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  • The partition table is corrupt

    - by Tim
    I have a corrupt the partition table on the laptop that is running Ubunutu 10.4. Before the partition table was corrupt I had the following partitions: 2 primary partitions: 1st - NTFS 2nd - Extended 4 logical partitons that are built within 2nd extended: 1st NTFS (68 Gib) 2nd Linux (19 Gib) 3rd Swap (1.4 Gib) 4th Linux (24 Gib) The physical order of these partitions was the following: ( 4th Linux ) - ( 1st NTFS ) - ( 2nd Linux ) - ( 3rd Swap ) The logical order of the partition was different: ( 1st NTFS ) - ( 2nd Linux ) - ( 3rd Swap ) ( 4th Linux ) NTFS partition was big and it resided between 2 Linux partitions, neither of these partitions had enough space to install Oracle 11g. Therefore, I decided to a) either move the NTFS partion to the left or b) remove it completely and extend partition where Linux resides. As I tool I have chosen GParted. But unfortunately it was not able to move the partition because he found that in NTFS partition there are some blocks that are referenced multiple times. Also it was not able to remove the partition neither, because in this case the partitions that follow it ( 2nd Linux ) - ( 3rd Swap ) have to be in his opinion also removed, because the organization of extended partition is a linked list. Since GParted was not able to do such thing I was trying to find another tool. I found diskdrake tool on PSLinuxOS distribution of linux. That tool silently deleted ( 1st NTFS ) partition and I thought that everything was fine. But diskdrake has damaged the partition in a way that I am not able either to boot from the hard disk nor to see the partitions with GParted and even with diskdrake itself! Fortunately I have a live CD of Ubuntu 8.10 and I am able to boot and see hard disk. I have 2 ideas how I can solve the problem: 1) Manually change disk partitions and point them to the correct partitions. 2) Create partition table with GParted that as much as possible is the same with the previous one I find the 2nd approach less time consuming but some data will be lost because of it is not possible to place borders of the partitions exactly how it was before. And moreover I am not sure if such approach would work, for example, if the OS is able to locate files after repartitioning. I feel like that it will but not 100% sure. Are there some ideas how the problem may be solved?

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  • How to shrink Windows 7 boot partition with unmovable files.

    - by Alex Che
    I have just bought HP laptop with Windows 7 (64 bit). It has 500 GB HDD with three partitions: small hidden system partition, 12 GiB HP recovery partition, and 450 GiB C: boot partition. I would like to split this large C: partition into two partitions, leaving only 100 GiB for system, and giving the rest to new data partition. Although Windows built-in Disk Management utility has an option to shrink the bootable partition, it only allows me to shrink it roughly by half, even though only 20 GiB on the partition is used. As far as I understand, system unmovable files lie in the middle of the partition, preventing Disk Management utility to do what I want. And since new HP laptops don't come with OS installation disks (they only allow you to create recovery disks youself), I can't just repartition HDD and then reinstall OS. So, is there any way to shrink C: bootable partition and preserve Windows 7 working? P.S.: I have tried to use 3rd party GParted utility, and after shrinking the partition Windows 7 stopped booting with BSOD. System recovery didn't work, and I had to do factory recover. Since this is a long process, I would like to avoid doing it again :) So, please, suggest only proven solutions.

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  • cloning a kvm guest os to a vmdk file

    - by Bond
    I have a production environment where I am having 4 Guest OS running on a Ubuntu server which uses kvm. These OS are in an LVM based setup.I want these Virtual Machines to be in a vmdk format also.Where people would do experiments with these Virtual Machines so this in a vmware environment (or it can be Xen too) would be different from the kvm server.I would not have any control on that other environment so I want to give people vmdk images of these virtual machines. The production Virtual Machines will still keep running on kvm server but the VMs on which experiments would be done would be of type vmdk.(vmdk is a constraint) Here is output of lvscan ACTIVE '/dev/abcd/lvm1' [100.00 GiB] inherit ACTIVE '/dev/abcd/lvm2' [150.00 GiB] inherit ACTIVE '/dev/abcd/lvm3' [50.00 GiB] inherit ACTIVE '/dev/abcd/lvm4' [100.00 GiB] inherit I was reading man page of qemu-img and what I understand is I need to first create a qcow image file which I need to populate and then convert that to a vmdk file. Is that understanding correct? Now suppose /dev/abcd/lvm4 is the virtual machine with which I am going to start this experiment.I can shutdown the production VMs for some time to do this. So is the following way correct to go on server 1 (where kvm is running) qemu-img convert -c -f raw -O vmdk /dev/abcd/lvm4 /backup/lvm4.img or it will affect the lvm4 on kvm server 1. I do not want the VM running on original server to at all loose its any of the content but also have a vmdk file for each of the Guest OS on kvm. Before I proceed with any of the above things on the production machine I just want to make sure that I am doing the correct thing so I asking here.

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  • Ubuntu+Win7--disk error press any key to restart

    - by Siddharth
    Apparently,none of the solutions in any other posts and forums worked for me For some reasons I decided to remove ubuntu from my hard disk drive. My partition table(presently): (/dev/sda1) (fat32) 900 MiB ---(MBR,I suppose) (/dev/sda2) (ntfs) 70 GiB -----(Windows 7) (/dev/sda3) (ntfs) 314.88 GiB --(Personal File storage) (/dev/sda4) (ext4) 80 GiB -----(Ubuntu 13.04) (unallocated) -----1.31 MiB So,after moving(cut-paste) everything(for backup) from the fat32 partition using win7..I booted into Ubuntu and copied the remaining 3 files(hidden in Win7 file explorer) --bootmgr,bootsect.bak,and one more which I do not remember.TERRIBLE MISTAKE After this I again booted into Windows and deleted ext4 partition..formatted it to ntfs..and shut down the pc.Then,I put in a Win7 bootable USB..using command prompt I entered bootrec /fixmbr,and bootrec /fixboot.. Restarting showed me the GRUB..choosing windows 7 showed me "Disk Error. Press any key to restart." I also installed a fresh Win7 installation on the 80 GiB partition expecting a Windows Legacy Bootloader with two win7 options..but did not work. Then..I used a Ubuntu LiveUSB to put it back to the present configuration(above) since all methods to restore the MBR failed.. I copied back the fat32 partitions backup files but couldn't copy those 3 files.Somehow ,they had been recreated and were non-replaceable. I do not want to format the win7 partition for a fresh one. I have used boot-repair..Restore MBR option brings back to "Disk error...." without even going through grub..so I reinstalled grub and I'm able to boot into Ubuntu. grub menu shows the win7 option as "Windows 7 (loader) (on /dev/sda1)". paste.ubuntu.com/5753710 paste.ubuntu.com/5775999

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  • LINQ to SQL: Issue with concurrency

    - by Gib
    I’m working on a sandwich ordering app in ASP.NET MVC, C# and LINQ to SQL. The app revolves around the user creating multiple custom-made sandwiches from a selection of ingredients. When it comes to confirming the order I need to know that there’s enough portions of each ingredient to fulfil all the sandwiches in the user’s order before I commit to the DB as it is possible that an ingredient will go out of stock between adding it to their basket and confirming the order. A bit about the database: Ingredient – Stores ingredient details including number of portions Order – Header table for an order, simply stores the order time OrderDetail – Stores a record of each sandwich in an order OrderDetailItem – Stores each ingredient in each sandwich in an order So basically I’m wondering what the best approach to ensuring that before I add records to Order, OrderDetail and OrderDetailItem I can ensure that the order can be met.

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  • Can't shrink Windows Boot NTFS disk: ERROR(5): Could not map attribute 0x80 in inode, Input/output error

    - by arcyqwerty
    Ubuntu 12.04 LTS, all updates current as of 7/3/2012 gksudo gparted Shrink /dev/sda2 from 367GB to 307GB GParted 0.11.0 --enable-libparted-dmraid Libparted 2.3 Shrink /dev/sda2 from 367.00 GiB to 307.00 GiB 00:32:57 ( ERROR ) calibrate /dev/sda2 00:00:00 ( SUCCESS ) path: /dev/sda2 start: 20,484,096 end: 790,142,975 size: 769,658,880 (367.00 GiB) check file system on /dev/sda2 for errors and (if possible) fix them 00:00:53 ( SUCCESS ) ntfsresize -P -i -f -v /dev/sda2 ntfsresize v2012.1.15AR.1 (libntfs-3g) Device name : /dev/sda2 NTFS volume version: 3.1 Cluster size : 4096 bytes Current volume size: 394065338880 bytes (394066 MB) Current device size: 394065346560 bytes (394066 MB) Checking for bad sectors ... Checking filesystem consistency ... Accounting clusters ... Space in use : 327950 MB (83.2%) Collecting resizing constraints ... Estimating smallest shrunken size supported ... File feature Last used at By inode $MFT : 389998 MB 0 Multi-Record : 394061 MB 386464 $MFTMirr : 314823 MB 1 Compressed : 394064 MB 1019521 Sparse : 330887 MB 752454 Ordinary : 393297 MB 706060 You might resize at 327949758464 bytes or 327950 MB (freeing 66116 MB). Please make a test run using both the -n and -s options before real resizing! shrink file system 00:32:04 ( ERROR ) run simulation 00:32:04 ( ERROR ) ntfsresize -P --force --force /dev/sda2 -s 329640837119 --no-action ntfsresize v2012.1.15AR.1 (libntfs-3g) Device name : /dev/sda2 NTFS volume version: 3.1 Cluster size : 4096 bytes Current volume size: 394065338880 bytes (394066 MB) Current device size: 394065346560 bytes (394066 MB) New volume size : 329640829440 bytes (329641 MB) Checking filesystem consistency ... Accounting clusters ... Space in use : 327950 MB (83.2%) Collecting resizing constraints ... Needed relocations : 13300525 (54479 MB) Schedule chkdsk for NTFS consistency check at Windows boot time ... Resetting $LogFile ... (this might take a while) Relocating needed data ... Updating $BadClust file ... Updating $Bitmap file ... ERROR(5): Could not map attribute 0x80 in inode 1667593: Input/output error ======================================== Windows has run chkdsk successfully (on boot) several times now

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  • Install Lubuntu w/o Disc or Flash Drive?

    - by Seib
    My WinXP desktop was recently blasted with a few bits of malware. I removed the malware but the damage is done, and my OS is finally at its end; it's barely chugging along as it is. So, I'm figuring what I'd like to do is replace the OS with Lubuntu, which I know is a lightweight, heavily WinXP-esque distro of Linux. However, every article, every explanation, I've read online has stated I need either a 4+ GiB flash drive or a burnable CD. Well, I have a flash drive, but it's only 1 GiB; and I have a disc burner, but no disc. So, frankly, I doubt I'll be able to do it. But hey, I figured I might as well ask away here on AU; what have I got to lose? So my question is this: would it be possible to replace my WinXP OS w/ Lubuntu without using either a 4+ GiB flash drive or a burnable CD? Thanks very much. I appreciate any help you could give.

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  • how to allow certain packet with certian destination ports to forward using iptables?

    - by moataz metwally
    i have server and i virualized it into multiple windws vps's using kvm. i would like to make all vps behind the server firewall. to control all the ports of all vps's from the host server.i have tried to do this by that iptables file but it still blocking all the forward packets. when i remove -A FORWARD -j DROP from the file the vps will be out of the firewall control : # Generated by iptables-save v1.4.7 on Mon Oct 21 04:30:35 2013 *filter :INPUT ACCEPT [0:0] :FORWARD ACCEPT [0:0] :OUTPUT ACCEPT [49:7546] -A OUTPUT -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p icmp -j DROP -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW -m tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -p tcp -m state --state NEW -m tcp -m multiport --dports 5901:6010,4080:4085 -j ACCEPT -A FORWARD -p tcp -s 0/0 -d 0/0 --destination-port 3389 -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -j DROP -A FORWARD -j DROP COMMIT # Completed on Mon Oct 21 04:30:35 2013 and my ifconfig output: eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 6C:62:6D:EF:B8:77 inet6 addr: fe80::6e62:XXX:feef:b877/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:4460000 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:1825697 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:5461498823 (5.0 GiB) TX bytes:547852516 (522.4 MiB) lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:6380 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:6380 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:6481652 (6.1 MiB) TX bytes:6481652 (6.1 MiB) natbr2 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 52:54:00:48:72:53 inet addr:88.XXX.XXX.X53 Bcast:88.198.242.159 Mask:255.255.255.248 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:1338720 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:3570844 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:434791198 (414.6 MiB) TX bytes:4321751647 (4.0 GiB) viif1001 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr FE:16:3E:0F:41:D8 inet6 addr: fe80::fc16:XXX:fe0f:41d8/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:358229 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:479289 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:500 RX bytes:50127351 (47.8 MiB) TX bytes:261223068 (249.1 MiB) viif1002 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr FE:16:3E:EA:65:FA inet6 addr: fe80::fc16:XXX:feea:65fa/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:575590 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:1489296 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:5412 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:500 RX bytes:243629668 (232.3 MiB) TX bytes:1724640936 (1.6 GiB) viif1003 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr FE:16:3E:2B:85:0E inet6 addr: fe80::fc16:XXX:fe2b:850e/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:413052 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:1741801 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:299 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:500 RX bytes:147931054 (141.0 MiB) TX bytes:2338132498 (2.1 GiB) viifbr0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 6C:62:6D:EF:B8:77 inet addr:176.XX.XX.X9 Bcast:176.9.0.95 Mask:255.255.255.224 inet6 addr: fe80::6e62:XXX:feef:b877/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:2685666 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:1472089 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:4244043694 (3.9 GiB) TX bytes:523110523 (498.8 MiB)

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  • Reconstructing the disk order in RAID 6 with 7 disks

    - by rkotulla
    a little background to this question first: I am running a RAID-6 within a QNAP TS869L external RAID/NAS system. I started with 5 disks of 3 TB each back in the day, and later added another 2 disks of 3TB to the RAID. The QNAP internals handled the growing and re-syncing etc, and everything seemd to be perfectly fine. About 2 weeks ago, I had one of the disks (disk #5, disk #2 has gone bad in the mean time) fail, and somehow (I have no idea why), also disks 1 and 2 got kicked out of the array. I replaced disk #5, but the RAID didn't start working again. After some calls to QNAP technical support, they re-created the array (using mdadm --create --force --assume-clean ...), but the resulting array couldn't find a filesystem, and I was kindly referred to contact a data recovery company that I can't afford. After some digging through old log files, resetting the disk to factory default, etc, I found a few errors that were made during this re-create - I wish I still had some of the original metadata, but unfortunately i don't (I definitely learned that lesson). I'm currently at the point where I know the correct chunk-size (64K), metadata-version (1.0; factory default was 0.9, but from what I read 0.9 doesn't handle disks over 2 TB, mine are 3 TB), and I now find the ext4 filesystem that should be on the disks. Only variable left to determine is the right disk order! I started using the description found in answer #4 of "Recover RAID 5 data after created new array instead of re-using" but am a little confused on what the order should be for a proper RAID-6. RAID-5 is pretty well documented in a number of places, but RAID-6 much less so. Also, does the layout, i.e. distribution of parity and data chunks across the disks, change after the growing of the array from 5 to 7 disks, or does the re-sync re-organize them in such a way a native 7-disk RAID-6 would have been? Thanks some more mdadm output that might be helpful: mdadm version: [~] # mdadm --version mdadm - v2.6.3 - 20th August 2007 mdadm details from one of the disks in the array: [~] # mdadm --examine /dev/sda3 /dev/sda3: Magic : a92b4efc Version : 1.0 Feature Map : 0x0 Array UUID : 1c1614a5:e3be2fbb:4af01271:947fe3aa Name : 0 Creation Time : Tue Jun 10 10:27:58 2014 Raid Level : raid6 Raid Devices : 7 Used Dev Size : 5857395112 (2793.02 GiB 2998.99 GB) Array Size : 29286975360 (13965.12 GiB 14994.93 GB) Used Size : 5857395072 (2793.02 GiB 2998.99 GB) Super Offset : 5857395368 sectors State : clean Device UUID : 7c572d8f:20c12727:7e88c888:c2c357af Update Time : Tue Jun 10 13:01:06 2014 Checksum : d275c82d - correct Events : 7036 Chunk Size : 64K Array Slot : 0 (0, 1, failed, 3, failed, 5, 6) Array State : Uu_u_uu 2 failed mdadm details for the array in the current disk-order (based on my best guess reconstructed from old log-files) [~] # mdadm --detail /dev/md0 /dev/md0: Version : 01.00.03 Creation Time : Tue Jun 10 10:27:58 2014 Raid Level : raid6 Array Size : 14643487680 (13965.12 GiB 14994.93 GB) Used Dev Size : 2928697536 (2793.02 GiB 2998.99 GB) Raid Devices : 7 Total Devices : 5 Preferred Minor : 0 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Tue Jun 10 13:01:06 2014 State : clean, degraded Active Devices : 5 Working Devices : 5 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 0 Chunk Size : 64K Name : 0 UUID : 1c1614a5:e3be2fbb:4af01271:947fe3aa Events : 7036 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 8 3 0 active sync /dev/sda3 1 8 19 1 active sync /dev/sdb3 2 0 0 2 removed 3 8 51 3 active sync /dev/sdd3 4 0 0 4 removed 5 8 99 5 active sync /dev/sdg3 6 8 83 6 active sync /dev/sdf3 output from /proc/mdstat (md8, md9, and md13 are internally used RAIDs holding swap, etc; the one I'm after is md0) [~] # more /proc/mdstat Personalities : [linear] [raid0] [raid1] [raid10] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [multipath] md0 : active raid6 sdf3[6] sdg3[5] sdd3[3] sdb3[1] sda3[0] 14643487680 blocks super 1.0 level 6, 64k chunk, algorithm 2 [7/5] [UU_U_UU] md8 : active raid1 sdg2[2](S) sdf2[3](S) sdd2[4](S) sdc2[5](S) sdb2[6](S) sda2[1] sde2[0] 530048 blocks [2/2] [UU] md13 : active raid1 sdg4[3] sdf4[4] sde4[5] sdd4[6] sdc4[2] sdb4[1] sda4[0] 458880 blocks [8/7] [UUUUUUU_] bitmap: 21/57 pages [84KB], 4KB chunk md9 : active raid1 sdg1[6] sdf1[5] sde1[4] sdd1[3] sdc1[2] sda1[0] sdb1[1] 530048 blocks [8/7] [UUUUUUU_] bitmap: 37/65 pages [148KB], 4KB chunk unused devices: <none>

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  • Linux Software RAID recovery

    - by Zoredache
    I am seeing a discrepancy between the output of mdadm --detail and mdadm --examine, and I don't understand why. This output mdadm --detail /dev/md2 /dev/md2: Version : 0.90 Creation Time : Wed Mar 14 18:20:52 2012 Raid Level : raid10 Array Size : 3662760640 (3493.08 GiB 3750.67 GB) Used Dev Size : 1465104256 (1397.23 GiB 1500.27 GB) Raid Devices : 5 Total Devices : 5 Preferred Minor : 2 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Seems to contradict this. (the same for every disk in the array) mdadm --examine /dev/sdc2 /dev/sdc2: Magic : a92b4efc Version : 0.90.00 UUID : 1f54d708:60227dd6:163c2a05:89fa2e07 (local to host) Creation Time : Wed Mar 14 18:20:52 2012 Raid Level : raid10 Used Dev Size : 1465104320 (1397.23 GiB 1500.27 GB) Array Size : 2930208640 (2794.46 GiB 3000.53 GB) Raid Devices : 5 Total Devices : 5 Preferred Minor : 2 The array was created like this. mdadm -v --create /dev/md2 \ --level=raid10 --layout=o2 --raid-devices=5 \ --chunk=64 --metadata=0.90 \ /dev/sdg2 /dev/sdf2 /dev/sde2 /dev/sdd2 /dev/sdc2 Each of the 5 individual drives have partitions like this. Disk /dev/sdc: 1500.3 GB, 1500301910016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 182401 cylinders, total 2930277168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00057754 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdc1 2048 34815 16384 83 Linux /dev/sdc2 34816 2930243583 1465104384 fd Linux raid autodetect Backstory So the SATA controller failed in a box I provide some support for. The failure was a ugly and so individual drives fell out of the array a little at a time. While there are backups, we the are not really done as frequently as we really need. There is some data that I am trying to recover if I can. I got additional hardware and I was able to access the drives again. The drives appear to be fine, and I can get the array and filesystem active and mounted (using read-only mode). I am able to access some data on the filesystem and have been copying that off, but I am seeing lots of errors when I try to copy the most recent data. When I am trying to access that most recent data I am getting errors like below which makes me think that the array size discrepancy may be the problem. Mar 14 18:26:04 server kernel: [351588.196299] dm-7: rw=0, want=6619839616, limit=6442450944 Mar 14 18:26:04 server kernel: [351588.196309] attempt to access beyond end of device Mar 14 18:26:04 server kernel: [351588.196313] dm-7: rw=0, want=6619839616, limit=6442450944 Mar 14 18:26:04 server kernel: [351588.199260] attempt to access beyond end of device Mar 14 18:26:04 server kernel: [351588.199264] dm-7: rw=0, want=20647626304, limit=6442450944 Mar 14 18:26:04 server kernel: [351588.202446] attempt to access beyond end of device Mar 14 18:26:04 server kernel: [351588.202450] dm-7: rw=0, want=19973212288, limit=6442450944 Mar 14 18:26:04 server kernel: [351588.205516] attempt to access beyond end of device Mar 14 18:26:04 server kernel: [351588.205520] dm-7: rw=0, want=8009695096, limit=6442450944

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  • apt-get update mdadm scary warnings

    - by user568829
    Just ran an apt-get update on one of my dedicated servers to be left with a relatively scary warning: Processing triggers for initramfs-tools ... update-initramfs: Generating /boot/initrd.img-2.6.26-2-686-bigmem W: mdadm: the array /dev/md/1 with UUID c622dd79:496607cf:c230666b:5103eba0 W: mdadm: is currently active, but it is not listed in mdadm.conf. if W: mdadm: it is needed for boot, then YOUR SYSTEM IS NOW UNBOOTABLE! W: mdadm: please inspect the output of /usr/share/mdadm/mkconf, compare W: mdadm: it to /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf, and make the necessary changes. W: mdadm: the array /dev/md/2 with UUID 24120323:8c54087c:c230666b:5103eba0 W: mdadm: is currently active, but it is not listed in mdadm.conf. if W: mdadm: it is needed for boot, then YOUR SYSTEM IS NOW UNBOOTABLE! W: mdadm: please inspect the output of /usr/share/mdadm/mkconf, compare W: mdadm: it to /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf, and make the necessary changes. W: mdadm: the array /dev/md/6 with UUID eef74de5:9267b2a1:c230666b:5103eba0 W: mdadm: is currently active, but it is not listed in mdadm.conf. if W: mdadm: it is needed for boot, then YOUR SYSTEM IS NOW UNBOOTABLE! W: mdadm: please inspect the output of /usr/share/mdadm/mkconf, compare W: mdadm: it to /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf, and make the necessary changes. W: mdadm: the array /dev/md/5 with UUID 5d45b20c:04d8138f:c230666b:5103eba0 W: mdadm: is currently active, but it is not listed in mdadm.conf. if W: mdadm: it is needed for boot, then YOUR SYSTEM IS NOW UNBOOTABLE! W: mdadm: please inspect the output of /usr/share/mdadm/mkconf, compare W: mdadm: it to /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf, and make the necessary changes. As instructed I inspected the output of /usr/share/mdadm/mkconf and compared with /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf and they are quite different. Here is the /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf contents: # mdadm.conf # # Please refer to mdadm.conf(5) for information about this file. # # by default, scan all partitions (/proc/partitions) for MD superblocks. # alternatively, specify devices to scan, using wildcards if desired. DEVICE partitions # auto-create devices with Debian standard permissions CREATE owner=root group=disk mode=0660 auto=yes # automatically tag new arrays as belonging to the local system HOMEHOST <system> # instruct the monitoring daemon where to send mail alerts MAILADDR root # definitions of existing MD arrays ARRAY /dev/md0 level=raid1 num-devices=2 UUID=b93b0b87:5f7c2c46:0043fca9:4026c400 ARRAY /dev/md1 level=raid1 num-devices=2 UUID=c0fa8842:e214fb1a:fad8a3a2:28f2aabc ARRAY /dev/md2 level=raid1 num-devices=2 UUID=cdc2a9a9:63bbda21:f55e806c:a5371897 ARRAY /dev/md3 level=raid1 num-devices=2 UUID=eca75495:9c9ce18c:d2bac587:f1e79d80 # This file was auto-generated on Wed, 04 Nov 2009 11:32:16 +0100 # by mkconf $Id$ And here is the out put from /usr/share/mdadm/mkconf # mdadm.conf # # Please refer to mdadm.conf(5) for information about this file. # # by default, scan all partitions (/proc/partitions) for MD superblocks. # alternatively, specify devices to scan, using wildcards if desired. DEVICE partitions # auto-create devices with Debian standard permissions CREATE owner=root group=disk mode=0660 auto=yes # automatically tag new arrays as belonging to the local system HOMEHOST <system> # instruct the monitoring daemon where to send mail alerts MAILADDR root # definitions of existing MD arrays ARRAY /dev/md1 UUID=c622dd79:496607cf:c230666b:5103eba0 ARRAY /dev/md2 UUID=24120323:8c54087c:c230666b:5103eba0 ARRAY /dev/md5 UUID=5d45b20c:04d8138f:c230666b:5103eba0 ARRAY /dev/md6 UUID=eef74de5:9267b2a1:c230666b:5103eba0 # This configuration was auto-generated on Sat, 25 Feb 2012 13:10:00 +1030 # by mkconf 3.1.4-1+8efb9d1+squeeze1 As I understand it I need to replace the four lines that start with 'ARRAY' in the /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf file with the different four 'ARRAY' lines from the /usr/share/mdadm/mkconf output. When I did this and then ran update-initramfs -u there were no more warnings. Is what I have done above correct? I am now terrified of rebooting the server for fear it will not reboot and being a remote dedicated server this would certainly mean downtime and possibly would be expensive to get running again. FOLLOW UP (response to question): the output from mount: /dev/md1 on / type ext3 (rw,usrquota,grpquota) tmpfs on /lib/init/rw type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,mode=0755) proc on /proc type proc (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev) udev on /dev type tmpfs (rw,mode=0755) tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev) devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,noexec,nosuid,gid=5,mode=620) /dev/md2 on /boot type ext2 (rw) /dev/md5 on /tmp type ext3 (rw) /dev/md6 on /home type ext3 (rw,usrquota,grpquota) mdadm --detail /dev/md0 mdadm: md device /dev/md0 does not appear to be active. mdadm --detail /dev/md1 /dev/md1: Version : 0.90 Creation Time : Sun Aug 14 09:43:08 2011 Raid Level : raid1 Array Size : 31463232 (30.01 GiB 32.22 GB) Used Dev Size : 31463232 (30.01 GiB 32.22 GB) Raid Devices : 2 Total Devices : 2 Preferred Minor : 1 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Sat Feb 25 14:03:47 2012 State : clean Active Devices : 2 Working Devices : 2 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 0 UUID : c622dd79:496607cf:c230666b:5103eba0 Events : 0.24 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 8 1 0 active sync /dev/sda1 1 8 17 1 active sync /dev/sdb1 mdadm --detail /dev/md2 /dev/md2: Version : 0.90 Creation Time : Sun Aug 14 09:43:09 2011 Raid Level : raid1 Array Size : 104320 (101.89 MiB 106.82 MB) Used Dev Size : 104320 (101.89 MiB 106.82 MB) Raid Devices : 2 Total Devices : 2 Preferred Minor : 2 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Sat Feb 25 13:20:20 2012 State : clean Active Devices : 2 Working Devices : 2 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 0 UUID : 24120323:8c54087c:c230666b:5103eba0 Events : 0.30 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 8 2 0 active sync /dev/sda2 1 8 18 1 active sync /dev/sdb2 mdadm --detail /dev/md3 mdadm: md device /dev/md3 does not appear to be active. mdadm --detail /dev/md5 /dev/md5: Version : 0.90 Creation Time : Sun Aug 14 09:43:09 2011 Raid Level : raid1 Array Size : 2104448 (2.01 GiB 2.15 GB) Used Dev Size : 2104448 (2.01 GiB 2.15 GB) Raid Devices : 2 Total Devices : 2 Preferred Minor : 5 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Sat Feb 25 14:09:03 2012 State : clean Active Devices : 2 Working Devices : 2 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 0 UUID : 5d45b20c:04d8138f:c230666b:5103eba0 Events : 0.30 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 8 5 0 active sync /dev/sda5 1 8 21 1 active sync /dev/sdb5 mdadm --detail /dev/md6 /dev/md6: Version : 0.90 Creation Time : Sun Aug 14 09:43:09 2011 Raid Level : raid1 Array Size : 453659456 (432.64 GiB 464.55 GB) Used Dev Size : 453659456 (432.64 GiB 464.55 GB) Raid Devices : 2 Total Devices : 2 Preferred Minor : 6 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Sat Feb 25 14:10:00 2012 State : active Active Devices : 2 Working Devices : 2 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 0 UUID : eef74de5:9267b2a1:c230666b:5103eba0 Events : 0.31 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 8 6 0 active sync /dev/sda6 1 8 22 1 active sync /dev/sdb6 FOLLOW UP 2 (response to question): Output from /etc/fstab /dev/md1 / ext3 defaults,usrquota,grpquota 1 1 devpts /dev/pts devpts mode=0620,gid=5 0 0 proc /proc proc defaults 0 0 #usbdevfs /proc/bus/usb usbdevfs noauto 0 0 /dev/cdrom /media/cdrom auto ro,noauto,user,exec 0 0 /dev/dvd /media/dvd auto ro,noauto,user,exec 0 0 # # # /dev/md2 /boot ext2 defaults 1 2 /dev/sda3 swap swap pri=42 0 0 /dev/sdb3 swap swap pri=42 0 0 /dev/md5 /tmp ext3 defaults 0 0 /dev/md6 /home ext3 defaults,usrquota,grpquota 1 2

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  • Partition table is corrupt

    - by Tim
    I have a corrupt the partition table on the laptop that is running Ubunutu 10.4. Before the partition table was corrupt I had the following partitions: 2 primary partitions: 1st - NTFS 2nd - Extended 4 logical partitons that are built within 2nd extended: 1st NTFS (68 Gib) 2nd Linux (19 Gib) 3rd Swap (1.4 Gib) 4th Linux (24 Gib) The physical order of these partitions was the following: ( 4th Linux ) - ( 1st NTFS ) - ( 2nd Linux ) - ( 3rd Swap ) The logical order of the partition was different: ( 1st NTFS ) - ( 2nd Linux ) - ( 3rd Swap ) ( 4th Linux ) NTFS partition was big and it resided between 2 Linux partitions, neither of these partitions had enough space to install Oracle 11g for my project with prof. Gamper and Markus Innerebner. Therefore, I decided to a) either move the NTFS partion to the left or b) remove it completely and extend partition where Linux resides. As I tool I have chosen GParted. But unfortunately it was not able to move the partition because he found that in NTFS partition there are some blocks that are referenced multiple times. Also it was not able to remove the partition neither, because in this case the partitions that follow it ( 2nd Linux ) - ( 3rd Swap ) have to be in his opinion also removed, because the organization of extended partition is a linked list. Since GParted was not able to do such thing I was trying to find another tool. I found diskdrake tool on PSLinuxOS distribution of linux. That tool silently deleted ( 1st NTFS ) partition and I thought that everything was fine. But diskdrake has damaged the partition in a way that I am not able either to boot from the hard disk nor to see the partitions with GParted and even with diskdrake itself! Fortunately I have a live CD of Ubuntu 8.10 and I am able to boot and see hard disk. I have 2 ideas how I can solve the problem: 1) Manually change disk partitions and point them to the correct partitions. 2) Create partition table with GParted that as much as possible is the same with the previous one I find the 2nd approach less time consuming but some data will be lost because of it is not possible to place borders of the partitions exactly how it was before. And moreover I am not sure if such approach would work, for example, if the OS is able to locate files after repartitioning. I feel like that it will but not 100% sure. Are there some ideas how the problem may be solved?

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  • Burning Snow Leopard DMG on Ubuntu

    - by Caitlann Lloyd
    So I have a SL Copy of Mac OS X Snow Leopard.DMG and I am running Ubuntu 12.0.4. I tried burn the DMG to a DVD using CD/DVD Creator however when I try, it comes up with a message saying 'The size of the file is over 2 GiB. Files larger than 2 GiB are not supported by the ISO9660 standard in its first and second versions (the most widespread ones). It is recommended to use the third version of the ISO9660 standard, which is supported by most operating systems, including Linux and all versions of Windows™. However, Mac OS X cannot read images created with version 3 of the ISO9660 standard.' How do I bypass this so my DVD is bootable on my iMac. By the way, I'm running Ubuntu on the iMac and it is my only partition. No other OS Installed

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  • OpenVPN Server Ethernet Bridging Question

    - by Hooplad
    Hello All, I am having a difficult time properly configuring an ethernet bridge using OpenVPN 2.0.9 install on CentOS 5 ( VPN server ). The goal that I am trying to complete is to connect a VM ( instance running on the same CentOS machine ) acting as a Microsoft Business Contact Manager server. I would then like this "BCM server" to serve Windows XP clients on 192.168.1.0/24 network as well as clients connecting from VPN ( 10.8.0.0/24 ). The setup as it is now was based off a known working configuration. The problem with the working configuration was that it would allow to the client to connect and access everything running on the VPN server ( SVN, Samba, VM Server ) but not any computers on the 192.168.1.0/24 network. I must disclose that the VPN server is behind a router/firewall. Ports are being forwarded correctly ( again, clients were able to connect to the VPN server with no problem. netcat confirms the udp port is open as well ). current ifconfig output br0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:21:5E:4D:3A:C2 inet addr:192.168.1.169 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::221:5eff:fe4d:3ac2/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:846890 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:3072351 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:42686842 (40.7 MiB) TX bytes:4540654180 (4.2 GiB) eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:21:5E:4D:3A:C2 UP BROADCAST RUNNING SLAVE MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:882641 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:1781383 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:82342803 (78.5 MiB) TX bytes:2614727660 (2.4 GiB) Interrupt:169 eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:21:5E:4D:3A:C3 UP BROADCAST RUNNING SLAVE MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:650 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:1347223 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:67403 (65.8 KiB) TX bytes:1959529142 (1.8 GiB) Interrupt:233 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:17452058 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:17452058 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:94020256229 (87.5 GiB) TX bytes:94020256229 (87.5 GiB) tap0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr DE:18:C6:D7:01:63 inet6 addr: fe80::dc18:c6ff:fed7:163/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING PROMISC MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:3086 errors:0 dropped:166 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:100 RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:315099 (307.7 KiB) vmnet1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:50:56:C0:00:01 inet addr:192.168.177.1 Bcast:192.168.177.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::250:56ff:fec0:1/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:4224 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:0 (0.0 b) vmnet8 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:50:56:C0:00:08 inet addr:192.168.55.1 Bcast:192.168.55.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::250:56ff:fec0:8/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:4226 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:0 (0.0 b) TX bytes:0 (0.0 b) current route table Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 192.168.55.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 vmnet8 192.168.177.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 vmnet1 192.168.1.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 br0 current iptables output Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination ACCEPT all -- anywhere anywhere ACCEPT all -- anywhere anywhere Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination ACCEPT all -- anywhere anywhere Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) target prot opt source destination server_known_working.conf local banshee port 1194 proto udp dev tap0 ca ca.crt cert banshee_server.crt key banshee_server.key dh dh1024.pem server 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0 ifconfig-pool-persist ipp.txt push "route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0" client-to-client keepalive 10 120 tls-auth ta.key 0 user nobody group nobody persist-key persist-tun status openvpn-status.log verb 4 The following is the current CentOS server config file. server_ethernet_bridged.conf ( current ) local 192.168.1.169 port 1194 proto udp dev tap0 ca ca.crt cert server.crt key server.key dh dh1024.pem ifconfig-pool-persist ipp.txt server-bridge 192.168.1.169 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.200 192.168.1.210 push "route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.1" client-to-client keepalive 10 120 tls-auth ta.key 0 user nobody group nobody persist-key persist-tun status openvpn-status.log verb 6 The following is one of the client's config file that was used with the known working configuration. client.opvn client dev tap proto udp remote XXX.XXX.XXX 1194 resolv-retry infinite nobind persist-key persist-tun ca client.crt cert client.crt key client.key tls-auth client.key 1 verb 3 I have tried the HOWTO provided by OpenVPN as well as others http://www.thebakershome.net/openvpn%5Ftutorial?page=1 with no success. Any help or suggestions would be appreciated.

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  • ipod not mounting

    - by rls
    Tried to connect my iPod, but got this message: Error mounting: mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/sdb2, missing codepage or helper program, or other error In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try dmesg | tail or so Have seen links to this here, but beeing rather green, I don't understand much. https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/util-linux/+bug/734883 What do I do now? The dmesg|tail says [ 2819.709437] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdb] 3901376 4096-byte logical blocks: (15.9 GB/14.8 GiB) [ 2819.710161] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdb] Assuming drive cache: write through [ 2819.735294] sdb: [mac] sdb1 sdb2 [ 2819.738060] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdb] 3901376 4096-byte logical blocks: (15.9 GB/14.8 GiB) [ 2819.738671] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdb] Assuming drive cache: write through [ 2819.738688] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdb] Attached SCSI removable disk [ 2820.420130] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdb] Bad block number requested [ 2820.420167] hfs: unable to find HFS+ superblock [ 2820.612140] sd 6:0:0:0: [sdb] Bad block number requested [ 2820.612191] hfs: unable to find HFS+ superblock

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  • Accessing a broken mdadm raid

    - by CarstenCarsten
    Hi! I used a western digital mybookworld (SOHO NAS storage using Linux) as backup for my Linux box. Suddenly, the mybookworld does not boot up any more. So I opened the box, removed the hard disk and put the hard disk into an external USB HDD case, and connected it to my Linux box. [ 530.640301] usb 2-1: new high speed USB device using ehci_hcd and address 3 [ 530.797630] scsi7 : usb-storage 2-1:1.0 [ 531.794844] scsi 7:0:0:0: Direct-Access WDC WD75 00AAKS-00RBA0 PQ: 0 ANSI: 2 [ 531.796490] sd 7:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg3 type 0 [ 531.797966] sd 7:0:0:0: [sdc] 1465149168 512-byte logical blocks: (750 GB/698 GiB) [ 531.800317] sd 7:0:0:0: [sdc] Write Protect is off [ 531.800327] sd 7:0:0:0: [sdc] Mode Sense: 38 00 00 00 [ 531.800333] sd 7:0:0:0: [sdc] Assuming drive cache: write through [ 531.803821] sd 7:0:0:0: [sdc] Assuming drive cache: write through [ 531.803836] sdc: sdc1 sdc2 sdc3 sdc4 [ 531.815831] sd 7:0:0:0: [sdc] Assuming drive cache: write through [ 531.815842] sd 7:0:0:0: [sdc] Attached SCSI disk The dmesg output looks normal, but I was wondering why the hardisk was not mounted at all. And why there are 4 different partitions on it. fdisk showed the following: root@ubuntu:/home/ubuntu# fdisk /dev/sdc WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to sectors (command 'u'). Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sdc: 750.2 GB, 750156374016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 91201 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00007c00 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdc1 4 369 2939895 fd Linux raid autodetect /dev/sdc2 370 382 104422+ fd Linux raid autodetect /dev/sdc3 383 505 987997+ fd Linux raid autodetect /dev/sdc4 506 91201 728515620 fd Linux raid autodetect Oh no! Everything seems to be created as a mdadm software raid. Calling mdadm --examine with the different partitions seems to affirm that. I think the only partition I am interested in, is /dev/sdc4 (because it is the largest). But nevertheless I called mdadm --examine with every partition. root@ubuntu:/home/ubuntu# mdadm --examine /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdc1: Magic : a92b4efc Version : 00.90.00 UUID : 5626a2d8:070ad992:ef1c8d24:cd8e13e4 Creation Time : Wed Feb 20 00:57:49 2002 Raid Level : raid1 Used Dev Size : 2939776 (2.80 GiB 3.01 GB) Array Size : 2939776 (2.80 GiB 3.01 GB) Raid Devices : 2 Total Devices : 1 Preferred Minor : 1 Update Time : Sun Nov 21 11:05:27 2010 State : clean Active Devices : 1 Working Devices : 1 Failed Devices : 1 Spare Devices : 0 Checksum : 4c90bc55 - correct Events : 16682 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State this 0 8 1 0 active sync /dev/sda1 0 0 8 1 0 active sync /dev/sda1 1 1 0 0 1 faulty removed root@ubuntu:/home/ubuntu# mdadm --examine /dev/sdc2 /dev/sdc2: Magic : a92b4efc Version : 00.90.00 UUID : 9734b3ee:2d5af206:05fe3413:585f7f26 Creation Time : Wed Feb 20 00:57:54 2002 Raid Level : raid1 Used Dev Size : 104320 (101.89 MiB 106.82 MB) Array Size : 104320 (101.89 MiB 106.82 MB) Raid Devices : 2 Total Devices : 1 Preferred Minor : 2 Update Time : Wed Oct 27 20:19:08 2010 State : clean Active Devices : 1 Working Devices : 1 Failed Devices : 1 Spare Devices : 0 Checksum : 55560b40 - correct Events : 9884 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State this 0 8 2 0 active sync /dev/sda2 0 0 8 2 0 active sync /dev/sda2 1 1 0 0 1 faulty removed root@ubuntu:/home/ubuntu# mdadm --examine /dev/sdc3 /dev/sdc3: Magic : a92b4efc Version : 00.90.00 UUID : 08f30b4f:91cca15d:2332bfef:48e67824 Creation Time : Wed Feb 20 00:57:54 2002 Raid Level : raid1 Used Dev Size : 987904 (964.91 MiB 1011.61 MB) Array Size : 987904 (964.91 MiB 1011.61 MB) Raid Devices : 2 Total Devices : 1 Preferred Minor : 3 Update Time : Sun Nov 21 11:05:27 2010 State : clean Active Devices : 1 Working Devices : 1 Failed Devices : 1 Spare Devices : 0 Checksum : 39717874 - correct Events : 73678 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State this 0 8 3 0 active sync 0 0 8 3 0 active sync 1 1 0 0 1 faulty removed root@ubuntu:/home/ubuntu# mdadm --examine /dev/sdc4 /dev/sdc4: Magic : a92b4efc Version : 00.90.00 UUID : febb75ca:e9d1ce18:f14cc006:f759419a Creation Time : Wed Feb 20 00:57:55 2002 Raid Level : raid1 Used Dev Size : 728515520 (694.77 GiB 746.00 GB) Array Size : 728515520 (694.77 GiB 746.00 GB) Raid Devices : 2 Total Devices : 1 Preferred Minor : 4 Update Time : Sun Nov 21 11:05:27 2010 State : clean Active Devices : 1 Working Devices : 1 Failed Devices : 1 Spare Devices : 0 Checksum : 2f36a392 - correct Events : 519320 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State this 0 8 4 0 active sync 0 0 8 4 0 active sync 1 1 0 0 1 faulty removed If I read the output correctly everything was removed, because it was faulty. Is there ANY way to see the contents of the largest partition? Or seeing somehow which files are broken? I see that everything is raid1 which is only mirroring, so this should be a normal partition. I am anxious to do anything with mdadm, in fear that I destroy the data on the hard disk. I would be very thankful for any help.

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  • mdadm superblock hiding/shadowing partition

    - by Kjell Andreassen
    Short version: Is it safe to do mdadm --zero-superblock /dev/sdd on a disk with a partition (dev/sdd1), filesystem and data? Will the partition be mountable and the data still there? Longer version: I used to have a raid6 array but decided to dismantle it. The disks from the array are now used as non-raid disks. The superblocks were cleared: sudo mdadm --zero-superblock /dev/sdd The disks were repartitioned with fdisk and filesystems created with mfks.ext4. All disks where mounted and everything worked fine. Today, a couple of weeks later, one of the disks is failing to be recognized when trying to mount it, or rather the single partition on it. sudo mount /dev/sdd1 /mnt/tmp mount: special device /dev/sdd1 does not exist fdisk claims there to be a partition on it: sudo fdisk -l /dev/sdd Disk /dev/sdd: 2000.4 GB, 2000398934016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 243201 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0xb06f6341 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdd1 1 243201 1953512001 83 Linux Of course mount is right, the device /dev/sdd1 is not there, I'm guessing udev did not create it because of the mdadm data still on it: sudo mdadm --examine /dev/sdd /dev/sdd: Magic : a92b4efc Version : 1.2 Feature Map : 0x0 Array UUID : b164e513:c0584be1:3cc53326:48691084 Name : pringle:0 (local to host pringle) Creation Time : Sat Jun 16 21:37:14 2012 Raid Level : raid6 Raid Devices : 6 Avail Dev Size : 3907027120 (1863.02 GiB 2000.40 GB) Array Size : 15628107776 (7452.06 GiB 8001.59 GB) Used Dev Size : 3907026944 (1863.02 GiB 2000.40 GB) Data Offset : 2048 sectors Super Offset : 8 sectors State : clean Device UUID : 3ccaeb5b:843531e4:87bf1224:382c16e2 Update Time : Sun Aug 12 22:20:39 2012 Checksum : 4c329db0 - correct Events : 1238535 Layout : left-symmetric Chunk Size : 512K Device Role : Active device 3 Array State : AA.AAA ('A' == active, '.' == missing) My mdadm --zero-superblock apparently didn't work. Can I safely try it again without losing data? If not, are there any suggestion on what do to? Not starting mdadm at all on boot might be a (somewhat unsatisfactory) solution.

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  • Accidentally mounted a ReiserFS drive as MBR on my windows box - how do I recover?

    - by Ryan
    I had a WD Netcenter with a 160GB drive that kept dropping off the network. I opened up the enclosure and removed the hard drive, connected to a Windows box without knowing the drive used ReiserFS.... When mounting on the Windows box, I chose "MBR" as filesystem. 70GB of data corrupted: 90% of data is word documents, excel spreadsheets, and jpg's - all mission critical. Attempted recovery on Linux box (ubuntu) using TestDisk: I could see the container, but couldn't get anything out – according to TestDisk this was because I chose "none" as filesystem. Attempted recovery using Nucleus Kernel Recovery for windows: 98% of what was recovered is incomplete and/or unusable. I need to know if a way exists to recover or rebuild original ReiserFS MBR, or what tools/techniques might give me the best results in recovering the data. Found a Windows version of TestDisk and I ran it yesterday - here are the results: TestDisk 6.14-WIP, Data Recovery Utility, May 2012 Christophe GRENIER <[email protected]> http://www.cgsecurity.org Disk /dev/sda - 160 GB / 149 GiB - CHS 19457 255 63 The harddisk (160 GB / 149 GiB) seems too small! (< 519 GB / 483 GiB) Check the harddisk size: HD jumpers settings, BIOS detection... The following partitions can't be recovered: Partition Start End Size in sectors > ReiserFS 3.6 62 241 8 19458 0 18 311581568 ReiserFS 3.6 62 248 55 19458 8 2 311581568 ReiserFS 3.6 62 254 37 19458 13 47 311581568 ReiserFS 3.6 63 6 28 19458 20 38 311581568 ReiserFS 3.6 63 13 11 19458 27 21 311581568 ReiserFS 3.6 63 21 43 19458 35 53 311581568 ReiserFS 3.6 63 27 41 19458 41 51 311581568 ReiserFS 3.6 63 37 35 19458 51 45 311581568 ReiserFS 3.6 63 54 20 19458 68 30 311581568 ReiserFS 3.6 63 76 26 19458 90 36 311581568

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  • "A disk read error occurred" after choosing to boot into Windows XP from GRUB

    - by kellogs
    "A disk read error occurred" appears on screen after choosing to boot into Windows XP from GRUB. [root@localhost linux]# fdisk -lu Disk /dev/sda: 160.0 GB, 160041885696 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 19457 cylinders, total 312581808 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x48424841 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 63 204214271 102107104+ 7 HPFS/NTFS Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2 204214272 255606783 25696256 af HFS / HFS+ Partition 2 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda3 255606784 276488191 10440704 c W95 FAT32 (LBA) Partition 3 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda4 276490179 312576704 18043263 5 Extended /dev/sda5 * 276490240 286709759 5109760 83 Linux /dev/sda6 286712118 310488254 11888068+ b W95 FAT32 /dev/sda7 310488318 312576704 1044193+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris Here, sda is a 160GB hard disk with quite a few partitions and 3 OSes installed. I am able to boot into Linux and Mac OS fine, but not into Windows anymore. The Windows system is located on /dev/sda1. I cannot recall how exactly have I used testdisk but it once said: Disk /dev/sda - 160 GB / 149 GiB - CHS 19458 255 63 The harddisk (160 GB / 149 GiB) seems too small! (< 169 GB / 157 GiB) Check the harddisk size: HD jumper settings, BIOS detection... So far I have tried to "fixboot" and "chkdsk" from a recovery console on the affected windows partition (/dev/sda1), the plug off power cord for 15 seconds trick, reinstalling GRUB, repairing the MFT and boot sector of the affected partition via testdisk, what next please? Thank you!

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  • Partition is missing in /dev

    - by haimg
    I'm having a strange problem since I moved from Centos5 to Centos6. I have three disks, first two are used as a RAID1, and third one is a stand-alone backup disk that is not listed in /etc/fstab (it is mounded when needed and then unmounted). My problem: After a boot, /dev/sdc exists but /dev/sdc1 does not. Also, the links in /dev/disks are also absent for the first partition of sdc. Disk itself is fine, and if I hot-remove it and plug it back in, /dev/sdc1 appears ok and everything is working. My question: What subsystem manages auto-discovery of disks, partitions, etc. during the boot process (e.g. what creates /dev/disks/by-label)? How do I configure it to scan /dev/sdc too and create all relevant files and links in /dev ? Edit: Here's the relevant part of dmesg output (the only place sdc appears). It does list sdc1, but it's not in /dev! sd 1:0:0:0: [sdb] 1953525168 512-byte logical blocks: (1.00 TB/931 GiB) sd 3:0:0:0: [sdc] 976773168 512-byte logical blocks: (500 GB/465 GiB) sd 1:0:0:0: [sdb] Write Protect is off sd 1:0:0:0: [sdb] Mode Sense: 00 3a 00 00 sd 1:0:0:0: [sdb] Write cache: enabled, read cache: enabled, doesn't support DPO or FUA sd 3:0:0:0: [sdc] Write Protect is off sd 3:0:0:0: [sdc] Mode Sense: 00 3a 00 00 sd 3:0:0:0: [sdc] Write cache: enabled, read cache: enabled, doesn't support DPO or FUA sdb: sdc: sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] 1953525168 512-byte logical blocks: (1.00 TB/931 GiB) sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Write Protect is off sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Mode Sense: 00 3a 00 00 sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Write cache: enabled, read cache: enabled, doesn't support DPO or FUA sda: DMAR:[DMA Read] Request device [00:1e.0] fault addr 361bc000 DMAR:[fault reason 06] PTE Read access is not set sdb1 sdb2 sdb3 sdc1 sda1 sd 1:0:0:0: [sdb] Attached SCSI disk sd 3:0:0:0: [sdc] Attached SCSI disk sda2 sda3 sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Attached SCSI disk

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  • Centos VM serving multiple public IP: how to configure network interface?

    - by Glasnhost
    I have a Centos 5.6 VM (Vsphere client) already responding to two different public IPs on eth0 and eth0:1 and I'm trying to add eth0:2. I copied the eth0 config file and restarted the network service. I don't understand which other steps are needed... ifconfig eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:40:46:B9:00:41 inet addr:10.1.12.10 Bcast:10.1.12.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:163371837 errors:77 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:168210961 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:1891221045 (1.7 GiB) TX bytes:855899500 (816.2 MiB) Interrupt:59 Base address:0x2000 eth0:1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:40:46:B9:00:41 inet addr:10.1.12.11 Bcast:10.1.12.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 Interrupt:59 Base address:0x2000 eth0:2 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:40:46:B9:00:41 inet addr:10.1.12.12 Bcast:10.1.12.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 Interrupt:59 Base address:0x2000 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:188976973 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:188976973 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:2015642664 (1.8 GiB) TX bytes:2015642664 (1.8 GiB) more /etc/resolv.conf nameserver 10.1.12.1 route -n Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 10.1.12.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 169.254.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 0.0.0.0 10.1.12.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0

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  • How should I configure backup of my server?

    - by ed209
    I have just rented a dedicated server. If it helps this is the config I have: CPU1 Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-2600 CPU @ 3.40GHz (Cores 8) RAM 15975 MB Disk /dev/sda doesn't contain a valid partition table (=> /dev/sda doesn't) Disk /dev/sdc doesn't contain a valid partition table (=> /dev/sdc doesn't) Disk /dev/sdb doesn't contain a valid partition table (=> /dev/sdb doesn't) Disk /dev/sda: 120.0 GB (=> 114 GIB) Disk /dev/sdc: 3000.6 GB (=> 2861 GIB) Disk /dev/sdb: 3000.6 GB (=> 2861 GIB) /dev/sda is a 120GB SSD. This is where I have Ubuntu/lamp installed. It's the drive that will run my site. With the account I got two other drives of 3000GB each which I really don't need but they came with the account. I figured I could use these to back up my main 120gb drive. So a couple of things I wondered were: Should I use these for backups? How should I back up. The data I want to back up is a user uploads directory full of images and the database. Everything else is either in a code repo or backed up some other way. For example, it would be nice to know there is a disk image of the 120gb drive somewhere that I can copy over should there be any problems but equally I don't mind doing a fresh install of all the software and copying over just the images and database dump. Thanks for your advice! (also, happy to not use the two other drives and backup elsewhere if it's more sensible)

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  • Cannot ping host stale ARP cache?

    - by gkchicago
    I am having a strange issue with a Debian (Lenny/Linux 2.6.26-2-amd64) that has been driving me nuts. On some machines within my network I can ping the host in question just fine, other times I have to manually hard-code the ARP ethernet address for the IP in order to establish connectivity. I've finally worked it down to somehow involving ARP. I just found how to fix it in a way that made it work but I'm looking for help explaining this issue and also I don't trust my fix to be permanent.. My thought process has been the following but I just can't make any sense out of it: Could it be the card? (Intel 82555 rev 4) Could it be because there are two network cards? (Default route is eth0) Could it be because of the network aliases? Lenny? AMD x86_64? Argh.. Thank you for any insight you might have // Ping doesn't go thru [gordon@ubuntu ~]$ ping 192.168.135.101 PING 192.168.135.101 (192.168.135.101) 56(84) bytes of data. --- 192.168.135.101 ping statistics --- 4 packets transmitted, 0 received, 100% packet loss, time 3014ms // Here's the ARP Table, sometimes the .151 address is good, sometimes it // also matches the Gateways MAC like .101 is doing right here. [gordon@ubuntu ~]$ cat /proc/net/arp IP address HW type Flags HW address Mask Device 192.168.135.15 0x1 0x2 00:0B:DB:2B:24:89 * eth0 192.168.135.151 0x1 0x2 00:0B:6A:3A:30:A6 * eth0 192.168.135.1 0x1 0x2 00:1A:A2:2D:2A:04 * eth0 192.168.135.101 0x1 0x2 00:1A:A2:2D:2A:04 * eth0 // Drop the bad arp table listing and set it manually based on /sbin/ifconfig [gordon@ubuntu ~]$ sudo arp -d 192.168.135.101 [gordon@ubuntu ~]$ sudo arp -s 192.168.135.101 00:0B:6A:3A:30:A6 // Ping starts going thru..?!? [gordon@ubuntu ~]$ ping 192.168.135.101 PING 192.168.135.101 (192.168.135.101) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 192.168.135.101: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=15.8 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.135.101: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=15.9 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.135.101: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=16.0 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.135.101: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=15.9 ms --- 192.168.135.101 ping statistics --- 4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3012ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 15.836/15.943/16.064/0.121 ms The following is my network config on this. gordon@db01:~$ /sbin/ifconfig eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0b:6a:3a:30:a6 inet addr:192.168.135.151 Bcast:192.168.135.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::20b:6aff:fe3a:30a6/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:15476725 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:10030036 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:18565307359 (17.2 GiB) TX bytes:3412098075 (3.1 GiB) eth0:0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0b:6a:3a:30:a6 inet addr:192.168.135.150 Bcast:192.168.135.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 eth0:1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0b:6a:3a:30:a6 inet addr:192.168.135.101 Bcast:192.168.135.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 eth1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:e0:81:2a:6e:d0 inet addr:10.10.62.1 Bcast:10.10.62.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::2e0:81ff:fe2a:6ed0/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:10233315 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:19400286 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:1112500658 (1.0 GiB) TX bytes:27952809020 (26.0 GiB) Interrupt:24 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:387 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:387 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:41314 (40.3 KiB) TX bytes:41314 (40.3 KiB) gordon@db01:~$ sudo mii-tool -v eth0 eth0: negotiated 100baseTx-FD, link ok product info: Intel 82555 rev 4 basic mode: autonegotiation enabled basic status: autonegotiation complete, link ok capabilities: 100baseTx-FD 100baseTx-HD 10baseT-FD 10baseT-HD advertising: 100baseTx-FD 100baseTx-HD 10baseT-FD 10baseT-HD flow-control link partner: 100baseTx-FD 100baseTx-HD 10baseT-FD 10baseT-HD gordon@db01:~$ sudo route Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface localnet * 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 10.10.62.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth1 default 192.168.135.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0

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  • Cost Comparison Hard Disk Drive to Solid State Drive on Price per Gigabyte - dispelling a myth!

    - by tonyrogerson
    It is often said that Hard Disk Drive storage is significantly cheaper per GiByte than Solid State Devices – this is wholly inaccurate within the database space. People need to look at the cost of the complete solution and not just a single component part in isolation to what is really required to meet the business requirement. Buying a single Hitachi Ultrastar 600GB 3.5” SAS 15Krpm hard disk drive will cost approximately £239.60 (http://scan.co.uk, 22nd March 2012) compared to an OCZ 600GB Z-Drive R4 CM84 PCIe costing £2,316.54 (http://scan.co.uk, 22nd March 2012); I’ve not included FusionIO ioDrive because there is no public pricing available for it – something I never understand and personally when companies do this I immediately think what are they hiding, luckily in FusionIO’s case the product is proven though is expensive compared to OCZ enterprise offerings. On the face of it the single 15Krpm hard disk has a price per GB of £0.39, the SSD £3.86; this is what you will see in the press and this is what sales people will use in comparing the two technologies – do not be fooled by this bullshit people! What is the requirement? The requirement is the database will have a static size of 400GB kept static through archiving so growth and trim will balance the database size, the client requires resilience, there will be several hundred call centre staff querying the database where queries will read a small amount of data but there will be no hot spot in the data so the randomness will come across the entire 400GB of the database, estimates predict that the IOps required will be approximately 4,000IOps at peak times, because it’s a call centre system the IO latency is important and must remain below 5ms per IO. The balance between read and write is 70% read, 30% write. The requirement is now defined and we have three of the most important pieces of the puzzle – space required, estimated IOps and maximum latency per IO. Something to consider with regard SQL Server; write activity requires synchronous IO to the storage media specifically the transaction log; that means the write thread will wait until the IO is completed and hardened off until the thread can continue execution, the requirement has stated that 30% of the system activity will be write so we can expect a high amount of synchronous activity. The hardware solution needs to be defined; two possible solutions: hard disk or solid state based; the real question now is how many hard disks are required to achieve the IO throughput, the latency and resilience, ditto for the solid state. Hard Drive solution On a test on an HP DL380, P410i controller using IOMeter against a single 15Krpm 146GB SAS drive, the throughput given on a transfer size of 8KiB against a 40GiB file on a freshly formatted disk where the partition is the only partition on the disk thus the 40GiB file is on the outer edge of the drive so more sectors can be read before head movement is required: For 100% sequential IO at a queue depth of 16 with 8 worker threads 43,537 IOps at an average latency of 2.93ms (340 MiB/s), for 100% random IO at the same queue depth and worker threads 3,733 IOps at an average latency of 34.06ms (34 MiB/s). The same test was done on the same disk but the test file was 130GiB: For 100% sequential IO at a queue depth of 16 with 8 worker threads 43,537 IOps at an average latency of 2.93ms (340 MiB/s), for 100% random IO at the same queue depth and worker threads 528 IOps at an average latency of 217.49ms (4 MiB/s). From the result it is clear random performance gets worse as the disk fills up – I’m currently writing an article on short stroking which will cover this in detail. Given the work load is random in nature looking at the random performance of the single drive when only 40 GiB of the 146 GB is used gives near the IOps required but the latency is way out. Luckily I have tested 6 x 15Krpm 146GB SAS 15Krpm drives in a RAID 0 using the same test methodology, for the same test above on a 130 GiB for each drive added the performance boost is near linear, for each drive added throughput goes up by 5 MiB/sec, IOps by 700 IOps and latency reducing nearly 50% per drive added (172 ms, 94 ms, 65 ms, 47 ms, 37 ms, 30 ms). This is because the same 130GiB is spread out more as you add drives 130 / 1, 130 / 2, 130 / 3 etc. so implicit short stroking is occurring because there is less file on each drive so less head movement required. The best latency is still 30 ms but we have the IOps required now, but that’s on a 130GiB file and not the 400GiB we need. Some reality check here: a) the drive randomness is more likely to be 50/50 and not a full 100% but the above has highlighted the effect randomness has on the drive and the more a drive fills with data the worse the effect. For argument sake let us assume that for the given workload we need 8 disks to do the job, for resilience reasons we will need 16 because we need to RAID 1+0 them in order to get the throughput and the resilience, RAID 5 would degrade performance. Cost for hard drives: 16 x £239.60 = £3,833.60 For the hard drives we will need disk controllers and a separate external disk array because the likelihood is that the server itself won’t take the drives, a quick spec off DELL for a PowerVault MD1220 which gives the dual pathing with 16 disks 146GB 15Krpm 2.5” disks is priced at £7,438.00, note its probably more once we had two controller cards to sit in the server in, racking etc. Minimum cost taking the DELL quote as an example is therefore: {Cost of Hardware} / {Storage Required} £7,438.60 / 400 = £18.595 per GB £18.59 per GiB is a far cry from the £0.39 we had been told by the salesman and the myth. Yes, the storage array is composed of 16 x 146 disks in RAID 10 (therefore 8 usable) giving an effective usable storage availability of 1168GB but the actual storage requirement is only 400 and the extra disks have had to be purchased to get the  IOps up. Solid State Drive solution A single card significantly exceeds the IOps and latency required, for resilience two will be required. ( £2,316.54 * 2 ) / 400 = £11.58 per GB With the SSD solution only two PCIe sockets are required, no external disk units, no additional controllers, no redundant controllers etc. Conclusion I hope by showing you an example that the myth that hard disk drives are cheaper per GiB than Solid State has now been dispelled - £11.58 per GB for SSD compared to £18.59 for Hard Disk. I’ve not even touched on the running costs, compare the costs of running 18 hard disks, that’s a lot of heat and power compared to two PCIe cards!Just a quick note: I've left a fair amount of information out due to this being a blog! If in doubt, email me :)I'll also deal with the myth that SSD's wear out at a later date as well - that's just way over done still, yes, 5 years ago, but now - no.

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  • Linux software raid fails to include one device for one RAID1 array

    - by user1389890
    One of my four Linux software raid arrays drops one of its two devices when I reboot my system. The other three arrays work fine. I am running RAID1 on kernel version 2.6.32-5-amd64. Every time I reboot, /dev/md2 comes up with only one device. I can manually add the device by saying $ sudo mdadm /dev/md2 --add /dev/sdc1. This works fine, and mdadm confirms that the device has been re-added as follows: mdadm: re-added /dev/sdc1 After adding the device and and allowing the array time to resynch, this is what the output of $ cat /proc/mdstat looks like: Personalities : [raid1] md3 : active raid1 sda4[0] sdb4[1] 244186840 blocks super 1.2 [2/2] [UU] md2 : active raid1 sdc1[0] sdd1[1] 732574464 blocks [2/2] [UU] md1 : active raid1 sda3[0] sdb3[1] 722804416 blocks [2/2] [UU] md0 : active raid1 sda1[0] sdb1[1] 6835520 blocks [2/2] [UU] unused devices: <none> Then after I reboot, this is what the output of $ cat /proc/mdstat looks like: Personalities : [raid1] md3 : active raid1 sda4[0] sdb4[1] 244186840 blocks super 1.2 [2/2] [UU] md2 : active raid1 sdd1[1] 732574464 blocks [2/1] [_U] md1 : active raid1 sda3[0] sdb3[1] 722804416 blocks [2/2] [UU] md0 : active raid1 sda1[0] sdb1[1] 6835520 blocks [2/2] [UU] unused devices: <none> During reboot, here is the output of $ sudo cat /var/log/syslog | grep mdadm : Jun 22 19:00:08 rook mdadm[1709]: RebuildFinished event detected on md device /dev/md2 Jun 22 19:00:08 rook mdadm[1709]: SpareActive event detected on md device /dev/md2, component device /dev/sdc1 Jun 22 19:00:20 rook kernel: [ 7819.446412] mdadm: sending ioctl 1261 to a partition! Jun 22 19:00:20 rook kernel: [ 7819.446415] mdadm: sending ioctl 1261 to a partition! Jun 22 19:00:20 rook kernel: [ 7819.446782] mdadm: sending ioctl 1261 to a partition! Jun 22 19:00:20 rook kernel: [ 7819.446785] mdadm: sending ioctl 1261 to a partition! Jun 22 19:00:20 rook kernel: [ 7819.515844] mdadm: sending ioctl 1261 to a partition! Jun 22 19:00:20 rook kernel: [ 7819.515847] mdadm: sending ioctl 1261 to a partition! Jun 22 19:00:20 rook kernel: [ 7819.606829] mdadm: sending ioctl 1261 to a partition! Jun 22 19:00:20 rook kernel: [ 7819.606832] mdadm: sending ioctl 1261 to a partition! Jun 22 19:03:48 rook kernel: [ 8027.855616] mdadm: sending ioctl 1261 to a partition! Jun 22 19:03:48 rook kernel: [ 8027.855620] mdadm: sending ioctl 1261 to a partition! Jun 22 19:03:48 rook kernel: [ 8027.855950] mdadm: sending ioctl 1261 to a partition! Jun 22 19:03:48 rook kernel: [ 8027.855952] mdadm: sending ioctl 1261 to a partition! Jun 22 19:03:49 rook kernel: [ 8027.962169] mdadm: sending ioctl 1261 to a partition! Jun 22 19:03:49 rook kernel: [ 8027.962171] mdadm: sending ioctl 1261 to a partition! Jun 22 19:03:49 rook kernel: [ 8028.054365] mdadm: sending ioctl 1261 to a partition! Jun 22 19:03:49 rook kernel: [ 8028.054368] mdadm: sending ioctl 1261 to a partition! Jun 22 19:10:23 rook kernel: [ 9.588662] mdadm: sending ioctl 1261 to a partition! Jun 22 19:10:23 rook kernel: [ 9.588664] mdadm: sending ioctl 1261 to a partition! Jun 22 19:10:23 rook kernel: [ 9.601990] mdadm: sending ioctl 1261 to a partition! Jun 22 19:10:23 rook kernel: [ 9.601991] mdadm: sending ioctl 1261 to a partition! Jun 22 19:10:23 rook kernel: [ 9.602693] mdadm: sending ioctl 1261 to a partition! Jun 22 19:10:23 rook kernel: [ 9.602695] mdadm: sending ioctl 1261 to a partition! Jun 22 19:10:23 rook kernel: [ 9.605981] mdadm: sending ioctl 1261 to a partition! Jun 22 19:10:23 rook kernel: [ 9.605983] mdadm: sending ioctl 1261 to a partition! Jun 22 19:10:23 rook kernel: [ 9.606138] mdadm: sending ioctl 800c0910 to a partition! Jun 22 19:10:23 rook kernel: [ 9.606139] mdadm: sending ioctl 800c0910 to a partition! Jun 22 19:10:48 rook mdadm[1737]: DegradedArray event detected on md device /dev/md2 Here is the mdadm.conf file: ARRAY /dev/md0 metadata=0.90 UUID=92121d42:37f46b82:926983e9:7d8aad9b ARRAY /dev/md1 metadata=0.90 UUID=9c1bafc3:1762d51d:c1ae3c29:66348110 ARRAY /dev/md2 metadata=0.90 UUID=98cea6ca:25b5f305:49e8ec88:e84bc7f0 ARRAY /dev/md3 metadata=1.2 name=rook:3 UUID=ca3fce37:95d49a09:badd0ddc:b63a4792 I also ran $ sudo smartctl -t long /dev/sdc and no hardware issues were detected. As long as I do not reboot, /dev/md2 seems to work fine. Does anyone have any suggestions? Here is the output of $ sudo mdadm -E /dev/sdc1 after re-adding the device and letting it resync: /dev/sdc1: Magic : a92b4efc Version : 0.90.00 UUID : 98cea6ca:25b5f305:49e8ec88:e84bc7f0 (local to host rook) Creation Time : Sun Jul 13 08:05:55 2008 Raid Level : raid1 Used Dev Size : 732574464 (698.64 GiB 750.16 GB) Array Size : 732574464 (698.64 GiB 750.16 GB) Raid Devices : 2 Total Devices : 2 Preferred Minor : 2 Update Time : Mon Jun 24 07:42:49 2013 State : clean Active Devices : 2 Working Devices : 2 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 0 Checksum : 5fd6cc13 - correct Events : 180998 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State this 0 8 33 0 active sync /dev/sdc1 0 0 8 33 0 active sync /dev/sdc1 1 1 8 49 1 active sync /dev/sdd1 Here is the output of $ sudo mdadm -D /dev/md2 after re-adding the device and letting it resync: /dev/md2: Version : 0.90 Creation Time : Sun Jul 13 08:05:55 2008 Raid Level : raid1 Array Size : 732574464 (698.64 GiB 750.16 GB) Used Dev Size : 732574464 (698.64 GiB 750.16 GB) Raid Devices : 2 Total Devices : 2 Preferred Minor : 2 Persistence : Superblock is persistent Update Time : Mon Jun 24 07:42:49 2013 State : clean Active Devices : 2 Working Devices : 2 Failed Devices : 0 Spare Devices : 0 UUID : 98cea6ca:25b5f305:49e8ec88:e84bc7f0 (local to host rook) Events : 0.180998 Number Major Minor RaidDevice State 0 8 33 0 active sync /dev/sdc1 1 8 49 1 active sync /dev/sdd1

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