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  • Draw 2 parallel lines

    - by Ben Martin
    How can I calculate the points to draw 2 parallel lines. I know the start and end points for the centre of the parallel lines. To makes thing a little bit harder, it needs to support straight and Bezier curved lines.

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  • The Zen of Python distils the guiding principles for Python into 20 aphorisms but lists only 19. What's the twentieth?

    - by Jeff Walden
    From PEP 20, The Zen of Python: Long time Pythoneer Tim Peters succinctly channels the BDFL's guiding principles for Python's design into 20 aphorisms, only 19 of which have been written down. What is this twentieth aphorism? Does it exist, or is the reference merely a rhetorical device to make the reader think? (One potential answer that occurs to me is that "You aren't going to need it" is the remaining aphorism. If that were the case, it would both exist and act to make the reader think, and it would be characteristically playful, thus fitting the list all the better. But web searches suggest this to be an extreme programming mantra, not intrinsically Pythonic wisdom, so I'm stumped.)

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  • How to "select file" with Python script? . Google App Engine . Python .

    - by draconisthe0ry
    I'm trying to create an online application for a python function i have created. in my script, i input the path of my file for the computer (input_path = '/users/user/desktop/input.txt') but i'm not sure how to go about this using Google App Engine . I have the choice between 3 templates: flask, django, and bottle . I really do believe this question is relevant for people transitioning from scripts to web-based applications. Do I need to incorporate GUI stuff from Tkinter or something? There has to be a way to simply select a file to use for the input path in an interactive way using python scripts

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  • How to develop a menu for Linux apps

    - by Antonio Ciccia
    I want to create a python panel for Linux like pypanel or tint2 just for fun and to do practice with python development. Now the problem is: I want to create an auto-generated menu, but I don't know where to start. Where can I find all user's installed software in a Linux distro? I know I should look in the /usr/bin folder, but I don't know if it's really the best thing to do. Is there a way to filter installed apps to avoid dependecies programs?

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  • Need a host which supports OSQA

    - by Josip Gòdly Zirdum
    Hi i'm looking to install OSQA and see how it goes I have a great niche which I think may work real well, but till I get a large enough audience I'd like to use shared hosting then move up to a dedicated or vps hosting... Almost all hosts i've looked at don't support something OSQA needs I need relatively cheap shared hosting with cpanel. Any recommendations? It needs to support: Django Python markdown html5lib Python OpenId South

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  • What is the historical basis of using Javascript in web programming?

    - by rd108
    I come from a scientific biology background where we also use Python a lot. Now that I've begun to start with Web development, I've consistently found myself wondering just why it is that JavaScript is the primary client-side language on the Web. Is JavaScript's predominance a historical accident or something else? Also, I'm curious if there are any hurdles to integrating Python into client-side scripting?

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  • NVIDIA Parallel Nsight disponible gratuitement pour Visual Studio pour tirer partie des GPU dans les calculs complexes

    NVIDIA Parallel Nsight disponible gratuitement pour Visual Studio Pour tirer partie des cartes graphique dans les calculs complexes NVIDIA vient de mettre la version 1.51 de son outil Parallel Nsight à la disposition des développeurs utilisant Visual Studio. Sorti par NVIDIA en août dernier, Parallel Nsight permet de développer des applications CUDA C/C++ ou DirectCompute tirant parti de la puissance de calcul des cartes graphiques. La nouvelle version de Parallel Nsight Professional Edition peut-être utilisée avec Visual Studio 2008 ou 2010. Dans un souci de rendre son installation plus simple, NVIDIA a également procédé à la suppression de la clé de licence et d'a...

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  • Install Trac on 64bits Windows 7

    - by Tufo
    I'm configuring a new Developing Server that came with Windows 7 64bits. It must have installed Trac with Subversion integration. I install Subversion with VisualSVN 2.1.1, clients with TortoiseSVN 1.6.7 and AnkhSVN 2.1.7 for Visual Studio 2008 SP1 integration. All works fine! my problem begun when going to Trac installation. I install python 2.6 all fine. Trac hasn't a x64 windows installer, so I installed it manually by compiling it with python console (C:\Python26\python.exe C:/TRAC/setup.py install). After that, I can create TRAC projects normally, the Trac core is working fine. And so the problem begins, lets take a look at the Trac INSTALL file: Requirements To install Trac, the following software packages must be installed: Python, version = 2.3. Subversion, version = 1.0. (= 1.1.xrecommended) Subversion SWIG Python bindings (not PySVN). PySQLite,version 1.x (for SQLite 2.x) or version 2.x (for SQLite 3.x) Clearsilver, version = 0.9.3 (0.9.14 recommended) Python: OK Subverion: OK Subversion SWIG Python bindings (not PySVN): Here I face the first issue, he asks me for 'cd' to the swig directory and run the 'configure' file, and the result is: C:\swigwin-1.3.40> c:\python26\python.exe configure File "configure", line 16 DUALCASE=1; export DUALCASE # for MKS sh ^ SyntaxError: invalid syntax PySQLite, version 1.x (for SQLite 2.x) or version 2.x (for SQLite 3.x): Don't need, as Python 2.6 comes with SQLLite Clearsilver, version = 0.9.3 (0.9.14 recommended): Second issue, Clearsilver only has 32bit installer wich does not recognize python installation (as registry keys are in different places from 32 to 64 bits). So I try to manually install it with python console. It returns me a error of the same kind as SWIG: C:\clearsilver-0.10.5>C:\python26\python.exe ./configure File "./configure", line 13 if test -n "${ZSH_VERSION+set}" && (emulate sh) >/dev/null 2>&1; then ^ SyntaxError: invalid syntax When I simulate a web server using the "TRACD" command, it runs fine when I disable svn support but when I try to open the web page it shows me a error regarding ClearSilver is not installed for generating the html content. AND (for making me more happy) This TRAC will run over IIS7, I mustn't install Apache... I'm nearly crazy with this issue... HELP!!!

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  • Parallel Environment (PE) on Sun Grid Engine (6.2u5) won't run jobs: "only offers 0 slots"

    - by Peter Van Heusden
    I have Sun Grid Engine set up (version 6.2u5) on a Ubuntu 10.10 server with 8 cores. In order to be able to reserve multiple slots, I have a parallel environment (PE) set up like this: pe_name serial slots 999 user_lists NONE xuser_lists NONE start_proc_args /bin/true stop_proc_args /bin/true allocation_rule $pe_slots control_slaves FALSE job_is_first_task TRUE urgency_slots min accounting_summary FALSE This is associated with the all.q on the server in question (let's call the server A). However, when I submit a job that uses 4 threads with e.g. qsub -q all.q@A -pe serial 4 mycmd.sh, it never gets scheduled, and I get the following reasoning from qstat: cannot run in PE "serial" because it only offers 0 slots Why is SGE saying "serial" only offers 0 slots, since there are 8 slots available on the server I specified (server A)? The queue in question is configured thus (server names changed): qname all.q hostlist @allhosts seq_no 0 load_thresholds np_load_avg=1.75 suspend_thresholds NONE nsuspend 1 suspend_interval 00:05:00 priority 0 min_cpu_interval 00:05:00 processors UNDEFINED qtype BATCH INTERACTIVE ckpt_list NONE pe_list make orte serial rerun FALSE slots 1,[D=32],[C=8], \ [B=30],[A=8] tmpdir /tmp shell /bin/sh prolog NONE epilog NONE shell_start_mode posix_compliant starter_method NONE suspend_method NONE resume_method NONE terminate_method NONE notify 00:00:60 owner_list NONE user_lists NONE xuser_lists NONE subordinate_list NONE complex_values NONE projects NONE xprojects NONE calendar NONE initial_state default s_rt INFINITY h_rt 08:00:00 s_cpu INFINITY h_cpu INFINITY s_fsize INFINITY h_fsize INFINITY s_data INFINITY h_data INFINITY s_stack INFINITY h_stack INFINITY s_core INFINITY h_core INFINITY s_rss INFINITY h_rss INFINITY s_vmem INFINITY h_vmem INFINITY,[A=30g], \ [B=5g]

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  • How can I check whether a volume is mounted where it is supposed to be using Python?

    - by Ben Hymers
    I've got a backup script written in Python which creates the destination directory before copying the source directory to it. I've configured it to use /external-backup as the destination, which is where I mount an external hard drive. I just ran the script without the hard drive being turned on (or being mounted) and found that it was working as normal, albeit making a backup on the internal hard drive, which has nowhere near enough space to back itself up. My question is: how can I check whether the volume is mounted in the right place before writing to it? If I can detect that /external-backup isn't mounted, I can prevent writing to it. The bonus question is why was this allowed, when the OS knows that directory is supposed to live on another device, and what would happen to the data (on the internal hard drive) should I later mount that device (the external hard drive)? Clearly there can't be two copies on different devices at the same path! Thanks in advance!

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  • How do I add a shapefile in ArcGIS via python scripting?

    - by Tom W
    I am trying to automate various tasks in ArcGIS Desktop (using ArcMap generally) with Python, and I keep needing a way to add a shape file to the current map. (And then do stuff to it, but that's another story). The best I can do so far is to add a layer file to the current map, using the following ("addLayer" is a layer file object): def AddLayerFromLayerFile(addLayer): import arcpy mxd = arcpy.mapping.MapDocument("CURRENT") df = arcpy.mapping.ListDataFrames(mxd, "Layers")[0] arcpy.mapping.AddLayer(df, addLayer, "AUTO_ARRANGE") arcpy.RefreshActiveView() arcpy.RefreshTOC() del mxd, df, addLayer However, my raw data is always going be shape files, so I need to be able to open them. (Equivantly: convert a shape file to a layer file wiothout opening it, but I'd prefer not to do that).

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  • Is there a way to identify the device data is being received from? (python)

    - by Ed Prince
    Summary I have an MT4000 device connected to my computer using the serial port ttyS0. This is broadcasting data which is being received and read by a udp listener written in Python. I am also sending data manually through the terminal using a bash script I wrote. The Goal Is it possible to identify the device being used? The aim is for a web-page to allow the user to select which device they wish to see the data being sent. I would rather achieve this by directly identifying the device rather than saying anything from ttyS0, in case a different device is plugged in on that port. The Answer Is this possible, and if so, how? Everything I have found so far, is on identifying through a specific port.

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  • How to let Linux Python application handle termination on user logout correctly?

    - by tuxpoldo
    I have written a Linux GUI application in Python that needs to do some cleanup tasks before being terminated when the user logs out. Unfortunately it seems, that on logout, all applications are killed. I tried both to handle POSIX signals and DBUS notifications, but nothing worked. Any idea what I could have made wrong? On application startup I register some termination handlers: # create graceful shutdown mechanisms signal.signal(signal.SIGTERM, self.on_signal_term) self.bus = dbus.SessionBus() self.bus.call_on_disconnection(self.on_session_disconnect) When the user logs out, neither self.on_signal_term nor self.on_session_disconnect are called. The problem occurs in several scenarios: Ubuntu 14.04 with Unity, Debian Wheezy with Gnome. Full code: https://github.com/tuxpoldo/btsync-deb/tree/master/btsync-gui

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  • Suggestions for doing async I/O with Task Parallel Library

    - by anelson
    I have some high performance file transfer code which I wrote in C# using the Async Programming Model (APM) idiom (eg, BeginRead/EndRead). This code reads a file from a local disk and writes it to a socket. For best performance on modern hardware, it's important to keep more than one outstanding I/O operation in flight whenever possible. Thus, I post several BeginRead operations on the file, then when one completes, I call a BeginSend on the socket, and when that completes I do another BeginRead on the file. The details are a bit more complicated than that but at the high level that's the idea. I've got the APM-based code working, but it's very hard to follow and probably has subtle concurrency bugs. I'd love to use TPL for this instead. I figured Task.Factory.FromAsync would just about do it, but there's a catch. All of the I/O samples I've seen (most particularly the StreamExtensions class in the Parallel Extensions Extras) assume one read followed by one write. This won't perform the way I need. I can't use something simple like Parallel.ForEach or the Extras extension Task.Factory.Iterate because the async I/O tasks don't spend much time on a worker thread, so Parallel just starts up another task, resulting in potentially dozens or hundreds of pending I/O operations; way too much! You can work around that by Waiting on your tasks, but that causes creation of an event handle (a kernel object), and a blocking wait on a task wait handle, which ties up a worker thread. My APM-based implementation avoids both of those things. I've been playing around with different ways to keep multiple read/write operations in flight, and I've managed to do so using continuations that call a method that creates another task, but it feels awkward, and definitely doesn't feel like idiomatic TPL. Has anyone else grappled with an issue like this with the TPL? Any suggestions?

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  • Windows with Plesk Panel installs ActiveState Python 2.5.0 - any thoughts?

    - by B Mahoney
    I expect to run Pylons on a Windows Server 2003 and IIS 6 on a Virtual Private Server (VPS). Most work with the VPS is done through the Plesk 8.6 panel. The Plesk panel has a lot of maintenance advantages for us. However, this Plesk configuration installs ActiveState Python 2.5.0. The Parallels Plesk documents for 8.6 and version 9 insist that only this configuration should be installed. I'm not eager to settle for the baseline 2.5.0. but don't see any safe upgrade path. How has ActiveState Python 2.5.0 been for other users? Can you replace the Parallels\Plesk\Additional\Python with another distribution? I don't want to break Plesk, please. Previously, I followed these instructions, Serving a Pylons app with IIS - Pylons Cookbook Using the default web site IP address, I had Python 2.6.3 installing the ISAPI-WSGI dll in IIS so that I successfully ran Pylons in a virutalenv through IIS using the IP address, no domain name. I would be so happy if I could run this successful configuration for my domains while I must use Plesk. Tips and solutions appreciated.

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  • Are there any radix/patricia/critbit trees for Python?

    - by Andrew Dalke
    I have about 10,000 words used as a set of inverted indices to about 500,000 documents. Both are normalized so the index is a mapping of integers (word id) to a set of integers (ids of documents which contain the word). My prototype uses Python's set as the obvious data type. When I do a search for a document I find the list of N search words and their corresponding N sets. I want to return the set of documents in the intersection of those N sets. Python's "intersect" method is implemented as a pairwise reduction. I think I can do better with a parallel search of sorted sets, so long as the library offers a fast way to get the next entry after i. I've been looking for something like that for some time. Years ago I wrote PyJudy but I no longer maintain it and I know how much work it would take to get it to a stage where I'm comfortable with it again. I would rather use someone else's well-tested code, and I would like one which supports fast serialization/deserialization. I can't find any, or at least not any with Python bindings. There is avltree which does what I want, but since even the pair-wise set merge take longer than I want, I suspect I want to have all my operations done in C/C++. Do you know of any radix/patricia/critbit tree libraries written as C/C++ extensions for Python? Failing that, what is the most appropriate library which I should wrap? The Judy Array site hasn't been updated in 6 years, with 1.0.5 released in May 2007. (Although it does build cleanly so perhaps It Just Works.)

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  • Why can't I install psycopg2? (Python 2.6.4, PostgreSQL 8.4, OS X 10.6.3)

    - by cojadate
    UPDATE: After updating all my software, the error message has changed. Now, when I run "python setup.py install" I get the following: Warning: Unable to find 'pg_config' filebuilding 'psycopg2._psycopg' extension gcc-4.0 -arch ppc -arch i386 -isysroot /Developer/SDKs/MacOSX10.4u.sdk -fno-strict-aliasing -fno-common -dynamic -DNDEBUG -g -O3 -DPSYCOPG_DEFAULT_PYDATETIME=1 -DPSYCOPG_VERSION="2.2.1 (dt dec ext pq3)" -DPSYCOPG_EXTENSIONS=1 -DPSYCOPG_NEW_BOOLEAN=1 -DHAVE_PQFREEMEM=1 -DHAVE_PQPROTOCOL3=1 -I/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.6/include/python2.6 -I. -c psycopg/psycopgmodule.c -o build/temp.macosx-10.3-fat-2.6/psycopg/psycopgmodule.o followed by a very long list of other error messages. After running python setup.py install I get the following: Warning: Unable to find 'pg_config' filebuilding 'psycopg2._psycopg' extension gcc-4.0 -arch ppc -arch i386 -fno-strict-aliasing -fno-common -dynamic -DNDEBUG -g -O3 - DPSYCOPG_DEFAULT_PYDATETIME=1 -DPSYCOPG_VERSION="2.2.1 (dt dec ext pq3)" -DPSYCOPG_EXTENSIONS=1 -DPSYCOPG_NEW_BOOLEAN=1 -DHAVE_PQFREEMEM=1 -DHAVE_PQPROTOCOL3=1 -I/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.6/include/python2.6 -I. -c psycopg/psycopgmodule.c -o build/temp.macosx-10.3-fat-2.6/psycopg/psycopgmodule.o unable to execute gcc-4.0: No such file or directory error: command 'gcc-4.0' failed with exit status 1 There's probably something screamingly obvious there to anyone who knows the first thing about back-end web programming, but unfortunately it's all gobbledegook to me. The psycopg2 documentation was not helpful.

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  • Could Python's logging SMTP Handler be freezing my thread for 2 minutes?

    - by Oddthinking
    A rather confusing sequence of events happened, according to my log-file, and I am about to put a lot of the blame on the Python logger, which is a bold claim. I thought I should get some second opinions about whether what I am saying could be true. I am trying to explain why there is are several large gaps in my log file (around two minutes at a time) during stressful periods for my application when it is missing deadlines. I am using Python's logging module on a remote server, and have set-up, with a configuration file, for all logs of severity of ERROR or higher to be emailed to me. Typically, only one error will be sent at a time, but during periods of sustained problems, I might get a dozen in a minute - annoying, but nothing that should stress SMTP. I believe that, after a short spurt of such messages, the Python logging system (or perhaps the SMTP system it is sitting on) is encountering errors or congestion. The call to Python's log is then BLOCKING for two minutes, causing my thread to miss its deadlines. (I was smart enough to move the logging until after the critical path of the application - so I don't care if logging takes me a few seconds, but two minutes is far too long.) This seems like a rather awkward architecture (for both a logging system that can freeze up, and for an SMTP system (Ubuntu, sendmail) that cannot handle dozens of emails in a minute**), so this surprises me, but it exactly fits the symptoms. Has anyone had any experience with this? Can anyone describe how to stop it from blocking? ** EDIT: I actually counted. A little under 4000 short emails in two hours. So far more than I suggested, sorry. But enough to over-fill a Sendmail's buffers?

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  • Final classes in Python 3.x- something Guido isn't telling me?

    - by GlenCrawford
    This question is built on top of many assumptions. If one assumption is wrong, then the whole thing falls over. I'm still relatively new to Python and have just entered the curious/exploratory phase. It is my understanding that Python does not support the creating of classes that cannot be subclassed (final classes). However, it seems to me that the bool class in Python cannot be subclassed. This makes sense when the intent of the bool class is considered (because bool is only supposed to have two values: true and false), and I'm happy with that. What I want to know is how this class was marked as final. So my question is: how exactly did Guido manage to prevent subclassing of bool? >>> class TestClass(bool): pass Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#2>", line 1, in <module> class TestClass(bool): TypeError: type 'bool' is not an acceptable base type Related question: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2172189/why-i-cant-extend-bool-in-python

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  • How to workaround Python "WindowsError messages are not properly encoded" problem?

    - by Victor Lin
    It's a trouble when Python raised a WindowsError, the encoding of message of the exception is always os-native-encoded. For example: import os os.remove('does_not_exist.file') Well, here we get an exception: Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> WindowsError: [Error 2] ???????????: 'does_not_exist.file' As the language of my Windows7 is Traditional Chinese, the default error message I get is in big5 encoding (as know as CP950). >>> try: ... os.remove('abc.file') ... except WindowsError, value: ... print value.args ... (2, '\xa8t\xb2\xce\xa7\xe4\xa4\xa3\xa8\xec\xab\xfc\xa9w\xaa\xba\xc0\xc9\xae\xd7\xa1C') >>> As you see here, error message is not Unicode, then I will get another encoding exception when I try to print it out. Here is the issue, it can be found in Python issue list: http://bugs.python.org/issue1754 The question is, how to workaround this? How to get the native encoding of WindowsError? The version of Python I use is 2.6. Thanks.

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  • Idea for a small project, should I use Python?

    - by Robb
    I have a project idea, but unsure if using Python would be a good idea. Firstly, I'm a C++ and C# developer with some SQL experience. My day job is C++. I have a project idea i'd like to create and was considering developing it in a language I don't know. Python seems to be popular and has piqued my interests. I definitely use OOP in programming and I understand Python would work fine with that style. I could be way off on this, I've only read small bits and pieces about the language. The project won't be public or anything, just purely something of my own creation do dabble in at home. So the project would essentially represent a simple game idea I have. The game would consist roughly these things: Data structures to hold specific information (would be strongly typed). A way to output the gamestate for the players. This is completely up in the air, it can be graphical or text based, I don't really care at this point. A way to save off game data for the players in something like a database or file system. A relatively easy way for me to input information and a 'GO' button which processes the changes and obviously creates a new gamestate. The game would function similar to a board game. Really nothing out of the ordinary when I look back at that list. Would this be a fun way to learn Python or should I select another language?

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  • I want to run two or more procedures in parallel

    - by binod gyawali
    I have list of procedures. All procedures are not dependent upon each other. So, I need to do is, to run the independent procedures in parallel. I have 4 procedures that are to be run parallel. When the procedures are run successfully, now I need to go to the next task. These procedures create about 10 tables. Next task is to execute the set of procedures. I have made one table, where I describe the dependency of these procedures to the tables created above. After any one of the above procedures is completed, I should come to this set of procedures, and find out those procedures whose dependency tables are already created. If any procedure whose dependent tables creation is completed, I need to execute this procedure. Running 4 procedures parallel is done by dts. But, difficulty for me is to transfer the task from the above 4 procedures to the below set of procedures. Please help me to complete my task. Thanks in advance

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  • How should I launch a Portable Python Tkinter application on Windows without ugliness?

    - by Andrew
    I've written a simple GUI program in python using Tkinter. Let's call this program 'gui.py'. My users run 'gui.py' on Windows machines from a USB key using Portable Python; installing anything on the host machine is undesirable. I'd like my users to run 'gui.py' by double-clicking an icon at the root of the USB key. My users don't care what python is, and they don't want to use a command prompt if they don't have to. I don't want them to have to care what drive letter the USB key is assigned. I'd like this to work on XP, Vista, and 7. My first ugly solution was to create a shortcut in the root directory of the USB key, and set the "Target" property of the shortcut to something like "(root)\App\pythonw.exe (root)\App\gui.py", but I couldn't figure out how to do a relative path in a windows shortcut, and using an absolute path like "E:" seems fragile. My next solution was to create a .bat script in the root directory of the USB key, something like this: @echo off set basepath=%~dp0 "%basepath%App\pythonw.exe" "%basepath%\App\gui.py" This doesn't seem to care what drive letter the USB key is assigned, but it does leave a DOS window open while my program runs. Functional, but ugly. Next I tried a .bat script like this: @echo off set basepath=%~dp0 start "" "%basepath%App\pythonw.exe" "%basepath%\App\gui.py" (See here for an explanation of the funny quoting) Now, the DOS window briefly flashes on screen before my GUI opens. Less ugly! Still ugly. How do real men deal with this problem? What's the least ugly way to start a python Tkinter GUI on a Windows machine from a USB stick?

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  • Why can't I display a unicode character in the Python Interpreter on Mac OS X Terminal.app?

    - by apphacker
    If I try to paste a unicode character such as the middle dot: · in my python interpreter it does nothing. I'm using Terminal.app on Mac OS X and when I'm simply in in bash I have no trouble: :~$ · But in the interpreter: :~$ python Python 2.6.1 (r261:67515, Feb 11 2010, 00:51:29) [GCC 4.2.1 (Apple Inc. build 5646)] on darwin Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> ^^ I get nothing, it just ignores that I just pasted the character. If I use the escape \xNN\xNN representation of the middle dot '\xc2\xb7', and try to convert to unicode, trying to show the dot causes the interpreter to throw an error: >>> unicode('\xc2\xb7') Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte 0xc2 in position 0: ordinal not in range(128) I have setup 'utf-8' as my default encoding in sitecustomize.py so: >>> sys.getdefaultencoding() 'utf-8' What gives? It's not the Terminal. It's not Python, what am I doing wrong?! This question is not related to this question, as that indivdiual is able to paste unicode into his Terminal.

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  • Most elegant way to break CSV columns into separate data structures using Python?

    - by Nick L
    I'm trying to pick up Python. As part of the learning process I'm porting a project I wrote in Java to Python. I'm at a section now where I have a list of CSV headers of the form: headers = [a, b, c, d, e, .....] and separate lists of groups that these headers should be broken up into, e.g.: headers_for_list_a = [b, c, e, ...] headers_for_list_b = [a, d, k, ...] . . . I want to take the CSV data and turn it into dict's based on these groups, e.g.: list_a = [ {b:val_1b, c:val_1c, e:val_1e, ... }, {b:val_2b, c:val_2c, e:val_2e, ... }, {b:val_3b, c:val_3c, e:val_3e, ... }, . . . ] where for example, val_1b is the first row of the 'b' column, val_3c is the third row of the 'c' column, etc. My first "Java instinct" is to do something like: for row in data: for col_num, val in enumerate(row): col_name = headers[col_num] if col_name in group_a: dict_a[col_name] = val elif headers[col_cum] in group_b: dict_b[col_name] = val ... list_a.append(dict_a) list_b.append(dict_b) ... However, this method seems inefficient/unwieldy and doesn't posses the elegance that Python programmers are constantly talking about. Is there a more "Zen-like" way I should try- keeping with the philosophy of Python?

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