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• Programming language features that help to catch bugs early

  - by Christian Neumanns

  Do you know any programming language features that help to detect bugs early in the software development process - ideally at compile-time or else as early as possible at run-time? Examples of well-known and effective bug-reducing features are: Static typing and generic types: type incompatibility errors are detected by the compiler Design by Contract (TM), also called Contract Programming: invalid values are quickly detected at runtime (through preconditions, postconditions and class invariants) Unit testing I ask this question in the context of improving an object-oriented programming language (called Obix) which has been designed from the ground up to 'make it easy to quickly write reliable code'. Besides the features mentioned above this language also incorporates other Fail-fast features such as: Objects are immutable by default Void (null) values are not allowed by default The aim is to add more Fail-fast concepts to the language. If you know other features which help to write less error-prone code then please let us know. Thank you.

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• Techniques for getting off the ground in any language

  - by AndyBursh

  When I start learning a new language, I have a couple of simple implementations that I like to complete to familiarise myself with the language. Currently, I write: Fibonacci and/or factorial to get the hang of writing and calling methods, and basic recursion Djikstras shortest path (with a node type) to get to grips with making classes (or whatever the language equivalent is) with methods and properties, and also using them in slightly more complex code. I was wondering: does anybody else have any techniques or tools they like to use when getting off the ground in a new language? I'm always looking for new things to add to my "start-up routine".

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• Good resources for language design

  - by Aaron Digulla

  There are lots of books about good web design, UI design, etc. With the advent of Xtext, it's very simple to write your own language. What are good books and resources about language design? I'm not looking for a book about compiler building (like the dragon book) but something that answers: How to create a grammar that is forgiving (like adding optional trailing commas)? Which grammar patterns cause problems for users of a language? How create a compact grammar without introducing ambiguities

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• Should we consider code language upon design?

  - by Codex73

  Summary This question aims to conclude if an applications usage will be a consideration when deciding upon development language. What factors if any could be considered upon language writing could be taken into context. Application Type: Web Question Of the following popular languages, when should we use one or the other? What factors if any could be considered upon language writing could be taken into context. Languages PHP Ruby Python My initial thought is that language shouldn't be considered as much as framework. Things to consider on framework are scalability, usage, load, portability, modularity and many more. Things to consider on Code Writing maybe cost, framework stability, community, etc.

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• Make application automatically detect system language

  - by hakermania

  What should an application developed under a Linux System like Ubuntu do so as to automatically detect the system language? There are applications, like Liferea that automatically change their language to match the system's, without altering any preference of the program itself: Should this be the "default" behavior for all the programs? Should there be an option on the program so as to let the user choose the language nonetheless? Are all these translations coming along with the program itself? What if the user has set a system language not available in the translations of the program? Is this Ubuntu or most-linux-distros specific?

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• How to force ADF to speak your language (or any common language)

  - by Blueberry Coder

  When I started working for Oracle, one of the first tasks I was given was to contribute some content to a great ADF course Frank and Chris are building. Among other things, they asked me to work on a module about Internationalization. While doing research work, I unearthed a little gem I had overlooked all those years. JDeveloper, as you may know, speaks your language - as long as your language is English, that is. Oracle ADF, on the other hand, is a citizen of the world. It is available in more than 25 different languages. But while this is a wonderful feature for end users, it is rather cumbersome for developers. Why is that? Have you ever tried to search the OTN forums for a solution with a non-English error message as your query? I have, once. But how can you force ADF to use English for its logging operations? Playing with your system settings will not help, unfortunately. By default, ADF will output its error messages in the selected locale for the operating system account the application server runs on. The only way to change this behavior is to pass initialization parameters to the JVM used by the application server. It is even possible to specify the language and country/region separately. In the example below, we choose English and the United States respectively. -Duser.language=en -Duser.country=US In the case of WebLogic Server, it is possible to add such parameters in setDomainEnv.sh (or .cmd) to apply the settings to all the managed servers present on a node. In the coming weeks, I will write a few posts about other internationalization issues. Is there anything you would like me to cover? Let me know in the comments.

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• What features would you like to have in PHP?

  - by StasM

  Since it's the holiday season now and everybody's making wishes, I wonder - which language features you would wish PHP would have added? I am interested in some practical suggestions/wishes for the language. By practical I mean: Something that can be practically done (not: "I wish PHP would guess what my code means and fix bugs for me" or "I wish any code would execute under 5ms") Something that doesn't require changing PHP into another language (not: "I wish they'd drop $ signs and use space instead of braces" or "I wish PHP were compiled, statically typed and had # in it's name") Something that would not require breaking all the existing code (not: "Let's rename 500 functions and change parameter order for them") Something that does change the language or some interesting aspect of it (not: "I wish there was extension to support for XYZ protocol" or "I wish bug #12345 were finally fixed") Something that is more than a rant (not: "I wish PHP wouldn't suck so badly") Anybody has any good wishes? Mod edit: Stanislav Malyshev is a core PHP developer.

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• What features would you like to have in PHP? [closed]

  - by StasM

  Since it's the holiday season now and everybody's making wishes, I wonder - which language features you would wish PHP would have added? I am interested in some practical suggestions/wishes for the language. By practical I mean: Something that can be practically done (not: "I wish PHP would guess what my code means and fix bugs for me" or "I wish any code would execute under 5ms") Something that doesn't require changing PHP into another language (not: "I wish they'd drop $ signs and use space instead of braces" or "I wish PHP were compiled, statically typed and had # in it's name") Something that would not require breaking all the existing code (not: "Let's rename 500 functions and change parameter order for them") Something that does change the language or some interesting aspect of it (not: "I wish there was extension to support for XYZ protocol" or "I wish bug #12345 were finally fixed") Something that is more than a rant (not: "I wish PHP wouldn't suck so badly") Anybody has any good wishes? Mod edit: Stanislav Malyshev is a core PHP developer.

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• Criteria for a programming language to be considered "mature"

  - by Giorgio

  I was recently reading an answer to this question, and I was struck by the statement "The language is mature". So I was wondering what we actually mean when we say that "A programming language is mature"? Normally, a programming language is initially developed out of a need, e.g. Try out / implement a new programming paradigm or a new combination of features that cannot be found in existing languages. Try to solve a problem or overcome a limitation of an existing language. Create a language for teaching programming. Create a language that solves a particular class of problems (e.g. concurrency). Create a language and an API for a special application field, e.g. the web (in this case the language might reuse a well-known paradigm, but the whole API must be new). Create a language to push your competitor out of the market (in this case the creator might want the new language to be very similar to an existing one, in order to attract developers to the new programming language and platform). Regardless of what the original motivation and scenario in which a language has been created, eventually some languages are considered mature. In my intuition, this means that the language has achieved (at least one of) its goals, e.g. "We can now use language X as a reliable tool for writing web applications." This is however a bit vague, so I wanted to ask what you consider the most important criteria (if any) that are applied when saying that a language is mature. IMPORTANT NOTE This question is (on purpose) language-agnostic because I am only interested in general criteria. Please write only language-agnostic answers and comments! I am not asking whether any specific "language X is mature" or "which programming languages can be considered mature", or whether "language X is more mature than language Y": please avoid posting any opinions or reference about any specific languages because these are out of the scope of this question. EDIT To make the question more precise, by criteria I mean such things as "tool support", "adoption by the industry", "stability", "rich API", "large user community", "successful application record", "standardization", "clean and uniform semantics", and so on.

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• Help me select a "Simpler" target to create a new language: .NET, LLVM, Go, Own VM

  - by mamcx

  Lets define "Simple". This is my first language. I have no previous experience I will not dedicate +4 years to learn it properly. I'm a professional software [developer], but as an amateur in this area, I want instant gratification. If the idea shows a future, I could rewrite it. I don't want to do everything from scratch. In fact, if there exists a way to get GO (for example), change its syntax, add some sugar, give some extra functions and leave intact everything else, that would be perfect! From the example of coffescript/scala I think is better to build on top of some rich runtime like .NET/GO so I don't need to rewrite everything. HOWEVER, if is better other way, no problem for the first try! I want it in a week. I need it in a week so it will really take a month. Then it truly takes 3 months. But I don't want to put more that 3 months on this. I could reduce the scope of my language, but I hope the tools will help me a lot... I want to build a new language. Similar to python, but typed. I wonder what to build it on top of. I like the idea of building on top of GO. To get their sane (IMHO) OO paradigm (I plan to do the same, using interfaces, not inheritance), get goroutines and some other stuff. In my naive thinking I imagine that spit another language could help me to debug it more easily. However, look like everyone is building on top of something like .NET (don't like Java), LLVM or make it own VM. I read http://createyourproglang.com/ (great!) and the part of the VM look "easy" to me. So, what I need is the proper criteria and question I need to know in advance to have a fair shot at make this.

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• KISS principle applied to programming language design?

  - by Giorgio

  KISS ("keep it simple stupid", see e.g. here) is an important principle in software development, even though it apparently originated in engineering. Citing from the wikipedia article: The principle is best exemplified by the story of Johnson handing a team of design engineers a handful of tools, with the challenge that the jet aircraft they were designing must be repairable by an average mechanic in the field under combat conditions with only these tools. Hence, the 'stupid' refers to the relationship between the way things break and the sophistication available to fix them. If I wanted to apply this to the field of software development I would replace "jet aircraft" with "piece of software", "average mechanic" with "average developer" and "under combat conditions" with "under the expected software development / maintenance conditions" (deadlines, time constraints, meetings / interruptions, available tools, and so on). So it is a commonly accepted idea that one should try to keep a piece of software simple stupid so that it easy to work on it later. But can the KISS principle be applied also to programming language design? Do you know of any programming languages that have been designed specifically with this principle in mind, i.e. to "allow an average programmer under average working conditions to write and maintain as much code as possible with the least cognitive effort"? If you cite any specific language it would be great if you could add a link to some document in which this intent is clearly expressed by the language designers. In any case, I would be interested to learn about the designers' (documented) intentions rather than your personal opinion about a particular programming language.

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• Benefits of classic OOP over Go-like language

  - by tylerl

  I've been thinking a lot about language design and what elements would be necessary for an "ideal" programming language, and studying Google's Go has led me to question a lot of otherwise common knowledge. Specifically, Go seems to have all of the interesting benefits from object oriented programming without actually having any of the structure of an object oriented language. There are no classes, only structures; there is no class/structure inheritance -- only structure embedding. There aren't any hierarchies, no parent classes, no explicit interface implementations. Instead, type casting rules are based on a loose system similar to duck-typing, such that if a struct implements the necessary elements of a "Reader" or a "Request" or an "Encoding", then you can cast it and use it as one. Does such a system obsolete the concept of OOP? Or is there something about OOP as implemented in C++ and Java and C# that is inherently more capable, more maintainable, somehow more powerful that you have to give up when moving to a language like Go? What benefit do you have to give up to gain the simplicity that this new paradigm represents?

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• Are Language Comparisons Meaningful?

  - by Prasoon Saurav

  Dr Bjarne Stroustrup in his book D&E says Several reviewers asked me to compare C++ to other languages. This I have decided against doing. Thereby, I have reaffirmed a long-standing and strongly held view: "Language comparisons are rarely meaningful and even less often fair" . A good comparison of major programming languages requires more effort than most people are willing to spend, experience in a wide range of application areas, a rigid maintenance of a detached and impartial point of view, and a sense of fairness. I do not have the time, and as the designer of C++, my impartiality would never be fully credible. -- The Design and Evolution of C++(Bjarne Stroustrup) Do you people agree with his this statement "Language comparisons are rarely meaningful and even less often fair"? Personally I think that comparing a language X with Y makes sense because it gives many more reasons to love/despise X/Y :-P What do you people think?

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• Are there any useless language features in the C or C++ language? [closed]

  - by ThePlan

  As a beginner I often found myself saying "This is so useless. How can this ever help me?" only to find out later on that it is essential and I was a fool. The moral, however, tends to be that the C or the C++ language are perfect and they contain nothing of no-use to programmers. I'm asking this question for 2 reasons: out of pure curiosity and so that I may know what not to learn. In a nutshell - are there any useless language features in the C or the C++ language, which good programmers almost never use? It would also be of great help if you would mention weather they are a bad practice when used or just purely useless.

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• alt+shift can't be set to toggle language

  - by Ali

  I recently did a fresh installation of Ubuntu 13.10; but there is something bothering me, which I don't quite understand. When I first tried to toggle the keyboard language(I usually switch between Persian and English) using the good old "alt+shift" shortcut it didn't work. Then, I went and checked the Keyboard shortcut settings and found out that it had been set to "super+space"(which BTW didn't work either). So I tried to change it back to "alt+shift" but it just doesn't work; when I press "alt+shift" to set it up as the toggle-language shortcut, the box automatically resets itself to its previous value(without any errors whatsoever). As far as I've checked I couldn't find any thing obvious corresponding to the shortcut "alt+shift" either. I've currently set up the shortcut as "Ctrl+space"; so I can toggle the language. My question is why I cannot set it up to just "alt+shift"?

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• Language support problems

  - by oadams

  I'm running 11.04. I want the system language to be in German. When I go to Language Support and Install/Remove Languages, I check the German box and Apply Changes. However I'm told that the package is already installed and that there isn't any need for an installation. Expanding the Details shows: Package [dbus.String(u'libreoffice-gnome')] is already installed However, German doesn't appear in the Language for menus and windows list. How should I resolve this? The problem is the same when I tried Esperanto and Afrikaans.

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• How to install Arabic language on Windows 7 using Windows 7 DVD (not Windows Update)?

  - by drake035

  In Control Panel Region & Language Install/Uninstall languages Install display languages, I have the choice between launching Windows Update and selecting "display language files" from computer. I want to use the second option but have no idea what language files look like or where they are. I suppose I can find them on my Windows 7 DVD (I need to install Arabic specifically), but where exactly ?

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• "Language support" icon missing in System Settings

  - by dusan

  The "Language Support" icon from the System settings has disappeared: (Also I can't find it from Dash) The last thing I've done was changing the keyboard input method system to "ibus". I tried to execute gnome-control-center directly in the command line, expecting to see errors in the output, but there is no console output. Where can I start looking for the cause? Can I call the "Language Support" option directly from command line?

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• Recognizing language of a short text? - Python

  - by RadiantHex

  Hi folks, I'm have a list of articles, each article has its own title and description. Unfortunately, from the sources I am using, there is no way to know what language they are written. Also, text is not entirely written in 1 language; almost always English words are present. I reckon I would need dictionary databases stored on my machine, but it feels a bit unpractical. What would you suggest I do?

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• airplanes operating system and choice of programing language

  - by adhg

  I was wondring if anyone knows what is the operating system used in commercial airplanes (say Boeing or Airbus). Also, what is the (preferred) real-time programing language? I heard that Ada is used in Boeing, so my question is - why Ada? what are the criteria the Boeing-guys had to choose this language? (I guess Java wouldn't be a great choice if the exactly in lift off the garbage collector wakes up). Thanks!

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• coding in native language

  - by radi

  is it possible to someone to invent a new programming language in his native language , and if it possible how to do that and what the tools he need to write compiler for it . thanks .

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• Directing crawlers to content in language per language sub-domain

  - by Noam

  I have a site with multilingual website with many pages (40M). The site has UGC, and each translation is actually for the titles. Each sub-domain points to the same content with different titles per language. As far as I understand, each sub-domain should be indexed by search engines, meaning they will actually need to crawl 40M x supported-languages. So I thought it might be best to direct each subdomain crawler, to pages that are fully in that language (titles + UGC). Is there a way to do this? Should search engines understand this on their own?

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• How to use different input language for different active (application) windows?

  - by anvo

  I'm working under 12.04 and suppose I have a Firefox windows active (or in foreground) with English as input language and I need to type a document in other language using some text editor. With the text editor in foreground (or active) and the input language set to a non-English one, when I bring Firefox in foreground (or making it active) the input language remains set to the non-English and the language flag does not switch to English (as it would be expected, since I do not alter the language during the whole Firefox session). Because of this, I have to make extra moves and change the input language manually every time I switch from the text editor to Firefox and back to text editor. This was not happening with 10.04, and each application windows had the corresponding input language set to its default or previous session every time I was bringing it to the foreground! How will I make 12.04 to behave the same way?

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• How to reset the language of the package descriptions

  - by xubuntix

  I have had German as my main language about a year ago. Later I changed it to English. Most parts of the system accepted the change. The notable exceptions are the package descriptions, which remain in German for some packages. You can see in the image (apt-cache and software-center), that while some descriptions are in English, some have remained in German. So the question is: how do I reset this? I guess that there is somewhere a description cache that needs to be told that it should update all descriptions? EDIT: As asked: the output of some language related commands: $ cat /etc/default/locale LANG="en_US.UTF-8" $ apt-config dump | grep Lang Acquire::Languages ""; Acquire::Languages:: "de_DE"; Acquire::Languages:: "de"; Acquire::Languages:: "en"; Acquire::Languages:: "none"; $ locale LANG=de_DE.UTF-8 LANGUAGE=en LC_CTYPE="de_DE.UTF-8" LC_NUMERIC="de_DE.UTF-8" LC_TIME="de_DE.UTF-8" LC_COLLATE="de_DE.UTF-8" LC_MONETARY="de_DE.UTF-8" LC_MESSAGES="de_DE.UTF-8" LC_PAPER="de_DE.UTF-8" LC_NAME="de_DE.UTF-8" LC_ADDRESS="de_DE.UTF-8" LC_TELEPHONE="de_DE.UTF-8" LC_MEASUREMENT="de_DE.UTF-8" LC_IDENTIFICATION="de_DE.UTF-8" LC_ALL= As a note: I'm not sure what each entry means, but some of the de_DE.UTF-8 are probably ok, since I do want paper-sizes, monetary, time, etc. in standard German formats.

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• What do the 4 keyboard input method systems in 10.04 mean?

  - by Android Eve

  I am trying to install another language support (in addition to the default US). Checking that language checkbox in "Install / Remove Languages..." wasn't too difficult. :) But now I want to add keyboard support, too, for that language. Again, I am prompted with a nice listbox with the following 4 options: none ibus lo-gtk th-gtk But I have no idea what these mean. I googled "ubuntu 10.04 keyboard input method system none ibus lo-gtk th-gtk" but all I could find was descriptions of problems, not an actual definition. Could you please point me to a webpage where I can learn about the meanings of these 4 different methods and +'s and -'s of each?

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