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  • What triggered the popularity of lambda functions in modern programming languages?

    - by Giorgio
    In the last few years anonymous functions (AKA lambda functions) have become a very popular language construct and almost every major / mainstream programming language has introduced them or is planned to introduce them in an upcoming revision of the standard. Yet, anonymous functions are a very old and very well-known concept in Mathematics and Computer Science (invented by the mathematician Alonzo Church around 1936, and used by the Lisp programming language since 1958, see e.g. here). So why didn't today's mainstream programming languages (many of which originated 15 to 20 years ago) support lambda functions from the very beginning and only introduced them later? And what triggered the massive adoption of anonymous functions in the last few years? Is there some specific event, new requirement or programming technique that started this phenomenon?

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  • What's the point of lambda in scheme?

    - by incrediman
    I am learning scheme. I know how to use both lambda and let expressions. However I'm struggling to figure out what the point is of using lambda. Can't you do everything with let that you can with lambda? It would be especially helpful to see an example of a situation where a lambda expression is a better choice than let. One other thing - are there also situations where let is more useful than lambda? If so such an example would be nice as well. Thanks!

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  • Ambiguous Evaluation of Lambda Expression on Array

    - by Joe
    I would like to use a lambda that adds one to x if x is equal to zero. I have tried the following expressions: t = map(lambda x: x+1 if x==0 else x, numpy.array) t = map(lambda x: x==0 and x+1 or x, numpy.array) t = numpy.apply_along_axis(lambda x: x+1 if x==0 else x, 0, numpy.array) Each of these expressions returns the following error: ValueError: The truth value of an array with more than one element is ambiguous. Use a.any() or a.all() My understanding of map() and numpy.apply_along_axis() was that it would take some function and apply it to each value of an array. From the error it seems that the the lambda is being evaluated as x=array, not some value in array. What am I doing wrong? I know that I could write a function to accomplish this but I want to become more familiar with the functional programming aspects of python.

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  • helper functions as static functions or procedural functions?

    - by fayer
    i wonder if one should create a helper function in a class as a static function or just have it declared as a procedural function? i tend to think that a static helper function is the right way to go cause then i can see what kind of helper function it is eg. Database::connect(), File::create(). what is best practice?

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  • F#: any way to use member functions as unbound functions?

    - by gatoatigrado
    Is there a way to extract member functions, and use them as F# functions? I'd like to be able to write the following: mystring |> string.Split '\n' |> Array.filter (string.Length >> (=) 0 >> not) The code above works if you [let] let mystring = "a c\nb\n" let stringSplit (y:char) (x:string) = x.Split(y) let stringLength (x:string) = x.Length mystring |> stringSplit '\n' |> Array.filter (stringLength >> (=) 0 >> not)

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  • Python — Time complexity of built-in functions versus manually-built functions in finite fields

    - by stackuser
    Generally, I'm wondering about the advantages versus disadvantages of using the built-in arithmetic functions versus rolling your own in Python. Specifically, I'm taking in GF(2) finite field polynomials in string format, converting to base 2 values, performing arithmetic, then output back into polynomials as string format. So a small example of this is in multiplication: Rolling my own: def multiply(a,b): bitsa = reversed("{0:b}".format(a)) g = [(b<<i)*int(bit) for i,bit in enumerate(bitsa)] return reduce(lambda x,y: x+y,g) Versus the built-in: def multiply(a,b): # a,b are GF(2) polynomials in binary form .... return a*b #returns product of 2 polynomials in gf2 Currently, operations like multiplicative inverse (with for example 20 bit exponents) take a long time to run in my program as it's using all of Python's built-in mathematical operations like // floor division and % modulus, etc. as opposed to making my own division, remainder, etc. I'm wondering how much of a gain in efficiency and performance I can get by building these manually (as shown above). I realize the gains are dependent on how well the manual versions are built, that's not the question. I'd like to find out 'basically' how much advantage there is over the built-in's. So for instance, if multiplication (as in the example above) is well-suited for base 10 (decimal) arithmetic but has to jump through more hoops to change bases to binary and then even more hoops in operating (so it's lower efficiency), that's what I'm wondering. Like, I'm wondering if it's possible to bring the time down significantly by building them myself in ways that maybe some professionals here have already come across.

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  • Extracting pair member in lambda expressions and template typedef idiom

    - by Nazgob
    Hi, I have some complex types here so I decided to use nifty trick to have typedef on templated types. Then I have a class some_container that has a container as a member. Container is a vector of pairs composed of element and vector. I want to write std::find_if algorithm with lambda expression to find element that have certain value. To get the value I have to call first on pair and then get value from element. Below my std::find_if there is normal loop that does the trick. My lambda fails to compile. How to access value inside element which is inside pair? I use g++ 4.4+ and VS 2010 and I want to stick to boost lambda for now. #include <vector> #include <algorithm> #include <boost\lambda\lambda.hpp> #include <boost\lambda\bind.hpp> template<typename T> class element { public: T value; }; template<typename T> class element_vector_pair // idiom to have templated typedef { public: typedef std::pair<element<T>, std::vector<T> > type; }; template<typename T> class vector_containter // idiom to have templated typedef { public: typedef std::vector<typename element_vector_pair<T>::type > type; }; template<typename T> bool operator==(const typename element_vector_pair<T>::type & lhs, const typename element_vector_pair<T>::type & rhs) { return lhs.first.value == rhs.first.value; } template<typename T> class some_container { public: element<T> get_element(const T& value) const { std::find_if(container.begin(), container.end(), bind(&typename vector_containter<T>::type::value_type::first::value, boost::lambda::_1) == value); /*for(size_t i = 0; i < container.size(); ++i) { if(container.at(i).first.value == value) { return container.at(i); } }*/ return element<T>(); //whatever } protected: typename vector_containter<T>::type container; }; int main() { some_container<int> s; s.get_element(5); return 0; }

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  • How to properly diagram lambda expressions or traversals through them in Architecture Explorer?

    - by MainMa
    I'm exploring a piece of code in Architecture Explorer in Visual Studio 2010 to study the relations between methods. I noticed a strange behavior. Take the following source code. It generates a hello message based on a template and a template engine, the template engine being a method (a sort of strategy pattern simplified at a maximum for demo purposes). public string GenerateHelloMessage(string personName) { return this.ApplyTemplate( this.DefaultTemplateEngine, this.GenerateLocalizedHelloTemplate(), personName); } private string GenerateLocalizedHelloTemplate() { return "Hello {0}!"; } public string ApplyTemplate( Func<string, string, string> templateEngine, string template, string personName) { return templateEngine(template, personName); } public string DefaultTemplateEngine(string template, string personName) { return string.Format(template, personName); } The graph generated from this code is this one: Change the first method from this: public string GenerateHelloMessage(string personName) { return this.ApplyTemplate( this.DefaultTemplateEngine, this.GenerateLocalizedHelloTemplate(), personName); } to this: public string GenerateHelloMessage(string personName) { return this.ApplyTemplate( (a, b) => this.DefaultTemplateEngine(a, b), this.GenerateLocalizedHelloTemplate(), personName); } and the graph becomes: While semantically identical, those two versions of code produce different dependency graphs, and Architecture Explorer shows no trace of the lambda expression (while Visual Studio's code coverage, for example, shows them, as well as Code analysis seems to be able to understand that the link exists). How would it be possible, without changing the source code, to: Either force Architecture Explorer to display everything, including lambda expressions, Or make it traverse lambda expressions while drawing a dependency through them (so in this case, drawing the dependency from GenerateHelloMessage to DefaultTemplateEngine in the second example)?

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  • custom C++ boost::lambda expression help

    - by aaa
    hello. A little bit of background: I have some strange multiple nested loops which I converted to flat work queue (basically collapse single index loops to single multi-index loop). right now each loop is hand coded. I am trying to generalized approach to work with any bounds using lambda expressions: For example: // RANGE(i,I,N) is basically a macro to generate `int i = I; i < N; ++i ` // for (RANGE(lb, N)) { // for (RANGE(jb, N)) { // for (RANGE(kb, max(lb, jb), N)) { // for (RANGE(ib, jb, kb+1)) { // is equivalent to something like (overload , to produce range) flat<1, 3, 2, 4>((_2, _3+1), (max(_4,_3), N), N, N) the internals of flat are something like: template<size_t I1, size_t I2, ..., class L1_, class L2, ..._> boost::array<int,4> flat(L1_ L1, L2_ L2, ...){ //boost::array<int,4> current; class variable bool advance; L2_ l2 = L2.bind(current); // bind current value to lambda { L1_ l1 = L1.bind(current); //bind current value to innermost lambda l1.next(); advance = !(l1 < l1.upper()); // some internal logic if (advance) { l2.next(); current[0] = l1.lower(); } } //..., } my question is, can you give me some ideas how to write lambda (derived from boost) which can be bound to index array reference to return upper, lower bounds according to lambda expression? thank you much

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  • scheme recursive lambda

    - by Mike
    Is there a way to have a recursive lambda expression in scheme without relying an external identifier? I know you can have (define fact (lambda (n) (if (= n 0) 1 (fact (- n 1)))) but it would be nice if fact wasn't hard coded in the lambda expression, it seems improper.

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  • boost::lambda bind expressions can't get bind to string's empty() to work

    - by navigator
    Hi, I am trying to get the below code snippet to compile. But it fails with: error C2665: 'boost::lambda::function_adaptor::apply' : none of the 8 overloads could convert all the argument types. Sepcifying the return type when calling bind does not help. Any idea what I am doing wrong? Thanks. #include <boost/lambda/lambda.hpp> #include <boost/lambda/bind.hpp> #include <string> #include <map> int main() { namespace bl = boost::lambda; typedef std::map<int, std::string> types; types keys_and_values; keys_and_values[ 0 ] = "zero"; keys_and_values[ 1 ] = "one"; keys_and_values[ 2 ] = "Two"; std::for_each( keys_and_values.begin(), keys_and_values.end(), std::cout << bl::constant("Value empty?: ") << std::boolalpha << bl::bind(&std::string::empty, bl::bind(&types::value_type::second, _1)) << "\n"); return 0; }

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  • varargs in lambda functions in Python

    - by brain_damage
    Is it possible a lambda function to have variable number of arguments? For example, I want to write a metaclass, which creates a method for every method of some other class and this newly created method returns the opposite value of the original method and has the same number of arguments. And I want to do this with lambda function. How to pass the arguments? Is it possible? class Negate(type): def __new__(mcs, name, bases, _dict): extended_dict = _dict.copy() for (k, v) in _dict.items(): if hasattr(v, '__call__'): extended_dict["not_" + k] = lambda s, *args, **kw: not v(s, *args, **kw) return type.__new__(mcs, name, bases, extended_dict) class P(metaclass=Negate): def __init__(self, a): self.a = a def yes(self): return True def maybe(self, you_can_chose): return you_can_chose But the result is totally wrong: >>>p = P(0) >>>p.yes() True >>>p.not_yes() # should be False Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#150>", line 1, in <module> p.not_yes() File "C:\Users\Nona\Desktop\p10.py", line 51, in <lambda> extended_dict["not_" + k] = lambda s, *args, **kw: not v(s, *args, **kw) TypeError: __init__() takes exactly 2 positional arguments (1 given) >>>p.maybe(True) True >>>p.not_maybe(True) #should be False True

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  • How to implement lambda as a function called "lambda" in Clojure?

    - by dirtyvagabond
    I'd like to be able to define lambdas using common Lisp syntax, in Clojure. For example: (lambda (myarg) (some-functions-that-refer-to myarg)) This needs to result in the same as: #(some-functions-that-refer-to %) In my case, I know I'll always have exactly one arg, so perhaps that simplifies things. (But it can be called anything -- "myarg" or whatever.) I suspect a workable solution is to "(defmacro lambda ...". If so, I'm not sure of the best way to proceed. How to cleanly translate the arg name to %? And how to end up with the correct function? Or, is there a simpler solution than writing my own macro that actually re-implements Clojure's... lambda?

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  • Anonymous Methods / Lambda's (Coding Standards)

    - by Mystagogue
    In Jeffrey Richter's "CLR via C#" (the .net 2.0 edtion page, 353) he says that as a self-discipline, he never makes anonymous functions longer than 3 lines of code in length. He cites mostly readability / understandability as his reasons. This suites me fine, because I already had a self-discipline of using no more than 5 lines for an anonymous method. But how does that "coding standard" advice stack against lambda's? At face value, I'd treat them the same - keeping a lambda equally as short. But how do others feel about this? In particular, when lambda's are being used where (arguably) they shine brightest - when used in LINQ statements - is there genuine cause to abandon that self-discipline / coding standard?

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  • Python lambda returning None instead of empty string

    - by yoshi
    I have the following lambda function: f = lambda x: x == None and '' or x It should return an empty string if it receives None as the argument, or the argument if it's not None. For example: >>> f(4) 4 >>> f(None) >>> If I call f(None) instead of getting an empty string I get None. I printed the type of what the function returned and I got NoneType. I was expecting string. type('') returns string, so I'd like to know why the lambda doesn't return an empty string when I pass None as an argument. I'm fairly new to lambdas so I might have misunderstood some things about how they work.

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  • C# Lambda Problem

    - by Chris Klepeis
    Probably something simple, but as I'm new to lambda expressions, the problem evades me: m => m.contactID == contactID && m.primaryAddress == true && (m.addressTypeID == 2 || m.addressTypeID == 3) I tried to use that lambda expression but I receive an invalid operator. Is there a way to simplify this so that it would work? Edit: The equivolent sql query would be: SELECT * FROM Contact WHERE contactID = 3 AND primaryAddress = 1 AND (addressTypeID = 2 OR addressTypeID = 3) I have a repository function defined like so: public E Single(Expression<Func<E, bool>> where) { return objectSet.Single<E>(where); } I'm passing the lambda expression above into this function. Invalid operator error.

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  • Examining a lambda expression at runtime in C#

    - by Ben Aston
    I have a method Get on a type MyType1 accepting a Func<MyType2, bool> as a parameter. An example of its use: mytype1Instance.Get(x => x.Guid == guid)); I would like create a stub implementation of the method Get that examines the incoming lambda expression and determines what the value of guid is. Clearly the lambda could be "anything", but I'm happy for the stub to make an assumption about the lambda, that it is trying to match on the Guid property. How can I do this? I suspect it involves the use of the built-in Expression type?

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  • List filtering: list comprehension vs. lambda + filter

    - by Agos
    I happened to find myself having a basic filtering need: I have a list and I have to filter it by an attribute of the items. My code looked like this: list = [i for i in list if i.attribute == value] But then i thought, wouldn't it be better to write it like this? filter(lambda x: x.attribute == value, list) It's more readable, and if needed for performance the lambda could be taken out to gain something. Question is: are there any caveats in using the second way? Any performance difference? Am I missing the Pythonic Way™ entirely and should do it in yet another way (such as using itemgetter instead of the lambda)? Thanks in advance

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  • Non-trivial functions that operate on any monad

    - by Strilanc
    I'm looking for examples of interesting methods that take an arbitrary monad and do something useful with it. Monads are extremely general, so methods that operate on monads are widely applicable. On the other hand, methods I know of that can apply to any monad tend to be... really, really trivial. Barely worth extracting into a function. Here's a really boring example: joinTwice. It just flattens an m m m t into an m t: join n = n >>= id joinTwice n = (join . join) n main = print (joinTwice [[[1],[2, 3]], [[4]]]) -- prints [1,2,3,4] The only non-trivial method for monads that I know of is bindFold (see my answer below). Are there more?

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  • Lambda Expression to be used in Select() query

    - by jameschinnock
    Hi, I am trying to build a lambda expression, containing two assignments (as shown further down), that I can then pass to a Queryable.Select() method. I am trying to pass a string variable into a method and then use that variable to build up the lambda expression so that I can use it in a LINQ Select query. My reasoning behind it is that I have a SQL Server datasource with many column names, I am creating a charting application that will allow the user to select, say by typing in the column name, the actual column of data they want to view in the y-axis of my chart, with the x-axis always being the DateTime. Therefore, they can essentially choose what data they chart against the DateTime value (it’s a data warehouse type app). I have, for example, a class to store the retrieved data in, and hence use as the chart source of: public class AnalysisChartSource { public DateTime Invoicedate { get; set; } public Decimal yValue { get; set; } } I have (purely experimentaly) built an expression tree for the Where clause using the String value and that works fine: public void GetData(String yAxis) { using (DataClasses1DataContext db = new DataClasses1DataContext()) { var data = this.FunctionOne().AsQueryable<AnalysisChartSource>(); //just to get some temp data in.... ParameterExpression pe = Expression.Parameter(typeof(AnalysisChartSource), "p"); Expression left = Expression.MakeMemberAccess(pe, typeof(AnalysisChartSource).GetProperty(yAxis)); Expression right = Expression.Constant((Decimal)16); Expression e2 = Expression.LessThan(left, right); Expression expNew = Expression.New(typeof(AnalysisChartSource)); LambdaExpression le = Expression.Lambda(left, pe); MethodCallExpression whereCall = Expression.Call( typeof(Queryable), "Where", new Type[] { data.ElementType }, data.Expression, Expression.Lambda<Func<AnalysisChartSource, bool>>(e2, new ParameterExpression[] { pe })); } } However……I have tried a similar approach for the Select statement, but just can’t get it to work as I need the Select() to populate both X and Y values of the AnalysisChartSource class, like this: .Select(c => new AnalysisChartSource { Invoicedate = c.Invoicedate, yValue = c.yValue}).AsEnumerable(); How on earth can I build such an expression tree….or….possibly more to the point…..is there an easier way that I have missed entirely?

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  • Lambda Expressions

    - by Asad Khan
    Can somebody explain me lambda expressions & what they can be used for. I have googled for it & have a rough idea. most of the examples give c# code. How about lambda expressions in plain old C...?

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  • Can you reverse order a string in one line with LINQ or a LAMBDA expression

    - by Student for Life
    Not that I would want to use this practically (for many reasons) but out of strict curiousity I would like to know if there is a way to reverse order a string using LINQ and/or LAMBDA expressions in one line of code, without utilising any framework "Reverse" methods. e.g. string value = "reverse me"; string reversedValue = (....); and reversedValue will result in "em esrever" EDIT Clearly an impractical problem/solution I know this, so don't worry it's strictly a curiosity question around the LINQ/LAMBDA construct.

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  • Specializing a template on a lambda in C++0x

    - by Tony A.
    I've written a traits class that lets me extract information about the arguments and type of a function or function object in C++0x (tested with gcc 4.5.0). The general case handles function objects: template <typename F> struct function_traits { template <typename R, typename... A> struct _internal { }; template <typename R, typename... A> struct _internal<R (F::*)(A...)> { // ... }; typedef typename _internal<decltype(&F::operator())>::<<nested types go here>>; }; Then I have a specialization for plain functions at global scope: template <typename R, typename... A> struct function_traits<R (*)(A...)> { // ... }; This works fine, I can pass a function into the template or a function object and it works properly: template <typename F> void foo(F f) { typename function_traits<F>::whatever ...; } int f(int x) { ... } foo(f); What if, instead of passing a function or function object into foo, I want to pass a lambda expression? foo([](int x) { ... }); The problem here is that neither specialization of function_traits<> applies. The C++0x draft says that the type of the expression is a "unique, unnamed, non-union class type". Demangling the result of calling typeid(...).name() on the expression gives me what appears to be gcc's internal naming convention for the lambda, main::{lambda(int)#1}, not something that syntactically represents a C++ typename. In short, is there anything I can put into the template here: template <typename R, typename... A> struct function_traits<????> { ... } that will allow this traits class to accept a lambda expression?

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