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  • Difference between float and double

    - by VaioIsBorn
    I know, i've read about the difference between double precision and single precision etc. But they should give the same results on most cases right ? I was solving a problem on a programming contest and there were calculations with floating point numbers that were not really big so i decided to use float instead of double, and i checked it - i was getting the correct results. But when i send the solution, it said only 1 of 10 tests was correct. I checked again and again, until i found that using float is not the same using double. I put double for the calculations and double for the output, and the program gave the SAME results, but this time it passed all the 10 tests correctly. I repeat, the output was the SAME, the results were the SAME, but putting float didn't work - only double. The values were not so big too, and the program gave the same results on the same tests both with float and double, but the online judge accepted only the double-provided solution. Why ? What is the difference ?

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  • Convert a byte array to a class containing a byte array in C#

    - by Mathijs
    I've got a C# function that converts a byte array to a class, given it's type: IntPtr buffer = Marshal.AllocHGlobal(rawsize); Marshal.Copy(data, 0, buffer, rawsize); object result = Marshal.PtrToStructure(buffer, type); Marshal.FreeHGlobal(buffer); I use sequential structs: [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)] public new class PacketFormat : Packet.PacketFormat { } This worked fine, until I tried to convert to a struct/class containing a byte array. [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)] public new class PacketFormat : Packet.PacketFormat { public byte header; public byte[] data = new byte[256]; } Marshal.SizeOf(type) returns 16, which is too low (should be 257) and causes Marshal.PtrToStructure to fail with the following error: Attempted to read or write protected memory. This is often an indication that other memory is corrupt. I'm guessing that using a fixed array would be a solution, but can it also be done without having to resort to unsafe code?

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  • Trimming byte array when converting byte array to string in Java/Scala

    - by prosseek
    Using ByteBuffer, I can convert a string into byte array: val x = ByteBuffer.allocate(10).put("Hello".getBytes()).array() > Array[Byte] = Array(104, 101, 108, 108, 111, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0) When converting the byte array into string, I can use new String(x). However, the string becomes hello?????, and I need to trim down the byte array before converting it into string. How can I do that? I use this code to trim down the zeros, but I wonder if there is simpler way. def byteArrayToString(x: Array[Byte]) = { val loc = x.indexOf(0) if (-1 == loc) new String(x) else if (0 == loc) "" else new String(x.slice(0,loc)) }

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  • When do you use float and when do you use double

    - by Jakub Zaverka
    Frequently in my programming experience I need to make a decision whether I should use float or double for my real numbers. Sometimes I go for float, sometimes I go for double, but really this feels more subjective. If I would be confronted to defend my decision, I would probably not give sound reasons. When do you use float and when do you use double? Do you always use double, only when memory constraints are present you go for float? Or you use always float unless the precision requirement requires you to use double? Are there some substantial differences regarding computational complexity of basic arithemtics between float and double? What are the pros and cons of using float or double? And have you even used long double?

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  • Python byte per byte XOR decryption

    - by neurino
    I have an XOR encypted file by a VB.net program using this function to scramble: Public Class Crypter ... 'This Will convert String to bytes, then call the other function. Public Function Crypt(ByVal Data As String) As String Return Encoding.Default.GetString(Crypt(Encoding.Default.GetBytes(Data))) End Function 'This calls XorCrypt giving Key converted to bytes Public Function Crypt(ByVal Data() As Byte) As Byte() Return XorCrypt(Data, Encoding.Default.GetBytes(Me.Key)) End Function 'Xor Encryption. Private Function XorCrypt(ByVal Data() As Byte, ByVal Key() As Byte) As Byte() Dim i As Integer If Key.Length <> 0 Then For i = 0 To Data.Length - 1 Data(i) = Data(i) Xor Key(i Mod Key.Length) Next End If Return Data End Function End Class and saved this way: Dim Crypter As New Cryptic(Key) 'open destination file Dim objWriter As New StreamWriter(fileName) 'write crypted content objWriter.Write(Crypter.Crypt(data)) Now I have to reopen the file with Python but I have troubles getting single bytes, this is the XOR function in python: def crypto(self, data): 'crypto(self, data) -> str' return ''.join(chr((ord(x) ^ ord(y)) % 256) \ for (x, y) in izip(data.decode('utf-8'), cycle(self.key)) I had to add the % 256 since sometimes x is 256 i.e. not a single byte. This thing of two bytes being passed does not break the decryption because the key keeps "paired" with the following data. The problem is some decrypted character in the conversion is wrong. These chars are all accented letters like à, è, ì but just a few of the overall accented letters. The others are all correctly restored. I guess it could be due to the 256 mod but without it I of course get a chr exception... Thanks for your support

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  • Convert Byte Array into Bitset

    - by Unknown
    I have a byte array generated by a random number generator. I want to put this into the STL bitset. Unfortunately, it looks like Bitset only supports the following constructors: A string of 1's and 0's like "10101011" An unsigned long. (my byte array will be longer) The only solution I can think of now is to read the byte array bit by bit and make a string of 1's and 0's. Does anyone have a more efficient solution?

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  • How to read a file byte by byte in Python and how to print a bytelist as a binary?

    - by zaplec
    Hi, I'm trying to read a file byte by byte, but I'm not sure how to do that. I'm trying to do it like that: file = open(filename, 'rb') while 1: byte = file.read(8) # Do something... So does that make the variable byte to contain 8 next bits at the beginning of every loop? It doesn't matter what those bytes really are. The only thing that matters is that I need to read a file in 8-bit stacks. EDIT: Also I collect those bytes in a list and I would like to print them so that they don't print out as ASCII characters, but as raw bytes i.e. when I print that bytelist it gives the result as ['10010101', '00011100', .... ]

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  • Return Double from Boost thread

    - by Benedikt Wutzi
    Hi I have an Boost thread which should return a double. The function looks like this: void analyser::findup(const double startwl, const double max, double &myret){ this->data.begin(); for(int i = (int)data.size() ; i >= 0;i--){ if(this->data[i].lambda > startwl){ if(this->data[i].db >= (max-30)) { myret = this->data[i+1].lambda; std::cout <<"in thread " << myret << std::endl; return; } } } } this function is called by another function: void analyser::start_find_up(const double startwl, const double max){ double tmp = -42.0; boost::thread up(&analyser::findup,*this, startwl,max,tmp); std::cout << "before join " << tmp << std::endl; up.join(); std::cout << "after join " << tmp << std::endl; } Anyway I've tried and googled almost anything but i can't get it to return a value. The output looks like this right now. before join -42 in thread 843.487 after join -42 Thanks for any help.

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  • Opening password protected Excel 2007 documents by double clicking from My documents does not work u

    - by erik-van-gorp
    When all of the following conditions are true, excel will open (most of the time) but will not open the document itself. No error is displayed. This only occurs with Excel files, Word and powerpoint do open perfectly. Conditions : OS is "Windows 7 Professional 64-bit" office is "Office 2007 Ultimate". excel file is in .xls (2003 format) excel file is password protected excel file is in "My Documents" (or a subfolder of it) file is double-clicked from explorer under Windows 7. Following options do open the excel file as it should : right click and selecting the (bold) open action single click the file and pressing enter moving the file to the desktop and double-click it. non password protected files do open from the same directory. Actions taken not resolving the problem: - reboot - repair office installation - system restore does not work because of Antivirus application installed (message from system restore, using "Symantec Internet Security 2010") Anyone any idea ?

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  • C++ double division by 0.0 versus DBL_MIN

    - by wonsungi
    When finding the inverse square root of a double, is it better to clamp invalid non-positive inputs at 0.0 or MIN_DBL? (In my example below double b may end up being negative due to floating point rounding errors and because the laws of physics are slightly slightly fudged in the game.) Both division by 0.0 and MIN_DBL produce the same outcome in the game because 1/0.0 and 1/DBL_MIN are effectively infinity. My intuition says MIN_DBL is the better choice, but would there be any case for using 0.0? Like perhaps sqrt(0.0), 1/0.0 and multiplication by 1.#INF000000000000 execute faster because they are special cases. double b = 1 - v.length_squared()/(c*c); #ifdef CLAMP_BY_0 if (b < 0.0) b = 0.0; #endif #ifdef CLAMP_BY_DBL_MIN if (b <= 0.0) b = DBL_MIN; #endif double lorentz_factor = 1/sqrt(b); double division in MSVC: 1/0.0 = 1.#INF000000000000 1/DBL_MIN = 4.4942328371557898e+307

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  • Swap bits in c++ for a double

    - by hidayat
    Im trying to change from big endian to little endian on a double. One way to go is to use double val, tmp = 5.55; ((unsigned int *)&val)[0] = ntohl(((unsigned int *)&tmp)[1]); ((unsigned int *)&val)[1] = ntohl(((unsigned int *)&tmp)[0]); But then I get a warning: "dereferencing type-punned pointer will break strict-aliasing rules" and I dont want to turn this warning off. Another way to go is: #define ntohll(x) ( ( (uint64_t)(ntohl( (uint32_t)((x << 32) >> 32) )) << 32) | ntohl( ((uint32_t)(x >> 32)) ) ) val = (double)bswap_64(unsigned long long(tmp)); //or val = (double)ntohll(unsigned long long(tmp)); But then a lose the decimals. Anyone know a good way to swap the bits on a double without using a for loop?

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  • scanf a byte then print it out?

    - by Sarah
    I've searched around to see if I can find this answer but I can't seem to (please let me know if I'm wrong). I am trying to use scanf to read in a byte, an unsigned int and a char in one .c file and I am trying to access this byte in a different .c file and print it out. (I have already checked to make sure I have included all the appropriate parameters everywhere) But I keep getting errors. The warnings are: database.c: In function ‘addCitizen’: database.c:23:2: warning: format ‘%hhu’ expects argument of type ‘int’, but argument 2 has type ‘byte *’ [-Wformat] database.c:24:2: warning: format ‘%u’ expects argument of type ‘unsigned int’, but argument 2 has type ‘int *’ [-Wformat] database.c:25:2: warning: format ‘%c’ expects argument of type ‘int’, but argument 2 has type ‘char *’ [-Wformat] where I'm scanf'ing: // Request loop while (count-- != 0) { while (1){ // Get values from the user int error = scanf ("%79s %hhu %u %c", tname, &tdist, &tyear, &tgender); addCitizen(db, tname, &tdist, &tyear, &tgender); where I'm printing: void addCitizen(Database *db, char *tname, byte *tdist, int *tyear, char *tgender){ //needs to find the right place in memory to put this stuff and then put it there printf("\nName is: %79s\n", tname); printf("District is: %hhu\n", tdist); printf("Year of birth is: %u\n", tyear); printf("Gender is:%c\n", tgender); I'm not sure where I'm going wrong?

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  • Java string to double conversion.

    - by wretrOvian
    Hi, I've been reading up on the net about the issues with handling float and double types in java. Unfortunately, the image is still not clear. Hence, i'm asking here direct. :( My MySQL table has various DECIMAL(m,d) columns. The m may range from 5 to 30. d stays a constant at 2. Question 1. What equivalent data-type should i be using in Java to work (i.e store, retrieve, and process) with the size of the values in my table? (I've settled with double - hence this post). Question 2. While trying to parse a double from a string, i'm getting errors Double dpu = new Double(dpuField.getText()); for example - "1" -> java.lang.NumberFormatException: empty String "10" -> 1.0 "101" -> 10.0 "101." -> 101.0 "101.1" -> 101.0 "101.19" -> 101.1 What am i doing wrong? What is the correct way to convert a string to a double value? And what measures should i take to perform operations on such values?

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  • [C#] Convert string to double with 2 digit after decimal separator

    - by st.stoqnov
    All began with these simple lines of code: string s = "16.9"; double d = Convert.ToDouble(s); d*=100; The result should be 1690.0, but it's not. d is equal to 1689.9999999999998. All I want to do is to round a double to value with 2 digit after decimal separator. Here is my function. private double RoundFloat(double Value) { float sign = (Value < 0) ? -0.01f : 0.01f; if (Math.Abs(Value) < 0.00001) Value = 0; string SVal = Value.ToString(); string DecimalSeparator = System.Globalization.CultureInfo.CurrentCulture.NumberFormat.CurrencyDecimalSeparator; int i = SVal.IndexOf(DecimalSeparator); if (i > 0) { int SRnd; try { // ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? SRnd = Convert.ToInt32(SVal.Substring(i + 3, 1)); } catch { SRnd = 0; } if (SVal.Length > i + 3) SVal = SVal.Substring(0, i + 3); //SVal += "00001"; try { double result = (SRnd >= 5) ? Convert.ToDouble(SVal) + sign : Convert.ToDouble(SVal); //result = Math.Round(result, 2); return result; } catch { return 0; } } else { return Value; } But again the same problem, converting from string to double is not working as I want. A workaround to this problem is to concatenate "00001" to the string and then use the Math.Round function (commented in the example above). This double value multiplied to 100 (as integer) is send to a device (cash register) and this values must be correct. I am using VS2005 + .NET CF 2.0 Is there another more "elegant" solution, I am not happy with this one.

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  • Python - integer to byte

    - by quano
    Say I've got an integer, 13941412, that I wish to separate into bytes (the number is actually a color in the form 0x00bbggrr). How would you do that? In c, you'd cast the number to a BYTE and then shift the bits. How do you cast to byte in Python?

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  • Integer to byte conversion

    - by quano
    Say I've got an integer, 13941412, that I wish to separate into bytes (the number is actually a color in the form 0x00bbggrr). How would you do that? In c, you'd cast the number to a BYTE and then shift the bits. How do you cast to byte in Python?

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