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• What is the ip range of EC2

  - by Nicolas Kassis

  I'd like to setup a rule to block ssh request from EC2 since I've been seeing a large amount of ssh based attack from there and was wondering if anyone knew what their IP ranges are. EDIT: Thank you for the answer, I went ahead and implemented the iptables rules as follow. I ignore all traffic for the moment. Logging it just to see if the rules are working and for stats on how much crap EC2 is sending out ;) #EC2 Blacklist $IPTBLS -A INPUT -s 67.202.0.0/18 -j LOG --log-prefix "<firewall> EC2 traffic " $IPTBLS -A INPUT -s 67.202.0.0/18 -j DROP $IPTBLS -A INPUT -s 72.44.32.0/19 -j LOG --log-prefix "<firewall> EC2 traffic " $IPTBLS -A INPUT -s 72.44.32.0/19 -j DROP $IPTBLS -A INPUT -s 75.101.128.0/17 -j LOG --log-prefix "<firewall> EC2 traffic " $IPTBLS -A INPUT -s 75.101.128.0/17 -j DROP $IPTBLS -A INPUT -s 174.129.0.0/16 -j LOG --log-prefix "<firewall> EC2 traffic " $IPTBLS -A INPUT -s 174.129.0.0/16 -j DROP $IPTBLS -A INPUT -s 204.236.192.0/18 -j LOG --log-prefix "<firewall> EC2 traffic " $IPTBLS -A INPUT -s 204.236.192.0/18 -j DROP $IPTBLS -A INPUT -s 204.236.224.0/19 -j LOG --log-prefix "<firewall> EC2 traffic " $IPTBLS -A INPUT -s 204.236.224.0/19 -j DROP $IPTBLS -A INPUT -s 79.125.0.0/17 -j LOG --log-prefix "<firewall> EC2 traffic " $IPTBLS -A INPUT -s 79.125.0.0/17 -j DROP

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• Merge two different API calls into One

  - by dhilipsiva

  I have two different apps in my django project. One is "comment" and an other one is "files". A comment might save some file attached to it. The current way of creating a comment with attachments is by making two API calls. First one creates an actual comment and replies with the comment ID which serves as foreign key for the Files. Then for each file, a new request is made with the comment ID. Please note that file is a generic app, that can be used with other apps too. What is the cleanest way of making this into one API call? I want to have this as a single API call because I am in a situation where I need to send user an email with all the files as attachment when a comment is made. I know Queueing is the ideal way to do it. But I don't have the liberty to add queing to our stack now. So this was the only way I could think of.

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• Ping Unknown Host on CentOS at EC2

  - by organicveggie

  Weird problem. We have a collection of servers running CentOS 5 on EC2. The setup includes two DNS servers and two LDAP servers. DNS has a CNAME pointing at the primary LDAP server. One machine (and only one machine) is giving me problems. I can ssh into the server using LDAP authentication. But once I'm on the machine, ping won't resolve the LDAP host even though DNS seems to work fine. Here's ping: $ ping ldap.mycompany.ec2 ping: unknown host ldap.mycompany.ec2 Here's the output of dig: $ dig ldap.mycompany.ec2 ; <<>> DiG 9.3.6-P1-RedHat-9.3.6-4.P1.el5_5.3 <<>> ldap.studyblue.ec2 ;; global options: printcmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 2893 ;; flags: qr aa rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 2, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 0 ;; QUESTION SECTION: ;ldap.mycompany.ec2. IN A ;; ANSWER SECTION: ldap.mycompany.ec2. 3600 IN CNAME ec2-hostname.compute-1.amazonaws.com. ec2-hostname.compute-1.amazonaws.com. 55 IN A aaa.bbb.ccc.ddd ;; Query time: 12 msec ;; SERVER: 10.32.159.xxx#53(10.32.159.xxx) ;; WHEN: Tue May 31 11:16:30 2011 ;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 107 And here is resolv.conf: $ cat /etc/resolv.conf search mycompany.ec2 nameserver 10.32.159.xxx nameserver 10.244.19.yyy And here is my hosts file: $ cat /etc/hosts 10.122.15.zzz bamboo4 bamboo4.mycompany.ec2 127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain And here's nsswitch.conf $ cat /etc/nsswitch.conf passwd: files ldap shadow: files ldap group: files ldap sudoers: ldap files hosts: files dns bootparams: nisplus [NOTFOUND=return] files ethers: files netmasks: files networks: files protocols: files rpc: files services: files netgroup: files ldap publickey: nisplus automount: files ldap aliases: files nisplus So DNS works the way I would expect. And I can ping the ldap server by ip address. And I can even access the box with SSH using LDAP authentication. Any suggestions?

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• Mapping UrlEncoded POST Values in ASP.NET Web API

  - by Rick Strahl

  If there's one thing that's a bit unexpected in ASP.NET Web API, it's the limited support for mapping url encoded POST data values to simple parameters of ApiController methods. When I first looked at this I thought I was doing something wrong, because it seems mighty odd that you can bind query string values to parameters by name, but can't bind POST values to parameters in the same way. To demonstrate here's a simple example. If you have a Web API method like this:[HttpGet] public HttpResponseMessage Authenticate(string username, string password) { …} and then hit with a URL like this: http://localhost:88/samples/authenticate?Username=ricks&Password=sekrit it works just fine. The query string values are mapped to the username and password parameters of our API method. But if you now change the method to work with [HttpPost] instead like this:[HttpPost] public HttpResponseMessage Authenticate(string username, string password) { …} and hit it with a POST HTTP Request like this: POST http://localhost:88/samples/authenticate HTTP/1.1 Host: localhost:88 Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8 Content-type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded Content-Length: 30 Username=ricks&Password=sekrit you'll find that while the request works, it doesn't actually receive the two string parameters. The username and password parameters are null and so the method is definitely going to fail. When I mentioned this over Twitter a few days ago I got a lot of responses back of why I'd want to do this in the first place - after all HTML Form submissions are the domain of MVC and not WebAPI which is a valid point. However, the more common use case is using POST Variables with AJAX calls. The following is quite common for passing simple values:$.post(url,{ Username: "Rick", Password: "sekrit" },function(result) {…}); but alas that doesn't work. How ASP.NET Web API handles Content Bodies Web API supports parsing content data in a variety of ways, but it does not deal with multiple posted content values. In effect you can only post a single content value to a Web API Action method. That one parameter can be very complex and you can bind it in a variety of ways, but ultimately you're tied to a single POST content value in your parameter definition. While it's possible to support multiple parameters on a POST/PUT operation, only one parameter can be mapped to the actual content - the rest have to be mapped to route values or the query string. Web API treats the whole request body as one big chunk of data that is sent to a Media Type Formatter that's responsible for de-serializing the content into whatever value the method requires. The restriction comes from async nature of Web API where the request data is read only once inside of the formatter that retrieves and deserializes it. Because it's read once, checking for content (like individual POST variables) first is not possible. However, Web API does provide a couple of ways to access the form POST data: Model Binding - object property mapping to bind POST values FormDataCollection - collection of POST keys/values ModelBinding POST Values - Binding POST data to Object Properties The recommended way to handle POST values in Web API is to use Model Binding, which maps individual urlencoded POST values to properties of a model object provided as the parameter. Model binding requires a single object as input to be bound to the POST data, with each POST key that matches a property name (including nested properties like Address.Street) being mapped and updated including automatic type conversion of simple types. This is a very nice feature - and a familiar one from MVC - that makes it very easy to have model objects mapped directly from inbound data. The obvious drawback with Model Binding is that you need a model for it to work: You have to provide a strongly typed object that can receive the data and this object has to map the inbound data. To rewrite the example above to use ModelBinding I have to create a class maps the properties that I need as parameters:public class LoginData { public string Username { get; set; } public string Password { get; set; } } and then accept the data like this in the API method:[HttpPost] public HttpResponseMessage Authenticate(LoginData login) { string username = login.Username; string password = login.Password; … } This works fine mapping the POST values to the properties of the login object. As a side benefit of this method definition, the method now also allows posting of JSON or XML to the same endpoint. If I change my request to send JSON like this: POST http://localhost:88/samples/authenticate HTTP/1.1 Host: localhost:88 Accept: application/jsonContent-type: application/json Content-Length: 40 {"Username":"ricks","Password":"sekrit"} it works as well and transparently, courtesy of the nice Content Negotiation features of Web API. There's nothing wrong with using Model binding and in fact it's a common practice to use (view) model object for inputs coming back from the client and mapping them into these models. But it can be  kind of a hassle if you have AJAX applications with a ton of backend hits, especially if many methods are very atomic and focused and don't effectively require a model or view. Not always do you have to pass structured data, but sometimes there are just a couple of simple response values that need to be sent back. If all you need is to pass a couple operational parameters, creating a view model object just for parameter purposes seems like overkill. Maybe you can use the query string instead (if that makes sense), but if you can't then you can often end up with a plethora of 'message objects' that serve no further  purpose than to make Model Binding work. Note that you can accept multiple parameters with ModelBinding so the following would still work:[HttpPost] public HttpResponseMessage Authenticate(LoginData login, string loginDomain) but only the object will be bound to POST data. As long as loginDomain comes from the querystring or route data this will work. Collecting POST values with FormDataCollection Another more dynamic approach to handle POST values is to collect POST data into a FormDataCollection. FormDataCollection is a very basic key/value collection (like FormCollection in MVC and Request.Form in ASP.NET in general) and then read the values out individually by querying each. [HttpPost] public HttpResponseMessage Authenticate(FormDataCollection form) { var username = form.Get("Username"); var password = form.Get("Password"); …} The downside to this approach is that it's not strongly typed, you have to handle type conversions on non-string parameters, and it gets a bit more complicated to test such as setup as you have to seed a FormDataCollection with data. On the other hand it's flexible and easy to use and especially with string parameters is easy to deal with. It's also dynamic, so if the client sends you a variety of combinations of values on which you make operating decisions, this is much easier to work with than a strongly typed object that would have to account for all possible values up front. The downside is that the code looks old school and isn't as self-documenting as a parameter list or object parameter would be. Nevertheless it's totally functionality and a viable choice for collecting POST values. What about [FromBody]? Web API also has a [FromBody] attribute that can be assigned to parameters. If you have multiple parameters on a Web API method signature you can use [FromBody] to specify which one will be parsed from the POST content. Unfortunately it's not terribly useful as it only returns content in raw format and requires a totally non-standard format ("=content") to specify your content. For more info in how FromBody works and several related issues to how POST data is mapped, you can check out Mike Stalls post: How WebAPI does Parameter Binding Not really sure where the Web API team thought [FromBody] would really be a good fit other than a down and dirty way to send a full string buffer. Extending Web API to make multiple POST Vars work? Don't think so Clearly there's no native support for multiple POST variables being mapped to parameters, which is a bit of a bummer. I know in my own work on one project my customer actually found this to be a real sticking point in their AJAX backend work, and we ended up not using Web API and using MVC JSON features instead. That's kind of sad because Web API is supposed to be the proper solution for AJAX backends. With all of ASP.NET Web API's extensibility you'd think there would be some way to build this functionality on our own, but after spending a bit of time digging and asking some of the experts from the team and Web API community I didn't hear anything that even suggests that this is possible. From what I could find I'd say it's not possible primarily because Web API's Routing engine does not account for the POST variable mapping. This means [HttpPost] methods with url encoded POST buffers are not mapped to the parameters of the endpoint, and so the routes would never even trigger a request that could be intercepted. Once the routing doesn't work there's not much that can be done. If somebody has an idea how this could be accomplished I would love to hear about it. Do we really need multi-value POST mapping? I think that that POST value mapping is a feature that one would expect of any API tool to have. If you look at common APIs out there like Flicker and Google Maps etc. they all work with POST data. POST data is very prominent much more so than JSON inputs and so supporting as many options that enable would seem to be crucial. All that aside, Web API does provide very nice features with Model Binding that allows you to capture many POST variables easily enough, and logistically this will let you build whatever you need with POST data of all shapes as long as you map objects. But having to have an object for every operation that receives a data input is going to take its toll in heavy AJAX applications, with a lot of types created that do nothing more than act as parameter containers. I also think that POST variable mapping is an expected behavior and Web APIs non-support will likely result in many, many questions like this one: How do I bind a simple POST value in ASP.NET WebAPI RC? with no clear answer to this question. I hope for V.next of WebAPI Microsoft will consider this a feature that's worth adding. Related Articles Passing multiple POST parameters to Web API Controller Methods Mike Stall's post: How Web API does Parameter Binding Where does ASP.NET Web API Fit?© Rick Strahl, West Wind Technologies, 2005-2012Posted in Web Api   Tweet !function(d,s,id){var js,fjs=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];if(!d.getElementById(id)){js=d.createElement(s);js.id=id;js.src="//platform.twitter.com/widgets.js";fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js,fjs);}}(document,"script","twitter-wjs"); (function() { var po = document.createElement('script'); po.type = 'text/javascript'; po.async = true; po.src = 'https://apis.google.com/js/plusone.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(po, s); })();

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• Introduction to the ASP.NET Web API

  - by Stephen.Walther

  I am a huge fan of Ajax. If you want to create a great experience for the users of your website – regardless of whether you are building an ASP.NET MVC or an ASP.NET Web Forms site — then you need to use Ajax. Otherwise, you are just being cruel to your customers. We use Ajax extensively in several of the ASP.NET applications that my company, Superexpert.com, builds. We expose data from the server as JSON and use jQuery to retrieve and update that data from the browser. One challenge, when building an ASP.NET website, is deciding on which technology to use to expose JSON data from the server. For example, how do you expose a list of products from the server as JSON so you can retrieve the list of products with jQuery? You have a number of options (too many options) including ASMX Web services, WCF Web Services, ASHX Generic Handlers, WCF Data Services, and MVC controller actions. Fortunately, the world has just been simplified. With the release of ASP.NET 4 Beta, Microsoft has introduced a new technology for exposing JSON from the server named the ASP.NET Web API. You can use the ASP.NET Web API with both ASP.NET MVC and ASP.NET Web Forms applications. The goal of this blog post is to provide you with a brief overview of the features of the new ASP.NET Web API. You learn how to use the ASP.NET Web API to retrieve, insert, update, and delete database records with jQuery. We also discuss how you can perform form validation when using the Web API and use OData when using the Web API. Creating an ASP.NET Web API Controller The ASP.NET Web API exposes JSON data through a new type of controller called an API controller. You can add an API controller to an existing ASP.NET MVC 4 project through the standard Add Controller dialog box. Right-click your Controllers folder and select Add, Controller. In the dialog box, name your controller MovieController and select the Empty API controller template: A brand new API controller looks like this: using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Net.Http; using System.Web.Http; namespace MyWebAPIApp.Controllers { public class MovieController : ApiController { } } An API controller, unlike a standard MVC controller, derives from the base ApiController class instead of the base Controller class. Using jQuery to Retrieve, Insert, Update, and Delete Data Let’s create an Ajaxified Movie Database application. We’ll retrieve, insert, update, and delete movies using jQuery with the MovieController which we just created. Our Movie model class looks like this: namespace MyWebAPIApp.Models { public class Movie { public int Id { get; set; } public string Title { get; set; } public string Director { get; set; } } } Our application will consist of a single HTML page named Movies.html. We’ll place all of our jQuery code in the Movies.html page. Getting a Single Record with the ASP.NET Web API To support retrieving a single movie from the server, we need to add a Get method to our API controller: using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Net; using System.Net.Http; using System.Web.Http; using MyWebAPIApp.Models; namespace MyWebAPIApp.Controllers { public class MovieController : ApiController { public Movie GetMovie(int id) { // Return movie by id if (id == 1) { return new Movie { Id = 1, Title = "Star Wars", Director = "Lucas" }; } // Otherwise, movie was not found throw new HttpResponseException(HttpStatusCode.NotFound); } } } In the code above, the GetMovie() method accepts the Id of a movie. If the Id has the value 1 then the method returns the movie Star Wars. Otherwise, the method throws an exception and returns 404 Not Found HTTP status code. After building your project, you can invoke the MovieController.GetMovie() method by entering the following URL in your web browser address bar: http://localhost:[port]/api/movie/1 (You’ll need to enter the correct randomly generated port). In the URL api/movie/1, the first “api” segment indicates that this is a Web API route. The “movie” segment indicates that the MovieController should be invoked. You do not specify the name of the action. Instead, the HTTP method used to make the request – GET, POST, PUT, DELETE — is used to identify the action to invoke. The ASP.NET Web API uses different routing conventions than normal ASP.NET MVC controllers. When you make an HTTP GET request then any API controller method with a name that starts with “GET” is invoked. So, we could have called our API controller action GetPopcorn() instead of GetMovie() and it would still be invoked by the URL api/movie/1. The default route for the Web API is defined in the Global.asax file and it looks like this: routes.MapHttpRoute( name: "DefaultApi", routeTemplate: "api/{controller}/{id}", defaults: new { id = RouteParameter.Optional } ); We can invoke our GetMovie() controller action with the jQuery code in the following HTML page: <!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Get Movie</title> </head> <body> <div> Title: <span id="title"></span> </div> <div> Director: <span id="director"></span> </div> <script type="text/javascript" src="Scripts/jquery-1.6.2.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> getMovie(1, function (movie) { $("#title").html(movie.Title); $("#director").html(movie.Director); }); function getMovie(id, callback) { $.ajax({ url: "/api/Movie", data: { id: id }, type: "GET", contentType: "application/json;charset=utf-8", statusCode: { 200: function (movie) { callback(movie); }, 404: function () { alert("Not Found!"); } } }); } </script> </body> </html> In the code above, the jQuery $.ajax() method is used to invoke the GetMovie() method. Notice that the Ajax call handles two HTTP response codes. When the GetMove() method successfully returns a movie, the method returns a 200 status code. In that case, the details of the movie are displayed in the HTML page. Otherwise, if the movie is not found, the GetMovie() method returns a 404 status code. In that case, the page simply displays an alert box indicating that the movie was not found (hopefully, you would implement something more graceful in an actual application). You can use your browser’s Developer Tools to see what is going on in the background when you open the HTML page (hit F12 in the most recent version of most browsers). For example, you can use the Network tab in Google Chrome to see the Ajax request which invokes the GetMovie() method: Getting a Set of Records with the ASP.NET Web API Let’s modify our Movie API controller so that it returns a collection of movies. The following Movie controller has a new ListMovies() method which returns a (hard-coded) collection of movies: using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Net; using System.Net.Http; using System.Web.Http; using MyWebAPIApp.Models; namespace MyWebAPIApp.Controllers { public class MovieController : ApiController { public IEnumerable<Movie> ListMovies() { return new List<Movie> { new Movie {Id=1, Title="Star Wars", Director="Lucas"}, new Movie {Id=1, Title="King Kong", Director="Jackson"}, new Movie {Id=1, Title="Memento", Director="Nolan"} }; } } } Because we named our action ListMovies(), the default Web API route will never match it. Therefore, we need to add the following custom route to our Global.asax file (at the top of the RegisterRoutes() method): routes.MapHttpRoute( name: "ActionApi", routeTemplate: "api/{controller}/{action}/{id}", defaults: new { id = RouteParameter.Optional } ); This route enables us to invoke the ListMovies() method with the URL /api/movie/listmovies. Now that we have exposed our collection of movies from the server, we can retrieve and display the list of movies using jQuery in our HTML page: <!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>List Movies</title> </head> <body> <div id="movies"></div> <script type="text/javascript" src="Scripts/jquery-1.6.2.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> listMovies(function (movies) { var strMovies=""; $.each(movies, function (index, movie) { strMovies += "<div>" + movie.Title + "</div>"; }); $("#movies").html(strMovies); }); function listMovies(callback) { $.ajax({ url: "/api/Movie/ListMovies", data: {}, type: "GET", contentType: "application/json;charset=utf-8", }).then(function(movies){ callback(movies); }); } </script> </body> </html>     Inserting a Record with the ASP.NET Web API Now let’s modify our Movie API controller so it supports creating new records: public HttpResponseMessage<Movie> PostMovie(Movie movieToCreate) { // Add movieToCreate to the database and update primary key movieToCreate.Id = 23; // Build a response that contains the location of the new movie var response = new HttpResponseMessage<Movie>(movieToCreate, HttpStatusCode.Created); var relativePath = "/api/movie/" + movieToCreate.Id; response.Headers.Location = new Uri(Request.RequestUri, relativePath); return response; } The PostMovie() method in the code above accepts a movieToCreate parameter. We don’t actually store the new movie anywhere. In real life, you will want to call a service method to store the new movie in a database. When you create a new resource, such as a new movie, you should return the location of the new resource. In the code above, the URL where the new movie can be retrieved is assigned to the Location header returned in the PostMovie() response. Because the name of our method starts with “Post”, we don’t need to create a custom route. The PostMovie() method can be invoked with the URL /Movie/PostMovie – just as long as the method is invoked within the context of a HTTP POST request. The following HTML page invokes the PostMovie() method. <!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Create Movie</title> </head> <body> <script type="text/javascript" src="Scripts/jquery-1.6.2.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> var movieToCreate = { title: "The Hobbit", director: "Jackson" }; createMovie(movieToCreate, function (newMovie) { alert("New movie created with an Id of " + newMovie.Id); }); function createMovie(movieToCreate, callback) { $.ajax({ url: "/api/Movie", data: JSON.stringify( movieToCreate ), type: "POST", contentType: "application/json;charset=utf-8", statusCode: { 201: function (newMovie) { callback(newMovie); } } }); } </script> </body> </html> This page creates a new movie (the Hobbit) by calling the createMovie() method. The page simply displays the Id of the new movie: The HTTP Post operation is performed with the following call to the jQuery $.ajax() method: $.ajax({ url: "/api/Movie", data: JSON.stringify( movieToCreate ), type: "POST", contentType: "application/json;charset=utf-8", statusCode: { 201: function (newMovie) { callback(newMovie); } } }); Notice that the type of Ajax request is a POST request. This is required to match the PostMovie() method. Notice, furthermore, that the new movie is converted into JSON using JSON.stringify(). The JSON.stringify() method takes a JavaScript object and converts it into a JSON string. Finally, notice that success is represented with a 201 status code. The HttpStatusCode.Created value returned from the PostMovie() method returns a 201 status code. Updating a Record with the ASP.NET Web API Here’s how we can modify the Movie API controller to support updating an existing record. In this case, we need to create a PUT method to handle an HTTP PUT request: public void PutMovie(Movie movieToUpdate) { if (movieToUpdate.Id == 1) { // Update the movie in the database return; } // If you can't find the movie to update throw new HttpResponseException(HttpStatusCode.NotFound); } Unlike our PostMovie() method, the PutMovie() method does not return a result. The action either updates the database or, if the movie cannot be found, returns an HTTP Status code of 404. The following HTML page illustrates how you can invoke the PutMovie() method: <!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Put Movie</title> </head> <body> <script type="text/javascript" src="Scripts/jquery-1.6.2.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> var movieToUpdate = { id: 1, title: "The Hobbit", director: "Jackson" }; updateMovie(movieToUpdate, function () { alert("Movie updated!"); }); function updateMovie(movieToUpdate, callback) { $.ajax({ url: "/api/Movie", data: JSON.stringify(movieToUpdate), type: "PUT", contentType: "application/json;charset=utf-8", statusCode: { 200: function () { callback(); }, 404: function () { alert("Movie not found!"); } } }); } </script> </body> </html> Deleting a Record with the ASP.NET Web API Here’s the code for deleting a movie: public HttpResponseMessage DeleteMovie(int id) { // Delete the movie from the database // Return status code return new HttpResponseMessage(HttpStatusCode.NoContent); } This method simply deletes the movie (well, not really, but pretend that it does) and returns a No Content status code (204). The following page illustrates how you can invoke the DeleteMovie() action: <!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Delete Movie</title> </head> <body> <script type="text/javascript" src="Scripts/jquery-1.6.2.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> deleteMovie(1, function () { alert("Movie deleted!"); }); function deleteMovie(id, callback) { $.ajax({ url: "/api/Movie", data: JSON.stringify({id:id}), type: "DELETE", contentType: "application/json;charset=utf-8", statusCode: { 204: function () { callback(); } } }); } </script> </body> </html> Performing Validation How do you perform form validation when using the ASP.NET Web API? Because validation in ASP.NET MVC is driven by the Default Model Binder, and because the Web API uses the Default Model Binder, you get validation for free. Let’s modify our Movie class so it includes some of the standard validation attributes: using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations; namespace MyWebAPIApp.Models { public class Movie { public int Id { get; set; } [Required(ErrorMessage="Title is required!")] [StringLength(5, ErrorMessage="Title cannot be more than 5 characters!")] public string Title { get; set; } [Required(ErrorMessage="Director is required!")] public string Director { get; set; } } } In the code above, the Required validation attribute is used to make both the Title and Director properties required. The StringLength attribute is used to require the length of the movie title to be no more than 5 characters. Now let’s modify our PostMovie() action to validate a movie before adding the movie to the database: public HttpResponseMessage PostMovie(Movie movieToCreate) { // Validate movie if (!ModelState.IsValid) { var errors = new JsonArray(); foreach (var prop in ModelState.Values) { if (prop.Errors.Any()) { errors.Add(prop.Errors.First().ErrorMessage); } } return new HttpResponseMessage<JsonValue>(errors, HttpStatusCode.BadRequest); } // Add movieToCreate to the database and update primary key movieToCreate.Id = 23; // Build a response that contains the location of the new movie var response = new HttpResponseMessage<Movie>(movieToCreate, HttpStatusCode.Created); var relativePath = "/api/movie/" + movieToCreate.Id; response.Headers.Location = new Uri(Request.RequestUri, relativePath); return response; } If ModelState.IsValid has the value false then the errors in model state are copied to a new JSON array. Each property – such as the Title and Director property — can have multiple errors. In the code above, only the first error message is copied over. The JSON array is returned with a Bad Request status code (400 status code). The following HTML page illustrates how you can invoke our modified PostMovie() action and display any error messages: <!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Create Movie</title> </head> <body> <script type="text/javascript" src="Scripts/jquery-1.6.2.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> var movieToCreate = { title: "The Hobbit", director: "" }; createMovie(movieToCreate, function (newMovie) { alert("New movie created with an Id of " + newMovie.Id); }, function (errors) { var strErrors = ""; $.each(errors, function(index, err) { strErrors += "*" + err + "\n"; }); alert(strErrors); } ); function createMovie(movieToCreate, success, fail) { $.ajax({ url: "/api/Movie", data: JSON.stringify(movieToCreate), type: "POST", contentType: "application/json;charset=utf-8", statusCode: { 201: function (newMovie) { success(newMovie); }, 400: function (xhr) { var errors = JSON.parse(xhr.responseText); fail(errors); } } }); } </script> </body> </html> The createMovie() function performs an Ajax request and handles either a 201 or a 400 status code from the response. If a 201 status code is returned then there were no validation errors and the new movie was created. If, on the other hand, a 400 status code is returned then there was a validation error. The validation errors are retrieved from the XmlHttpRequest responseText property. The error messages are displayed in an alert: (Please don’t use JavaScript alert dialogs to display validation errors, I just did it this way out of pure laziness) This validation code in our PostMovie() method is pretty generic. There is nothing specific about this code to the PostMovie() method. In the following video, Jon Galloway demonstrates how to create a global Validation filter which can be used with any API controller action: http://www.asp.net/web-api/overview/web-api-routing-and-actions/video-custom-validation His validation filter looks like this: using System.Json; using System.Linq; using System.Net; using System.Net.Http; using System.Web.Http.Controllers; using System.Web.Http.Filters; namespace MyWebAPIApp.Filters { public class ValidationActionFilter:ActionFilterAttribute { public override void OnActionExecuting(HttpActionContext actionContext) { var modelState = actionContext.ModelState; if (!modelState.IsValid) { dynamic errors = new JsonObject(); foreach (var key in modelState.Keys) { var state = modelState[key]; if (state.Errors.Any()) { errors[key] = state.Errors.First().ErrorMessage; } } actionContext.Response = new HttpResponseMessage<JsonValue>(errors, HttpStatusCode.BadRequest); } } } } And you can register the validation filter in the Application_Start() method in the Global.asax file like this: GlobalConfiguration.Configuration.Filters.Add(new ValidationActionFilter()); After you register the Validation filter, validation error messages are returned from any API controller action method automatically when validation fails. You don’t need to add any special logic to any of your API controller actions to take advantage of the filter. Querying using OData The OData protocol is an open protocol created by Microsoft which enables you to perform queries over the web. The official website for OData is located here: http://odata.org For example, here are some of the query options which you can use with OData: · $orderby – Enables you to retrieve results in a certain order. · $top – Enables you to retrieve a certain number of results. · $skip – Enables you to skip over a certain number of results (use with $top for paging). · $filter – Enables you to filter the results returned. The ASP.NET Web API supports a subset of the OData protocol. You can use all of the query options listed above when interacting with an API controller. The only requirement is that the API controller action returns its data as IQueryable. For example, the following Movie controller has an action named GetMovies() which returns an IQueryable of movies: public IQueryable<Movie> GetMovies() { return new List<Movie> { new Movie {Id=1, Title="Star Wars", Director="Lucas"}, new Movie {Id=2, Title="King Kong", Director="Jackson"}, new Movie {Id=3, Title="Willow", Director="Lucas"}, new Movie {Id=4, Title="Shrek", Director="Smith"}, new Movie {Id=5, Title="Memento", Director="Nolan"} }.AsQueryable(); } If you enter the following URL in your browser: /api/movie?$top=2&$orderby=Title Then you will limit the movies returned to the top 2 in order of the movie Title. You will get the following results: By using the $top option in combination with the $skip option, you can enable client-side paging. For example, you can use $top and $skip to page through thousands of products, 10 products at a time. The $filter query option is very powerful. You can use this option to filter the results from a query. Here are some examples: Return every movie directed by Lucas: /api/movie?$filter=Director eq ‘Lucas’ Return every movie which has a title which starts with ‘S’: /api/movie?$filter=startswith(Title,’S') Return every movie which has an Id greater than 2: /api/movie?$filter=Id gt 2 The complete documentation for the $filter option is located here: http://www.odata.org/developers/protocols/uri-conventions#FilterSystemQueryOption Summary The goal of this blog entry was to provide you with an overview of the new ASP.NET Web API introduced with the Beta release of ASP.NET 4. In this post, I discussed how you can retrieve, insert, update, and delete data by using jQuery with the Web API. I also discussed how you can use the standard validation attributes with the Web API. You learned how to return validation error messages to the client and display the error messages using jQuery. Finally, we briefly discussed how the ASP.NET Web API supports the OData protocol. For example, you learned how to filter records returned from an API controller action by using the $filter query option. I’m excited about the new Web API. This is a feature which I expect to use with almost every ASP.NET application which I build in the future.

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• Introduction to the ASP.NET Web API

  - by Stephen.Walther

  I am a huge fan of Ajax. If you want to create a great experience for the users of your website – regardless of whether you are building an ASP.NET MVC or an ASP.NET Web Forms site — then you need to use Ajax. Otherwise, you are just being cruel to your customers. We use Ajax extensively in several of the ASP.NET applications that my company, Superexpert.com, builds. We expose data from the server as JSON and use jQuery to retrieve and update that data from the browser. One challenge, when building an ASP.NET website, is deciding on which technology to use to expose JSON data from the server. For example, how do you expose a list of products from the server as JSON so you can retrieve the list of products with jQuery? You have a number of options (too many options) including ASMX Web services, WCF Web Services, ASHX Generic Handlers, WCF Data Services, and MVC controller actions. Fortunately, the world has just been simplified. With the release of ASP.NET 4 Beta, Microsoft has introduced a new technology for exposing JSON from the server named the ASP.NET Web API. You can use the ASP.NET Web API with both ASP.NET MVC and ASP.NET Web Forms applications. The goal of this blog post is to provide you with a brief overview of the features of the new ASP.NET Web API. You learn how to use the ASP.NET Web API to retrieve, insert, update, and delete database records with jQuery. We also discuss how you can perform form validation when using the Web API and use OData when using the Web API. Creating an ASP.NET Web API Controller The ASP.NET Web API exposes JSON data through a new type of controller called an API controller. You can add an API controller to an existing ASP.NET MVC 4 project through the standard Add Controller dialog box. Right-click your Controllers folder and select Add, Controller. In the dialog box, name your controller MovieController and select the Empty API controller template: A brand new API controller looks like this: using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Net.Http; using System.Web.Http; namespace MyWebAPIApp.Controllers { public class MovieController : ApiController { } } An API controller, unlike a standard MVC controller, derives from the base ApiController class instead of the base Controller class. Using jQuery to Retrieve, Insert, Update, and Delete Data Let’s create an Ajaxified Movie Database application. We’ll retrieve, insert, update, and delete movies using jQuery with the MovieController which we just created. Our Movie model class looks like this: namespace MyWebAPIApp.Models { public class Movie { public int Id { get; set; } public string Title { get; set; } public string Director { get; set; } } } Our application will consist of a single HTML page named Movies.html. We’ll place all of our jQuery code in the Movies.html page. Getting a Single Record with the ASP.NET Web API To support retrieving a single movie from the server, we need to add a Get method to our API controller: using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Net; using System.Net.Http; using System.Web.Http; using MyWebAPIApp.Models; namespace MyWebAPIApp.Controllers { public class MovieController : ApiController { public Movie GetMovie(int id) { // Return movie by id if (id == 1) { return new Movie { Id = 1, Title = "Star Wars", Director = "Lucas" }; } // Otherwise, movie was not found throw new HttpResponseException(HttpStatusCode.NotFound); } } } In the code above, the GetMovie() method accepts the Id of a movie. If the Id has the value 1 then the method returns the movie Star Wars. Otherwise, the method throws an exception and returns 404 Not Found HTTP status code. After building your project, you can invoke the MovieController.GetMovie() method by entering the following URL in your web browser address bar: http://localhost:[port]/api/movie/1 (You’ll need to enter the correct randomly generated port). In the URL api/movie/1, the first “api” segment indicates that this is a Web API route. The “movie” segment indicates that the MovieController should be invoked. You do not specify the name of the action. Instead, the HTTP method used to make the request – GET, POST, PUT, DELETE — is used to identify the action to invoke. The ASP.NET Web API uses different routing conventions than normal ASP.NET MVC controllers. When you make an HTTP GET request then any API controller method with a name that starts with “GET” is invoked. So, we could have called our API controller action GetPopcorn() instead of GetMovie() and it would still be invoked by the URL api/movie/1. The default route for the Web API is defined in the Global.asax file and it looks like this: routes.MapHttpRoute( name: "DefaultApi", routeTemplate: "api/{controller}/{id}", defaults: new { id = RouteParameter.Optional } ); We can invoke our GetMovie() controller action with the jQuery code in the following HTML page: <!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Get Movie</title> </head> <body> <div> Title: <span id="title"></span> </div> <div> Director: <span id="director"></span> </div> <script type="text/javascript" src="Scripts/jquery-1.6.2.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> getMovie(1, function (movie) { $("#title").html(movie.Title); $("#director").html(movie.Director); }); function getMovie(id, callback) { $.ajax({ url: "/api/Movie", data: { id: id }, type: "GET", contentType: "application/json;charset=utf-8", statusCode: { 200: function (movie) { callback(movie); }, 404: function () { alert("Not Found!"); } } }); } </script> </body> </html> In the code above, the jQuery $.ajax() method is used to invoke the GetMovie() method. Notice that the Ajax call handles two HTTP response codes. When the GetMove() method successfully returns a movie, the method returns a 200 status code. In that case, the details of the movie are displayed in the HTML page. Otherwise, if the movie is not found, the GetMovie() method returns a 404 status code. In that case, the page simply displays an alert box indicating that the movie was not found (hopefully, you would implement something more graceful in an actual application). You can use your browser’s Developer Tools to see what is going on in the background when you open the HTML page (hit F12 in the most recent version of most browsers). For example, you can use the Network tab in Google Chrome to see the Ajax request which invokes the GetMovie() method: Getting a Set of Records with the ASP.NET Web API Let’s modify our Movie API controller so that it returns a collection of movies. The following Movie controller has a new ListMovies() method which returns a (hard-coded) collection of movies: using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Net; using System.Net.Http; using System.Web.Http; using MyWebAPIApp.Models; namespace MyWebAPIApp.Controllers { public class MovieController : ApiController { public IEnumerable<Movie> ListMovies() { return new List<Movie> { new Movie {Id=1, Title="Star Wars", Director="Lucas"}, new Movie {Id=1, Title="King Kong", Director="Jackson"}, new Movie {Id=1, Title="Memento", Director="Nolan"} }; } } } Because we named our action ListMovies(), the default Web API route will never match it. Therefore, we need to add the following custom route to our Global.asax file (at the top of the RegisterRoutes() method): routes.MapHttpRoute( name: "ActionApi", routeTemplate: "api/{controller}/{action}/{id}", defaults: new { id = RouteParameter.Optional } ); This route enables us to invoke the ListMovies() method with the URL /api/movie/listmovies. Now that we have exposed our collection of movies from the server, we can retrieve and display the list of movies using jQuery in our HTML page: <!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>List Movies</title> </head> <body> <div id="movies"></div> <script type="text/javascript" src="Scripts/jquery-1.6.2.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> listMovies(function (movies) { var strMovies=""; $.each(movies, function (index, movie) { strMovies += "<div>" + movie.Title + "</div>"; }); $("#movies").html(strMovies); }); function listMovies(callback) { $.ajax({ url: "/api/Movie/ListMovies", data: {}, type: "GET", contentType: "application/json;charset=utf-8", }).then(function(movies){ callback(movies); }); } </script> </body> </html>     Inserting a Record with the ASP.NET Web API Now let’s modify our Movie API controller so it supports creating new records: public HttpResponseMessage<Movie> PostMovie(Movie movieToCreate) { // Add movieToCreate to the database and update primary key movieToCreate.Id = 23; // Build a response that contains the location of the new movie var response = new HttpResponseMessage<Movie>(movieToCreate, HttpStatusCode.Created); var relativePath = "/api/movie/" + movieToCreate.Id; response.Headers.Location = new Uri(Request.RequestUri, relativePath); return response; } The PostMovie() method in the code above accepts a movieToCreate parameter. We don’t actually store the new movie anywhere. In real life, you will want to call a service method to store the new movie in a database. When you create a new resource, such as a new movie, you should return the location of the new resource. In the code above, the URL where the new movie can be retrieved is assigned to the Location header returned in the PostMovie() response. Because the name of our method starts with “Post”, we don’t need to create a custom route. The PostMovie() method can be invoked with the URL /Movie/PostMovie – just as long as the method is invoked within the context of a HTTP POST request. The following HTML page invokes the PostMovie() method. <!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Create Movie</title> </head> <body> <script type="text/javascript" src="Scripts/jquery-1.6.2.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> var movieToCreate = { title: "The Hobbit", director: "Jackson" }; createMovie(movieToCreate, function (newMovie) { alert("New movie created with an Id of " + newMovie.Id); }); function createMovie(movieToCreate, callback) { $.ajax({ url: "/api/Movie", data: JSON.stringify( movieToCreate ), type: "POST", contentType: "application/json;charset=utf-8", statusCode: { 201: function (newMovie) { callback(newMovie); } } }); } </script> </body> </html> This page creates a new movie (the Hobbit) by calling the createMovie() method. The page simply displays the Id of the new movie: The HTTP Post operation is performed with the following call to the jQuery $.ajax() method: $.ajax({ url: "/api/Movie", data: JSON.stringify( movieToCreate ), type: "POST", contentType: "application/json;charset=utf-8", statusCode: { 201: function (newMovie) { callback(newMovie); } } }); Notice that the type of Ajax request is a POST request. This is required to match the PostMovie() method. Notice, furthermore, that the new movie is converted into JSON using JSON.stringify(). The JSON.stringify() method takes a JavaScript object and converts it into a JSON string. Finally, notice that success is represented with a 201 status code. The HttpStatusCode.Created value returned from the PostMovie() method returns a 201 status code. Updating a Record with the ASP.NET Web API Here’s how we can modify the Movie API controller to support updating an existing record. In this case, we need to create a PUT method to handle an HTTP PUT request: public void PutMovie(Movie movieToUpdate) { if (movieToUpdate.Id == 1) { // Update the movie in the database return; } // If you can't find the movie to update throw new HttpResponseException(HttpStatusCode.NotFound); } Unlike our PostMovie() method, the PutMovie() method does not return a result. The action either updates the database or, if the movie cannot be found, returns an HTTP Status code of 404. The following HTML page illustrates how you can invoke the PutMovie() method: <!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Put Movie</title> </head> <body> <script type="text/javascript" src="Scripts/jquery-1.6.2.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> var movieToUpdate = { id: 1, title: "The Hobbit", director: "Jackson" }; updateMovie(movieToUpdate, function () { alert("Movie updated!"); }); function updateMovie(movieToUpdate, callback) { $.ajax({ url: "/api/Movie", data: JSON.stringify(movieToUpdate), type: "PUT", contentType: "application/json;charset=utf-8", statusCode: { 200: function () { callback(); }, 404: function () { alert("Movie not found!"); } } }); } </script> </body> </html> Deleting a Record with the ASP.NET Web API Here’s the code for deleting a movie: public HttpResponseMessage DeleteMovie(int id) { // Delete the movie from the database // Return status code return new HttpResponseMessage(HttpStatusCode.NoContent); } This method simply deletes the movie (well, not really, but pretend that it does) and returns a No Content status code (204). The following page illustrates how you can invoke the DeleteMovie() action: <!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Delete Movie</title> </head> <body> <script type="text/javascript" src="Scripts/jquery-1.6.2.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> deleteMovie(1, function () { alert("Movie deleted!"); }); function deleteMovie(id, callback) { $.ajax({ url: "/api/Movie", data: JSON.stringify({id:id}), type: "DELETE", contentType: "application/json;charset=utf-8", statusCode: { 204: function () { callback(); } } }); } </script> </body> </html> Performing Validation How do you perform form validation when using the ASP.NET Web API? Because validation in ASP.NET MVC is driven by the Default Model Binder, and because the Web API uses the Default Model Binder, you get validation for free. Let’s modify our Movie class so it includes some of the standard validation attributes: using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations; namespace MyWebAPIApp.Models { public class Movie { public int Id { get; set; } [Required(ErrorMessage="Title is required!")] [StringLength(5, ErrorMessage="Title cannot be more than 5 characters!")] public string Title { get; set; } [Required(ErrorMessage="Director is required!")] public string Director { get; set; } } } In the code above, the Required validation attribute is used to make both the Title and Director properties required. The StringLength attribute is used to require the length of the movie title to be no more than 5 characters. Now let’s modify our PostMovie() action to validate a movie before adding the movie to the database: public HttpResponseMessage PostMovie(Movie movieToCreate) { // Validate movie if (!ModelState.IsValid) { var errors = new JsonArray(); foreach (var prop in ModelState.Values) { if (prop.Errors.Any()) { errors.Add(prop.Errors.First().ErrorMessage); } } return new HttpResponseMessage<JsonValue>(errors, HttpStatusCode.BadRequest); } // Add movieToCreate to the database and update primary key movieToCreate.Id = 23; // Build a response that contains the location of the new movie var response = new HttpResponseMessage<Movie>(movieToCreate, HttpStatusCode.Created); var relativePath = "/api/movie/" + movieToCreate.Id; response.Headers.Location = new Uri(Request.RequestUri, relativePath); return response; } If ModelState.IsValid has the value false then the errors in model state are copied to a new JSON array. Each property – such as the Title and Director property — can have multiple errors. In the code above, only the first error message is copied over. The JSON array is returned with a Bad Request status code (400 status code). The following HTML page illustrates how you can invoke our modified PostMovie() action and display any error messages: <!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Create Movie</title> </head> <body> <script type="text/javascript" src="Scripts/jquery-1.6.2.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> var movieToCreate = { title: "The Hobbit", director: "" }; createMovie(movieToCreate, function (newMovie) { alert("New movie created with an Id of " + newMovie.Id); }, function (errors) { var strErrors = ""; $.each(errors, function(index, err) { strErrors += "*" + err + "n"; }); alert(strErrors); } ); function createMovie(movieToCreate, success, fail) { $.ajax({ url: "/api/Movie", data: JSON.stringify(movieToCreate), type: "POST", contentType: "application/json;charset=utf-8", statusCode: { 201: function (newMovie) { success(newMovie); }, 400: function (xhr) { var errors = JSON.parse(xhr.responseText); fail(errors); } } }); } </script> </body> </html> The createMovie() function performs an Ajax request and handles either a 201 or a 400 status code from the response. If a 201 status code is returned then there were no validation errors and the new movie was created. If, on the other hand, a 400 status code is returned then there was a validation error. The validation errors are retrieved from the XmlHttpRequest responseText property. The error messages are displayed in an alert: (Please don’t use JavaScript alert dialogs to display validation errors, I just did it this way out of pure laziness) This validation code in our PostMovie() method is pretty generic. There is nothing specific about this code to the PostMovie() method. In the following video, Jon Galloway demonstrates how to create a global Validation filter which can be used with any API controller action: http://www.asp.net/web-api/overview/web-api-routing-and-actions/video-custom-validation His validation filter looks like this: using System.Json; using System.Linq; using System.Net; using System.Net.Http; using System.Web.Http.Controllers; using System.Web.Http.Filters; namespace MyWebAPIApp.Filters { public class ValidationActionFilter:ActionFilterAttribute { public override void OnActionExecuting(HttpActionContext actionContext) { var modelState = actionContext.ModelState; if (!modelState.IsValid) { dynamic errors = new JsonObject(); foreach (var key in modelState.Keys) { var state = modelState[key]; if (state.Errors.Any()) { errors[key] = state.Errors.First().ErrorMessage; } } actionContext.Response = new HttpResponseMessage<JsonValue>(errors, HttpStatusCode.BadRequest); } } } } And you can register the validation filter in the Application_Start() method in the Global.asax file like this: GlobalConfiguration.Configuration.Filters.Add(new ValidationActionFilter()); After you register the Validation filter, validation error messages are returned from any API controller action method automatically when validation fails. You don’t need to add any special logic to any of your API controller actions to take advantage of the filter. Querying using OData The OData protocol is an open protocol created by Microsoft which enables you to perform queries over the web. The official website for OData is located here: http://odata.org For example, here are some of the query options which you can use with OData: · $orderby – Enables you to retrieve results in a certain order. · $top – Enables you to retrieve a certain number of results. · $skip – Enables you to skip over a certain number of results (use with $top for paging). · $filter – Enables you to filter the results returned. The ASP.NET Web API supports a subset of the OData protocol. You can use all of the query options listed above when interacting with an API controller. The only requirement is that the API controller action returns its data as IQueryable. For example, the following Movie controller has an action named GetMovies() which returns an IQueryable of movies: public IQueryable<Movie> GetMovies() { return new List<Movie> { new Movie {Id=1, Title="Star Wars", Director="Lucas"}, new Movie {Id=2, Title="King Kong", Director="Jackson"}, new Movie {Id=3, Title="Willow", Director="Lucas"}, new Movie {Id=4, Title="Shrek", Director="Smith"}, new Movie {Id=5, Title="Memento", Director="Nolan"} }.AsQueryable(); } If you enter the following URL in your browser: /api/movie?$top=2&$orderby=Title Then you will limit the movies returned to the top 2 in order of the movie Title. You will get the following results: By using the $top option in combination with the $skip option, you can enable client-side paging. For example, you can use $top and $skip to page through thousands of products, 10 products at a time. The $filter query option is very powerful. You can use this option to filter the results from a query. Here are some examples: Return every movie directed by Lucas: /api/movie?$filter=Director eq ‘Lucas’ Return every movie which has a title which starts with ‘S’: /api/movie?$filter=startswith(Title,’S') Return every movie which has an Id greater than 2: /api/movie?$filter=Id gt 2 The complete documentation for the $filter option is located here: http://www.odata.org/developers/protocols/uri-conventions#FilterSystemQueryOption Summary The goal of this blog entry was to provide you with an overview of the new ASP.NET Web API introduced with the Beta release of ASP.NET 4. In this post, I discussed how you can retrieve, insert, update, and delete data by using jQuery with the Web API. I also discussed how you can use the standard validation attributes with the Web API. You learned how to return validation error messages to the client and display the error messages using jQuery. Finally, we briefly discussed how the ASP.NET Web API supports the OData protocol. For example, you learned how to filter records returned from an API controller action by using the $filter query option. I’m excited about the new Web API. This is a feature which I expect to use with almost every ASP.NET application which I build in the future.

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• c# samples of youtube API (or gdata API) using OpenID and OAuth

  - by preguntón

  Are there any c# code samples of youtube API (or gdata API) using OpenID and OAuth ? Or maybe a post / article with code examples Code samples of using dotnetoauth with the youtube API would be great too

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• How to select and AMI when creating an instance of EC2

  - by Prashant

  I am using Amazon EC2 for the first time, and need to create an instance that runs Windows, MSSQL Server 2008, .Net Framework 3.5 SP1 and IIS Server 6.0. I am unable to decide what AMI (out of the huge list of community AMIs) should I choose to meet my requirements. Is there a way I can make this decision without doing trial and error.

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• Amazon EC2 - Swap root instance store device with EBS device

  - by Sug

  I have an EC2 instance with "instance store" device as a root device. Now, I would like to attach an EBS volume to that same instance, only that I want it to be the root device. Is that possible? What happens to the instance store device in such case? Thanks in advance

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• Latest alestic ec2 Ubuntu instance seems broken

  - by Kave

  I am using alestic.com ec2 Ubuntu instances now for some time and never had a problem with. Today I created a new Ubuntu 12.04 LTS Precise EBS boot on US-east-1, seems to be a bad build. While doing a sudo apt-get update it breaks and says: W: Failed to fetch bzip2:/var/lib/apt/lists/partial/us-east-1.ec2.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_precise-updates_main_source_Sources Hash Sum mismatch This is on a fresh instance. So I recon something went wrong when creating it. What can be done to fix it?

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• Options for installing software on Amazon EC2 Windows instances

  - by gareth_bowles

  I've been running Linux servers on Amazon EC2 for a while now; the experience has been great. I've recently needed to bring up a Windows server to run some Windows-only software that our product needs to use, and am running into a problem figuring out how to install the software, which is only available on DVD. With Linux I can just install packages from a Web-based repository and take advantage of EC2's fast network throughput, but so far on the Windows instance I've had to upload my ISO images to EC2 and mount them from the Windows EC2 instance. For some reason I'm getting really slow upload speeds to EC2, even though the regular upload speed from our office is pretty good (around 7Mbps). I've also tried mounting the DVD drive on my machine as a local drive on the EC2 instance via Remote Desktop, and then running the software install from the local drive, but I run into the same slow upload speed issue. Does anyone have a better way to install software from physical media onto an EC2 instance ?

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• VMWare tools not installing with an error

  - by JDS

  VMWare tools not installing on Ubuntu 12.04. I'm using Chef to manage the installation, but the Apt commands fail if run manually. I'm using the VMWare tool Debian repo. Example: $ cat /etc/apt/sources.list.d/vmware-tools-source.list deb http://packages.vmware.com/tools/esx/5.0u2/ubuntu precise main When trying to install, most packages seem to go ok, but one, "vmware-tools-foundation", does not. Example: $ apt-get -q -y install vmware-tools-esx-nox=8.6.10-1.precise Reading package lists... Building dependency tree... Reading state information... You might want to run 'apt-get -f install' to correct these: The following packages have unmet dependencies: vmware-tools-esx-kmods-3.2.0-23-generic : Depends: vmware-tools-foundation (>= 8.6.10) but it is not going to be installed vmware-tools-esx-nox : Depends: ...snip list of deps... E: Unmet dependencies. Try 'apt-get -f install' with no packages (or specify a solution). $ apt-get -f install Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done Correcting dependencies... Done The following extra packages will be installed: vmware-tools-foundation The following NEW packages will be installed: vmware-tools-foundation 0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 118 not upgraded. 7 not fully installed or removed. Need to get 0 B/5,886 B of archives. After this operation, 86.0 kB of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue [Y/n]? y (Reading database ... 103499 files and directories currently installed.) Unpacking vmware-tools-foundation (from .../vmware-tools-foundation_8.6.10-1.precise_all.deb) ... VMware Tools cannot install because it appears that another installation of VMware Tools is already present. Please remove the previous installation and then attempt to install this copy of VMware Tools again. dpkg: error processing /var/cache/apt/archives/vmware-tools-foundation_8.6.10-1.precise_all.deb (--unpack): subprocess new pre-installation script returned error exit status 1 Errors were encountered while processing: /var/cache/apt/archives/vmware-tools-foundation_8.6.10-1.precise_all.deb E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1) The key seems to be this error: "VMware Tools cannot install because it appears that another installation of VMware Tools is already present. Please remove the previous installation and then attempt to install this copy of VMware Tools again." However, I've tryed removing and purging and can't seem to "trick" VMWare tools into thinking the packages are gone. Apt thinks they are gone. Is there some service/file/cache/lock left that VMWare tools sees that makes it think that VMWare tools are still installed? I've googled and googled but there is no answer to this question with my particular circumstances on the interwebs. VMWare's documentation of this error is minimal.

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• Amazon EC2 tools for Debian?

  - by Jonik

  What is the recommended way of getting command-line Amazon EC2 tools on Debian? So, basically the same as this question, but for EC2 instead of S3. Ubuntu has ec2-ami-tools and ec2-api-tools, but I couldn't find equivalent packages for Debian. A blog post titled "Install EC2 AMI & API tools in Debian" talks about installing Amazon's packages outside package management, but that seems a little clumsy.

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• BPM 11gR1 now available on Amazon EC2

  - by Prasen Palvankar

  BPM 11gR1 now available on Amazon EC2The new Oracle BPM 11gR1, including the latest Oracle SOA Suite 11gR1 Patchset-2 is now available as an Amazon Machine Image (AMI). This is a fully configured image which requires absolutely no installation and lets you get hands on experience with the software within minutes. This image has all the required software installed and configured and includes the following:Oracle 11g Database Standard Edition Oracle SOA Suite 11gR1 Patch-set 2Oracle BPM 11gR1Oracle Webcenter with BPM Process SpacesOracle Universal Content ManagementOracle JDeveloper with SOA and BPM pluginsNote: Use of this AMI requires acceptance of Oracle Technology Network (OTN) terms of use.To use this AMI, follow these steps: Login to your Amazon account and browse to Amazon AWS Console. If this is the first time you are using Amazon Web Services please visit https://aws.amazon.com/ec2/ for information on Amazon Elastic Cloud Computing and how to get started with Amazon EC2Make sure your security group that you will be using to launch the instance allows the following ports to be opened:22 (SSH)1521, 7001, 8001, 8888, 9001Click on AMIsChange the Viewing filters to 64-bit and enter soa-bpm in the search box. You should see the following AMI:083342568607/oracle-soa-bpm-11gr1-ps2-4.1-pubSelect the AMI and click on Launch or Spot Request. For more information on spot requests, please visit the Amazon EC2 link aboveAccept all the defaults and launch the instanceWhen the instance state changes to running, copy the assigned public host name and connect to it using either PuTTY or SSH command. For PuTTY usage, refer to this document.Once you are connected to the instance using PuTTY or SSH, you will be presented with the terms of use.Accept the terms of use to proceed. This will prompt you to set passwords for your oracle OS login as well as for VNC. Note that the instance will not be usable until you have accepted the terms of use.The instance is now ready to use. The SOA/BPM and other servers are automatically started once you accept the term of use. Initial startups can take about 5-10 minutes.If you would like to use the JDeveloper installed in the AMI, you can access it either using VNC or NX. You can get the NX client from NoMachine./home/oracle/README.txt contains all the URLs that you can use to access the Enterprise Manager, BPM Composer, BPM Workspace, Webcenter etc.

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• Using EC2 instance as main development platform

  - by David

  My problem I am working as a consultant for various companies. Each company provides me with a laptop where with their software on and I also have my own where I have my development environment. I tend to buy a new laptop every second year and find myself spending lots of time configuring and installing software. I also sometimes spend a lot of time waiting for my laptop to process things. To solve all these issues, I am now considering using EC2 (running windows instances) as my main development platform and just access this from any PC I happen to be at. I calculated that running the High-CPU On-Demand Instances (medium) for 8 hours a day for a year costs me 580$, which is acceptable. I imagine that when I approach the workplace each day, I will make a single click my phone to fire up the instance, so it is ready when I get to work. I should have different icons on my phone to fire up the various instance types. The same software should of course automatically be loaded on the various hardware (sometimes I would even need their instance with 68.4 GB of memory). Another advantage is that if I am having a specific problem with my instance, I could fire up another instance and have someone look into the problem and update the image. My question: Does anyone have experience with such a setup on EC2? What kind of problems do you forsee?

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• Using EC2 instance as main development platform

  - by David

  My problem I am working as a consultant for various companies. Each company provides me with a laptop with their software on and I also have my own, where I have my development environment. I tend to buy a new laptop every second year and find myself spending lots of time configuring and installing software. I also spend a lot of time waiting for my laptop to process things. To solve all these issues, I am now considering using EC2 (running windows instances) as my main development platform and just access this from any PC I happen to be at. I calculated that running the Large instance (cheapest 64-bit) for 8 hours a day for a year costs me 960$ per year, which is acceptable. I imagine that when I approach the workplace each day, I will make a single tap on my phone to fire up the instance, so it is ready when I get to work. I should have different icons on my phone to fire up the various instance types. The same software should of course automatically be loaded on the various hardware (sometimes I would even need their instance with 68.4 GB of memory). Another advantage is that if I am having a specific problem with my instance, I could fire up another instance and have someone look into the problem and update the image. My question: Does anyone have experience with such a setup on EC2? What kind of problems do you foresee?

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• Securing iOS or Android Backend API

  - by El Guapo

  I have an application that I am writing for both iOS and Android; this application will be served by a ReSTFUL API running on a cluster of servers on "the internets". I am curious how the rest of the world is going about securing their APIs so only specific applications running on iOS or Android can use these APIs. I could go the same route as other OAuth providers by providing a key/secret combination (2-legged OAuth), however, what do I do if I ever have to change these keys??? Do I create a new key/secret for every person that downloads the app???

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• API Design Techniques

  - by Dehumanizer

  Is it right or more beautiful to name the functions with an prefix, like in Qt? Or using "many" namespaces, but 'normal' names for functions? For example, slOpenFile(); //"sl" means "some lib" vs some_lib::file_functions::openFile(); UPD: I've read somewhere that the first variant(using some prefix) is better, because the API users can perform 'fast' search among the documentation and in the Internet. E.g. by typing the magic prefix search engine starts to advice the exact functions. Is it enough to use the first variant?

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• Unable to login to Amazon EC2 compute server

  - by MasterGaurav

  I am unable to login to the EC2 server. Here's the log of the connection-attempt: $ ssh -v -i ec2-key-incoleg-x002.pem [email protected] OpenSSH_5.6p1, OpenSSL 0.9.8p 16 Nov 2010 debug1: Reading configuration data /home/gvaish/.ssh/config debug1: Applying options for * debug1: Connecting to ec2-50-16-0-207.compute-1.amazonaws.com [50.16.0.207] port 22. debug1: Connection established. debug1: identity file ec2-key-incoleg-x002.pem type -1 debug1: identity file ec2-key-incoleg-x002.pem-cert type -1 debug1: identity file /home/gvaish/.ssh/id_rsa type -1 debug1: identity file /home/gvaish/.ssh/id_rsa-cert type -1 debug1: Remote protocol version 2.0, remote software version OpenSSH_5.3 debug1: match: OpenSSH_5.3 pat OpenSSH* debug1: Enabling compatibility mode for protocol 2.0 debug1: Local version string SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_5.6 debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT sent debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEXINIT received debug1: kex: server->client aes128-ctr hmac-md5 none debug1: kex: client->server aes128-ctr hmac-md5 none debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_REQUEST(1024<1024<8192) sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_GROUP debug1: SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_INIT sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_KEX_DH_GEX_REPLY debug1: Host 'ec2-50-16-0-207.compute-1.amazonaws.com' is known and matches the RSA host key. debug1: Found key in /home/gvaish/.ssh/known_hosts:8 debug1: ssh_rsa_verify: signature correct debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS sent debug1: expecting SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS debug1: SSH2_MSG_NEWKEYS received debug1: Roaming not allowed by server debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_REQUEST sent debug1: SSH2_MSG_SERVICE_ACCEPT received debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey debug1: Next authentication method: publickey debug1: Trying private key: ec2-key-incoleg-x002.pem debug1: read PEM private key done: type RSA debug1: Authentications that can continue: publickey debug1: Trying private key: /home/gvaish/.ssh/id_rsa debug1: No more authentication methods to try. Permission denied (publickey). What can be the possible reason? How do I fix the issue?

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• How to setup IPSec with Amazon EC2

  - by bonzi

  How to setup an IPSec connection from my ubuntu laptop to Amazon EC2 instance? I tried setting it up using elastic IP and VPC with the following openswan configuration but it is not working. conn host-to-host left=%defaultroute leftsubnet=EC2PRIVATEIP/32 # Local netmask leftid=ELASTICIP leftrsasigkey= connaddrfamily=ipv4 right=1laptopip # Remote IP address rightid=laptopip rightrsasigkey= ike=aes128 # IKE algorithms (AES cipher) esp=aes128 # ESP algorithns (AES cipher) auto=add pfs=yes forceencaps=yes type=tunnel

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• How to setup IPSec with Amazon EC2

  - by bonzi

  How to setup an IPSec connection from my ubuntu laptop to Amazon EC2 instance? I tried setting it up using elastic IP and VPC with the following openswan configuration but it is not working. conn host-to-host left=%defaultroute leftsubnet=EC2PRIVATEIP/32 # Local netmask leftid=ELASTICIP leftrsasigkey= connaddrfamily=ipv4 right=1laptopip # Remote IP address rightid=laptopip rightrsasigkey= ike=aes128 # IKE algorithms (AES cipher) esp=aes128 # ESP algorithns (AES cipher) auto=add pfs=yes forceencaps=yes type=tunnel

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• Hosting multiple low traffic websites on ec2

  - by Niko Sams

  We have like 30 websites with almost no traffic (<~10 visits / day) which are currently hosted on a dedicated server. We are evaluating hosting on Amazon EC2 however I'm not sure how to do that properly. One (micro) instance per website is too expensive ~10 websites on one instance (using apache virtual hosts) make auto scaling impossible (or at least difficult) Or is cloud computing not suitable for such a usecase?

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• EC2 EBS drive letter assignment - is it as consistent as UI/API implies?

  - by Michael Neale

  In EC2 EBS, when I attach a device via UI or api, I specify the device name (eg /dev/sdf through sdp). That drive letter is consistent between reboots ? It seems implied that it is (otherwise why would they let me set it).

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• ASP.Net Web API in Visual Studio 2010

  - by sreejukg

  Recently for one of my project, it was necessary to create couple of services. In the past I was using WCF, since my Services are going to be utilized through HTTP, I was thinking of ASP.Net web API. So I decided to create a Web API project. Now the real issue is that ASP.Net Web API launched after Visual Studio 2010 and I had to use ASP.Net web API in VS 2010 itself. By default there is no template available for Web API in Visual Studio 2010. Microsoft has made available an update that installs ASP.Net MVC 4 with web API in Visual Studio 2010. You can find the update from the below url. http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=30683 Though the update denotes ASP.Net MVC 4, this also includes ASP.Net Web API. Download the installation media and start the installer. As usual for any update, you need to agree on terms and conditions. The installation starts straight away, once you clicked the Install button. If everything goes ok, you will see the success message. Now open Visual Studio 2010, you can see ASP.Net MVC 4 Project template is available for you. Now you can create ASP.Net Web API project using Visual Studio 2010. When you create a new ASP.Net MVC 4 project, you can choose the Web API template. Further reading http://www.asp.net/web-api/overview/getting-started-with-aspnet-web-api/tutorial-your-first-web-api http://www.asp.net/mvc/mvc4

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• java.lang.IllegalAccessException during Ant jwsc webservice build

  - by KevB

  Hi. I have a large application, part of which relies on a set of 3 webservices. I'm currently in the process of writing an Ant build script to build and package the application into an EAR file. When building the web sub-project for this application I use the <jwsc> task in Ant to compile the webservices. This causes an IllegalAccessException, as outlined in the stack trace below: [jwsc] warning: 'includeantruntime' was not set, defaulting to build.sysclasspath=last; set to false for repeatable builds [jwsc] JWS: processing module weboutput [jwsc] Parsing source files [jwsc] Parsing source files [jwsc] 3 JWS files being processed for module weboutput [jwsc] JWS: C:\dev\ir\irWeb\src\webservices\DailyRun.java Validated. [jwsc] JWS: C:\dev\ir\irWeb\src\webservices\PendingRegistrationsSweep.java Validated. [jwsc] JWS: C:\dev\ir\irWeb\src\webservices\RegistrationsGoLive.java Validated. [jwsc] Compiling 6 source files to C:\DOCUME~1\KEVIN~1.BRE\LOCALS~1\Temp\_5l950r [jwsc] An exception has occurred in the compiler (1.6.0_23). Please file a bug at the Java Developer Connection (http://java.sun.com/webapps/bugreport) after checking the Bug Parade for duplicates. Include your program and the following diagnostic in your report. Thank you. [jwsc] java.lang.IllegalAccessError: tried to access class com.sun.tools.javac.jvm.ClassReader$AnnotationDefaultCompleter from class com.sun.tools.javac.jvm.ClassReader [jwsc] at com.sun.tools.javac.jvm.ClassReader.attachAnnotationDefault(ClassReader.java:1128) [jwsc] at com.sun.tools.javac.jvm.ClassReader.readMemberAttr(ClassReader.java:906) [jwsc] at com.sun.tools.javac.jvm.ClassReader.readMemberAttrs(ClassReader.java:1027) [jwsc] at com.sun.tools.javac.jvm.ClassReader.readMethod(ClassReader.java:1490) [jwsc] at com.sun.tools.javac.jvm.ClassReader.readClass(ClassReader.java:1586) [jwsc] at com.sun.tools.javac.jvm.ClassReader.readClassFile(ClassReader.java:1658) [jwsc] at com.sun.tools.javac.jvm.ClassReader.fillIn(ClassReader.java:1845) [jwsc] at com.sun.tools.javac.jvm.ClassReader.complete(ClassReader.java:1777) [jwsc] at com.sun.tools.javac.code.Symbol.complete(Symbol.java:386) [jwsc] at com.sun.tools.javac.code.Symbol$ClassSymbol.complete(Symbol.java:763) [jwsc] at com.sun.tools.javac.jvm.ClassReader.loadClass(ClassReader.java:1951) [jwsc] at com.sun.tools.javac.comp.Resolve.loadClass(Resolve.java:842) [jwsc] at com.sun.tools.javac.comp.Resolve.findIdentInPackage(Resolve.java:1011) [jwsc] at com.sun.tools.javac.comp.Attr.selectSym(Attr.java:1921) [jwsc] at com.sun.tools.javac.comp.Attr.visitSelect(Attr.java:1835) [jwsc] at com.sun.tools.javac.tree.JCTree$JCFieldAccess.accept(JCTree.java:1522) [jwsc] at com.sun.tools.javac.comp.Attr.attribTree(Attr.java:360) [jwsc] at com.sun.tools.javac.comp.Attr.attribType(Attr.java:390) [jwsc] at com.sun.tools.javac.comp.MemberEnter.attribImportType(MemberEnter.java:681) [jwsc] at com.sun.tools.javac.comp.MemberEnter.visitImport(MemberEnter.java:545) [jwsc] at com.sun.tools.javac.tree.JCTree$JCImport.accept(JCTree.java:495) [jwsc] at com.sun.tools.javac.comp.MemberEnter.memberEnter(MemberEnter.java:387) [jwsc] at com.sun.tools.javac.comp.MemberEnter.memberEnter(MemberEnter.java:399) [jwsc] at com.sun.tools.javac.comp.MemberEnter.visitTopLevel(MemberEnter.java:512) [jwsc] at com.sun.tools.javac.tree.JCTree$JCCompilationUnit.accept(JCTree.java:446) [jwsc] at com.sun.tools.javac.comp.MemberEnter.memberEnter(MemberEnter.java:387) [jwsc] at com.sun.tools.javac.comp.MemberEnter.complete(MemberEnter.java:819) [jwsc] at com.sun.tools.javac.code.Symbol.complete(Symbol.java:386) [jwsc] at com.sun.tools.javac.code.Symbol$ClassSymbol.complete(Symbol.java:763) [jwsc] at com.sun.tools.javac.comp.Enter.complete(Enter.java:464) [jwsc] at com.sun.tools.javac.comp.Enter.main(Enter.java:442) [jwsc] at com.sun.tools.javac.main.JavaCompiler.enterTrees(JavaCompiler.java:819) [jwsc] at com.sun.tools.javac.main.JavaCompiler.compile(JavaCompiler.java:727) [jwsc] at com.sun.tools.javac.main.Main.compile(Main.java:353) [jwsc] at com.sun.tools.javac.main.Main.compile(Main.java:279) [jwsc] at com.sun.tools.javac.main.Main.compile(Main.java:270) [jwsc] at com.sun.tools.javac.Main.compile(Main.java:69) [jwsc] at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method) [jwsc] at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:39) [jwsc] at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:25) [jwsc] at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:597) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.taskdefs.compilers.Javac13.execute(Javac13.java:56) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.taskdefs.Javac.compile(Javac.java:1097) [jwsc] at weblogic.wsee.tools.anttasks.DelegatingJavacTask$ExposingJavac.compile(DelegatingJavacTask.java:343) [jwsc] at weblogic.wsee.tools.anttasks.DelegatingJavacTask.compile(DelegatingJavacTask.java:286) [jwsc] at weblogic.wsee.tools.anttasks.JwscTask.javac(JwscTask.java:335) [jwsc] at weblogic.wsee.tools.anttasks.JwsModule.compile(JwsModule.java:390) [jwsc] at weblogic.wsee.tools.anttasks.JwsModule.build(JwsModule.java:262) [jwsc] at weblogic.wsee.tools.anttasks.JwscTask.execute(JwscTask.java:227) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.UnknownElement.execute(UnknownElement.java:291) [jwsc] at sun.reflect.GeneratedMethodAccessor4.invoke(Unknown Source) [jwsc] at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:25) [jwsc] at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:597) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.dispatch.DispatchUtils.execute(DispatchUtils.java:106) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.Task.perform(Task.java:348) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.Target.execute(Target.java:390) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.Target.performTasks(Target.java:411) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.Project.executeSortedTargets(Project.java:1397) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.helper.SingleCheckExecutor.executeTargets(SingleCheckExecutor.java:38) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.Project.executeTargets(Project.java:1249) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.taskdefs.Ant.execute(Ant.java:442) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.taskdefs.CallTarget.execute(CallTarget.java:105) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.UnknownElement.execute(UnknownElement.java:291) [jwsc] at sun.reflect.GeneratedMethodAccessor4.invoke(Unknown Source) [jwsc] at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:25) [jwsc] at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:597) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.dispatch.DispatchUtils.execute(DispatchUtils.java:106) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.Task.perform(Task.java:348) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.Target.execute(Target.java:390) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.Target.performTasks(Target.java:411) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.Project.executeSortedTargets(Project.java:1397) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.Project.executeTarget(Project.java:1366) [jwsc] at com.bea.workshop.cmdline.antlib.AntExTask.execute(AntExTask.java:406) [jwsc] at com.bea.workshop.cmdline.antlib.AntCallExTask.execute(AntCallExTask.java:118) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.UnknownElement.execute(UnknownElement.java:291) [jwsc] at sun.reflect.GeneratedMethodAccessor4.invoke(Unknown Source) [jwsc] at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:25) [jwsc] at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:597) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.dispatch.DispatchUtils.execute(DispatchUtils.java:106) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.Task.perform(Task.java:348) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.Target.execute(Target.java:390) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.Target.performTasks(Target.java:411) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.Project.executeSortedTargets(Project.java:1397) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.Project.executeTarget(Project.java:1366) [jwsc] at com.bea.workshop.cmdline.antlib.AntExTask.execute(AntExTask.java:406) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.UnknownElement.execute(UnknownElement.java:291) [jwsc] at sun.reflect.GeneratedMethodAccessor4.invoke(Unknown Source) [jwsc] at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:25) [jwsc] at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:597) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.dispatch.DispatchUtils.execute(DispatchUtils.java:106) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.Task.perform(Task.java:348) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.taskdefs.Sequential.execute(Sequential.java:68) [jwsc] at net.sf.antcontrib.logic.IfTask.execute(IfTask.java:217) [jwsc] at sun.reflect.GeneratedMethodAccessor44.invoke(Unknown Source) [jwsc] at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:25) [jwsc] at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:597) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.dispatch.DispatchUtils.execute(DispatchUtils.java:106) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.TaskAdapter.execute(TaskAdapter.java:154) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.UnknownElement.execute(UnknownElement.java:291) [jwsc] at sun.reflect.GeneratedMethodAccessor4.invoke(Unknown Source) [jwsc] at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:25) [jwsc] at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:597) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.dispatch.DispatchUtils.execute(DispatchUtils.java:106) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.Task.perform(Task.java:348) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.taskdefs.Sequential.execute(Sequential.java:68) [jwsc] at net.sf.antcontrib.logic.IfTask.execute(IfTask.java:197) [jwsc] at sun.reflect.GeneratedMethodAccessor44.invoke(Unknown Source) [jwsc] at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:25) [jwsc] at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:597) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.dispatch.DispatchUtils.execute(DispatchUtils.java:106) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.TaskAdapter.execute(TaskAdapter.java:154) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.UnknownElement.execute(UnknownElement.java:291) [jwsc] at sun.reflect.GeneratedMethodAccessor4.invoke(Unknown Source) [jwsc] at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:25) [jwsc] at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:597) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.dispatch.DispatchUtils.execute(DispatchUtils.java:106) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.Task.perform(Task.java:348) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.taskdefs.Sequential.execute(Sequential.java:68) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.UnknownElement.execute(UnknownElement.java:291) [jwsc] at sun.reflect.GeneratedMethodAccessor4.invoke(Unknown Source) [jwsc] at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:25) [jwsc] at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:597) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.dispatch.DispatchUtils.execute(DispatchUtils.java:106) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.Task.perform(Task.java:348) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.taskdefs.MacroInstance.execute(MacroInstance.java:398) [jwsc] at net.sf.antcontrib.logic.ForTask.doSequentialIteration(ForTask.java:259) [jwsc] at net.sf.antcontrib.logic.ForTask.doToken(ForTask.java:268) [jwsc] at net.sf.antcontrib.logic.ForTask.doTheTasks(ForTask.java:299) [jwsc] at net.sf.antcontrib.logic.ForTask.execute(ForTask.java:244) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.UnknownElement.execute(UnknownElement.java:291) [jwsc] at sun.reflect.GeneratedMethodAccessor4.invoke(Unknown Source) [jwsc] at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:25) [jwsc] at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:597) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.dispatch.DispatchUtils.execute(DispatchUtils.java:106) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.Task.perform(Task.java:348) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.taskdefs.Sequential.execute(Sequential.java:68) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.UnknownElement.execute(UnknownElement.java:291) [jwsc] at sun.reflect.GeneratedMethodAccessor4.invoke(Unknown Source) [jwsc] at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:25) [jwsc] at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:597) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.dispatch.DispatchUtils.execute(DispatchUtils.java:106) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.Task.perform(Task.java:348) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.taskdefs.MacroInstance.execute(MacroInstance.java:398) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.UnknownElement.execute(UnknownElement.java:291) [jwsc] at sun.reflect.GeneratedMethodAccessor4.invoke(Unknown Source) [jwsc] at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:25) [jwsc] at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:597) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.dispatch.DispatchUtils.execute(DispatchUtils.java:106) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.Task.perform(Task.java:348) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.Target.execute(Target.java:390) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.Target.performTasks(Target.java:411) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.Project.executeSortedTargets(Project.java:1397) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.helper.SingleCheckExecutor.executeTargets(SingleCheckExecutor.java:38) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.Project.executeTargets(Project.java:1249) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.taskdefs.Ant.execute(Ant.java:442) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.taskdefs.CallTarget.execute(CallTarget.java:105) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.UnknownElement.execute(UnknownElement.java:291) [jwsc] at sun.reflect.GeneratedMethodAccessor4.invoke(Unknown Source) [jwsc] at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:25) [jwsc] at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:597) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.dispatch.DispatchUtils.execute(DispatchUtils.java:106) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.Task.perform(Task.java:348) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.Target.execute(Target.java:390) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.Target.performTasks(Target.java:411) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.Project.executeSortedTargets(Project.java:1397) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.Project.executeTarget(Project.java:1366) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.helper.DefaultExecutor.executeTargets(DefaultExecutor.java:41) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.Project.executeTargets(Project.java:1249) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.Main.runBuild(Main.java:801) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.Main.startAnt(Main.java:218) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.launch.Launcher.run(Launcher.java:280) [jwsc] at org.apache.tools.ant.launch.Launcher.main(Launcher.java:109) [AntUtil.deleteDir] Deleting directory C:\DOCUME~1\KEVIN~1.BRE\LOCALS~1\Temp_5l950r The Ant target that uses the <jwsc> task is this: <target name="webservice.build" depends="init,generated.root.init"> <path id="jwsc.srcpath"> <path path="${java.sourcepath}" /> <pathelement path="build/assembly/.src" /> </path> <taskdef name="jwsc" classname="weblogic.wsee.tools.anttasks.JwscTask" > <classpath> <path refid="weblogic.jar.classpath" /> </classpath> </taskdef> <property name="jwsc.module.root" value="${project.dir}/build/weboutput"/> <property name="jwsc.contextpath" value="irWeb"/> <property name="jwsc.srcpath.prop" refid="jwsc.srcpath"/> <path id="jwsc.classpath"> <path refid="weblogic.jar.classpath" /> <path refid="java.classpath" /> <pathelement path="${java.outpath}" /> </path> <jwsc destdir="${project.dir}/build" classpathref="jwsc.classpath"> <module name="weboutput" explode="true" contextPath="${jwsc.contextpath}" > <jwsFileSet srcdir="${webservices.dir}" type="JAXRPC"> <include name="**/*.java"/> </jwsFileSet> <descriptor file="${jwsc.module.root}/WEB-INF/web.xml" /> <descriptor file="${jwsc.module.root}/WEB-INF/weblogic.xml" /> </module> </jwsc> </target> I have no idea what could be causing the compiler to throw this error at build time, and a day of google searching has turned up other instances of this error caused by different triggers, and solutions for those propblems didn't work for me. I also found a single report on the Oracle forums that seemed to be a carbon copy of this issue, but there were no replies. The application is written in Weblogic Workshop 10, runs on Weblogic Server 10.3, and uses Beehive / NetUI. Not sure if that would make a difference or not though. The build scripts were automatically generated by Weblogic Workshop, with some tweaks and fixes made to other aspects of the files by myself to fix other compatability issues. I am using Java 1.6.0_23 from Sun, and Ant 1.8.1 Any help or advice would be greatly appreciated.

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