, anyway) is that you've got reasons behind your opinions. Please present your opinion and reasoning - I would encourage people to vote for opinions which are well-argued and interesting, whether or not you happen to agree with them.

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• Is there any way to set or code breakpoints conditionally?

  - by froadie

  I've been wondering this for a while - is there a way to code/program breakpoints...? Conditionally? For example, can I specify something like - "when this variable becomes this value, break and open the debugger"? (Would be quite useful, especially in long loops when you want to debug loop execution of a late loop value.) I suppose this may be IDE-specific since debugging is implemented differently in different IDEs... I'd be interested to know how to do this in any IDE, but specifically in Eclipse and Visual Studio.

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• How to learn as a lone developer?

  - by fearofawhackplanet

  I've been lucky to work in a small team with a couple of experienced and knowledgeable developers for the first year of my career. I've learned a huge amount. But I'm now getting transferred within my company, and will be working on solo projects. I'll cope, but I know I'll make mistakes and won't always produce the best solutions without someone to guide me and review my output. I'm wondering if anyone has any tips in this situation. How can I keep learning? What's the best way to monitor and asses the quality of my work? How can I ensure that my career and skills don't stagnate?

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• Code golf: combining multiple sorted lists into a single sorted list

  - by Alabaster Codify

  Implement an algorithm to merge an arbitrary number of sorted lists into one sorted list. The aim is to create the smallest working programme, in whatever language you like. For example: input: ((1, 4, 7), (2, 5, 8), (3, 6, 9)) output: (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) input: ((1, 10), (), (2, 5, 6, 7)) output: (1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 10) Note: solutions which concatenate the input lists then use a language-provided sort function are not in-keeping with the spirit of golf, and will not be accepted: sorted(sum(lists,[])) # cheating: out of bounds! Apart from anything else, your algorithm should be (but doesn't have to be) a lot faster! Clearly state the language, any foibles and the character count. Only include meaningful characters in the count, but feel free to add whitespace to the code for artistic / readability purposes. To keep things tidy, suggest improvement in comments or by editing answers where appropriate, rather than creating a new answer for each "revision". EDIT: if I was submitting this question again, I would expand on the "no language provided sort" rule to be "don't concatenate all the lists then sort the result". Existing entries which do concatenate-then-sort are actually very interesting and compact, so I won't retro-actively introduce a rule they break, but feel free to work to the more restrictive spec in new submissions. Inspired by http://stackoverflow.com/questions/464342/combining-two-sorted-lists-in-python

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• When is performance gain significant enough to implement that optimization?

  - by Zwei steinen

  Hi, following the text book, I do measure performance whenever I try optimizing my code. Sometimes, however, the performance gain is rather small and I can't decisively decide whether I should implement that optimization. For example, when a fix shortens an average response time of 100ms to 90ms under some conditions, should I implement that fix? What if it shortens 200ms to 190ms? How many condition should I try before I can conclude that it will be beneficial overall? I guess it's not possible to give a straight forward answer to this, as it depends on too many things, but is there a good rule of thumb that I should follow? Are there any guideline/best-practices?

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• Encode complex number as RGB pixel and back

  - by Vi

  How is it better to encode a complex number into RGB pixel and vice versa? Probably (logarithm of) an absolute value goes to brightness and an argument goes to hue. Desaturated pixes should receive randomized argument in reverse transformation. Something like: 0 - (0,0,0) 1 - (255,0,0) -1 - (0,255,255) 0.5 - (128,0,0) i - (255,255,0) -i - (255,0,255) (0,0,0) - 0 (255,255,255) - e^(i * random) (128,128,128) - 0.5 * e^(i *random) (0,128,128) - -0.5 Are there ready-made formulas for that? Edit: Looks like I just need to convert RGB to HSB and back. Edit 2: Existing RGB - HSV converter fragment: if (hsv.sat == 0) { hsv.hue = 0; // ! return hsv; } I don't want 0. I want random. And not just if hsv.sat==0, but if it is lower that it should be ("should be" means maximum saturation, saturation that is after transformation from complex number).

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• Autotesting a network interface

  - by Machado

  Hi All, I'm developing a software component responsible for testing if a network interface has conectivity with the internet. Think of it as the same test the XBOX360 does to inform the user if it's connected with the Live network (just as an example). So far I figured the autotest would run as this: 1) Test the physical network interface (if the cable is conected, has up/downlink, etc...) 2) Test the logical network (has IP address, has DNS, etc...) 3) Connects to the internet (can access google, for example) 4) ??? 5) Profit! (just kidding...) My question relates to step 3: How can I detect, correctly, if my software has connection with the internet ? Is there any fixed IP address to ping ? The problem is that I don't want to rely solely on google.com (or any other well-known address), as those can change in time, and my component will be embbeded on a mobile device, not easy to update. Any suggestions ?

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• Is it immoral to write crappy code even if readability and correctness is not a requirement?

  - by mafutrct

  There are cases when crappy (i.e. unreadable and buggy) code is not much of a problem. For instance, imagine you need to generate a big text file that mostly follows a simple pattern with a few very complex exceptions. What do you do? You quickly write a simple algorithm and insert the exceptional bits in the output manually to save 4 hours. The code is unreadable, and the output is flawed, but it's still the correct way since it is way faster. But let's get this straight: I hate bad code. I've had to read and work with code that caused my stomach to hurt. I care a lot about good code. And actually, I caught myself thinking that it is immoral to write bad code even though the dirty approach is sometimes superior. I was surprised by myself and found my idea to be very irrational. Did you ever experience this? Should I just get rid of this stupid idea and use the most efficient approach to coding?

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• Should I obscure primary key values?

  - by Scott

  I'm building a web application where the front end is a highly-specialized search engine. Searching is handled at the main URL, and the user is passed off to a sub-directory when they click on a search result for a more detailed display. This hand-off is being done as a GET request with the primary key being passed in the query string. I seem to recall reading somewhere that exposing primary keys to the user was not a good idea, so I decided to implement reversible encryption. I'm starting to wonder if I'm just being paranoid. The reversible encryption (base64) is probably easily broken by anybody who cares to try, makes the URLs very ugly, and also longer than they otherwise would be. Should I just drop the encryption and send my primary keys in the clear?

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• Where should a beginner start with computer vision?

  - by charles-22

  Hi, I'm an undergrad who finds computer vision to be fascinating. Where should somebody brand new to computer vision begin?

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• Where can I find a list of English phrases?

  - by Marcus Adams

  I'm tasked with searching for the use of cliches and common phrases in text. The phrases are similar to the phrases you might see for the phrase puzzles on Wheel of Fortune. Here are a few examples: Safety First Too Good To be True Winning Isn't Everything I cannot find a list of phrases however. Does anybody know of such a list? Seriously, even a list of all Wheel of Fortune solutions would suffice.

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• As our favorite imperative languages gain functional constructs, should loops be considered a code s

  - by Michael Buen

  In allusion to Dare Obasanjo's impressions on Map, Reduce, Filter (Functional Programming in C# 3.0: How Map/Reduce/Filter can Rock your World) "With these three building blocks, you could replace the majority of the procedural for loops in your application with a single line of code. C# 3.0 doesn't just stop there." Should we increasingly use them instead of loops? And should be having loops(instead of those three building blocks of data manipulation) be one of the metrics for coding horrors on code reviews? And why? [NOTE] I'm not advocating fully functional programming on those codes that could be simply translated to loops(e.g. tail recursions) Asking for politer term. Considering that the phrase "code smell" is not so diplomatic, I posted another question http://stackoverflow.com/questions/432492/whats-the-politer-word-for-code-smell about the right word for "code smell", er.. utterly bad code. Should that phrase have a place in our programming parlance?

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• Are licenses relevant for small code snippets?

  - by Martin

  When I'm about to write a short algorithm, I first check in the base class library I'm using whether the algorithm is implemented in it. If not, I often do a quick google search to see if someone has done it before (which is the case, 19 times out of 20). Most of the time, I find the exact code I need. Sometimes it's clear what license applies to the source code, sometimes not. It may be GPL, LGPL, BSD or whatever. Sometimes people have posted a code snippet on some random forum which solves my problem. It's clear to me that I can't reuse the code (copy/paste it into my code) without caring about the license if the code is in some way substantial. What is not clear to me is whether I can copy a code snippet containing 5 lines or so without doing a license violation. Can I copy/paste a 5-line code snippet without caring about the license? What about one-liner? What about 10 lines? Where do I draw the line (no pun intended)? My second problem is that if I have found a 10-line code snippet which does exactly what I need, but feel that I cannot copy it because it's GPL-licensed and my software isn't, I have already memorized how to implement it so when I go around implementing the same functionality, my code is almost identical to the GPL licensed code I saw a few minutes ago. (In other words, the code was copied to my brain and my brain after that copied it into my source code).

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• Based on your development stack, which is easier for you and why? Debugging or logging?

  - by leeand00

  Please state if you are developing on the front end, back end, or if you are developing a mobile/desktop application. List your development stack Language, IDE, etc.. Unit Testing or no Unit Testing Be sure to include any AOP frameworks if used. Tell me if it is easier for you to use debugging or to using logging during development, and why you feel it is easier. I'm just trying to get a feel for why people choose debugging or logging based on their development stack.

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• Interface for classes that have nothing in common

  - by Tomek Tarczynski

  Lets say I want to make few classes to determine behaviour of agents. The good practice would be to make some common interface for them, such interface (simplified) could look like this: interface IModel { void UpdateBehaviour(); } All , or at least most, of such model would have some parameters, but parameters from one model might have nothing in common with parameters of other model. I would like to have some common way of loading parameters. Question What is the best way to do that? Is it maybe just adding method void LoadParameters(object parameters) to the IModel? Or creating empty interface IParameters and add method void LoadParameters(IParameters parameters)? That are two ideas I came up with, but I don't like either of them.

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• Have you been in cases where TDD increased development time?

  - by BillyONeal

  Hello everyone :) I was reading http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2512504/tdd-how-to-start-really-thinking-tdd and I noticed many of the answers indicate that tests + application should take less time than just writing the application. In my experience, this is not true. My problem though is that some 90% of the code I write has a TON of operating system calls. The time spent to actually mock these up takes much longer than just writing the code in the first place. Sometimes 4 or 5 times as long to write the test as to write the actual code. I'm curious if there are other developers in this kind of a scenario.

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• Find all complete sub-graphs within a graph

  - by mvid

  Is there a known algorithm or method to find all complete sub-graphs within a graph? I have an undirected, unweighted graph and I need to find all subgraphs within it where each node in the subgraph is connected to each other node in the subgraph. Is there an existing algorithm for this?

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• Finding what makes strings unique in a list, can you improve on brute force?

  - by Ed Guiness

  Suppose I have a list of strings where each string is exactly 4 characters long and unique within the list. For each of these strings I want to identify the position of the characters within the string that make the string unique. So for a list of three strings abcd abcc bbcb For the first string I want to identify the character in 4th position d since d does not appear in the 4th position in any other string. For the second string I want to identify the character in 4th position c. For the third string it I want to identify the character in 1st position b AND the character in 4th position, also b. This could be concisely represented as abcd -> ...d abcc -> ...c bbcb -> b..b If you consider the same problem but with a list of binary numbers 0101 0011 1111 Then the result I want would be 0101 -> ..0. 0011 -> .0.. 1111 -> 1... Staying with the binary theme I can use XOR to identify which bits are unique within two binary numbers since 0101 ^ 0011 = 0110 which I can interpret as meaning that in this case the 2nd and 3rd bits (reading left to right) are unique between these two binary numbers. This technique might be a red herring unless somehow it can be extended to the larger list. A brute-force approach would be to look at each string in turn, and for each string to iterate through vertical slices of the remainder of the strings in the list. So for the list abcd abcc bbcb I would start with abcd and iterate through vertical slices of abcc bbcb where these vertical slices would be a | b | c | c b | b | c | b or in list form, "ab", "bb", "cc", "cb". This would result in four comparisons a : ab -> . (a is not unique) b : bb -> . (b is not unique) c : cc -> . (c is not unique) d : cb -> d (d is unique) or concisely abcd -> ...d Maybe it's wishful thinking, but I have a feeling that there should be an elegant and general solution that would apply to an arbitrarily large list of strings (or binary numbers). But if there is I haven't yet been able to see it. I hope to use this algorithm to to derive minimal signatures from a collection of unique images (bitmaps) in order to efficiently identify those images at a future time. If future efficiency wasn't a concern I would use a simple hash of each image. Can you improve on brute force?

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• What statistics can be maintained for a set of numerical data without iterating?

  - by Dan Tao

  Update Just for future reference, I'm going to list all of the statistics that I'm aware of that can be maintained in a rolling collection, recalculated as an O(1) operation on every addition/removal (this is really how I should've worded the question from the beginning): Obvious Count Sum Mean Max* Min* Median** Less Obvious Variance Standard Deviation Skewness Kurtosis Mode*** Weighted Average Weighted Moving Average**** OK, so to put it more accurately: these are not "all" of the statistics I'm aware of. They're just the ones that I can remember off the top of my head right now. *Can be recalculated in O(1) for additions only, or for additions and removals if the collection is sorted (but in this case, insertion is not O(1)). Removals potentially incur an O(n) recalculation for non-sorted collections. **Recalculated in O(1) for a sorted, indexed collection only. ***Requires a fairly complex data structure to recalculate in O(1). ****This can certainly be achieved in O(1) for additions and removals when the weights are assigned in a linearly descending fashion. In other scenarios, I'm not sure. Original Question Say I maintain a collection of numerical data -- let's say, just a bunch of numbers. For this data, there are loads of calculated values that might be of interest; one example would be the sum. To get the sum of all this data, I could... Option 1: Iterate through the collection, adding all the values: double sum = 0.0; for (int i = 0; i < values.Count; i++) sum += values[i]; Option 2: Maintain the sum, eliminating the need to ever iterate over the collection just to find the sum: void Add(double value) { values.Add(value); sum += value; } void Remove(double value) { values.Remove(value); sum -= value; } EDIT: To put this question in more relatable terms, let's compare the two options above to a (sort of) real-world situation: Suppose I start listing numbers out loud and ask you to keep them in your head. I start by saying, "11, 16, 13, 12." If you've just been remembering the numbers themselves and nothing more, and then I say, "What's the sum?", you'd have to think to yourself, "OK, what's 11 + 16 + 13 + 12?" before responding, "52." If, on the other hand, you had been keeping track of the sum yourself while I was listing the numbers (i.e., when I said, "11" you thought "11", when I said "16", you thought, "27," and so on), you could answer "52" right away. Then if I say, "OK, now forget the number 16," if you've been keeping track of the sum inside your head you can simply take 16 away from 52 and know that the new sum is 36, rather than taking 16 off the list and them summing up 11 + 13 + 12. So my question is, what other calculations, other than the obvious ones like sum and average, are like this? SECOND EDIT: As an arbitrary example of a statistic that (I'm almost certain) does require iteration -- and therefore cannot be maintained as simply as a sum or average -- consider if I asked you, "how many numbers in this collection are divisible by the min?" Let's say the numbers are 5, 15, 19, 20, 21, 25, and 30. The min of this set is 5, which divides into 5, 15, 20, 25, and 30 (but not 19 or 21), so the answer is 5. Now if I remove 5 from the collection and ask the same question, the answer is now 2, since only 15 and 30 are divisible by the new min of 15; but, as far as I can tell, you cannot know this without going through the collection again. So I think this gets to the heart of my question: if we can divide kinds of statistics into these categories, those that are maintainable (my own term, maybe there's a more official one somewhere) versus those that require iteration to compute any time a collection is changed, what are all the maintainable ones? What I am asking about is not strictly the same as an online algorithm (though I sincerely thank those of you who introduced me to that concept). An online algorithm can begin its work without having even seen all of the input data; the maintainable statistics I am seeking will certainly have seen all the data, they just don't need to reiterate through it over and over again whenever it changes.

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• Non-Relational DBMS Design Resources

  - by Matt Luongo

  Hey guys, As a personal project, I'm looking to build a rudimentary DBMS. I've read the relevant sections in Elmasri & Navathe (5ed), but could use a more focused text. The rub is that I want to play with novel non-relational data models. While a lot of E&N was great- indexing implementation details in particular- the more advanced DBMS implementation was only targeted to a relational model. I could also use something a bit more practical and detail-oriented, with real-world recommendations. I'd like to defer staring at DBMS source for a while if I can. Any ideas?

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• Easiest way to find the correct kademlia bucket

  - by Martin

  In the Kademlia protocol node IDs are 160 bit numbers. Nodes are stored in buckets, bucket 0 stores all the nodes which have the same ID as this node except for the very last bit, bucket 1 stores all the nodes which have the same ID as this node except for the last 2 bits, and so on for all 160 buckets. What's the fastest way to find which bucket I should put a new node into? I have my buckets simply stored in an array, and need a method like so: Bucket[] buckets; //array with 160 items public Bucket GetBucket(Int160 myId, Int160 otherId) { //some stuff goes here } The obvious approach is to work down from the most significant bit, comparing bit by bit until I find a difference, I'm hoping there is a better approach based around clever bit twiddling. Practical note: My Int160 is stored in a byte array with 20 items, solutions which work well with that kind of structure will be preferred.

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• Examples of monoids/semigroups in programming

  - by jkff

  It is well-known that monoids are stunningly ubiquitous in programing. They are so ubiquitous and so useful that I, as a 'hobby project', am working on a system that is completely based on their properties (distributed data aggregation). To make the system useful I need useful monoids :) I already know of these: Numeric or matrix sum Numeric or matrix product Minimum or maximum under a total order with a top or bottom element (more generally, join or meet in a bounded lattice, or even more generally, product or coproduct in a category) Set union Map union where conflicting values are joined using a monoid Intersection of subsets of a finite set (or just set intersection if we speak about semigroups) Intersection of maps with a bounded key domain (same here) Merge of sorted sequences, perhaps with joining key-equal values in a different monoid/semigroup Bounded merge of sorted lists (same as above, but we take the top N of the result) Cartesian product of two monoids or semigroups List concatenation Endomorphism composition. Now, let us define a quasi-property of an operation as a property that holds up to an equivalence relation. For example, list concatenation is quasi-commutative if we consider lists of equal length or with identical contents up to permutation to be equivalent. Here are some quasi-monoids and quasi-commutative monoids and semigroups: Any (a+b = a or b, if we consider all elements of the carrier set to be equivalent) Any satisfying predicate (a+b = the one of a and b that is non-null and satisfies some predicate P, if none does then null; if we consider all elements satisfying P equivalent) Bounded mixture of random samples (xs+ys = a random sample of size N from the concatenation of xs and ys; if we consider any two samples with the same distribution as the whole dataset to be equivalent) Bounded mixture of weighted random samples Which others do exist?

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