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  • Fastest inline-assembly spinlock

    - by sigvardsen
    I'm writing a multithreaded application in c++, where performance is critical. I need to use a lot of locking while copying small structures between threads, for this I have chosen to use spinlocks. I have done some research and speed testing on this and I found that most implementations are roughly equally fast: Microsofts CRITICAL_SECTION, with SpinCount set to 1000, scores about 140 time units Implementing this algorithm with Microsofts InterlockedCompareExchange scores about 95 time units Ive also tried to use some inline assembly with __asm {} using something like this code and it scores about 70 time units, but I am not sure that a proper memory barrier has been created. Edit: The times given here are the time it takes for 2 threads to lock and unlock the spinlock 1,000,000 times. I know this isn't a lot of difference but as a spinlock is a heavily used object, one would think that programmers would have agreed on the fastest possible way to make a spinlock. Googling it leads to many different approaches however. I would think this aforementioned method would be the fastest if implemented using inline assembly and using the instruction CMPXCHG8B instead of comparing 32bit registers. Furthermore memory barriers must be taken into account, this could be done by LOCK CMPXHG8B (I think?), which guarantees "exclusive rights" to the shared memory between cores. At last [some suggests] that for busy waits should be accompanied by NOP:REP that would enable Hyper-threading processors to switch to another thread, but I am not sure whether this is true or not? From my performance-test of different spinlocks, it is seen that there is not much difference, but for purely academic purpose I would like to know which one is fastest. However as I have extremely limited experience in the assembly-language and with memory barriers, I would be happy if someone could write the assembly code for the last example I provided with LOCK CMPXCHG8B and proper memory barriers in the following template: __asm { spin_lock: ;locking code. spin_unlock: ;unlocking code. }

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  • 32bit to 64bit inline assembly porting

    - by Simone Margaritelli
    I have a piece of C++ code (compiled with g++ under a GNU/Linux environment) that load a function pointer (how it does that doesn't matter), pushes some arguments onto the stack with some inline assembly and then calls that function, the code is like : unsigned long stack[] = { 1, 23, 33, 43 }; /* save all the registers and the stack pointer */ unsigned long esp; asm __volatile__ ( "pusha" ); asm __volatile__ ( "mov %%esp, %0" :"=m" (esp)); for( i = 0; i < sizeof(stack); i++ ){ unsigned long val = stack[i]; asm __volatile__ ( "push %0" :: "m"(val) ); } unsigned long ret = function_pointer(); /* restore registers and stack pointer */ asm __volatile__ ( "mov %0, %%esp" :: "m" (esp) ); asm __volatile__ ( "popa" ); I'd like to add some sort of #ifdef _LP64 // 64bit inline assembly #else // 32bit version as above example #endif But i don't know inline assembly for 64bit machines, anyone could help me? Thanks

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  • Mac OS ? Assembly Language Esoteria

    - by veryfoolish
    I've been playing around with assembly and object files in general on Mac OS ? and was wondering if somebody could provide some edification. Specifically, I'm wondering what the extra code GCC generates when compiling the C file in the following example does. I have a toy C program so I can comprehend the assembly output. int main() { int a = 5; int b = 5; int c = a + b; } Running this through gcc -S creates the following assembly: .text .globl _main _main: LFB2: pushq %rbp LCFI0: movq %rsp, %rbp LCFI1: movl $5, -4(%rbp) movl $5, -8(%rbp) movl -8(%rbp), %eax addl -4(%rbp), %eax movl %eax, -12(%rbp) leave ret LFE2: .section __TEXT,__eh_frame,coalesced,no_toc+strip_static_syms+live_support EH_frame1: .set L$set$0,LECIE1-LSCIE1 .long L$set$0 LSCIE1: .long 0x0 .byte 0x1 .ascii "zR\0" .byte 0x1 .byte 0x78 .byte 0x10 .byte 0x1 .byte 0x10 .byte 0xc .byte 0x7 .byte 0x8 .byte 0x90 .byte 0x1 .align 3 LECIE1: .globl _main.eh _main.eh: LSFDE1: .set L$set$1,LEFDE1-LASFDE1 .long L$set$1 LASFDE1: .long LASFDE1-EH_frame1 .quad LFB2-. .set L$set$2,LFE2-LFB2 .quad L$set$2 .byte 0x0 .byte 0x4 .set L$set$3,LCFI0-LFB2 .long L$set$3 .byte 0xe .byte 0x10 .byte 0x86 .byte 0x2 .byte 0x4 .set L$set$4,LCFI1-LCFI0 .long L$set$4 .byte 0xd .byte 0x6 .align 3 LEFDE1: .subsections_via_symbols The LCFI1 section seems to contain the actual logic for the program, but I'm not sure what the misc. other stuff is for... also, is there any scheme these labels are following? I'm sorry this is such a vague question. I'd appreciate anything, including being pointed to a resource where I can find out more about this. Thanks!

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  • Mac OS ? Assembly Language Esoteria

    - by veryfoolish
    I've been playing around with assembly and object files in general on Mac OS ? and was wondering if somebody could provide some edification. Specifically, I'm wondering what the extra code GCC generates when compiling the C file in the following example does. I have a toy C program so I can comprehend the assembly output. int main() { int a = 5; int b = 5; int c = a + b; } Running this through gcc -S creates the following assembly: .text .globl _main _main: LFB2: pushq %rbp LCFI0: movq %rsp, %rbp LCFI1: movl $5, -4(%rbp) movl $5, -8(%rbp) movl -8(%rbp), %eax addl -4(%rbp), %eax movl %eax, -12(%rbp) leave ret LFE2: .section __TEXT,__eh_frame,coalesced,no_toc+strip_static_syms+live_support EH_frame1: .set L$set$0,LECIE1-LSCIE1 .long L$set$0 LSCIE1: .long 0x0 .byte 0x1 .ascii "zR\0" .byte 0x1 .byte 0x78 .byte 0x10 .byte 0x1 .byte 0x10 .byte 0xc .byte 0x7 .byte 0x8 .byte 0x90 .byte 0x1 .align 3 LECIE1: .globl _main.eh _main.eh: LSFDE1: .set L$set$1,LEFDE1-LASFDE1 .long L$set$1 LASFDE1: .long LASFDE1-EH_frame1 .quad LFB2-. .set L$set$2,LFE2-LFB2 .quad L$set$2 .byte 0x0 .byte 0x4 .set L$set$3,LCFI0-LFB2 .long L$set$3 .byte 0xe .byte 0x10 .byte 0x86 .byte 0x2 .byte 0x4 .set L$set$4,LCFI1-LCFI0 .long L$set$4 .byte 0xd .byte 0x6 .align 3 LEFDE1: .subsections_via_symbols The LCFI1 section seems to contain the actual logic for the program, but I'm not sure what the misc. other stuff is for... also, is there any scheme these labels are following? I'm sorry this is such a vague question. I'd appreciate anything, including being pointed to a resource where I can find out more about this. Thanks!

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  • Language redirect affecting pagerank and search listing?

    - by Janoszen
    Preface We have a number of sites that use the same redirect mechanism across the board. We recently transitioned one site from non-localised to localised and detected that the Google+ integration doesn't show up on the search results any more AND the PageRank is gone from 2 to 0. How the redirect works If the UA sends a cookie (e.g. lang=en), redirect the user to /language (e.g. /en) If the UA is a bot (.*bot.*), redirect to /en If the Accept-Language header contains a usable, non-English language, redirect to /language (English is the default on many browsers in non-English regions) If there is a valid GeoIP lookup and the detected region is linked to a supported language, redirect to /language Redirect to /en We do of course on all pages have the proper markup to indicate the alternate language: <link hreflang="de" href="/de" rel="alternate" /> As far as we can tell, we follow all publicly available guidelines from Google, so we are a bit at odds if this is a bug in Google or we have done something wrong. Question Does not having content on the root URL of a domain adversely affect search engine rankings and if yes, how does one implement a proper language redirection?

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  • Back to Basics: When does a .NET Assembly Dependency get loaded

    - by Rick Strahl
    When we work on typical day to day applications, it's easy to forget some of the core features of the .NET framework. For me personally it's been a long time since I've learned about some of the underlying CLR system level services even though I rely on them on a daily basis. I often think only about high level application constructs and/or high level framework functionality, but the low level stuff is often just taken for granted. Over the last week at DevConnections I had all sorts of low level discussions with other developers about the inner workings of this or that technology (especially in light of my Low Level ASP.NET Architecture talk and the Razor Hosting talk). One topic that came up a couple of times and ended up a point of confusion even amongst some seasoned developers (including some folks from Microsoft <snicker>) is when assemblies actually load into a .NET process. There are a number of different ways that assemblies are loaded in .NET. When you create a typical project assemblies usually come from: The Assembly reference list of the top level 'executable' project The Assembly references of referenced projects Dynamically loaded at runtime via AppDomain/Reflection loading In addition .NET automatically loads mscorlib (most of the System namespace) the boot process that hosts the .NET runtime in EXE apps, or some other kind of runtime hosting environment (runtime hosting in servers like IIS, SQL Server or COM Interop). In hosting environments the runtime host may also pre-load a bunch of assemblies on its own (for example the ASP.NET host requires all sorts of assemblies just to run itself, before ever routing into your user specific code). Assembly Loading The most obvious source of loaded assemblies is the top level application's assembly reference list. You can add assembly references to a top level application and those assembly references are then available to the application. In a nutshell, referenced assemblies are not immediately loaded - they are loaded on the fly as needed. So regardless of whether you have an assembly reference in a top level project, or a dependent assembly assemblies typically load on an as needed basis, unless explicitly loaded by user code. The same is true of dependent assemblies. To check this out I ran a simple test: I have a utility assembly Westwind.Utilities which is a general purpose library that can work in any type of project. Due to a couple of small requirements for encoding and a logging piece that allows logging Web content (dependency on HttpContext.Current) this utility library has a dependency on System.Web. Now System.Web is a pretty large assembly and generally you'd want to avoid adding it to a non-Web project if it can be helped. So I created a Console Application that loads my utility library: You can see that the top level Console app a reference to Westwind.Utilities and System.Data (beyond the core .NET libs). The Westwind.Utilities project on the other hand has quite a few dependencies including System.Web. I then add a main program that accesses only a simple utillity method in the Westwind.Utilities library that doesn't require any of the classes that access System.Web: static void Main(string[] args) { Console.WriteLine(StringUtils.NewStringId()); Console.ReadLine(); } StringUtils.NewStringId() calls into Westwind.Utilities, but it doesn't rely on System.Web. Any guesses what the assembly list looks like when I stop the code on the ReadLine() command? I'll wait here while you think about it… … … So, when I stop on ReadLine() and then fire up Process Explorer and check the assembly list I get: We can see here that .NET has not actually loaded any of the dependencies of the Westwind.Utilities assembly. Also not loaded is the top level System.Data reference even though it's in the dependent assembly list of the top level project. Since this particular function I called only uses core System functionality (contained in mscorlib) there's in fact nothing else loaded beyond the main application and my Westwind.Utilities assembly that contains the method accessed. None of the dependencies of Westwind.Utilities loaded. If you were to open the assembly in a disassembler like Reflector or ILSpy, you would however see all the compiled in dependencies. The referenced assemblies are in the dependency list and they are loadable, but they are not immediately loaded by the application. In other words the C# compiler and .NET linker are smart enough to figure out the dependencies based on the code that actually is referenced from your application and any dependencies cascading down into the dependencies from your top level application into the referenced assemblies. In the example above the usage requirement is pretty obvious since I'm only calling a single static method and then exiting the app, but in more complex applications these dependency relationships become very complicated - however it's all taken care of by the compiler and linker figuring out what types and members are actually referenced and including only those assemblies that are in fact referenced in your code or required by any of your dependencies. The good news here is: That if you are referencing an assembly that has a dependency on something like System.Web in a few places that are not actually accessed by any of your code or any dependent assembly code that you are calling, that assembly is never loaded into memory! Some Hosting Environments pre-load Assemblies The load behavior can vary however. In Console and desktop applications we have full control over assembly loading so we see the core CLR behavior. However other environments like ASP.NET for example will preload referenced assemblies explicitly as part of the startup process - primarily to minimize load conflicts. Specifically ASP.NET pre-loads all assemblies referenced in the assembly list and the /bin folder. So in Web applications it definitely pays to minimize your top level assemblies if they are not used. Understanding when Assemblies Load To clarify and see it actually happen what I described in the first example , let's look at a couple of other scenarios. To see assemblies loading at runtime in real time lets create a utility function to print out loaded assemblies to the console: public static void PrintAssemblies() { var assemblies = AppDomain.CurrentDomain.GetAssemblies(); foreach (var assembly in assemblies) { Console.WriteLine(assembly.GetName()); } } Now let's look at the first scenario where I have class method that references internally uses System.Web. In the first scenario lets add a method to my main program like this: static void Main(string[] args) { Console.WriteLine(StringUtils.NewStringId()); Console.ReadLine(); PrintAssemblies(); } public static void WebLogEntry() { var entry = new WebLogEntry(); entry.UpdateFromRequest(); Console.WriteLine(entry.QueryString); } UpdateFromWebRequest() internally accesses HttpContext.Current to read some information of the ASP.NET Request object so it clearly needs a reference System.Web to work. In this first example, the method that holds the calling code is never called, but exists as a static method that can potentially be called externally at some point. What do you think will happen here with the assembly loading? Will System.Web load in this example? No - it doesn't. Because the WebLogEntry() method is never called by the mainline application (or anywhere else) System.Web is not loaded. .NET dynamically loads assemblies as code that needs it is called. No code references the WebLogEntry() method and so System.Web is never loaded. Next, let's add the call to this method, which should trigger System.Web to be loaded because a dependency exists. Let's change the code to: static void Main(string[] args) { Console.WriteLine(StringUtils.NewStringId()); Console.WriteLine("--- Before:"); PrintAssemblies(); WebLogEntry(); Console.WriteLine("--- After:"); PrintAssemblies(); Console.ReadLine(); } public static void WebLogEntry() { var entry = new WebLogEntry(); entry.UpdateFromRequest(); Console.WriteLine(entry.QueryString); } Looking at the code now, when do you think System.Web will be loaded? Will the before list include it? Yup System.Web gets loaded, but only after it's actually referenced. In fact, just until before the call to UpdateFromRequest() System.Web is not loaded - it only loads when the method is actually called and requires the reference in the executing code. Moral of the Story So what have we learned - or maybe remembered again? Dependent Assembly References are not pre-loaded when an application starts (by default) Dependent Assemblies that are not referenced by executing code are never loaded Dependent Assemblies are just in time loaded when first referenced in code All of this is nothing new - .NET has always worked like this. But it's good to have a refresher now and then and go through the exercise of seeing it work in action. It's not one of those things we think about everyday, and as I found out last week, I couldn't remember exactly how it worked since it's been so long since I've learned about this. And apparently I'm not the only one as several other people I had discussions with in relation to loaded assemblies also didn't recall exactly what should happen or assumed incorrectly that just having a reference automatically loads the assembly. The moral of the story for me is: Trying at all costs to eliminate an assembly reference from a component is not quite as important as it's often made out to be. For example, the Westwind.Utilities module described above has a logging component, including a Web specific logging entry that supports pulling information from the active HTTP Context. Adding that feature requires a reference to System.Web. Should I worry about this in the scope of this library? Probably not, because if I don't use that one class of nearly a hundred, System.Web never gets pulled into the parent process. IOW, System.Web only loads when I use that specific feature and if I am, well I clearly have to be running in a Web environment anyway to use it realistically. The alternative would be considerably uglier: Pulling out the WebLogEntry class and sticking it into another assembly and breaking up the logging code. In this case - definitely not worth it. So, .NET definitely goes through some pretty nifty optimizations to ensure that it loads only what it needs and in most cases you can just rely on .NET to do the right thing. Sometimes though assembly loading can go wrong (especially when signed and versioned local assemblies are involved), but that's subject for a whole other post…© Rick Strahl, West Wind Technologies, 2005-2012Posted in .NET  CSharp   Tweet !function(d,s,id){var js,fjs=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];if(!d.getElementById(id)){js=d.createElement(s);js.id=id;js.src="//platform.twitter.com/widgets.js";fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js,fjs);}}(document,"script","twitter-wjs"); (function() { var po = document.createElement('script'); po.type = 'text/javascript'; po.async = true; po.src = 'https://apis.google.com/js/plusone.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(po, s); })();

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  • Change the User Interface Language in Ubuntu

    - by Matthew Guay
    Would you like to use your Ubuntu computer in another language?  Here’s how you can easily change your interface language in Ubuntu. Ubuntu’s default install only includes a couple languages, but it makes it easy to find and add a new interface language to your computer.  To get started, open the System menu, select Administration, and then click Language Support. Ubuntu may ask if you want to update or add components to your current default language when you first open the dialog.  Click Install to go ahead and install the additional components, or you can click Remind Me Later to wait as these will be installed automatically when you add a new language. Now we’re ready to find and add an interface language to Ubuntu.  Click Install / Remove Languages to add the language you want. Find the language you want in the list, and click the check box to install it.  Ubuntu will show you all the components it will install for the language; this often includes spellchecking files for OpenOffice as well.  Once you’ve made your selection, click Apply Changes to install your new language.  Make sure you’re connected to the internet, as Ubuntu will have to download the additional components you’ve selected. Enter your system password when prompted, and then Ubuntu will download the needed languages files and install them.   Back in the main Language & Text dialog, we’re now ready to set our new language as default.  Find your new language in the list, and then click and drag it to the top of the list. Notice that Thai is the first language listed, and English is the second.  This will make Thai the default language for menus and windows in this account.  The tooltip reminds us that this setting does not effect system settings like currency or date formats. To change these, select the Text Tab and pick your new language from the drop-down menu.  You can preview the changes in the bottom Example box. The changes we just made will only affect this user account; the login screen and startup will not be affected.  If you wish to change the language in the startup and login screens also, click Apply System-Wide in both dialogs.  Other user accounts will still retain their original language settings; if you wish to change them, you must do it from those accounts. Once you have your new language settings all set, you’ll need to log out of your account and log back in to see your new interface language.  When you re-login, Ubuntu may ask you if you want to update your user folders’ names to your new language.  For example, here Ubuntu is asking if we want to change our folders to their Thai equivalents.  If you wish to do so, click Update or its equivalents in your language. Now your interface will be almost completely translated into your new language.  As you can see here, applications with generic names are translated to Thai but ones with specific names like Shutter keep their original name. Even the help dialogs are translated, which makes it easy for users around to world to get started with Ubuntu.  Once again, you may notice some things that are still in English, but almost everything is translated. Adding a new interface language doesn’t add the new language to your keyboard, so you’ll still need to set that up.  Check out our article on adding languages to your keyboard to get this setup. If you wish to revert to your original language or switch to another new language, simply repeat the above steps, this time dragging your original or new language to the top instead of the one you chose previously. Conclusion Ubuntu has a large number of supported interface languages to make it user-friendly to people around the globe.  And since you can set the language for each user account, it’s easy for multi-lingual individuals to share the same computer. Or, if you’re using Windows, check out our article on how you can Change the User Interface Language in Vista or Windows 7, too! Similar Articles Productive Geek Tips Restart the Ubuntu Gnome User Interface QuicklyChange the User Interface Language in Vista or Windows 7Create a Samba User on UbuntuInstall Samba Server on UbuntuSee Which Groups Your Linux User Belongs To TouchFreeze Alternative in AutoHotkey The Icy Undertow Desktop Windows Home Server – Backup to LAN The Clear & Clean Desktop Use This Bookmarklet to Easily Get Albums Use AutoHotkey to Assign a Hotkey to a Specific Window Latest Software Reviews Tinyhacker Random Tips VMware Workstation 7 Acronis Online Backup DVDFab 6 Revo Uninstaller Pro FetchMp3 Can Download Videos & Convert Them to Mp3 Use Flixtime To Create Video Slideshows Creating a Password Reset Disk in Windows Bypass Waiting Time On Customer Service Calls With Lucyphone MELTUP – "The Beginning Of US Currency Crisis And Hyperinflation" Enable or Disable the Task Manager Using TaskMgrED

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  • How are Programing Language Designed?

    - by Anteater7171
    After doing a bit of programing, I've become quite curious on language design itself. I'm still a novice (I've been doing it for about a year), so the majority of my code pertains to only two fields (GUI design in Python and basic algorithms in C/C++). I have become intrigued with how the actual languages themselves are written. I mean this in both senses. Such as how it was literally written (ie, what language the language was written in). As well as various features like white spacing (Python) or object orientation (C++ and Python). Where would one start learning how to write a language? What are some of the fundamentals of language design, things that would make it a "complete" language?

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  • Cannot set "Language for Non-Unicode Programs" in Regional and Language Settings

    - by cornjuliox
    I'm trying to set the Language for Non-Unicode Programs from English to Japanese (I'm using Windows XP SP 3), but it won't let me. It looks like I've got the East Asian Language packs installed, but when I select "Japanese" from the drop-down box and hit "Apply" I get an error that says "Setup was unable to install the chosen locale. Please contact your system administrator". I'm already logged in as the administrator, and I've restarted several times but it still won't let me. Can anyone give me an idea as to how to solve this problem? Reinstalling Windows is absolutely out of the question.

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  • Anatomy of a .NET Assembly - CLR metadata 2

    - by Simon Cooper
    Before we look any further at the CLR metadata, we need a quick diversion to understand how the metadata is actually stored. Encoding table information As an example, we'll have a look at a row in the TypeDef table. According to the spec, each TypeDef consists of the following: Flags specifying various properties of the class, including visibility. The name of the type. The namespace of the type. What type this type extends. The field list of this type. The method list of this type. How is all this data actually represented? Offset & RID encoding Most assemblies don't need to use a 4 byte value to specify heap offsets and RIDs everywhere, however we can't hard-code every offset and RID to be 2 bytes long as there could conceivably be more than 65535 items in a heap or more than 65535 fields or types defined in an assembly. So heap offsets and RIDs are only represented in the full 4 bytes if it is required; in the header information at the top of the #~ stream are 3 bits indicating if the #Strings, #GUID, or #Blob heaps use 2 or 4 bytes (the #US stream is not accessed from metadata), and the rowcount of each table. If the rowcount for a particular table is greater than 65535 then all RIDs referencing that table throughout the metadata use 4 bytes, else only 2 bytes are used. Coded tokens Not every field in a table row references a single predefined table. For example, in the TypeDef extends field, a type can extend another TypeDef (a type in the same assembly), a TypeRef (a type in a different assembly), or a TypeSpec (an instantiation of a generic type). A token would have to be used to let us specify the table along with the RID. Tokens are always 4 bytes long; again, this is rather wasteful of space. Cutting the RID down to 2 bytes would make each token 3 bytes long, which isn't really an optimum size for computers to read from memory or disk. However, every use of a token in the metadata tables can only point to a limited subset of the metadata tables. For the extends field, we only need to be able to specify one of 3 tables, which we can do using 2 bits: 0x0: TypeDef 0x1: TypeRef 0x2: TypeSpec We could therefore compress the 4-byte token that would otherwise be needed into a coded token of type TypeDefOrRef. For each type of coded token, the least significant bits encode the table the token points to, and the rest of the bits encode the RID within that table. We can work out whether each type of coded token needs 2 or 4 bytes to represent it by working out whether the maximum RID of every table that the coded token type can point to will fit in the space available. The space available for the RID depends on the type of coded token; a TypeOrMethodDef coded token only needs 1 bit to specify the table, leaving 15 bits available for the RID before a 4-byte representation is needed, whereas a HasCustomAttribute coded token can point to one of 18 different tables, and so needs 5 bits to specify the table, only leaving 11 bits for the RID before 4 bytes are needed to represent that coded token type. For example, a 2-byte TypeDefOrRef coded token with the value 0x0321 has the following bit pattern: 0 3 2 1 0000 0011 0010 0001 The first two bits specify the table - TypeRef; the other bits specify the RID. Because we've used the first two bits, we've got to shift everything along two bits: 000000 1100 1000 This gives us a RID of 0xc8. If any one of the TypeDef, TypeRef or TypeSpec tables had more than 16383 rows (2^14 - 1), then 4 bytes would need to be used to represent all TypeDefOrRef coded tokens throughout the metadata tables. Lists The third representation we need to consider is 1-to-many references; each TypeDef refers to a list of FieldDef and MethodDef belonging to that type. If we were to specify every FieldDef and MethodDef individually then each TypeDef would be very large and a variable size, which isn't ideal. There is a way of specifying a list of references without explicitly specifying every item; if we order the MethodDef and FieldDef tables by the owning type, then the field list and method list in a TypeDef only have to be a single RID pointing at the first FieldDef or MethodDef belonging to that type; the end of the list can be inferred by the field list and method list RIDs of the next row in the TypeDef table. Going back to the TypeDef If we have a look back at the definition of a TypeDef, we end up with the following reprensentation for each row: Flags - always 4 bytes Name - a #Strings heap offset. Namespace - a #Strings heap offset. Extends - a TypeDefOrRef coded token. FieldList - a single RID to the FieldDef table. MethodList - a single RID to the MethodDef table. So, depending on the number of entries in the heaps and tables within the assembly, the rows in the TypeDef table can be as small as 14 bytes, or as large as 24 bytes. Now we've had a look at how information is encoded within the metadata tables, in the next post we can see how they are arranged on disk.

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  • Hidden features of x86 assembly

    - by Earlz
    I am still a fan of x86 assembly(sorta) and know a lot of developers still using x86 assembly, although by far there are very few features available in assembly, let us list out the most useful and not so well known ones. Of course the question is on the lines of the Hidden Features questions listed below.: Hidden Features of JavaScript Hidden Features of CSS Hidden Features of C# Hidden Features of VB.NET Hidden Features of Java Hidden Features of ASP.NET Hidden Features of Python Hidden Features of TextPad Hidden Features of Eclipse Hidden Features of Classic ASP Please specify one feature per answer. Also, you can specify all bits of the x86 such as 16bit(real mode), 32bit, and 64bit. Please keep it neutral of assembler though. Both Intel and AT&T syntax is welcome but please don't for example demonstrate a useful macro feature for yasm.

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  • C2244 when trying to call the pow function from inline assembly

    - by schrödingers cat
    I would like to call the pow function from inline assembly. The problem is i'm getting error C2244: 'pow' : unable to match function definition to an existing declaration. I'm new to assembly so this may be a trivial question but how do i resolve this? I guess it has something to do with the compiler not beeing able to properly resolve the overload of pow. The following code fragment is causing the error: do_POW: // push first argument to the stack sub esp, size value_type fld qword ptr [ecx] fstp qword ptr [esp] // push second argument to the stack sub esp, size value_type fld qword ptr [ecx - size value_type] fstp qword ptr [esp]and pop fpu stack // call the pow function call pow sub ecx, size value_type fstp qword ptr [ecx] add esp, 2 * size value_type jmp loop_start

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  • Is there a language where collections can be used as objects without altering the behavior?

    - by Dokkat
    Is there a language where collections can be used as objects without altering the behavior? As an example, first, imagine those functions work: function capitalize(str) //suppose this *modifies* a string object capitalizing it function greet(person): print("Hello, " + person) capitalize("pedro") >> "Pedro" greet("Pedro") >> "Hello, Pedro" Now, suppose we define a standard collection with some strings: people = ["ed","steve","john"] Then, this will call toUpper() on each object on that list people.toUpper() >> ["Ed","Steve","John"] And this will call greet once for EACH people on the list, instead of sending the list as argument greet(people) >> "Hello, Ed" >> "Hello, Steve" >> "Hello, John"

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  • Anatomy of a .NET Assembly - Signature encodings

    - by Simon Cooper
    If you've just joined this series, I highly recommend you read the previous posts in this series, starting here, or at least these posts, covering the CLR metadata tables. Before we look at custom attribute encoding, we first need to have a brief look at how signatures are encoded in an assembly in general. Signature types There are several types of signatures in an assembly, all of which share a common base representation, and are all stored as binary blobs in the #Blob heap, referenced by an offset from various metadata tables. The types of signatures are: Method definition and method reference signatures. Field signatures Property signatures Method local variables. These are referenced from the StandAloneSig table, which is then referenced by method body headers. Generic type specifications. These represent a particular instantiation of a generic type. Generic method specifications. Similarly, these represent a particular instantiation of a generic method. All these signatures share the same underlying mechanism to represent a type Representing a type All metadata signatures are based around the ELEMENT_TYPE structure. This assigns a number to each 'built-in' type in the framework; for example, Uint16 is 0x07, String is 0x0e, and Object is 0x1c. Byte codes are also used to indicate SzArrays, multi-dimensional arrays, custom types, and generic type and method variables. However, these require some further information. Firstly, custom types (ie not one of the built-in types). These require you to specify the 4-byte TypeDefOrRef coded token after the CLASS (0x12) or VALUETYPE (0x11) element type. This 4-byte value is stored in a compressed format before being written out to disk (for more excruciating details, you can refer to the CLI specification). SzArrays simply have the array item type after the SZARRAY byte (0x1d). Multidimensional arrays follow the ARRAY element type with a series of compressed integers indicating the number of dimensions, and the size and lower bound of each dimension. Generic variables are simply followed by the index of the generic variable they refer to. There are other additions as well, for example, a specific byte value indicates a method parameter passed by reference (BYREF), and other values indicating custom modifiers. Some examples... To demonstrate, here's a few examples and what the resulting blobs in the #Blob heap will look like. Each name in capitals corresponds to a particular byte value in the ELEMENT_TYPE or CALLCONV structure, and coded tokens to custom types are represented by the type name in curly brackets. A simple field: int intField; FIELD I4 A field of an array of a generic type parameter (assuming T is the first generic parameter of the containing type): T[] genArrayField FIELD SZARRAY VAR 0 An instance method signature (note how the number of parameters does not include the return type): instance string MyMethod(MyType, int&, bool[][]); HASTHIS DEFAULT 3 STRING CLASS {MyType} BYREF I4 SZARRAY SZARRAY BOOLEAN A generic type instantiation: MyGenericType<MyType, MyStruct> GENERICINST CLASS {MyGenericType} 2 CLASS {MyType} VALUETYPE {MyStruct} For more complicated examples, in the following C# type declaration: GenericType<T> : GenericBaseType<object[], T, GenericType<T>> { ... } the Extends field of the TypeDef for GenericType will point to a TypeSpec with the following blob: GENERICINST CLASS {GenericBaseType} 3 SZARRAY OBJECT VAR 0 GENERICINST CLASS {GenericType} 1 VAR 0 And a static generic method signature (generic parameters on types are referenced using VAR, generic parameters on methods using MVAR): TResult[] GenericMethod<TInput, TResult>( TInput, System.Converter<TInput, TOutput>); GENERIC 2 2 SZARRAY MVAR 1 MVAR 0 GENERICINST CLASS {System.Converter} 2 MVAR 0 MVAR 1 As you can see, complicated signatures are recursively built up out of quite simple building blocks to represent all the possible variations in a .NET assembly. Now we've looked at the basics of normal method signatures, in my next post I'll look at custom attribute application signatures, and how they are different to normal signatures.

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  • Assembly load and execute issue

    - by Jean Carlos Suárez Marranzini
    I'm trying to develop Assembly code allowing me to load and execute(by input of the user) 2 other Assembly .EXE programs. I'm having two problems: -I don't seem to be able to assign the pathname to a valid register(Or maybe incorrect syntax) -I need to be able to execute the other program after the first one (could be either) started its execution. This is what I have so far: mov ax,cs ; moving code segment to data segment mov ds,ax mov ah,1h ; here I read from keyboard int 21h mov dl,al cmp al,'1' ; if 1 jump to LOADRUN1 JE LOADRUN1 popf cmp al,'2' ; if 1 jump to LOADRUN2 JE LOADRUN2 popf LOADRUN1: MOV AH,4BH MOV AL,00 LEA DX,[PROGNAME1] ; Not sure if it works INT 21H LOADRUN2: MOV AH,4BH MOV AL,00 LEA DX,[PROGNAME2] ; Not sure if it works INT 21H ; Here I define the bytes containing the pathnames PROGNAME1 db 'C:\Users\Usuario\NASM\Adding.exe',0 PROGNAME2 db 'C:\Users\Usuario\NASM\Substracting.exe',0 I just don't know how start another program by input in the 'parent' program, after one is already executing. Thanks in advance for your help! Any additional information I'll be more than happy to provide. -I'm using NASM 16 bits, Windows 7 32 bits.

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  • Is the Microsoft Surface restricted to Chinese display language in China and Hong Kong

    - by TimothyP
    I currently live in China so my only options to buy a Surface tablet is to buy it here or in Hong Kong. Problem is that by default the entire UI is in Chinese. In the x86 version of Windows 8 you can install additional language packs to solve this, but I'm wondering if this is true for the tablet as well In the shop (Sunning) they will not let me try that, and if I buy one and it turns out you can't install language packs than I'm pooched. Can't find any official information on it either, at least nothing that refers to the tablet directly. (and whether or not the Chinese version is restricted in some way)

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  • Create My own language with "Functional Programming Language"

    - by esehara
    I prefer Haskell. I already know How to create my own language with Procedural Language (for example: C, Java, Python, etc). But, I know How to create my own language with Functional Language (for example Haskell, Clojure and Scala). I've already read: Internet Resources Write Yourself a Scheme in 48 Hours Real World Haskell - Chapter 16.Using Persec Writing A Lisp Interpreter In Haskell Parsec, a fast combinator parser Implementing functional languages: a tutorial Books Introduction Functional Programming Using Haskell 2nd Edition -- Haskell StackOverflow (but with procedural language) Learning to write a compiler create my own programming language Source Libraries and tools/HJS -- Haskell Are there any other good sources? I wants to get more links,or sources.

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  • Maven assembly - Error reading assemblies

    - by Laurent
    Dear all, I have defined a personalized jar-with-dependencies assembly descriptor. However, when I execute it with mvn assembly:assembly, I get : ... [INFO] META-INF/ already added, skipping [INFO] META-INF/MANIFEST.MF already added, skipping [INFO] javax/ already added, skipping [INFO] META-INF/ already added, skipping [INFO] META-INF/MANIFEST.MF already added, skipping [INFO] META-INF/maven/ already added, skipping [INFO] [assembly:assembly {execution: default-cli}] [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [ERROR] BUILD ERROR [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] Error reading assemblies: No assembly descriptors found. My jar-with-dependencies.xml is in src/main/resources/assemblies/. My assembly descriptor is the following : <?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?> <assembly> <id>jar-with-dependencies</id> <formats> <format>jar</format> </formats> <dependencySets> <dependencySet> <scope>runtime</scope> <unpack>true</unpack> <unpackOptions> <excludes> <exclude>**/LICENSE*</exclude> <exclude>**/README*</exclude> </excludes> </unpackOptions> </dependencySet> </dependencySets> <fileSets> <fileSet> <directory>${project.build.outputDirectory}</directory> <outputDirectory>/</outputDirectory> </fileSet> <fileSet> <directory>src/main/resources/META-INF/services</directory> <outputDirectory>META-INF/services</outputDirectory> </fileSet> </fileSets> </assembly> And my project pom.xml is : <plugin> <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId> <artifactId>maven-assembly-plugin</artifactId> <version>2.2-beta-5</version> <executions> <execution> <id>jar-with-dependencies</id> <phase>package</phase> <goals> <goal>single</goal> </goals> <configuration> <descriptors> <descriptor>jar-with-dependencies.xml</descriptor> </descriptors> <archive> <manifest> <mainClass>org.my.app.HowTo</mainClass> </manifest> </archive> </configuration> </execution> </executions> </plugin> When mvn assembly:assembly is performed, dependencies are unpacked and I get the previous error when unpack has finished. Moreover, if I execute mvn -e assembly:assembly it is say that no descriptors has been found, however it try to unpack dependencies and a JAR with dependencies is created but it doesn't contain META-INF/services/* as specified in descriptor : [ERROR] BUILD ERROR [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] Error reading assemblies: No assembly descriptors found. [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ [INFO] Trace org.apache.maven.lifecycle.LifecycleExecutionException: Error reading assemblies: No assembly descriptors found. at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.DefaultLifecycleExecutor.executeGoals(DefaultLifecycleExecutor.java:719) at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.DefaultLifecycleExecutor.executeStandaloneGoal(DefaultLifecycleExecutor.java:569) at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.DefaultLifecycleExecutor.executeGoal(DefaultLifecycleExecutor.java:539) at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.DefaultLifecycleExecutor.executeGoalAndHandleFailures(DefaultLifecycleExecutor.java:387) at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.DefaultLifecycleExecutor.executeTaskSegments(DefaultLifecycleExecutor.java:284) at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.DefaultLifecycleExecutor.execute(DefaultLifecycleExecutor.java:180) at org.apache.maven.DefaultMaven.doExecute(DefaultMaven.java:328) at org.apache.maven.DefaultMaven.execute(DefaultMaven.java:138) at org.apache.maven.cli.MavenCli.main(MavenCli.java:362) at org.apache.maven.cli.compat.CompatibleMain.main(CompatibleMain.java:60) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:39) at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:25) at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:597) at org.codehaus.classworlds.Launcher.launchEnhanced(Launcher.java:315) at org.codehaus.classworlds.Launcher.launch(Launcher.java:255) at org.codehaus.classworlds.Launcher.mainWithExitCode(Launcher.java:430) at org.codehaus.classworlds.Launcher.main(Launcher.java:375) Caused by: org.apache.maven.plugin.MojoExecutionException: Error reading assemblies: No assembly descriptors found. at org.apache.maven.plugin.assembly.mojos.AbstractAssemblyMojo.execute(AbstractAssemblyMojo.java:356) at org.apache.maven.plugin.DefaultPluginManager.executeMojo(DefaultPluginManager.java:490) at org.apache.maven.lifecycle.DefaultLifecycleExecutor.executeGoals(DefaultLifecycleExecutor.java:694) ... 17 more Caused by: org.apache.maven.plugin.assembly.io.AssemblyReadException: No assembly descriptors found. at org.apache.maven.plugin.assembly.io.DefaultAssemblyReader.readAssemblies(DefaultAssemblyReader.java:206) at org.apache.maven.plugin.assembly.mojos.AbstractAssemblyMojo.execute(AbstractAssemblyMojo.java:352) ... 19 more I don't see my error. Does someone has a solution ? Kind Regards Laurent

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  • Is there much difference between X86 Assembly language on Windows and Linux?

    - by Logan545
    I'm a complete beginner at Assembly, and my aim is to learn as much as I can to do with Assembly to one day I can reach expert level (I know I'm way off right now, but you never know). My only problem is this: I've got two books which both teach assembly, one on a Linux and the other on Windows. They are Jeff Duntemann's Assembly Language Step By Step (the linux one) and Introduction to 80x86 Assembly Language and Computer Architecture (the windows version). If I want to get the best out of assembly, should I do this on linux and windows? Also, is the syntax the same on Windows and Linux or will I have teach my self again when learning on the other OS( which is my main concern, I want to be able to use assembly on windows and linux).

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  • Serializing and Deserializing External Assembly in C#

    - by Heka
    I wrote a plugin system and I want to save/load their properties so that if the program is restarted they can continue working. I use binary serialization. The problem is they can be serialized but not deserialized. During the deserialization "Unable to find assembly" exception is thrown. How can I restore serialized data?

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  • Windows XP Language, explorer.exe

    - by nmuntz
    Hi, I was given by my company a laptop with Windows XP Professional in Spanish. I would like to translate it to English, since I really DISLIKE to use localized versions of programs. I have read about Windows MUI packs, however you MUST have Windows XP Pro in English in order to translate it to other language, you can't translate it TO English from other language. Since reinstalling the OS using a Win XP CD in english is not an option (don't have the license nor the CD, and don't have domain privileges to rejoin my computer to the domain), I was wondering what are the essential files that contain localized strings of text. I was doing some research, and apparently explorer.exe has many of the Windows Error Messages and other strings. Will replacing my original explorer.exe with one from Windows XP in English be enough (and work) for having a "basic" english version of windows? Im mainly interested in having error messages, start menu, and the control panel in english. Also, does it HAVE to be the same version as the Service Pack im running? Besides explorer.exe are there any other essential files that i should try to get and replace? Do you see any "dangers" in replacing this files with english version ones? Thanks in advance for your help.

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  • create assembly from network location

    - by mjw06d
    The error I'm receiving: CREATE ASSEMBLY failed because it could not open the physical file "\\<server>\<folder>\<assembly>.dll": 5(Access is denied.). TSQL: exec sp_configure 'clr enabled', 1 reconfigure go create assembly <assemblyname> from '\\<server>\<folder>\<assembly>.dll' with permission_set = safe How can I create an assembly from a unc path?

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  • New promising webdevelopment language?

    - by Rick
    I'm looking for a new language focused on webdevelopment. I know there are many current language/framework combination that are very suited for webdevelopment; ASP.Net, Ruby on Rails, PHP with numerous frameworks, etc... I like shiny new things! I like digging through language documentation or even an interpreter to figure out why something is not working the way I expect it to. Sure I could use an existing solution, but that wouldn't be fun! Are there any new up and coming language focused to webdevelopment (optionally language + webframework setup would be fine too)?

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